Applied Complex Variables(ACV): Tutorial Solutions

Kopano Malombo

1
Kopano Malombo Applied Complex Variables(ACV) : Tutorial Solutions

Tutorial 1
1. Prove the following for z, w ∈ C :

(i) z = z

(ii) z + w = z + w

(iii) zw = z · w

(iv) z · z = |z|2 ; |z| = |z|

(v) z + z = 2 Re(z); z − z = 2i Im(z)

(vi) z is real iff z = z ; z is imaginary

Solution
let z = x + iy
(i)

z = x − iy
z = x − iy = x + iy = z

let z = x + iy, w = u + iv
(ii)

z + w = (x + u) + i(y + v)
= (x + u) − i(y + v)
= (x − iy) + (u − iv)
=z+w

let z = x + iy, w = u + iv
(iii)

zw = (x + iy)(u + iv)
= (xu − yv) + i(xv + yu)
= (xu − yv) − i(xv + yu)

z · w = (x − iy)(u − iv)
= (xu − yv) − i(xv + yu)
= zw
p
let z = x + iy then |z| = x2 + y 2
(iv)

z · z = (x + iy)(x − iy)
= x2 + y 2
= |z|2

let z = x + iy so Re(z) = x and Im(z) = y

Problem 1 continued on next page. . . 2

Kopano Malombo Applied Complex Variables(ACV) : Tutorial Solutions

(v)

z+z
= (x + x) + i(−y + y)
= 2x
= 2 Re(z)

z−z
= (x − x) + i(y + y)
= 2iy
= 2i Im(z)
let z = x + iy
(vi)

z = x − iy
z = z if f y = 0
∴ z must be real.

−z = −x − iy

−z = z if f x = 0
∴ z must be imaginary.
2.(a) Express the following numbers in mod-arg form.
√
(i) 2 + 1 − i;

(ii) 1 + cos(α) + isin(α) where α ∈ R;

cos(2α)+isin(2α)
(iii) cos(α)+isin(α) where α ∈ R.

Solution

(i) √
z = 2+1−i
r = |z|
q√
= ( 2 + 1)2 + (1)2
√
q
= 2+2 2+2
q √
= 2(2 + 2)
√ √
q
= 2 2+ 2

−1
arg(z) = arctan( √ )
2+1
√
−1( 2 − 1)
= arctan( )
2−1
√
= arctan(1 − 2)

Problem 1 continued on next page. . . 3

Kopano Malombo Applied Complex Variables(ACV) : Tutorial Solutions

(ii)
z = 1 + cos(α) + isin(α)

r = |z|
p
= (1 + cos(α))2 + (sin(α))2
p
= 2 + 2cos(α)
p
= 2(1 + cos(α))
r
4 α
= (1 + cos2( ))
2 2
α
= 2cos( )
2

sin(α)
arg(z) = arctan( )
1 + cos(α)
sin(α)
= arctan( 2 α )
2 (1 + cos2( 2 ))
sin(α)
= arctan( )
2cos2 ( α2 )
2sin( α2 )cos( α2 )
= arctan( )
2cos2 ( α2 )
α
= arctan(tan( ))
2
α
=
2
(iii)
z = cos(2α)+isin(2α)
cos(α)+isin(α)

cos(2α) + isin(2α)
z=
cos(α) + isin(α)
(cos(2α) + isin(2α))(cos(α) − isin(α))
=
1
= ((cos2(α))cos(α) + sin2(α)sin(α)) + i(−cos(2α)sin(α) + sin(2α)cos(α))
= cos(2α − α) + isin(2α − α)
= cos(α) + isin(α)

r = |z|
p
= cos2 (α) + sin2 (α)
=1
arg(z) = arctan(tan(α))
=α

2.(b) Express the following numbers in real-imaginary form:

iπ
(i) e 2
iπ −iπ
(ii) e 4 − e 4

Problem 1 continued on next page. . . 4

Kopano Malombo Applied Complex Variables(ACV) : Tutorial Solutions

iπ
1−e 2
(iii) iπ
1+e 2

Solution
iπ
(i) z = e 2
π π
z = cos( ) + isin( )
2 2
=0+i=i
iπ −iπ
(ii) z = e 4 − e 4

2i iπ −iπ
z= (e 4 − e 4 )
2i
π
= 2isin( )
√ 4
2
= 2i
√ 2
= 2i

(iii)
iπ
1−e 2
z= iπ
1+e 2

iπ −iπ
1−e 2 1+e 2
z= iπ · −iπ
1+e 1+e
2 2
iπ −iπ
1−1+e −e 2 2
=
2
−2isin( π2 )
=
2
= −i

3.(a) Prove that eln(z) = z for z ∈ C \(−∞, 0].

1 1
(b) Find iπ , i 2 , (2 + 3i) 3
Solution

(a) let y = eln(z)

ln(y) = ln(eln(z) )
= ln(z)ln(e)
= ln(z)
=⇒ y = z
∴ eln(z) = z

(b)
iπ
iπ = [e 2 ]π
iπ 2
=e 2

1 iπ 1
i 2 = (e 2 ) 2
iπ
=e 4

Problem 1 continued on next page. . . 5

Kopano Malombo Applied Complex Variables(ACV) : Tutorial Solutions

1
let z = (2 + 3i) 3
p
3 1 3
z= 13 2 earctan( 2 )
1 1 3
= e 6 ln(13)+ 3 iarctan( 2 )

4. let n ≥ 1

(a) Express in polar form the nth roots of unity , that is those numbers z such that z n = 1.

(b) Show that if z is such a number and z 6= 1, then 1 + z + z 2 + ... + z n−1 = 0.

Solution
(a)

zn = 1
2πk
z=e n

(b)

1(1 − z n )
1 + z + z 2 + ... + z n−1 = (using geometric series f ormula)
1−z
1(1 − 1)
= (Since z is an nt h root of unity)
1−z
=0
5.
(a) |z| = 4 (b) |z + 1| = 2
(b) |z − 2 − i| ≤ 1 (c) 2 ≤ |z| < 3
π
(b) |2z − 3| > 4 (c) |z| < 1 and Arg(z) ≤ 3