Scribd
Upload
48 views

Total Number X Occurs Total Number of Trials: Probablity

This document discusses probability and different probability concepts. It defines probability as a quantification of how likely an event is to occur based on the number of possible outcomes. Probability is calculated as the number of times an event occurs divided by the total number of trials. It also discusses concepts like mutually exclusive events, conditional probability, permutations, and combinations.

Uploaded by

vasudevan m.v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
48 views

Total Number X Occurs Total Number of Trials: Probablity

This document discusses probability and different probability concepts. It defines probability as a quantification of how likely an event is to occur based on the number of possible outcomes. Probability is calculated as the number of times an event occurs divided by the total number of trials. It also discusses concepts like mutually exclusive events, conditional probability, permutations, and combinations.

Uploaded by

vasudevan m.v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Probablity

Random event:- An event is called “Random” if it is practically impossible to predict the exact
outcome of it from the initial state. It may be due to the incomplete knowledge about the initial state
and/or dynamics involved.

Probablity is a quantification of the vague statements like “It may rain tomorrow”. Looking in to
conditions like the wind, cloud etc an expert can give the probablity to rain next day.

total number x i occurs


Probablity for an event xi to occur is P( x i)=
total number of trials
So 0≤P ( x i)≤1 P=0 event certain not to occur and P=1 event certain to occur.

• While tossing a coin probablity to get a head:- {H,T} are two event in sample space and
probablity for one head is 1/2
• While throwing a dice probablity to get a number 5:- {1,2,3,4,5,6} is the sample space of
possible outcomes. So P(5) = 1/6

Probablity for two events A and B

P(AB) is total probablity for two events A and B to occur in in the order first A and then B.
P( AB)=P ( A )P( B / A)

Mutually exclusive events:- Two events A and B in which when one occurs other is not going to
occur. Tossing a coin to get a Head results in the other possibility Tail not to occur with absolute
certainity. These are mutually exclusive events. For mutualy exclusive events A and B, total
probablity P(AB) is P( AB)=P ( A )+ P (B)

• Probablity of a horse A to win a race is 1/5 and other one 1/6 to win race is 1/6. So what is
the total probablity for either one of these wins, provided both won't win together?
• Ans:- P(A) = 1/5 P(B) = 1/6 P(A+B) = P(A) + P(B) = 1/5 + 1/6 = 11/30

Events that ar not mutually exclusive


When two events A & B are not mutually exclusive i.e outcome of one may not exclude the
occurance of other and a particular outcome of A doesnot effect outcome of B also, total probablity
for B to occur after A, P(B'A) = P(B)

• Suppose we toss two coins and what is the probablity to get a head and tail in first and
second coins.
• Ans:- Here tossing two coins and head or tail in one neither exclude the possiblity to get
head or tail in other nor it effects the outcome of other in any way. P(A) i.e chance to get a
head in first coin= 1/2 and chance to get a tail in second P(B) = 1/2. P(BA) = P(A)P(B/A) =
P(A)P(B) = 1/4. Another way to do this is, total possibile outcomes are {HH,HT,TH,TT}. So
probablity to get a head in first and tail in second is 1/4, i.e combination HT .

Conditional probablity
In conditional probablity for two events A and B, the occurance of A will effect the probablity for B
to occur. i.e two events are not independent of each other

• A box consists of 10 red pen and 20 black pen arranged in random order. Suppose we draw a
red pen in first round (event A) and a black pen in next round (event B), what is the total
probablity for both A and B to occur.
• Ans:- P(A) = 10/30 = 1/3. When event A has already happened the probablity for B to occur
is 20/29 as now there are 29 pens in box i.e 29 elements in sample space. So combined
probablity P(AB) = P(A)P(B/A) = 10/30*20/29 = 20/87.

Permutation and combination


n!
Permutation of n objects taken r at a time P(n , r )=
(n−r )!
n!
Combination of n objects taken r at a time C( n , r)=
r !×(n−r )!

You might also like