International Journal of

Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015

Finite Element Analysis of Box Culvert

A. C. LANDE, S. K. KAMANE, S. A. MAHADIK.
Sanjay Bhokare Group of Institutes, Miraj-416410, Maharashtra, India
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The culverts are required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce
flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace.
Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with brick, stone or
reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert passes through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same
traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. The scope of this has been
further restricted to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases and
factors like live load, effective width, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure
etc. The structural elements are required to be designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear
force. So excel program is developed for analysis and it is compared with software results. So analysis of box
culvert is carried out for it for various box conditions and structural design is suggested for critical cases. In
skew box culvert various angles are considered and analysis of box culvert is carried out for various conditions.

Keywords: Box Culvert, Surcharge Loading, FEM

Introduction:
A culvert is any structure not classified as a bridge distribution method for obtaining final distributed
that provides an opening under a roadway, and other moments on the basis of the relative stiffness of the
type of access or utility. It is well known that roads slab and vertical walls. The method is well known
are generally constructed in embankment which and does not need any elucidation. The mid span
comes in the way of natural flow of storm water moments are computed with free supported ends and
(from existing drainage channels). As, such flow adjusting it for moments at support obtained after
cannot be obstructed and some kind of cross drainage distribution. The moments at center and supports for
works are required to be provided to allow water to slabs and walls are obtained for various combinations
pass across the embankment [1]. The culvert covers of loads and the member is designed for the
up to waterways of 6 m (IRC: 5-1981) and can maximum moment it may be subjected to. Also the
mainly be of two types, namely, box or slab. The box shear force at a distance of effective depth from the
is one which has its top and bottom slabs face of wall and shear stresses it produces in the
monolithically connected to the vertical walls. In case section is considered in the design. It is customary to
of a slab culvert the top slab is supported over the consider box a rigid frame and unit length of box is
vertical walls (abutments/ piers) but has no taken for design by considering the effect of all
monolithic connection between them. A box culvert forces acting on this unit length (generally 1.0 m of
can have more than single cell and can be placed box). While calculating weight of cushion on top
such that the top slab is almost at road level and there slab, some designer take average height of earth fill
is no cushion. A box can also be placed within the coming over full length of box including sloping side
embankment where top slab is few meters below the fill. This is not correct and full height of cushion
road surface and such boxes are termed with cushion. should be taken at the worst section of the box
Culverts are provided to allow water to pass through (central portion) will be subjected to this load and the
the embankment and follow natural course of flow section needs to be designed accordingly [3]. The IS:
but these are also provided to balance the water level 1893-1984 (Clause 6.1.3) provide that box culverts
on both sides of embankment during floods, such need not be designed for earthquake forces, hence no
culverts are termed as balancers, although there is no earthquake forces are considered. Although box of
difference in the design. Sometimes the road maximum three cells has been discussed but in
alignment may cross a stream at an angle other than practice a box culvert can have more cells depending
right angle; in such situation a skew culvert may be on the requirements at site [4].
provided. For a smaller span there would be no
2. Theory of culvert
difference in the design of culvert but it may require
2.1Introduction
an edge beam and the layout of wing walls will have
It is monolithic structure having parts are top slab,
to be planned as per skew angle [2]. For a box
bottom slab and vertical walls and wing walls.
culvert, the top slab is required to withstand dead
Culverts are provided to allow water to pass through
loads, live loads from moving traffic, earth pressure
the embankment and follow natural course of flow
on sidewalls, water pressure from inside, and
and road passes and culverts are also provided to
pressure on the bottom slab besides self weight of the
balance the water level on both sides of embankment
slab. The structure is designed like a rigid frame
during floods, such culverts are termed as balancers.
considering one meter element and adopting moment

IJASGE 040111 Copyright © 2015 BASHA RESEARCH CENTRE. All rights reserved
 A. C. LANDE, S. K. KAMANE, S. A. MAHADIK

There are differ types of culverts are used according for moments, shear forces and thrusts due to various
to its requirement. types of loading conditions outlined below:
2.2 Types of culverts 1. Concentrated Loads
Type of Culvert: Selecting the shape and type of 2. Uniform Distributed Loads
culvert depends on several factors 3. Weight of Side Walls
Rigid: Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) 4. Water Pressure inside Culvert
Horizontal elliptical reinforced concrete pipe 5. Earth Pressure on Vertical Side Walls
(HERCP) 6. Uniform Lateral Load on Side Walls
Reinforced concrete box (RCB)
1. Concentrated Loads
Reinforced concrete pipe arch (RCP arch)
In cases where the top slab forms the deck of the
Structural plate pipe (SPP)
bridge, concentrated loads due to the wheel loads of
Flexible: Corrugated steel pipe (CSP)
the IRC class AA type loading have to be considered.
Corrugated aluminum alloy pipe (CAP)
If P = wheel load due to IRC class AA type loading
Corrugated metal pipe (CMP)
W = Concentrated load on slab
Four-sided concrete box culverts are typically W= (PX (I/e) kN
referred to as box culverts. Box culverts are drainage Where I is impact factor and e effective width of
structures which consist of two horizontal slabs and dispersion.
two or more vertical walls. The slabs and walls are The soil reaction of the bottom slab is assumed to be
built monolithically. Uses of the four-sided box uniform.
culvert include detention; tunnels (for conveyors,
2. Uniform Distributed Loads
utilities, access tunnels, escape tunnels); short-span
The weight of embankment, wearing coat and, deck
bridges (over highways, waterways, railways, golf
slab and the track load are considered to be uniformly
courses); and storm drains to convey storm water,
distributed loads on the top slab with the uniform soil
sewage, or industrial waste. Precast box culverts have
reaction on the bottom slab.
gained in popularity in recent years for use as 3.
underpasses, tunnels, subways, bridges, stream 4. Weight of Side Walls
culverts, material handling, storage, watertight tanks The self-weights of two side walls acting as
and more. Available in a variety of standard sizes as concentrated loads are assumed to produce uniform
well as custom designs, box culverts can be built with soil reaction on the bottom slab.
features meeting the exact needs of any project: toe Ww = is the weight of one wall
walls, manhole openings, headwalls, wing walls, pipe Ww = tw.H.c kN/m transversal
openings, keyed ends, watertight joints and more. Where tw = wall thickness
While precast box culverts promise an extended H = height of wall, and c = density of concrete = 25
service life. kN/m3.
There are three types of four-sided box culverts 5. Water Pressure Inside Culvert
1. Monolithically poured When the culvert is full with water, the pressure
2. Two piece mid-seam distribution on side walls is assumed to be triangular
3. Crown and base with a maximum pressure intensity of p = w.h at the
base where w = density of water and h is the depth of
Four-sided monolithically poured precast box
flow.
culverts are poured all as one piece. The two piece
mid-seam precast box culvert is a three-sided "U" 6. Earth Pressure on Vertical Side Walls
and an inverted three-sided "U" joined to make a The earth pressure on the vertical side walls of the
four-sided box culvert. The crown and base box box culvert is computed according to the Coulomb’s
culvert is yet another way to manufacture a four- Theory. The distribution of soil pressure on the side
sided box culvert. The crown and base box culvert is wall.
a precast inverted "U" that is joined to a concrete 7. Uniform Lateral Load on Side Walls
base[5]. Uniform lateral pressure on vertical side walls has to
3. Design loads be considered due to the effect of live load surcharge.
3.1 Introduction Also trapezoidal pressure distribution on side walls
The design of box culvert is based on a set of due to embankment loading can be obtained by
loading conditions which the component must combining the cases (5) and (6). Uniform lateral
withstand. These loads may vary depending on pressure due to the effect of surcharge loads is
duration (permanent or temporary ) direction of obtained.
action, type of deformation ,and nature of structural Uniform lateral pressure due to the effect of
action (shear, Bending ,torsion) etc. surcharge loads is obtained from:
The structural design of a reinforced concrete box P= surcharge loads
culvert comprises the detailed analysis of rigid frame

International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015, pp 57-62
 Finite Element Analysis of Box Culvert

4 Finite element methodologies

4.1Introduction
One of the main objectives of selecting a numerical
model is to reduce the infinite degrees of freedom
system to a limited degree of freedom, which will
represent the significant physical behavior of the
system. The theoretical study presented in this
chapter consists of idealization of the physical system
under consideration to make it amenable to treat
numerically followed by selection of proper
numerical technique and mathematical formulation of
the specific problems.
Figure 4.1 Co-ordinate system
4.2Suitability of Finite Element Method
Finite element method is a numerical analysis theory Equation may be written in the local coordinates with
that is widely used for various situations in r replacing X and S replacing y. Writing Equation in
engineering as this method is amenable to systematic terms of the shape functions and rearranging gives
computer programming and offers scope for u= N1U1+ N2U2+ N3U3+ N4U4+ N5U5+
application to a wide range of analysis problem. N6U6+ N7U7+ N8U8
Finite element analysis has now become an integral V= N1V1+ N2V2+ N3V3+ N4V4+ N5V5+
part of Computer Aided Engineering and is being N6V6+ N7V7+ N8V8
extensively used in the analysis and design of many
complex real-life systems. Classical analytical
methods consider a differential element and develop
the governing equation, usually in the form of partial
differential equations. When applied to real life
problem, it is often difficult to obtain an exact
solution to these equations in view of complex
geometry art boundary conditions. The finite element
method can be viewed as a tool to transform partial
differential equations into algebraic equations, which
are then easily solved. Finite element method
analysis allows detailed computations of the overall
response in critical structural members subjected to
deterministic or random loads. In vibration problem,
the response is time varying and inertia/dissipation Where ,
properties of the structure affect the response, the
complete dynamic response analysis is usually much N1=1/4 (1-r) (1-s) (-1-r-s) N2=1/4 (1+r) (1-s) (-1+r-s)
more complex. Finite element procedure is the best N3=1/4 (1+r) (1+s) N4=1/4 (1-r) (1+s) (-1-r+s)
technique in this regard for the development of a N5=1/2 (1-r2) (1-s) N6=1/2 (1+r) (1-s2)
simple and efficient numerical model for the solution N7=1/2 (1-r2) (1+s) N8=1/2 (1-r) (1-s2)
of vibration problems directly in time and frequency
domain. The chain rule is used to transfer derivatives
in the global coordinates into local co ordinates
4.3Theoretical Formulation
8-Noded Element
Higher order elements are useful since they utilize
higher order interpolation function. Generally, the
high order elements produce a more accurate solution
to the differential equations. Consider an 8-node And in matrix form:
element with 2 degrees of freedom at each node that
is u and v displacements. The displacement function =
can be written as :
ue=α1+ α2x+ α3 y+ α4 x2+ α5 y2+ α6 x2y+ α7 xy2
ve = α9+ α10x+ α11 y+ α12 x2+ α13 y2+ α14 x2y+ α15 xy2
At the nodes, we have :
ui=α1+ α2xi+ α3 yi+ α4 xi2+ α5 yi2+ α6 xi2y+ α7 xi yi2 =
vi= α9+ α10xi+ α11 yi+ α12 xi2+ α13 yi2+ α14 xi2y+ α15
xi yi2

International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015, pp 57-62
 A. C. LANDE, S. K. KAMANE, S. A. MAHADIK

=
=[ J ]-1 2X2 .[ F ] 2X8 [ U ] 8X1

J1= =Xi i

J2= =Yi i
U=

J3= =Xi i

J4= =Yi i =[ D ] . [ U ] with [ D ] =[ J ]-1 .[ F ]

The same procedure can be used for S. [D] is called

the derivative matrix. The stiffness matrix can be
obtained from

T [C] [B] det ( J ) ds .dr

5. Problem of box culvert

Design reinforced concrete box culvert having inside
dimension 3m X 4.5m.The density of soil is 18
=[F] 2X8 [( )]8X2 KN/m2. And subjected to the class AA tracked
vehicle. Angle of repose is 30o.Adopt M-20 grade
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
= = Clear height 3 m
Slab thickness 0.42 m
Side wall thickness 0.42 m
For an 8-node element, the Jacobin matrix be Unit weight of concrete 25 kN/m3
Unit weight of earth 18 kN/m3
written in the form :-
Unit weight of water 10 kN/m3
Thickness of wearing coat 0.08 m
Concrete grade M25 = 25 Mpa
Steel grade Fe 415 = 415 Mpa
σSc (Concrete) 8.33 Mpa
σSt (Steel) 190 Mpa
Modular ratio 10
j (for effective depth) 0.902
k (for moment of resistance) 1.105 Mpa

Differentiating equation with respect to X

and Y and substituting the appropriate terms yield: -

Figure 5.1 Box Culvert (All dimension in meter)

International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015, pp 57-62
 Finite Element Analysis of Box Culvert

20
22
23
24
25
37
48
26
27
38
49
828
60
71
39
50
61
72
83
94
MBC
18 21 36
47 59
70 82
93 105
16 19 35
46 58
69 81
92 127104
126 116
4
17 34
45 57
68 80 103 115
128125
12 32
14
15 33
44 56
67 79
90
91
102 124129
114 130
910 13 31
42
43
54
55
66
77
78
89
100
101
112 123 131
113 132
133
711 29 53 65
76 88
99 111 122 138 134
135
30 40
51 64
75 87
98 110 121 137
139 136
41
52 62
73 86 109 120 140
440
439
438
63
74
85
96
107
3
84
95
106
117
97
108
118
119
149
148
141

150
142
143
144
145
146
147
MDC,MC 71.29 67.8
437
436 151
152
429
428
427
435

426
434
433
432
430
431 160
159
161
153
154
155
156
157
158
D, 7
425
424 162
163
418
417
416
415
423
422
421
419
420 171
170
172
164

173
165
166
167
168
169
MDA,
414
413 174
175
407
406
405
404
412

403
411
410
408
409 182
181
183
184
176
177
178
179
180 MCB
402
401 185
186
400
399 187
188
396
395 397
398 193 189
190
394
393 192
194 191
392
391 195
196
390
389 197
198
385
384
383
382
381
380
388
386
387 204
203
205
206
207
199

208
200
201
202 Mid MAB, 52.64 49.2
379
378 209
377 210
374
373
372
371
370
369
368
375
376 215
214
216
217
218
219
211
212
213 span MBA 62.78 3
367
366 220
221
363
362
361
360
359
358
357
364

356
365
257
256
246
245
247
235
234
236
6225 222
237
238
226
227
228
229
230
223
224 MDC, -24.20 55.8
355 268
267 258 248
249 239
240 231
232
352 353 259
351
350
349
348
347
346
345
354 290 279
312
311
323344313
301
300
302
303
289
291
292
278
293
280
294
281
282
269
283
270
284
271
285
272
273
260
274
261
275
262
263
250
264
251
265
252
266
253
254
241
255
242
243
244
233
2
MCD, 9
5333 322 304 295 286 276
324343314
342 315 305 296 287 277
334
335
336
337
325
338
326
339
327
340
328
329
316
330
317
331
318
319
306
320
307
321
308
309
310
297
298
299
288
MAD, -
341 332
1
MBC 24.9
Figure 5.2 STAAD Model of Box Culvert 2

Loading Condition I A Box empty, live load Shear At deff A&B 105.1 107.
surcharge on top slab of box and superimposed Forces(kN) from 4 98
surcharge load on earth fill. top
slab for
Table 5.1 Comparative study of bending moments wall
and shear force (Case I A) At deff D&C 156.8 155.
Item Location Member Manu Staa from 0 34
al d- bottom
Result Pro slab
s Res 5.1.3 Loading Condition II A
ults
Box empty with water, live load surcharge on top
Bending Support MAB,MB -57.92 -
slab and no superimposed surcharge on earth fill.
moments(kN A, 51.2
.m) MAD, 2 Table.5.3 Comparative study of bending moments
MBC and shear force (Case II A)
MDC,MC 85.53 80.8 Item Locati Member Manu Staad
D, 7 on al -Pro
MDA, Resul Resul
MCB ts ts
Mid span MAB, 31.98 28.2 Bending Suppor MAB,MB - -
MBA 48.54 3 moments(kN t A, 47.21 45.67
MDC, -57.92 45.8 .m) MAD,
MCD, 9 MBC
MAD, -
MBC 54.9 MDC,MC 77.21 73.43
2 D,
Shear At deff A&B 105.14 107. MDA,
Forces(kN) from top 98 MCB
slab for Mid MAB, 42.70 38.87
wall span MBA 56.86 54.21
At deff D&C 156.80 155. MDC, - -
from 34 MCD, 47.20 45.99
bottom MAD,
slab for MBC
wall Shear At deff A&B 105.1 107.9
5.1 Loading Condition I B Forces(kN) from 4 8
5.1.1 Box inside full with water, live load top
slab
surcharge on top slab and superimposed for
surcharge load on earth fill. wall
Table.5.2 Comparative study of bending moments At deff D&C 156.8 155.3
and shear force (Case I B) from 0 4
bottom
Item Locatio Member Manu Staa
slab
n al d-
for
Result Pro
wall
s Resu
lts
Bending Suppor MAB,MB -37.26 -
moments(kN. t A, 31.1
m) MAD, 1

International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015, pp 57-62
 A. C. LANDE, S. K. KAMANE, S. A. MAHADIK

5.1.4 Loading Condition II B reactions due to equivalent traffic load, lateral soil
Box inside full with water, live load surcharge on top pressures. Equivalent moments, member forces and support
slab and no superimposed surcharge on earth fill reactions are calculated by excel programming. For
different conditions analysis is carried out and design is
Table.5.4 Comparative study of bending moments suggested for the critical cases. Some of the conclusions
and shear force (Case II B) arrived at the present study are as follows
Manu Staad-
Locatio al Pro 1. Box full with water, live load surcharge on top slab of
Item Member box condition then the bending moments at centre and
n Result Result
s s end of the top and bottom slab are increased.
MAB,MB 2. Box empty, live load surcharge on top slab of box
A, -59.38 -55.87 condition, vertical wall bending moment is increased
MAD, at centre and end.
Bending 3. The design of box is covered by four load cases. The
MBC
moments(kN. Support situation when Box inside full with water, provide
MDC,MC
m) design moments less than given by the other load
D, 25.35 23.68
MDA, cases.
MCB 4. Box empty, live load surcharge on top slab of box and
MAB, superimposed surcharge load on earth fill condition
MBA 64.54 62.81 gives maximum moments. it is critical case but the
Mid MDC, 74.68 72.84 design values should be taken the maximum bending
span MCD, -39.70 -31.34 moment among the all conditions.
MAD, References
MBC [1] Mário Pimentel Pedro Costa Carlos Félix and
At deff Joaquim Figueiras ,(2009), “Behavior of
107.9
Shear from A&B 105.14
8 Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts under High
Forces(kN) top slab
for wall Embankments” Journal of Structural Engineering,
At deff Vol. 135, No. 4, April 1, 2009. ASCE
from 155.3 [2] Anil K. Garg, Ali Abolmaali,(2007) , “Finite-
156.80 Element Modeling and Analysis of Reinforced
bottom D&C 4
slab for Concrete Box Culverts” Journal of Transportation
wall Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 3, March 1, 2009.
Critical cases of bending moments (kN.m) ASCE
“Table .5.5 Study of critical cases of bending [3] Paul N. Roschke, Raymond E. Davis, (1986),
moments” “Rigid Culvert Finite Element Analyses “Journal
of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 112, No. 8,
Later
August, 1986. ASCE
al
Water [4] S. S. Chen, I. E. Harik (2012) “Dynamic Effect of
Unif Vertical
Condi Top Slab Bottom a Moving Truck on a Culvert “Journal of Bridge
orm Wall
tion Slab Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 2, March 1, 2012.
Load
ASCE
ing
[5] Alia Osman Mohamed Ahmed and ElHussein
cen end cen end cen end
Alarabi,(2011), “Development Formulation for
tre tre tre
Structural Design of Concrete Box Culverts”
EMP (D.L. 31. - 48. 85. - 85.
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and
TY +L.L 98 57. 54 53 57. 53
Construction, Vol. 16, No. 2, May 1, 2011. ASCE
.)/3 92 92
[6] B.N. Sinha & R.P. Sharma,(2009) ,“Rcc Box
FULL (D.L. 52. - 62. 71. - 71. Culvert - Methodology And Designs Including
+L.L 64 37. 78 29 24. 29 Computer Method” Journal of the Indian Roads
.)/3 26 20 Congress, October-December 2009 Paper No. 555
EMP (D.L. 42. - 56. 77. - 77. ASCE
TY ) /3 69 47. 80 21 47. 21 [7] Krishnaraju “Design Of Bridge Engg” chapter no
21 20 8 .Box culvert page no.126-140
FULL (D.L. 64. - 74. 25. - 25. [8] SP 16 ” Hand Book Of Design Aids”
)/3 54 59. 68 35 39. 35 [9] Victor Johnson “Design Of Bridge Engg” Oxford
38 70 & IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.2007
6. Conclusion [10] IS 456 : 2000 “Plain And Reinforced Concrete
In the present report, analysis of a Reinforced concrete box Code Of Practice”
culvert has been presented using finite element method.
Three dimensional configuration of the space has been
considered and computer code has been developed for
finding the bending moments, member forces and support

International Journal of Advanced Structures and Geotechnical Engineering

ISSN 2319-5347, Vol. 04, No. 01, January 2015, pp 57-62