FRICTIONAL FORCE

Shally Rahmawaty, Nidya Nurul Humairah, Frilly Verina Tipa, Andi Agustina, Agung Din
Eka Hidayat

Laboratory of Fundamental Physics Department of Physics FMIPA

State University of Makassar

Abstract. The objective of this experiment is to understand about factors which influence the
frictional force, to understand the concept of static and kinetic friction and to determine the coefficient
static and kinetic friction. The frictional force apparatus consisted of spring balance 0-5 N, pulley,
rough and slippery beam, load 50 gram, cord, board basis, inclined plane, square beam, and ruler. At
this lab, there are five activities that we did. The first activity is about how the tensile force give an
affects towards the object. In second activity, was to determine the relationship between normal force
and frictional force. The third activity is about to understand the relationship between condition of the
surface of an object with frictional force. And for fourth and fifth activity is about to determine the
coefficient of static and kinetic friction in inclined plane. For the first till third activity, we using
spring balance to measure, while for the fourth and fifth activity, we use the inclined plane. Data
collection is done by calculating the variables of static and kinetic coefficient of friction, as well as a
variable measuring distance, mass, and time. The discussion not only on the analysis of the data but
also analyzes the graph that was made based on the data obtained. There is a percentage of the level of
confidence that the data has been obtained. Results of lab data analysis showed a significant figure
among the data analysis charts and analysis calculations.

KEYWORD: Frictional force, Static friction, Kinetic friction

INTRODUCTION
Static friction is the force responsible for holding an object in place. In order for an
object to move, the applied force must overcome the force of static friction. Our lab uses the
force of gravity in order to find the maximum static friction force on an object before it turns
into kinetic friction. This will help in the understanding of how static friction will either
increase or decrease due to the mass of the object. Whenever an object moves against
another object, it feels frictional forces. These forces act in the opposite direction to the
movement. Friction makes it harder for things to move.

Frictional force refers to the result of the surface of one object coming into contact
with the surface of another object. When this happens, there is generally some amount of
resistance, which is known as friction. Objects are constantly coming into contact with other
objects, meaning that this force is quite a common part of daily life.

This type of force can generally be divided into two groups. Static friction results from two
objects that are not moving past one another. This principal explains why an object may not
slide even if it is on a slope. Kinetic friction occurs when two objects are moving against one
another.

The amount of frictional force that results from contact is influenced by a

number of factors. The texture of the objects plays an important role in the resulting
friction. When two smooth objects, such as hands, are rubbed together, there is
minimal friction, but when two rough objects, such as rigid rocks, are rubbed
together, there is typically an obvious increase of resistance.
When an object moves, there are forces which oppose the motion of objects
as the objects it interacts with its environment. This fighting force called frictionanl
force. Beside that, there are still many factors that influence the frictional force to the
objects. So that’s way, it main cause we do this practical. We must be know what is
factors that make an objects getting frictional force. And then, there are two kinds of
frictional force, it is static and kinetic frictional force. So, by doing this lab we can
know the difference of static and kinetic frictional force even we can determine their
coefficient.
This experimental called frictional force aimed understand about factors which
influence the frictional force, to understand concept of static and kinetic frictional force and
to determine the coefficient static and kinetic frictional force. At this lab, we will see what is
the factors that can influence the frictional force. And then we also can understand the part of
frictional force, it is static and kinetic frictional force include to determine their coefficient.
In doing this lab, we do five activities. The first activity is the tensile force to the
condition of objects. In this case, we will know how the tensile force influence condition of
object. In second activity, we will see the relation between normal force and frictional force.
In third activity, we will see the relation between condition of surface’s object and frictional
force. From the first until third activity, we can measure in three condition of object, it is
when motionless, right to move, and moving rectilinear motion..In fourth activity, we will
determine the coefficient of static frictional force at inclined plane with measure the tilt on
each mass of load. And the last activity, we will determine the coefficient of kinetic
frictional force at inclined plane with measure the time of load on three kinds of distance.
 After doing this practical, we expected to understand about frictional force, factors
of frictional force, and static and kinetic frictional force with their coefficient.

THEORY
A block is pushed on the table will move When a beam mass m, we remove the
initial velocity Vo on a horizontal plane, then the beam will eventually stop. This means
that in the beam movement slowed, or there is a force that holds the beam, this style is
called friction. The magnitude of the frictional force is determined by the coefficient of
friction between the two surfaces of the objects and the normal force.The coefficient of
friction is determined by the surface roughness and objects.
Friction force divided into two: the static friction force (f s) and kinetic
friction (f k). A block of weight W, is the rough horizontal plane, then pulled by force F
as in Figure 2.1 below.

f
F
f

Figure 3.1: The forces acting on the body

the friction force direction f opposite to the causes force F, and apply:

1. For the price of F <f s , the beam is motionless

2. For the price F = f s, the beam the right to move.
3. If Phase enlarged so that F> f s, the objects is moving and static
friction force f s going to turn into kinetic frictional force f k.

Friction force between two surfaces mutually motionless one against the other so-
called static friction. The maximum static friction force is equal to the smallest force
needed to begin moving object. Once motion has begun, the friction force between two
surfaces is usually reduced so a smaller force is needed to keep things moving
irregularly. Force acting between the two surfaces move relative to each other is called
kinetic friction. If f s states of the maximum force of static friction, then:
 𝑓
S = 𝑁𝑠 (3.1)

With is the coefficient of static friction and N is a large normal force. If f k states of the
kinetic friction force, then:
𝑓𝑘
k = 𝑁
(3.2)

with is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

When an object is at rest on a flat surface, and then place the object plane is
tilted slowly to an angle to the right object to move, the coefficient of static friction
between the object and the field is given by the equation,

S =tan c (3.3)

With c is the right angle when the object will move, called the critical
angle. Coefficient of static friction is the tangent value of the angle of the field, with the
appropriate state object will move / slide.At angles greater than c , a beam will moving
rectilinear to the lower end of the inclined plane with acceleration:

a x  g (sin    k cos  ) (3.4)

where is the angle of the field and k is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
object plane. By measuring the acceleration a x , then the coefficient of friction k can be
calculated.

EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY

A. Variable Identification
Activity 1
Variable manipulation : tensile strength
Response variable : distance
Control variables : friction force
Activity 2
Variable manipulation : normal force
Response variable : friction and gravity
Control variables : coefficient of static force

Activity 3
Variable manipulation : coefficient of static force
Response variable : friction and gravity
Control variables : normal force

Activity 4
Variable manipulation : critical angle and normal force
Response variable : friction force
Control variables :-

Activity 5
Variable manipulation : critical angle and normal force
Response variable : friction
Control variables : distance

B. Definition of Variable Operational

Activity 1
 tensile force is one force to draw objects
 distance is the length of a line from the starting point to the end point in meter
 frictional force is the force between two surfaces of objects

Activity 2
 normal force is a force that is given by the surface of the object
 tensile force is one force to draw objects
 static force coefficient is a constant value in the friction force

Activity 3
 static force coefficient is a constant value in the frictional force of an object
 tensile force is one force to draw objects
  frictional force is the force between two surfaces in contact with each other
and the direction is always opposite to the motion of objects

Activity 4
 critical angle is the angle between the surface plane
 frictional force is the force between two surfaces in contact with each other
and the direction is always opposite to the motion of objects

Activity 5
 critical angle is the angle between the surface plane
 normal force is the force on the object surface given
 frictional force is the force between two surfaces in contact with each other
and the direction is always opposite to the motion of objects

C. Apparatus
Apparatus of this practical is :
a. 0-5 N spring balance
b. Pulleys table
c. Rough beams
d. Beam slippery
e. Load @ 50 grams
f. Rope / yarn
g. Foundation board
h. Inclined plane
i. Square beam (with Stecker connectors),
j. Stopwatch
k. Meter

D. Work procedures
Activity 1 : Tensile strength of the status of objects .
Provide and raft tools are available as shown below. Pull spring slowly with a small
force. Note the designation of spring balance, what is happening on the
beam?. Enlarge tensile force while considering the beam circumstances. Do this till
the object right to move.
 Spring balance

beam
Rope pulley

table

Figure 3.2: model of frictional force practical on activity 1

In this situation, consider the appointment of a spring balance. Pull continue to move
straight linear beam, note the appointment of spring balance. Record observations in the
observation table. Record your tensile forceh, and the condition of objects (motionless, right
to move, and moving rectilinear motion) in the table of observations.

Activity 2: The relationship between the normal force with friction

Add the load on the beam, do as Activity 1 . Observe the appointment of spring
balance when beam at the right t to move and when the beam moving rectilinear motion. Do
it a few times with varying additional load on the beam. Record observations in the
observation table.

Spring balance

beam
Rope pulley

table

Figure 3.3: model of frictional force practical on activity 2

Activity 3: The relationship between the state of the surface friction

Do as Activity 1 . Replace table or beam rougher / smoother surface. Observe the
appointment of spring. At the right to move and the beam moving rectilinear. Perform this
activity several times with a table surface or beam that is more rougher / smoother. Record
observations in the observation table.

Activity 4: Determine the coefficient of static friction on an inclined plane

Prepare tools and materials you need. Then, put the field on a table with a horizontal
position ( = 0). Put a square beam at one end of the field. Gently lift the end of the field of
square beam so that the angle of the field grow. Note the angle when the object right to
move. Repeat activities (d) by adding to the square beam until you get at least 5 (five) angle
measurement data.

Activity 5: Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction on the incline

Adjust the slope of the field with an angle bigger than the critical angle ( c ) that you
have obtained in section 1 above for a square beam without any additional burden. Write
down this slope angle as 1. Place the beam at the end of the area you already know its
length. Next, remove the beam along with running stopwacth to measure the travel time of a
square beam moving accelerated motion up to the lower end of the field. Record this as the
travel time as t 1 .Repeat activities (c) the greater the angle until you get at least five (5) pairs
of data.

E. Analysis method
Activity 1
Draw the forces acting on the body when the body is at rest, proper objects
moving uniformly straight and moving objects and provide discussion of the
influence of gravity on objects circumstances.

Activity 2
 Static frictional force
y = mx – c
𝑦 𝑓𝑔
Gradient 𝑚 = 𝑥
= 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Because 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Then, 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑚 = 𝑁

𝐷𝑘 = 𝑅 2 𝑥 100%
𝐾𝑅 = (100 − 𝐷𝑘 ) %
∆𝜇𝑠 = 𝐾𝑅 𝑥 𝜇𝑠

 Kinetic frictional force

y = mx – c
𝑦 𝑓𝑔
Gradient 𝑚 = 𝑥
= 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Because 𝜇𝑘 = 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Then, 𝜇𝑘 = 𝑚 = 𝑁
 𝐷𝑘 = 𝑅 2 𝑥 100%
𝐾𝑅 = (100 − 𝐷𝑘 ) %
∆𝜇𝑘 = 𝐾𝑅 𝑥 𝜇𝑘

Activity 3
1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2
 Static frictional force
𝛿𝜇𝑠 𝛿𝜇𝑠
∆𝜇𝑠 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝛿𝑁

𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1
∆𝜇𝑠 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝛿𝑁
𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1
∆𝜇𝑠 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑠 = +
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

∆𝜇𝑠 𝑁 −1 ∆𝑓𝑔 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −2 ∆𝑁
= +
𝜇𝑠 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1

∆𝜇𝑠 ∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
=| + |
𝜇𝑠 𝑓𝑔 𝑁

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 𝜇𝑠
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

 Kinetic frictional force

𝛿𝜇𝑘 𝛿𝜇𝑘
∆𝜇𝑘 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝛿𝑁

𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1
∆𝜇𝑘 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝛿𝑓𝑔 𝛿𝑁
𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1
∆𝜇𝑘 = | | ∆𝑓𝑔 + | | ∆𝑁
𝑓𝑔 𝑁
 ∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑘 = +
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

∆𝜇𝑘 𝑁 −1 ∆𝑓𝑔 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −2 ∆𝑁
= +
𝜇𝑘 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1 𝑓𝑔 𝑁 −1

∆𝜇𝑘 ∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
=| + |
𝜇𝑘 𝑓𝑔 𝑁

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 𝜇𝑘
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

Activity 4

Activity 5

 Analytical Graph
1
𝑦 𝑠 𝑎𝑡 2 1
Gradien m = 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 = 2 𝑡 2 = 2a
1
m = 2a
a = 2m
DK = |R2 – 100% |
KR = 100% - DK
Δa = KR x a

 Analytical Calculation
a = g (sin θ – μk cos θ )
𝑎
μk cos θ = sin θ - 𝑔
a
sin θ –
g
μk =
cos θ
𝜕𝜇𝑘 𝜕𝜇𝑘
Δμk =| 𝛿𝑎
Δa | + | 𝛿θ
Δθ |
a
1 cos θ x cos θ−(sin θ− )(− sin θ)
g
=|- 𝑔 cos 𝜃
Δa | + | 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
Δθ |
a
1 cos2 θ−(−sin2 θ+ sin θ)
g
=|- 𝑔 cos 𝜃
Δa | + | 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
Δθ |
 𝑎
1 1− sin 𝜃
𝑔
=|- 𝑔 cos 𝜃
Δa | + | 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
Δθ |
𝑎
1 1− 𝑔 sin 𝜃
Δμk |− Δa | + | Δθ |
𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
μk
= sin 𝜃−
𝑎
𝑔
cos 𝜃
𝑎
−1 1− sin 𝜃
𝑔
Δμk =[| 𝑎 Δa| + | 𝑎 Δθ|] μk
𝑔 sin 𝜃− cos 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − )
𝑔 𝑔

𝑎
∆𝑎 1− sin 𝜃
𝑔
Δμk =[| 𝑎 |+| 𝑎 Δθ|] μk
𝑔 (sin 𝜃− ) cos 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − )
𝑔 𝑔

𝑎
∆𝑎 1− sin 𝜃
𝑔
Δμk =[| 𝑎 |+| 𝑎 Δθ|] μk
𝑔 (sin 𝜃− ) cos 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − )
𝑔 𝑔

∆𝜇𝑘
KR = 𝜇𝑘
x 100 %

EXPERIMENT RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

EXPERIMENT RESULT

Activity 1

Beam mass = | 200 ± 5 | g

Table 3.1. Observations influence of gravity on objects

No. Drag force (N) The state of objects

|2,00 ± 0,05| Motionless

1

|2,20 ± 0,05| Right to move

2

|1,00 ± 0,05| Moving rectilinear

3
Activity 2

Type of surface is smooth

Table 3.2. relationship between tensile force to normal force

Drag force (N)
Normal style
No. The state of objects
(N) Measurements to- Average

|< 0,40 ± 0,05|

1 Motionless

1. |0,60 ± 0,05|

|0,66 ± 0,05|
Right to move 2. |0,70 ± 0,05|

|1,10± 0,05|
3. |0,60 ± 0,05|

1. |0,40 ± 0,05||

Moving rectilinear 2. |0,50 ± 0,05|

|0,46 ± 0,05|

3. |0,50 ± 0,05|

2 Motionless
|<0,90 ± 0,05|

1. |1,30 ± 0,05|

Right to move 2. |1,20 ± 0,05|

|1,20 ± 0,05|

|1,60±0,05|
3. |1,10 ± 0,05|

1. |0,50 ± 0,05|

Moving rectilinear 2. |0,50 ± 0,05|

|0,53 ± 0,05|

3. |0,60 ± 0,05|

3
|2,10 ± 0,05|
Motionless
|<1,00 ± 0,05|
 1. |1,20 ± 0,05|

|1,16 ± 0,05|
Right to move 2. |1,20 ± 0,05|

3. |1,10 ± 0,05|

1. |0,90 ± 0,05|

|0,86 ± 0,05|
Moving rectilinear 2. |0,80 ± 0,05|

3. |0,90 ± 0,05|

Activity 3
Normal force = | 2 ± 0.1 | N

Table 3.3. relationship between the type of surface tension force

Surface The state of objects Drag force (N)
Type
Measurements to- Average

| < 2, 00 ± 0,05|
I Motionless

1. | 2,70 ± 0,05 |

|2,73 ± 0,05|
Right to move 2. | 2,70 ± 0,05 |

3. | 2,80 ± 0,05 |

1. | 1,00 ± 0,05|

|1,13 ± 0,05|
Moving rectilinear 2. | 1,20 ± 0,05 |

3. | 1,20 ± 0,05 |

| < 2,10 ± 0,05 |

II Motionless
 1. | 2,30 ± 0,05|

|2,26 ± 0,05|
Right to move 2. | 2,20 ± 0,05|

3. | 2,30 ± 0,05|

1. | 1,30 ± 0,05|

|1,23 ± 0,05|
Moving rectilinear 2. | 1,10 ± 0,05|

3. | 1,30 ±0,05|

|<1,80 ± 0,05|
III Motionless

1. | 2,20 ± 0,05|

Right to move 2. | 1,80 ± 0,05|

|1,86 ± 0,05|

3. | 1,60 ± 0,05|

1. | 1,20 ± 0,05|

|1,20 ± 0,05|
Moving rectilinear 2. | 1,20 ± 0,05|

3. |1, 20 ± 0,05|

Activity 4

Table 3.4. force of static friction on an inclined plane

No. Gravity Critical angle ( 0 )
(N)
Measurements to- Average

1
|1,10 ± 0,05| 1. |10,00 ± 0,05|
|9,00 ± 0,05|
2. |8,00 ± 0,05|
 3. |9,00 ± 0,05|

2
1. |7,00 ± 0,05|
|1,60 ± 0,05|
2. |7,00 ± 0,05| |7,00 ± 0,05|

3. |7,00 ± 0,05|

3
1. |7,00 ± 0,05|
|2,10 ± 0,05|
2. |6,00 ± 0,05| |6,00 ± 0,05|

3. |5,00 ± 0,05|

4
1. |4,00 ± 0,05|
|2,60 ± 0,05|
2. |4,00 ± 0,05| |3,66 ± 0,05|

3. |3,00 ± 0,05|

Activity 5
Mass load =
Field tilt angle =

Table 3.5. force of kinetic friction on the incline

No. Distance (cm) Time (s)

Measurements to- Average

1
1. |2,40 ± 0,1|

|35,10 ± 0,05| 2. |2,20 ± 0,1| |2,20 ± 0,1|

3. |2,10 ± 0,1|
2
1. |3,20 ± 0,1|

|60,00 ± 0,05| 2. |2,90 ± 0,1|| |3,10 ± 0,1|

3. |3,30 ± 0,1|

3
1. |3,80 ± 0,1|

|86,70 ± 0,05| 2. |4,00 ± 0,1| |3,80 ± 0,1|

3. |3,80 ± 0,1|

DATA ANALYSIS
Activity 1
N

w
Figure 3.4 Motionless object

F
Fs

w
Figure 3.5 object will right to move

F
Fk

Figure 3.6 object moving

w rectilinear
 In the figure 3.4, the force exerted is the normal force, gravity, and tensile force
without frictional force. In these conditions the friction has not happened yet, because it has
not happened against the motion interaction between objects and the environment.
In the figure 3.5, has occurred in particular friction static friction. Static friction force
work when the object in motionless and its value ranging from zero to a maximum price. If
the pull / push acting on an object is smaller than the maximum static friction force, then the
object is still in a motionless and the frictional force acting on the object has the same size as
the value of the pull / push on the object.
In the figure 3.6, there are kinetic frictional force. Because in these condition, the
object start to move and F > f s, so the static friction force (f s) going to turn
into kinetic frictional force (f k.).

Activity 2
 Static friction

1.4
1.2 1.2 1.16
Static Friction (fs)

1
0.8
0.6 0.66

0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
y = 0.5x + 0.2067 Normal Force (N)
R² = 0.6904

y = mx – c = 0,5x – 0,206

𝑦 𝑓𝑔
Gradient 𝑚 = 𝑥
= 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Because 𝜇𝑠 =
𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Then, 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑚 = 𝑁
= 0,5

𝐷𝑘 = 𝑅 2 𝑥 100% = 0.690 𝑥 100%= 69%

𝐾𝑅 = (100 − 𝐷𝑘 ) %=(100 − 69)% = 31 %
∆𝜇𝑠 = 𝐾𝑅 𝑥 𝜇𝑠 = 31 𝑥 0,5 = 15,5
𝑃𝐹 = |𝜇𝑠 ± ∆𝜇𝑠 |
𝑃𝐹 = |0,50 ± 15,50| N
 Kinetic friction

1
0.9
0.86
0.8
Kinetic Friction (fk)

0.7
0.6
0.5 0.53
0.46
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
y = 0.4x - 0.0233
Normal Force (N)
R² = 0.8766

y = mx – c = 0,4x – 0,023

𝑦 𝑓𝑔
Gradient 𝑚 = =
𝑥 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Because 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑁
𝑓𝑔
Then, 𝜇𝑠 = 𝑚 = = 0,4
𝑁

𝐷𝑘 = 𝑅 2 𝑥 100% = 0,876 𝑥 100%= 87,6%

𝐾𝑅 = (100 − 𝐷𝑘 ) %=(100 − 87,6)% = 12,4 %
∆𝜇𝑠 = 𝐾𝑅 𝑥 𝜇𝑠 = 12,4 𝑥 0,4 = 4,96
𝑃𝐹 = |𝜇𝑠 ± ∆𝜇𝑠 |
𝑃𝐹 = |0,40 ± 4,96| N

Activity 3
 Static Friction
𝑓𝑔 2,73
𝜇𝑠1 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 1,36 N/cm
𝑓𝑔 2,26
𝜇𝑠2 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 1,13 N/cm
𝑓𝑔 1,86
𝜇𝑠3 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 0,93 N/cm
 Table 3. Relationship between coefficient of friction and static friction

𝑓𝑔
type of surface 𝜇𝑠
Measurement to- Average

1. | 2,70±0,05|

I 1,36 |2,73±0,05|
2. | 2,70±0,05|

3. | 2,80±0,05|

1. | 2,30±0,05|

II 1,13 |2,26±0,05|
2. | 2,20 ±0,05|

3. | 2,30±0,05|

1. | 2,20±0,05|

III 0,93 |1,86±0,05|

2. | 1,80±0,05|

3. | 1,60 ±0,05|

1. Type of surface I
∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |2,70 − 2,73| = 0,03
𝛿2 = |2,70 − 2,73| = 0,03
𝛿3 = |2,80 − 2,73| = 0,07
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,07

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 𝜇𝑠
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,07 0,05
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 1,36
2,73 2,00
 ∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,02 + 0,02 | 1,36

∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,04 | 1,36

∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,05

∆𝜇𝑠 0,05
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 3%
𝜇𝑠 1,36

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 3)% = 97%

PF =|𝜇𝑠 ± ∆𝜇𝑠 | = |1,36 ± 0,05| N/cm

2. Type of surface II

∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |2,30 − 2,26| = 0,04
𝛿2 = |2,20 − 2,26| = 0,06
𝛿3 = |2,30 − 2,26| = 0,04
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,06

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 𝜇𝑠
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,06 0,05
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 1,13
2,26 2,00

∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,02 + 0,02 | 1,13

∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,04 | 1,13

∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,04
 ∆𝜇𝑠 0,04
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 3%
𝜇𝑠 1,13

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 3)% = 97%

PF =|𝜇𝑠 ± ∆𝜇𝑠 | = |1,13 ± 0,04| N

3. Type of surface III

∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |2,20 − 1,86| = 0,34
𝛿2 = |1,80 − 1,86| = 0,06
𝛿3 = |1,60 − 1,86| = 0,26
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,34

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 𝜇𝑠
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,34 0,05
∆𝜇𝑠 = | + | 0,93
1,86 2,00

∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,18 + 0,02 | 0,93

∆𝜇𝑠 = |0,20 | 0,93

∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,18

∆𝜇𝑠 0,18
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 19%
𝜇𝑠 0,93

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 19)% = 81%

PF =|𝜇𝑠 ± ∆𝜇𝑠 | = |0,93 ± 0,18| N/cm

 Kinetic friction
𝑓𝑔 1,13
𝜇𝑠1 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 0,56 N/cm
𝑓𝑔 1,23
𝜇𝑠2 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 0,61 N/cm
𝑓𝑔 1,20
𝜇𝑠3 = 𝑁
= 2,00
= 0,60 N/cm

Table 3.Relationship between coefficient of friction and kinetic friction

𝑓𝑔
type of surface 𝜇𝑘
Measurement to- Average

1. |1,00 ±0,05|

I 0,56
2. |1,20±0,05|
|1,13±0,05|

3. | 1,20±0,05|

1. | 1,30±0,05|

II 0,61 |1,23±0,05|
2. | 1,10±0,05|

3. | 1,30±0,05

1. | 1,20 ±0,05|
|1,20±0,05|
III 0,60
2. | 1,20±0,05|

3. |1,20±0,05|

1. Type of surface I
∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |1,00 − 1,13| = 0,13
𝛿2 = |1,20 − 1,13| = 0,07
𝛿3 = |1,20 − 1,13| = 0,07
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,13

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2
 ∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 𝜇𝑘
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,13 0,05
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 0,56
1,13 2,00

∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,11 + 0,02 | 0,56

∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,09 | 0,56

∆𝜇𝑘 = 0,05

∆𝜇𝑘 0,05
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 8%
𝜇𝑘 0,56

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 8)% = 92%

PF =|𝜇𝑘 ± ∆𝜇𝑘 | = |0,56 ± 0,05| N

2. Type of surface II
∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |1,30 − 1,23| = 0,07
𝛿2 = |1,10 − 1,23| = 0,13
𝛿3 = |1,20 − 1,23| = 0,03
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0,13

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 𝜇𝑘
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,13 0,05
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 0,61
1,23 2,00

∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,10 + 0,02 | 0,61

 ∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,08 | 0,61

∆𝜇𝑘 = 0,04

∆𝜇𝑘 0,04
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 6%
𝜇𝑘 0,61

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 6)% = 94%

PF =|𝜇𝑘 ± ∆𝜇𝑘 | = |0,61 ± 0,04| N

3. Type of surface III

∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = |1,20 − 1,20| = 0
𝛿2 = |1,20 − 1,20| = 0
𝛿3 = |1,20 − 1,20| = 0
1 1
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0 (back to absolute error of spring balance ∆𝑓𝑔 = 𝑥 𝑆𝑉𝑆 = 𝑥 0,1 =
2 2

0,05 𝑁)

1 1
∆𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆𝑇 = 0,1 = 0,05
2 2

∆𝑓𝑔 ∆𝑁
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 𝜇𝑘
𝑓𝑔 𝑁

0,05 0,05
∆𝜇𝑘 = | + | 0,60
1,20 2,00

∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,04 + 0,02 | 0,60

∆𝜇𝑘 = |0,06 | 0,60

∆𝜇𝑘 = 0,03
 ∆𝜇𝑘 0,03
𝐾𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 5%
𝜇𝑘 0,60

𝐷𝑘 = (100 − 𝐾𝑅 )% = (100 − 5)% = 95%

PF =|𝜇𝑘 ± ∆𝜇𝑘 | = |0,60 ± 0,03| N

Activity 4
 Static friction for the fisrt critical angle

𝛿𝜇𝑠
Δμs = 𝛿𝜃
Δθ
δtan 𝜃
= 𝛿𝜃
∆𝜃
Δμs 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= ∆𝜃
𝜇𝑠 tan 𝜃
∆𝜇s 1
=1 ∆𝜃
𝜇𝑠 sin 2𝜃
2
2
Δμs = ∆𝜃
sin 2𝜃

π 3,14
Δθ = = = 0,017
180 180

𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃
= tan 9
= 0,158 N/cm
2
Δμs = sin 2 𝑥 9 x 0,017
2
= x 0,017
sin 18
2
= 0,309 x 0,017

= 6,47 x 0,017
= 0,10 N/cm
Δμs
KR = 𝜇𝑠
𝑥 100 %
0,10
= 0,158 x 100 %

= 0,63 x 100%
= 63 %
DK = 100% - KR
= 100% - 63%
 = 37%
PR = | 0,158 ± 0,10| N/cm

 Static friction for the second critical angle

𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃
= tan 7
= 0,122 N/cm
2
Δμs = sin 2 𝑥 7 x 0,017
2
= sin 14 x 0,017
2
= x 0,017
0,241

= 8,29 x 0,017
= 0,14 N/cm
Δμs
KR = 𝜇𝑠
𝑥 100 %
0,14
= 0,122 x 100 %

= 1,14 x 100%
= 114 %
DK = 100% - KR
= 100% - 114%
= 14%
PR = | 0,12 ± 0,14| N/cm

 Static friction for the third critical angle

𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃
= tan 6
= 0,105 N/cm
2
Δμs = x 0,017
sin 2 𝑥 6
2
= sin 12 x 0,017
2
= x 0,017
0,207

= 9,66 x 0,017
= 0,16 N/cm
 Δμs
KR = 𝜇𝑠
𝑥 100 %
0,16
= 0,105 x 100 %

= 1,52 x 100%
= 152 %
DK = 100% - KR
= 100% - 152%
= 52%
PR = | 0,10 ± 0,16| N/cm

 Static friction for the fourth critical angle

𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃
= tan 3,66
= 0,06 N/cm
2
Δμs = x 0,017
sin 2 𝑥 3,66
2
= sin 7,32 x 0,017
2
= x 0,017
0,127

= 15,7 x 0,017
= 0,26 N/cm
Δμs
KR = 𝜇𝑠
𝑥 100 %
0,26
= 0,06 x 100 %

= 4,33 x 100%
= 433 %
DK = 100% - KR
= 100% - 433%
= 333%
PR = | 0,12 ± 0,14| N/cm

Table 3.6 Relationship between load weight and coefficient static friction
Weight (N) Coefficient Static Friction (N/cm)

|1,10 ± 0,05| | 0,158 ± 0,10|

 |1,60 ± 0,05| | 0,12 ± 0,14|
|2,10 ± 0,05| | 0,10 ± 0,16
|2,60 ± 0,05| | 0,12 ± 0,14|

Activity 5
 Analytical Graph

100
90
86.7
80
70
Distance (cm)

60 60
50
40
35.1
30 y = 5.2019x + 9.1875
20 R² = 1

10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (t2) (s)

1
𝑦 𝑠 𝑎𝑡 2 1
Gradien m = 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 = 2 𝑡 2 = 2a
1
m = 2a

a = 2m
a = 2 x 5,201 = 10,402 cm/s2
DK = |R2 – 100% |
= |1 – 100%|
= 99%
KR = 100% - DK
= 100% - 99% = 1%
Δa = KR x a
1
= 100 x 10,402

= 0,01 x 10,402 = 0,104 cm/s2

PR = |10,40 ± 0,1040 | cm/s2
 Analytical Calculation
a = g (sin θ – μk cos θ )
 𝑎
μk cos θ = sin θ - 𝑔
a
sin θ –
g
μk =
cos θ
10,40
sin 12 –
9,8
μk = cos 12
0,20− 1,06
= 0,97
0,86
= 0,97

= 0,88 N/cm

𝑎
∆𝑎 1− sin 𝜃
𝑔
Δμk =[| 𝑎 |+| 𝑎 Δθ|] μk
𝑔 (sin 𝜃− ) cos 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 − )
𝑔 𝑔

10,40
0,104 1− sin 12
9,8
=[| 10,40 |+| 10,40 0,017|] 0,88
9,8 (sin 12− ) cos 12 (sin 12 − )
9,8 9,8

0,104 1− 1,06 𝑥 0,20

= [ |9,8 ( 0,20− 1,06) | + |0,97(0,20 – 1,06 ) 0,017|] 0,88
0,104 1− 0,21
= [ |9,8 ( −0,86) | + |0,97 (−0,86) 0,017|] 0,88
0,104 0,79
= [ |−8,42 | + |−0,83 0,017|] 0,88

= [0,01 + 0,01] 0,88

= 0,02 x 0,88
= 0,01 N/cm
∆𝜇𝑘
KR = x 100 %
𝜇𝑘
0,01
= 0,88 x 100 %

= 0,01 x 100 %
=1%
PR = | 0,88 ± 0,01| N/cm

EXPLANATION

In the lab this time, we carry out 5 experiments on frictional force. From the
experiment that we did, in the first activity, we can determine about how the tensile force
give an affects towards the object. Based on lab results, we can understand in the figure 3.4,
the force exerted is the normal force, gravity, and tensile force without frictional force. In the
figure 3.5, has occurred in particular friction static friction. Static friction force work when
the object in motionless and its value ranging from zero to a maximum price. In the figure
3.6, there are kinetic frictional force. Because in these condition, the object start to move and
F > f s, so the static friction force (f s) going to turn into kinetic frictional force (f k.).
In second activity, was to determine the relationship between normal force and
frictional force. Friction force is proportional to the normal force. From the experiment, we
got result the coefficient for static fiction is 0,5 N/cm and coefficient for kinetic friction is
0,4 N/cm. If the normal force is greater so the frictional force becames greater too.
The third activity is about to understand the relationship between condition of the
surface of an object with frictional force. Based on lab results, we got the ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,05 𝑁, in
the second surface ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,04 N and the third surface ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,18 N. For the kinetic
friction, at first surface we get ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,05 𝑁, in the second surface ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,04 N and the
third surface ∆𝜇𝑠 = 0,18 N. The result we get have different value. It means that the surface
is one of factor that can influence the frictional force.
In fourth activity, we get error result, because 𝐷𝑘 is over by 100%. And fifth activity
is about to determine the coefficient of static and kinetic friction in inclined plane. We can
determine the coefficient of kinetic friction with graph analytical and calculation analytical
using a = g (sin θ – μk cos θ ). Based on the practical, by graph analytical we get Δa=
0,104 cm/s2 and by calculation analytical we get μk= 0,88 N/cm, Δμk = 0,01 N/cm and KR =
1 %.
Most of our data had many errors because of the fact that our experiment itself had
some problems of its own. Some of the problems were that the wooden block was not pulled
with even force at some places. We also might have started the program too early. Also at
some places when the block was pulled it would not move and suddenly it would bounce
forward and that might have also caused some errors in the graph causing a big rise and fall
in it. These were all through systematic and random error, which either happened because of
us as a group or because of the experiment itself.

CONCLUSION
Through frictional force we want to understand about factors which influence the
frictional force, to understand the concept of static and kinetic friction and to determine the
coefficient static and kinetic friction.
There are two types of frictional forces: those arising from static friction and those
arising from kinetic friction. Static friction is the friction that results between two relatively
smooth, flat objects in contact that are at rest with respect to each other. Kinetic friction is
the friction that results between two relatively smooth, flat objects in contact that are in
motion with respect to each other. The coefficient of friction between two surfaces is a
measure of the degree to which two surfaces resist moving with respect to each other.
Coefficients of friction depend on the mechanical, electrical, chemical properties of the
surfaces and the temperature of the surfaces. There are two coefficients for any two surfaces
in contact with each other, the coefficient of static friction ( μs) and the coefficient of kinetic
friction ( μk).
Based on this practical, we can see that gravity, normal force, and condition of
surface influence the frictional force. And then, we know that the frictional force have two
parts, static and kinetic friction. Static friction force work when the object in motionless and
its value ranging from zero to a maximum price. We can find it with 𝜇 s = tan 𝜃c. Kinetic
frictional force when the object start to move and F> f s, so the static friction force (f s)
going to turn into kinetic frictional force (f k.). We can find it with a = g (sin θ – μk cos θ ).

REFERENCE
[1] Halliday, David dan Resnick, Robert. 1999. Fisika Jilid I Edisi Ketiga (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.
[2] Tipler, Paul A. 2001. Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik Edisi Ketiga Jilid I (Terjemahan).
Jakarta: Erlangga.