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 The rights of publication or translation are reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
without prior permission.

May 2003 The Heating and Ventilating Contractor's Association, The Chartered Institution
of Building Services Engineers, London, The Association of Plumbing and Heating
Contractors, The Central Heating Information Council, The Council for Registered Gas
Installers, The Energy Saving Trust, The Institute of Domestic Heating & Environmental
Engineers, The Institute of Plumbing, Oil Firing Technical Association for the Petroleum
Industry and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbing Employers Federation.
Section 4.0 on pages 11-17 inclusive is Crown Copyright

ISBN 1 903287 40 5

This document is based on the best knowledge available at the time of publication. However
no responsibility of any kind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay however caused
resulting from the use of these recommendations can be accepted by the Heating and
Ventilating Contractor's Association, Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers,
Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors, Central Heating Information Council,
Council for Registered Gas Installers, Energy Saving Trust, Institute of Domestic Heating &
Environmental Engineers, Institute of Plumbing and the Oil Firing Technical Association, the
authors or others involved in its publication.

In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter by doing so agrees to accept full
responsibility for any personal injury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or in
connection with their use by or on behalf of such adopter irrespective of the cause or reason
therefore and agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless the above named bodies, the
authors and others involved in their publication from any and all liability arising out of or in
connection with such use as aforesaid and irrespective of any negligence on the part of those
indemnified.

Note from the publisher

This publication is primarily intended to provide guidance to those responsible
for the design, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of
building services. It is not intended to be exhaustive or definitive and it will be
necessary for users of the guidance given to exercise their own professional
judgement when deciding whether to abide by or depart from it.

First published November 2000

Reprinted June 2001
Reprinted April 2002
Reprinted August 2002
Amended and reprinted May 2003

Cover design by Tattersall Hammarling & Silk

Price £24.50 Copyright May 2003

 L1ctUENJJ

Revised May 2003

I
 Organisations making up the Domestic Building Services Panel
of the
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors APHC

British Gas Technology BGT
Building Services Research and Information Association BSRIA
Central Heating Information Council CHIC
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CIBSE
Council for Registered Gas Installers CORGI
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ODPM
Electrical Contractors Association ECA
Electricity Association EA
Energy Saving Trust EST
Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association HVCA
Heating Equipment Testing and Approvals Scheme HETAS
Institute of Domestic Heating and Environmental Engineers IDHE
Institute of Plumbing loP
Manufacturers of Domestic Unvented Systems MODUS
National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting NICEIC
Oil Firing Technical Association OFTEC
The Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbing Employers Federation SNTPEF
The Association of Controls Manufacturers TACMA
The UK Government's Housing Energy Efficiency Best Practice
Programme HEEBPp

Individual Member
George Henderson

Bodies whose titles are shown in bold type have funded and supported the Domestic
Heating Design Guide project. Copies of this Guide are available from funders.
Their contact details are given in Appendix E.

Working Group A of the Domestic Building Services Panel is responsible for this project,
including its ongoing development. Its members are:-

Cohn Sutherland CIBSE Chairman

Ian Beard HVCA
Bill Bucknell IDHE
John Byrne CORGI
Hywel Davies CIBSE
George Henderson Individual Member
Alan Johnson CHIC
Alan Keating HVCA
Marcus Millett CHIC
Robin Oakley loP
Mike Staton HVCA
Bruce Young BRE for HEEBPp

2
This publication is the result of work undertaken by the Domestic Building Services Panel of
the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

The Panel had identified the need for an uplift of domestic heating design standards and saw
the need for an up-to-date design and specification guide covering the subject. The panel
recognised that the Heating and Ventilating Contractors' Association's Domestic Heating
Specification published in 1993 was the best publication available on which to base their
work.

Thanks are particularly due to George Henderson, who acted as Technical Author for the
Guide, and to the following members of the technical drafting group:

Ian Beard HVCA

John Byrne CORGI
Hywel Davies CIBSE
Alan Keating HVCA
Marcus Millett CHIC
Robin Oakley loP
Cohn Sutherland CIBSE Chainnan

Assistance was also received from Duncan Pollock of Longmill Marketing.

The Guide is intended to fit into the suite of books covering Energy Efficiency, safe use of
fuel and design standards listed in Appendix C. The competent heating engineer will be
familiar with these.

The achievement of high standards in any engineering undertaking is a desirable end in itself.
In an undertaking with such extensive implications for energy efficiency and the environment
as domestic heating, high standards become a national necessity and the unfortunate general
lack of them in this field is something that cannot be tolerated.

The CIBSE Panel firmly believes that a large number of domestic heating contractors are
interested in becoming more involved in the science of their trade. The Guide provides a
straightforward means of achieving this without the need for previous technical training. It
will also form the platform for further aids to design work, making use of electronic
technology.

3
Section Subject Page
I INTRODUCTION 5
2 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS GUIDE 6
3 ESTABLISHING THE CLIENT'S REQUIREMENTS 7
4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 11
5 HEAT LOSSES AND U-VALUES 18
6 U-VALUE TABLES 23
7 VENTILATION IN LIVING SPACES 34
8 HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS 36
9 A WORKSHEET FOR HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS 39
10 RADIATORS AND OTHER HEAT EMI1VIERS 42
11 BOILERS 49
12 DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY 50
I3 SYSTEM LAYOUTS 56
14 CIRCULATOR SELECTION 66
15 OPEN VENTED SYSTEMS 70
16 SEALED HEATING SYSTEMS 75
17 PIPEWORK INSULATION 82
18 SYSTEM CONTROLS 84
19 COMBUSTION AIR, VENTILATION AND FLUES 95
20 FUEL STORAGE 98
21 THE SPECIFICATION 100
22 HANDOVER AND FUTURE SERVICE 105
23 SCHEDULE OF INSTALLED EQUIPMENT 107

Appendices

A LEGISLATION RELATING TO THE INSTALLATION OF 110

HEATING SYSTEMS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

B CONTROLS FOR DOMESTIC CENTRAL HEATING 111

SYSTEMS - DEFINITIONS

C STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS RELATING 116

TO DOMESTIC HEATING INSTALLATIONS

D CONVERSION FACTORS 118

E DETAILS OF PROJECT FUNDERS FROM WHOM THIS 120

GUIDE IS AVAILABLE

F BLANK COPIES OF THE WORKSHEETS USED IN 123

THIS BOOK

4
 ¶L© U©©©E I

This Domestic Heating Specification and Design Guide has been produced to assist
professional heating engineers to specify and design wet central heating systems. It provides
a method of coming to agreement with the client as to what is needed and will be provided. It
also provides a simple means for the practitioner who wishes to design and understand central
heating systems, to do so. The method of achieving this is that originally given in the HVCA
Guide to Good Practice - Domestic Heating Specification of 1992, which formed the starting
point for the drawing up of this Guide.

It is strongly recommended that a full specification is always prepared to cover heating

installation work. Material from this Guide can be used in a contractual specification if
agreed by both parties involved.

This Guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other publications. Reference must
always be made to the statutory requirements of the Building Regulations and Standards and
the Gas (Installation and Use) Regulations. Various Government publications referring to
Energy Efficiency and British Standards and Industry Standards are also referred to and these
should be studied as appropriate.

This Guide covers low pressure hot water space and water heating systems using
automatically controlled boilers of up to 60kW output, such as those fired by gas or oil. Both
open vented and sealed systems are referred to. Domestic hot water heating systems of the
open vented and unvented type are included, but this Guide does not cover the design of hot
and cold water draw off pipework. A reference for a publication covering this is given in
Appendix C.

Specific requirements for the installation of gas and oil fired heating equipment, including
fuel storage where applicable, are provided in other publications listed in Appendix C.
Outline details only are given in this Guide.

I 1JO4 I

This Guide does not specifically cover installation work, but would assume that the standards
of the Scottish and National Vocational Qualifications are needed to comply with its quality
requirements for heating system installation, and those of CORG1 and OFTEC for
combustion appliance installation and fuel storage matters.
5
 UtU©E1
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I

The abbreviations used to denote components in system diagrams in this Guide are as
follows:

AAV Automatic Air Vent MPV Mid Position Valve

ABV Automatic By-pass Valve MV Mixing Valve
AV Air Vent NRV Non-Return Valve
B Boiler OS Outside Sensor
BC Boiler Controls OSV Open safety vent pipe
CF Cold feed pipe OV Open vent pipe
CF&V Combined feed & vent pipe PG&T Pressure Gauge & Thermometer
CT Cylinder Thermostat PR Programmer (two or more Outputs)
CYL Indirect Hot Water Cylinder PRV Pressure Regulating Valve
DIV Diverting Valve PTRV Pressure & Temperature Relief
DNRV Double Non-return Valve Valve
DV Drain Valve R Radiator or other Emitter
ERV Expansion Relief Valve RT Room Thermostat
EV Expansion Vessel RV Regulating Valve
F&E Feed & Expansion pipe SV Stop Valve
F&EC Feed & Expansion cistern TD Tundish
FS Flow Sensor TRV Thermostatic Radiator Valve
HC Heating Circulator TS Time Switch (single output)
HWB Hot Water Blending Valve TSU Thermal Storage Unit
IIWC Hot Water Circulator TSV Temperature Safety Valve
IS Inside Sensor TU Top-up Unit
IV Isolating Valve UHWC Unvented Hot Water Cylinder
LSV Radiator Lock Shield Valve WV Radiator Wheel Valve
MBV Motorised Blending Valve ZV Zone Valve (normally closed)

6
 3© UE©
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A discussion with the client should take place to ensure that the client's requirements and
preferences are understood and that they are taken into account in developing the system
specification. Important decisions may have to be taken at this stage, including choice of
fuel, type and location of boiler, and whether or not to retain parts of an existing system.

3O

The choice of fuel is important, particularly because of its effect on running cost. However,
that choice may be constrained by the unavailability of mains gas, or by the space available
for fuel storage and access for delivery of heating oil or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Make clear the need to comply with gas safety regulations and the relevant parts of building
regulations', including the provision of combustion air for heating appliances, the siting of
flues and requirements for fuel storage. Section 20 summarises the requirements for fuel
storage.

Discuss fuel choice options with the client, ensuring that he or she is fully aware of the range
of available options. The costs associated with particular fuels should also be explained,
including both capital costs and running costs. Table 3.1 below shows the number of kWh in
a typical delivery unit for each fuel; to compare prices divide the unit price in pence by the
factor shown in the third column.

Fuel Typical delivery unit Number of kWh in unit

Gas and electricity kWh 1

Heating oil (Class C2 kerosene) Litre 10.35

Heating oil (Class D gas oil) Litre 10.85

LPG (Propane) Litre 7.11
Solid fuels 50 kg 420 to 480

TABLE 3.1 (source: Sutherland Associates Comparative Domestic Heating Costs)

Where gas meters are located in a remote position, it should be pointed out that the gas entry
into each dwelling must be provided with an identified gas isolating valve.

1
References to 'building regulations' refer to the relevant parts of the particular building regulations that apply
in England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. See Appendix 'A' for a list of relevant
parts of the respective regulations. References to 'gas safety regulations' apply to the 'Gas Safety (Installation
and Use) Regulations' and corresponding legislation in the Irish Republic.
7
 3O3 11IJIXJ

Discuss heating requirements with the client. Establish which rooms are to be heated at
which times, the temperatures required, and any special needs such as may be required for the
frail and elderly. Where an existing installation is being replaced or upgraded, try to obtain
feedback on how it performs, as this can give useful pointers to where improvements may be
needed.

3o cuoD
An adequate supply of ventilation air is required to maintain air quality but excessive
ventilation leads to unnecessary heat loss. Building regulations set minimum requirements
for ventilation in habitable rooms. Heat losses arising from ventilation are described in
Section 7 of this Guide.

The need to supply combustion air to conventionally flued heating appliances is also covered
in building regulations, with the aim of ensuring effective combustion and flue operation. In
particular, it is necessary to avoid combustion products being released back into the room
when an extractor fan is installed in the same room as an appliance with a conventional flue.
Section 19 of this Guide deals with combustion air requirements. Specific guidance is given
in the CORGI publication Essential Gas Safety and the OFTEC publication Technical Note
TI! 112.

Consider the options for boilers, taking account of the expected heating load, possible
restrictions on siting, the length of pipe runs required and, where relevant, the need to couple
to existing system components. If a combination boiler is to be fitted, ensure that the
pressure and flow available from the cold water mains is adequate, even at times of peak
demand. The choice of domestic hot water system is strongly connected to the choice of
boiler. Refer to Section 12 of this guide for a description of the characteristics of hot water
supplies.

The overall efficiency of the heating system is determined to a large extent by the efficiency
of the boiler itself. Boilers with high efficiency should be used because fuel economy is an
important requirement. Refer to Section 4 for guidance on boiler efficiency.

3O E3@lIIk? ioI E1Q

A number of factors need to be considered in deciding the location of boilers and flues:
• access to an external wall or roof, especially for room-sealed appliances
• the supply of combustion air for conventionally flued appliances
• ventilation around the boiler casing
• access for servicing and maintenance
• provision for safe discharge from boiler safety valves
• the need for a condensate drain (for condensing boilers)

8
 • the acceptability of pluming at the flue (for condensing boilers)
• the acceptability of expected noise levels (for pressure jet boilers)
• manufacturers' recommendations for the installation of particular boilers
• compliance with building and safety regulations.

D
x@x
The types and locations of heat emitters should be established, taking account of the probable
layout of furniture, which could affect the height and length of the units. Placing radiators
below windows is normally recommended to reduce cold down draughts, although this may
be less important when windows are double glazed and inappropriate where radiators would
be covered by full-length heavy drape curtains. Also, radiators placed near external doors
may help offset the flow of cold air into the building.

Where space for radiators is limited, consider the use of fan convectors, which give high
output from compact units and trench heating. Underfloor heating can eliminate siting
problems and is ideal where low surface temperatures are required, for example for elderly or
infirm occupants.

Discuss the materials to be used, the different ways in which pipework can be routed and
installed, and whether pipes should be concealed or exposed. Remember that all pipework
runs in solid floors must be put in purpose-built trenches with a removable cover. Also gas
and oil pipework must be installed in accordance with the relevant standards.

The function and benefits of heating system controls should be explained to the client,
including their effect on comfort and running costs. Find out if there are any special
requirements, such as the need to heat part of the house to a higher temperature or at different
times from the rest.

Control systems are described in detail in Section 18.

I
x G4k I

Establish the client's requirements for hot water and how they can be provided by the system.
Average hot water requirements may be assessed from the number of occupants in the
dwelling but the need for special requirements should be explored, including the need for
balanced hot and cold water pressures or high water pressure where mixer fittings and
showers are to be used. Check that the water supply provides adequate dynamic pressure and
flow if a combination boiler or thermal store is to be considered.

9
 Explain the different characteristics of standard and combination boilers for providing
domestic hot water. It may also be appropriate to explain the relative merits of unvented
cylinders, thermal storage units and open vented cylinders.

Refer to Section 12 for more detail on the choice of hot water systems.

I kio
The location of cisterns, the hot water cylinder (where applicable) and hot and cold water
pipework services should be agreed. All plumbing services must comply with water
regulations and building regulations with regard to the positioning and insulation of
equipment and pipework.

I I

Where there is an existing heating system in the property, it should be established whether
any of it is to be incorporated into the new system, taking account of the suitability and sizing
of existing components.

The use of new equipment on an existing system should be carefully considered to ensure
compatibility. A low water content boiler should not, for example, be used with gravity
circulation unless specifically permitted by its manufacturer.

Existing systems should be flushed and cleaned before new equipment is installed and care
should be taken with aggressive chemicals when cleaning older systems. Strainers should be
fitted to ensure that sludge from existing system components is not transferred to new boilers.
The client should be advised of any possible complications.

I I

Opportunities to improve energy efficiency should be considered and discussed with the
client, as it may be more economical to carry them out at the same time as work on the
heating system. Improvements may be made to thermal insulation, boiler efficiency and
heating controls, generally resulting in both fuel cost savings and improved comfort.
improvements to thermal insulation should be considered before starting on detailed system
design as they can substantially reduce design heat loads and affect the sizing of both
radiators and boilers. The Building Regulations for England and Wales and Scotland place
mandatory energy efficiency requirements on heating systems. In England and Wales these
apply to replacement systems in existing buildings as well as to new systems. References to
the Building Regulations are given on page 110.

Energy efficiency is discussed in some detail in Section 4.

10
 4.0 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

4 1 What Energy Efficiency means

The energy efficiency of a dwelling depends upon how well it is insulated and how well the
heating is controlled, as well the efficiency with which its heating and hot water systems can
convert fuel to heat.

The fabric of the dwelling has an important influence on the amount of energy required to
keep it comfortable. If the building is badly insulated, even the most efficient heating system
will require a great deal of energy to keep it warm. Overall, an energy efficient dwelling is
one that is well insulated, has an efficient boiler and good heating controls. Although it may
not always be possible to improve building fabric insulation, the heating installer should be
aware of opportunities for improved insulation and bring them to the client's attention.
Better insulation will generally improve comfort and client satisfaction and may lead to
opportunities for a more competitive quotation.

Hot water systems should be insulated to minimise heat loss from storage cylinders and
primary circuits; heat output from them may contribute to space heating requirements in the
winter but in summer it is wasted and may make the house uncomfortably warm.

Outside
temperature

Ventilation
losses

11
 1o uO Ox I

The burning of fossil fuels, such as gas, oil and coal, is responsible for a large proportion of
all carbon dioxide (C02) emissions to the atmosphere. The concentration of CO2 in the global
atmosphere has risen by about 30% since the start of the industrial revolution. Over the past
15 years, climatologists and others have formed a consensus view that the 'greenhouse effect'
arising from CO2 and other man-made gases in the atmosphere is likely to cause global
warming and consequent changes to climates around the world. This has led to agreements
reached under the auspices of the United Nations Organisation to limit further emissions of
greenhouse gases.

By 2010, the United Kingdom is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to
12.5% below the 1990 level. The household sector currently accounts for about a quarter of
all UK CO2 emissions and energy efficiency measures applied in the sector are expected to
contribute a similar proportion of the necessary reductions. Reductions will be achieved by
better insulation in new and existing houses, more efficient and better controlled heating
systems, and improvements to electrical appliances.

I I

The house has energy delivered either by connection to a mains network or in bulk. In either
case, it is possible to express the energy content of the fuel in common units such as kWh.
Metered supplies of electricity and gas are sold to the consumer in kWh. Fuels supplied in
bulk are sold by weight or volume, but the units used for sale can readily be converted to
kWh by using the calorific value of the fuel. For example, a litre of heating oil has an energy
content of 10.35 kWh. This — the energy content of fuel delivered - is known as delivered
energy.
It should be apparent, however, that not all forms of delivered energy are equally useful.
Electrical energy can be converted to heat with 100% efficiency and can operate motors,
lights and electronic circuits. But that versatility comes at price: electricity has been
generated from fuel consumed at power stations with an average efficiency of around 40%.
The energy at the power station used to provide a household with 1 kWh of delivered
electricity is therefore considerably greater at around 2.5 kWh. This is known as primary
energy, and takes account of the energy overhead required for generation and distribution.
There are also energy overheads associated with the production, refining and distribution of
fuels, although these are much smaller than for electricity, typically around 5%.

The distinction between delivered and primary energy is important when considering energy
running cost and environmental impact, both of which are more closely related to primary
than delivered energy. Electricity is clearly a premium source of energy, which is vastly more
versatile at the point of use than other forms, but that is reflected in both its cost and the
overall environmental impact of fuel used in its production. In 1990, UK electricity
generation relied on coal for 67% of its energy input. By 1998 that had fallen to just 33%,
while the proportion of natural gas used had risen from less than 1% to 33%. Further
displacement of coal by gas is expected, leading to improved power station efficiency and
reduced CO2 emissions per unit of delivered electricity.

12
Nevertheless, electricity remains an expensive means of heating, with a cost per kWh about 5
times that of natural gas at on-peak rates and about twice at off-peak rates. Carbon dioxide
emissions per unit of delivered electricity also remain high, at about 2.5 times those for gas.
This does not mean that electricity should never be used for heating, but both cost and
environmental considerations should confine it to cases where there is low demand; i.e, in
small properties with high standards of insulation, good control, and where a large proportion
of consumption can be at off-peak rates.

1ot U13j @Gfl

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Energy efficiency produces benefits for individual householders and for the environment.

For households, the benefits are lower fuel bills and more comfortable conditions. A well
insulated house needs less heat to bring it up to a comfortable temperature and cools down
more slowly when the heating system is turned off An efficient, well controlled heating
system uses less fuel to produce a given amount of heat. Both combine to reduce the total
amount of fuel needed and hence the cost. Affordable heating is of particular importance in
the social housing sector, which caters for households with low incomes. Consequently,
contractors working for housing associations and local authorities need to pay particular
attention to energy efficiency.

The environmental benefits of energy efficiency were discussed in section 4.2 above. Energy
efficiency contributes to reduced environmental impact through the use of less fuel. It is also
important to take account of the difference in carbon emissions between fuels, particularly the
high emissions associated with electricity use. While replacing a gas boiler by electric heating
might appear advantageous in reducing the requirement for delivered energy, it would cause a
substantial increase in environmental impact as well as running costs. Table 4.1 gives CO2
emissions per unit of delivered energy for electricity and heating fuels in the UK.

Fuel CO2 emissions in kg/kWh

Gas (mains) 0.19
LPG 0.25
Heating oil 0.27
Solid fuels 0.29 to 0.39
Electricity (1997) 0.51
TABLE 4.1: CO2 EMISSION FACTORS FOR DELIVERED
ENERGY IN THE UK

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A home energy rating is a measure of the energy efficiency of a dwelling. SAP is the UK
Government's standard methodology for home energy rating, and the Heat Energy Rating is
the equivalent scheme in the Republic of Ireland. These have to be applied to all new
housing. SAP and HER are based on running costs for space- and water-heating and depend
on the form of the building, its thermal insulation, which fuel is used and the performance of
the heating system. Ratings are expressed on a range of 1 to 100, the higher the better. SAP

13
ratings allow comparisons of energy efficiency to be made and can show the likely effect of
improvements to a dwelling in terms of energy use. Using energy ratings, designers,
developers, house-builders, and home owners can take energy efficiency factors into
consideration both for new dwellings and when refurbishing existing ones. Energy ratings
can be used at the design stage as a guide to energy efficiency and the reduction of future fuel
bills. The SAP procedure also generates a Carbon Index. This is quoted on a scale of 0.0 to
10.0 and represents the CO2 emissions associated with space and water heating adjusted for
floor area, so that it is essentially independent of dwelling size. Higher numbers represent
better performance, ie. lower CO2 emissions.

The heating designer has an important opportunity to influence the SAP or HER rating
through the choice of a boiler with high efficiency, the choice of fuel and the specification of
good controls. SEDBUK (see Section 4.7 below) was specifically designed to provide values
for boiler efficiency use in SAP calculations, and has been used in SAP assessments since
July 1999.

k I

The efficiency of the boiler is the main factor affecting the energy efficiency of gas- and oil-
fired wet central heating systems. Minimum standards of efficiency for most types of boiler
are imposed by law, which in the UK is the Boiler (Efficiency) Regulations 1993 (UK
legislation implementing the European Union Boiler Efficiency Directive) and in the
Republic of Ireland the European Communities (Efficiency Requirements for Hot Water
Boilers fired with liquid and Gaseous Fuels) Regulations 1994.

Boiler efficiency depends both on the design of the boiler and conditions under which it
operates. Boiler design features affecting efficiency include:

• size (surface area) of heat exchanger

• water content of the heat exchanger;
• the method of ignition, especially whether or not it relies on a permanent pilot flame;
• the type of burner control (on/off, gas modulating or gas/air modulating);
• whether or not the boiler is designed to operate in condensing mode; and
• flue shape and length.

Operating conditions affecting boiler efficiency include:

• the size (power rating) of the boiler in relation to the design heat load and radiator sizes;
• the heating system controls; and
• flow and return water temperatures.

All three are at least in part within the control of the designer, while installation and
commissioning are important to the realisation of the designer's intentions. Regular servicing
and maintenance are also necessary to ensure that efficiency is sustained, particularly for oil
fired boilers.

The principal factor under the system designer's control is the selection of the boiler itself.
Information on the efficiency of gas and oil boilers in the UK can be obtained from the boiler
efficiency database, which is accessible via the Internet at www.boilers.org.uk (see section

14
4.7 below). The reader is also referred to Good Practice Guide 284 Domestic central heating
and hot water: systems with gas and oil-fired boilers, published by the UK Government's
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme.

SEDBUK is an acronym for 'Seasonal Efficiency of a Domestic Boiler in the UK'. The
method used in SEDBUK was developed under the UK Government's Energy Efficiency
Best Practice Programme with the co-operation of boiler manufacturers, and provides a basis
for fair comparison of different models.
SEDBUK is the average annual efficiency achieved in typical domestic conditions, making
reasonable assumptions about pattern of usage, climate, control, and other influences. It is
calculated from the results of standard laboratory tests together with other important factors
such as boiler type, ignition arrangement, internal store size, fuel used, and knowledge of the
UK climate and typical domestic usage patterns. For estimating annual fuel costs SEDBUK
is a better guide than laboratory test results alone. It can be applied to most gas and oil
domestic boilers for which data is available from tests conducted to the relevant European
standards. The SEDBUK method is used in SAI
As a simple guide to efficiency, a scheme has been created with SEDBUK efficiency bands
assigned to boilers on an "A" to "G" scale. (see Fig 4.1 below). The band is shown in the
database and may be used on product literature and labels, though there is no requirement for
manufacturers to do so. The scheme is temporary as it will be withdrawn when a European
directive on boiler energy labelling is introduced.

Gas regular (old heavywelgh

Gas regular (old lightweight)
Gas combi (old)
Gas regular (new)
Gas combi (new)
Gas regular condensing (new)
Gas combi condensing (new)

Oil regular (old)

Oil combi (new)
I IPilot

_______
Oil regular (new)
Pilot/electronic Oil condensing (new)
L5
50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 88 90 94
Efficiency %

FIG 4.1 TYPICAL SEDBUK RANGES FOR BOILER TYPES

The heat exchanger in a condensing boiler is designed to extract maximum heat from the flue
gases. To do so, it reduces the temperature of the flue gases to below the dew point of the
flue gases, which causes water vapour to condense on the surfaces of the heat exchanger, a
situation that is deliberately avoided in other boilers. The presence of condensation in large
quantities requires that the heat exchanger be made of corrosion-resistant materials and that a
drain is provided for the condensate.

15
Condensing boilers are significantly more efficient, as non-condensing boilers have to be
designed to operate with flue gas temperatures high enough to avoid the accumulation of
condensate that would cause corrosion. Even the least efficient condensing gas boiler is
about 3% more efficient than the best non-condensing boiler, and the difference is typically
about 13%. Condensing boilers are most efficient when operating with low return water
temperatures, which induce high levels of condensation. However, they are significantly
more efficient than other boilers when operated under normal conditions found in a domestic
installation, even though not condensing all the time. Although it is possible to increase the
proportion of time boilers operate in condensing mode by installing larger radiators and
using lower flow and return temperature, it is neither necessary nor to be recommended; field
trials have shown it to be not cost-effective.

From the installer's point of view, there are two particular considerations to be taken into
account when specifying condensing boilers: the provision of a drain for the condensate and
the acceptability of 'pluming'— the production of a visible cloud of water droplets - from the
flue. The condensate drain does not normally cause a problem, although care must be taken
to ensure that it can be kept clear. Pluming can be a real problem, however, when the flue
discharges into an area close to neighbouring property. Pluming may be perceived as much
less acceptable than the less visible and more buoyant combustion products from a non-
condensing boiler. Condensing boilers are thought by some installers to be more difficult to
maintain and less reliable but there is no reason why a condensing boiler should be different
from any other modern boiler in these respects. There is little difference in complexity and
the only additional maintenance task is to ensure that the condensate drain is kept clear.

For gas installations, condensing boilers should be specified unless the additional costs
outweigh the benefits or where there are serious difficulties with terminal siting, pluming or
connection to a drain. For oil installations, condensing boilers have less of an advantage over
non-condensing types, which are generally more efficient than their gas counterparts.

I I

Hot water storage cylinders affect energy efficiency for two main reasons. Firstly, they
should be well insulated, as heat lost to the surroundings cannot contribute usefully to space
heating requirements when no heat is required in summer and may contribute to
uncomfortably high temperatures. Of course insulation is especially important if the cylinder
is located in an unheated space. Secondly, cylinder heat exchangers should have sufficient
capacity to provide rapid warm-up; poor heat exchanger performance causes the boiler to be
on for long periods at low loads. Apart from providing poor service to the household, this
reduces boiler efficiency and increases heat losses from the primary circuit.

As a minimum, the designer should always specify hot water cylinders that comply with BS
1566 or BS3 198. 'High performance' cylinders, which have fast recovery heat exchangers
and are usually also better insulated, are recommended. However, 'medium duty' cylinders
should be avoided as they are usually both badly insulated and have poor heat exchanger
performance.

16
 10ti® @@QiiA I

The output required from a heating system varies considerably, particularly in response to
external temperature. Controls are needed to ensure that the system provides the appropriate
output for all conditions, including those where little or no additional heat is required.
Controls contribute significantly to the efficient operation of a heating system, by allowing
the desired temperatures to be achieved in each room at the times required. The selection of
appropriate controls also plays a key part in the overall running costs of a heating system.

For example, upgrading controls on older heating systems can save up to 15% on energy
bills. The recommended minimum set of controls is given in Good Practice Guide 302
Controls for domestic heating and hot water systems. See also General Information Leaflet
83 Domestic boiler anti-cycling controls — an evaluation concerning claims made for boiler
anti-cycling devices.

Section 18 of this Guide describes the operation of the principal types of control and specifies
appropriate packages of controls for different types of system.

I I

To help purchasers to specify efficient heating, a set of simple standards has been prepared,
known as "CHeSS" (Central Heating Systems Specifications). It was first published in
February 2001 and gives recommendations for current good practice and best practice, for the
energy efficiency of domestic wet central heating systems. It explains to purchasers and
suppliers how the efficiency-critical components should be specified, using four simple
names for reference:
CHeSS HR3 (2002): regular boiler and hot water store system —basic
CHeSS HC3 (2002): combination boiler or CPSU system — basic
CHeSS HR4 (2002): regular boiler and hot water store system — bestpractice
CHeSS HC4 (2002): combination boiler or CPSU system — best pra ctice

Basic systems are sufficient to comply with Building Regulations 2000Part Li (Conservation
of fuel and power in dwellings) which came into effect in England and Wales in April 2002,
and Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations Part J which came into effect in March 2002.
Part Li now applies to replacement heating systems in existing housing, as well as new ones.
CHeSS was produced in response to a request from the Heating Strategy Group of the Energy
Efficiency Partnership for Homes, which recognised that one of the difficulties facing the
domestic heating installation industry was a lack of common standards and understanding of
what should be done to improve energy efficiency.
CHeSS has become widely used by purchasers and installers, especially in government policy
initiatives and installation schemes for more efficient domestic heating. Details may be
obtained free from the Housing Helpline on 0 1923-664258, reference GIL 59.

17
I
1Z1T ZEE DftJE I

I uOAk I

Heat flows by conduction through materials, by convection in fluids and by radiation. All
three of those mechanisms are relevant to domestic heating system design. The designer's
task is first to estimate the heat the system must provide to maintain the dwelling at the
required indoor temperature under the most demanding conditions specified. Calculations are
undertaken on a room-by-room basis to allow the required heat output for each room to be
assessed and heat emitters to be sized. The overall heat load to be provided by the boiler can
then be calculated and the boiler sized accordingly.

I
fl
There are two significant mechanisms to consider in calculating the heat lost from a house:

• heat is conducted through the fabric of the building — its walls, roof, ground floor,
windows and doors. This is sometimes referred to as 'fabric heat loss'.
• heat is lost when warm air leaves the house and cold incoming air must be warmed to
replace that heat. This is generally known as 'ventilation heat loss'.

Both types of heat loss need to be calculated and taken into account in heating system design.

I
E1xr@ Llk1

The rate at which heat is lost by conduction through a building element depends on the
temperature difference across the element, its area, and its propensity to conduct heat. The
last of those factors depends on the thermal conductivity of the materials from which the
element is constructed and the thickness of layers of those materials. For example, a solid
brick wall conducts heat faster than a wall of the same thickness made of insulating concrete
blocks, whilst a thin wall conducts heat faster than a thick one.

The rate at which a building element conducts heat is given by its 'U-value', which is the
number of Watts that will flow though an area of one square metre when subjected to a
temperature difference of 1 Kelvin, K. (One K is the same as a 1 degree C temperature
difference).2 For example, a standard cavity wall with no insulation has a U-value of about
1.5 W/ (m2K). To work out the rate at which heat is lost by the whole wall per degree of
temperature difference, multiply the U-value by the wall area, giving a result in W/K. This
can be done for each heat-losing surface of the building or room and the results added.
Finally the design temperature difference between indoors and outdoors can be taken into
account by multiplying the total surface heat losses at a 1°C difference by the design
temperature difference. This gives the design structural building 'element' heat loss in Watts.

2
The kelvin (K) is the international standard unit of thermodynamic temperature and is used to express
temperature difference as well as 'absolute' temperature (1). The degree Celsius, commonly used to express
room temperature, is defined as t°C = T- 273.15, where T is in kelvins.
18
 Rate of heat loss (Watts) = A.U. (T — T0),

where
A is the area of the building element in m2,
U is its U-value in W/ (m2K)
T1 is the indoor temperature in °C, and
T0 is the outdoor temperature in °C

The rate of fabric heat loss for the whole house may be calculated by adding the results thus
obtained for each element.

I
@UDD&1 I

Ventilation heat loss depends upon the rate at which air enters and leaves the building, the
heat capacity of the air itself and the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors.
The heat capacity of air is approximately constant under the conditions encountered in a
house so the other two factors determine the overall result. The quantity of air passing
through the building depends upon the volume of the building and the air change rate, which
is usually expressed in air change per hour (ach). The ventilation heat loss rate of a room or
building may be calculated by the formula:

Rate of heat loss = 0.33 V.N (W/K),

where
V is volume of the room in m3, and
N is the number of air changes per hour.

The factor 0.33 is the product of the specific heat and density of air under typical conditions.
Multiply the result so obtained by the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors
to get the heat loss in Watts.

I I

U-values can mostly be obtained by reference to the tables given in Section 6 of this Guide.
However, when the U-value for a particular construction element is not available, it can be
calculated from the thickness and thermal conductivity of the layers in the construction.

For each layer, the thermal resistance R (m2KJW) may be calculated by dividing its thickness
in metres (m) by its thermal conductivity (W/m/K). The thermal conductivity of the building
material can be obtained from the manufacturer or from tables such as those in CIBSE
Guide A and Building Regulations. The thermal resistances of air gaps and surfaces should
also be taken into account using the values given in Table 5.1 below.
Type of surface/air gap Thermal resistance (m2K/V)
Outside surface of exterior wall 0.06
Inside surface of wall 0.12
Air gap (cavity) 0.18

TABLE 5.1

The total thermal resistance of the element is calculated by adding up the thermal resistances
of its layers:
19
 R=Rsi+RI+R2....+Ra+Rso, where
R1 = internal surface resistance
R1,R2,. = thermal resistances of the layers
Ra = airspace resistance
R0 = outside surface resistance

The U-value is simply the reciprocal of the thermal resistance:

U=1/R

I I

The following example shows a U-value calculation for the external wall construction shown in
Figure 5.1. The outside surface is on the left.

a b c d e f g

><
><
><
x
><
><
><
x
><

Fig. 5.1
Thermal Thermal Resistance
Layer Conductivity (m2KIW)
(W/mK)
0.060
a External surface resistance
0.84
b 102.5mm facing brick 0.122
(exposed)
c 50mm airspace 0.180
d 25mm insulation 0.04 0.625
0.17 0.588
e 100mm thermal block
(protected)
f 13mm plaster 0.16 0.081

g inside surface resistance 0.120

TABLE 5.2

20
 Table 5.2 shows the properties of the layers contributing to the thermal resistance of the wall.
The calculation below shows the thermal resistance of each layer and for all layers together.

CALCULATION Resistances R
m2Klw
a External surface = 0.060
b Brick 0.1025/0.84 = 0.122
c Airspace = 0.180
d Insulation 0.025/0.04 = 0.625
e Block 0.1/0.17 = 0.588
f Plaster 0.013/0.16 = 0.081
g Inside surface = 0.120
Total Resistance R = 1.776

U-value of construction = 1/1.776 = 0.56W/m2K

I I

The calculation of U-values for complicated structures is beyond the scope of this Design Guide, and
in such cases reference should be made to Section A3 of the CIBSE Guide where the subject is fully
covered. The 'proportional area method' is currently recommended by building regulations for
dealing with particular encountered constructions. Proposals for amending the energy efficiency
provisions in building regulations, which are currently under consultation, recommend the 'combined
method' specified in BS EN ISO 13370 and CIBSE Guide Section A3 (1999 edition).

I EDx I

The calculation of U-values for ground floors is complex and cannot be achieved in the same
way as for other structural components, since the thermal transmission varies according to the
shape of the room and the proportion of exposed edge to the total floor area. Building
regulations give a formula for calculating the U value of an uninsulated floor (Uo) based on
the ratio of its exposed perimeter to its area:

U0 = 0.05 +1.65 (P/A) — 0.6(P/A)2,

where P is the length of exposed perimeter (m) and

A is the floor area (m2).

This formula applies to all types of floor construction including slab-on-ground and
suspended floors. Unheated spaces outside the insulated fabric, such as attached garages or
porches, should be treated as though they are not present when determining P and A.

21
 nMj
Building regulations require good standards of insulation and the provision of certain types of
heating control for new buildings and buildings undergoing 'material alterations and change
of use'. The requirements have undergone successive revisions and offer a range of different
methods of achieving compliance. These include U-values for individual building elements,
target average U-values for the whole building and calculations based on the Standard
Assessment Procedure (in the United Kingdom) or the Heat Energy Rating (in the Republic
of Ireland). The reader is referred to the current version of the relevant building regulations
for a detailed description of the requirements. See page 110.

22
 E3ELE
U-value
EXTERNAL WALLS W/m2K
Solid brick wall, dense plaster

Brick 102 mm, plaster 2.97

Brick 228 mm, plaster 2.11
Brick 343 mm, plaster 1.64

Solid stone wall. unpiastered

I. I
Stone 305 mm (I2in) 2.78
Stone 457 mm (l8in) 2.23
I Stone 6lOmm(24in) 1.68
I
Solid concrete wall, dense plaster
o Concrete 102mm, plaster 3.51
S.
(' Concrete 152mm, plaster 3.12
o Concrete 204mm, plaster 2.80
- Concrete 254 mm, plaster 2.54
• Sn

Cavity wall, (Open cavity or mineral wool slab), lightweight Open Mineral
Cavity Wool Slab
plaster 50 mm

Brick 102mm, brick 102mm, 13mm plaster 1.37 0.56

Brick 102m, brick 102mm, 12.5mm plasterboard 1.21 0.53

on dabs

Cavity wall, aerated block inner leaf, lightweight plaster Inner leaf thickness
100mm 125mm

Brick 102mm, cavity, standard aerated block 0.77

0.87
(k=0.17), 13mm plaster

=
. ..... I
Brick 102mm, cavity, standard aerated block
(k=0.17), 12.5mm plasterboard on dabs
0.80 0.72

Brick 102mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm,

3fj
0.45 0.42
standard aerated block (k=0. 17), 13mm
plaster

Brick 102mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm,

standard aerated block (k=0. 17), 12.5mm 0.43 0.41
plasterboard on dabs

TABLE 6.1

23
EXTERNAL WALLS U-value
W/m2K
Cavity wall, aerated block inner leaf, lightweight inner leaf thickness
plaster or p!asterboard 100mm 125mm

Brick 102mm, cavity, high performance aerated block 0.68 0.59

(k=0.11), 13mm plaster
—

Brick 102mm, cavity, high performance aerated block 0.64 0.56

I (k=0. 11), 12.5mm plasterboard on dabs

Brick 102mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm, high

performance aerated block (k=0.1 1), 13mm plaster 0.39 0.36

Brick 102mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm, high

performance aerated block(k=0.l1), 12.5mm plasterboard on 0.38 0.35
dabs
U
Rendered Cavity wall, (Open cavity or mineral wool slab), lightweight Open cavity Mineral
plaster wool slab

Render 19mm, brick 102mm, brick 102mm, 13mm plaster 1.25 0.54

Render 19mm, brick 102mm, brick 102mm, 12.5mm

1.11 0.51
plasterboard on dabs
—— .
Lendered cavity wall, aerated block inner leaf, lightweight plaster or Inner leaf thickness
plasterboard 100mm 125mm

Render 19mm, brick 102mm, cavity, standard aerated block, 0.82 0.73
13mm plaster

Render 19mm, brick 102.5mm, mineral wool slab in cavity

0.44 0.41
50mm, standard aerated block, 13mm plaster

Render 19mm, standard aerated block 100mm, cavity,

0.61 0.56
standard aerated block, 13mm plaster

Rendered cavity wall, inner aerated block, lightweight Inner leaf thickness
plaster 100mm 125mm
Render 19mm, standard aerated block 100mm mineral wool
0.37 0.35
slab in cavity 5 0mm, std. Aerated block, 13mm plaster

TABLE 6.2

24
EXTERNAL WALLS U-value
W/m2K
Rendered cavity wall, inner aerated block, lightweight Inner leaf thickness

: ,7
plaster
100mm 125mm

Render 19mm, standard aerated block 100mm, cavity,

. high performance aerated block (k=0. 11), 13mm plaster 0.51 0.45
:__"
Render 19mm, standard aerated block 100mm, mineral

• 4'
•
. wool slab in cavity 50mm, high performance aerated block 0.33 0.31
. (k=0. 11), 13mm plaster
•

Rendered SoIl d Wall

•'•j7
, Render 19mm, high performance aerated block (k=0. ii)
215mm, 13mm plaster
0.44

.1,
Tile clad cavity wall, (Open cavity or mineral wool slab), lightweight Inner block thickness
plaster 100mm 125mm

Tiles, airspace, standard aerated block, 13mm plaster 0.58 0.53

airspace, standard aerated block 100mm, mineral

wool slab in cavity 50mm, standard aerated block, 13mm 0.36 0.34
plaster

airspace, standard aerated block 100mm, cavity, high

performance aerated block (k=0. 11), 13mm plaster 0.49 0.44

Tile clad cavity wall,, (Open cavity or mineral wool slab), lightweight Inner block thickness
plaster 100mm 125mm
--- Tiles, airspace standard aerated block 100mm, mineral
wool slab in cavity 50mm, high performance aerated block 0.32 0.30
•
(k=0.11), 13mm plaster

Tile_Clad_Solid_Wall

Tiles, airspace, high performance aerated block 0.43

215mm, 13mm plaster

Timber_Clad_Cavity_Wall
I -
•
Shiplap boards, airspace, standard aerated block 100mm,
cavity, standard aerated block, 13mm plaster 0.53 0.49

TABLE 6.3

25
EXTER14AL WALLS U-value
W/m2K
Clad Cavity Wall
Shiplap boards, airspace, standard aerated block
100mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm, 0.34 0.32
standard aerated block, 13mm plaster

Shiplap boards, airspace, standard aerated block

100mm, cavity, high performance aerated block, 0.45 0.41
13mm plaster

Shiplap boards, airspace, standard aerated block

100mm, mineral wool slab in cavity 50mm, high 0.31 0.29
performance block, 13mm plaster

Timber frame wall with cladding, membrane, plywood, Insulation thickness

studding, vapour membrane, plasterboard 60mm 80mm 100mm

Brick 102.5mm, cavity, membrane, plywood

10mm, studding 100mm, with infill insulation, 0.43 0.36 0.32
Ei vapour membrane, plasterboard 12.5mm

I
Tiles, airspace, membrane, plywood 10mm.
0.47 0.38 0.34
If Studding 100mm, with infill insulation, vapour
membrane, plasterboard 12.5mm

Shiplap boards, airspace, membrane, plywood

10mm, studding 100mm with infill insulation, 0.44 0.36 0.32
vapour membrane, plasterboard 12.5mm

TABLE 6.4

INTERNAL WALLS U-value

W/m2K

Plasterboard 12.5mm, studding 75mm, plasterboard 12.5mm 1.72

.
Plaster 13mm, block 10mm, cavity, block 100mm, plaster 13mm
1.02

Plaster 13mm, brick 102.5mm, plaster 13mm 1.76

TABLE 6.5

26
INTERNAL WALLS U-value
W/m2K

IT: Plaster 13mm, brick 215mm, plaster 13mm 1.33

Plaster, breeze block 100mm, plaster 1.58

Plaster 13mm, standard aerated block 100mm, plaster 13mm 1.66

Plaster 13mm, standard aerated block 125mm, plaster 13mm 1.53

— —
TABLE 6.6

U-value
W/m2K

Flat roof, timber construction, insulation and plasterboard Insulation thickness

Nil 100mm 150mm
Chippings, 3 layers felt, boarding, 25mm air space, insulation,
K4 9.5mm plasterboard 0.32 1.64
flkNIIUhI
300 Pitched roof with tiles

Slates or tiles, sarking felt, ventilated air space, insulation

between joists, 9.5mm plasterboard 2.05 0.34 0.24

Slates or tiles, ventilated airspace, insulation between joists,

9.5mm plasterboard 3.33 0.36 0.25

-,
.. Slates or tiles, sarking felt, airspace, insulation between rafters,
9.5mm plasterboard 1.96 0.33 0.23

TABLE 6.7

27
WINDOWS AND DOORS
The U-values listed below apply to the whole window including the frame and
assume a standard gap between panes of 2mm
Windows with wood or PVC-U frames U-value
W/m2K
Single 4.8
Double 2.8
Double, low-E glass 2.1
Double, low-E glass, argon filled 1.9
Triple 2.1
Triple, low-E glass 1.6
Triple, low-E glass, argon filled 1.5

Windows with metal frames

Single 5.7
Double 3.4
Double, low-E glass 2.6
Double, low-E glass, argon filled 2.4
Triple 2.6
Triple, low-E glass 2.0
Triple, low-E glass, argon filled 1.9

Solid wooden door 3.0

TABLE 6.8

SOLID GROUND FLOORS iN CONTACT WITH EARTH

Solid ground floor with TWO ADJACENT EDGES EXPOSED insulation
slabs laid below screed with 25mm thick edge insulation. Floor finished JF 1
with thermoplastic tiles or similar.
Thermal conductivity of insulation = 0.04 W/mK
// j
—--
Length of U-values, W/m2K for insulation
Exposed thickness_mm:-
Wall
a+b(m) Nil 25 50 75 100
5 1.02 0.58 0.41 0.31 0.26

6 0.90 0.54 0.39 0.30 0.25

7 0.82 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.24

8 0.76 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.23

9 - 10 0.70 0.46 0.34 0.27 0.23

10 - 12 0.60 0.41 0.32 0.26 0.22

12 - 14 0.52 0.38 0.29 0.24 0.21

14 - 17 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23 0.19

17 - 20 0.39 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.18

Example room size = 6.5 x 5.Om = 11.5m exposed wall. U-value with 50mm insulation = 0.32
W/m2K

TABLE 6.9

28
Solid ground floor with THREE EDGES EXPOSED, the
shortest being the single exposed edge. (Use this table for
square rooms). Insulation slabs laid below screed with 25mm
edge insulation. Floor finish as above. Thermal conductivity
of insulation = 0.04 W/mK

SHORT LONG U-values Wm2K for insulation thickness mm:-

Length Length Nil 25 50 75 100
a(m) b(m)
3 3 -4 1.15 0.62 0.43 0.32 0.26
3 4-6 1.03 0.58 0.41 0.31 0.26
3 6-8 1.00 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.25
3 8-10 0.96 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 4-6 0.95 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 6 - 10 0.85 0.52 0.38 0.29 0.24
5 5 -7 0.81 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.24
5 7 - 10 0.74 0.48 0.35 0.28 0.23
6 6-8 0.71 0.46 0.35 0.28 0.23
6 8-10 0.65 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22
Example: Room = 5.0 x 6.5m U-value with 50mm insulation = 0.37 W/m2K

Solid ground floor with THREE EDGES EXPOSED, the

longest being the single exposed edge.
Insulation as previously specified

SHORT LONG U-values W/m21( for insulation thickness mm

Length Length Nil 25 50 75 100
a(m) b(m)
3 3 -5 1.05 0.59 0.41 0.32 0.26
3 5 -7 0.90 0.54 0.39 0.30 0.25
3 7 -9 0.85 0.52 0.38 0.29 0.24
3 9 - 10 0.77 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.24
4 4 -6 0.95 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 6 -8 0.87 0.53 0.38 0.30 0.24
4 8 - 10 0.76 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.24
5 5- 7 0.83 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.24
5 7- 9 0.77 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.24
5 9 - 10 0.68 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23
6 6-8 0.75 0.48 0.36 0.28 0.23
6 - 10
6 0.70 0.46
. 0.34 0.27 0.23

Solid ground floor with TWO OPPOSITE EDGES

EXPOSED
Insulation as previously specified
—-
0

DISTANCE Between Edges U-values, W/m2K for insulation

a(m) thickness mm:-
Nil 25 50 75 100
2 1.15 0.62 0.43 0.32 0.26
3 0.90 0.54 0.39 0.30 0.25
4 0.73 0.47 0.35 0.28 0.23
4-6 0.62 0.43 0.32 0.26 0.22
6-8 0.55 0.39 0.30 0.25 0.21
8 - 10 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.19

TABLE 6.10

29
Solid ground floor with ONE EDGE EXPOSED
Insulation as previously specified
[i -
—l

.1
U-values, WIm2K for insulation
DEPTH thickness mm:-
of Room
Nil 25 50 75 100
a(m)
1.5 0.90 0.54 0.39 0.30 0.25
2 0.73 0.47 0.35 0.28 0.23
3 0.55 0.39 0.30 0.25 0.21
3 -5 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23 0.19
5 -7 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.21 0.18
7 - 10 0.28 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.15

TABLE 6.11

SUSPENDED GROUND FLOORS

Suspended ground floor with TWO ADJACENT EDGES EX-
POSED insulation slabs laid between joists on polypropylene
net and covered with timber boarding.
f—1
UI
Thermal conductivity of insulation = 0.04 WImK ,,J
h

Length of U-values WIm2K for insulation thickness mm::-

Exposed
Wall
a+b(m) Nil 25 50 75 100

5 1.05 0.59 0.41 0.32 0.26

6 0.93 0.55 0.39 0.30 0.25
7 0.86 0.53 0.38 0.30 0.24
8 0.79 0.50 0.37 0.29 0.24
9- 10 0.75 0.48 0.36 0.28 0.23
10 - 12 0.65 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22
12 - 14 0.58 0.41 0.31 0.25 0.21
14 - 17 0.71 0.37 0.29 0.24 0.20
17 -20 0.43 0.33 0.26 0.22 0.19

Example: Room size = 6.5 x 5.Om = 11.5m exposed wall.

U-value with 50mm insulation = 0.33 WIm2K

TABLE 6.12

30
SUSPENDED GROUND FLOORS
Suspended ground floor with THREE EDGES EXPOSED,
the shortest being the single exposed edge. (Use this table for
square rooms). Insulation slabs laid between joists on
polypropylene net and covered with timber boarding. Thermal
conductivity of insulation = 0.04 W/mK

SHORT LONG U-values Wm2K for insulation thickness mm:-

Length Length Nil 25 50 75 100
a(m) b(m)
3 3 -4 1.15 0.62 0.43 0.32 0.26
3 4-6 1.03 0.58 0.41 0.31 0.26
3 6 -8 1.00 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.25
3 8 - 10 0.99 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 4 -6 0.95 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 6 - 10 0.87 0.53 0.38 0.30 0.24
5 5 -7 0.83 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.24
5 7 - 10 0.80 0.50 0.37 0.29 0.24
6 6 -8 0.75 0.48 0.36 0.28 0.23
6 8 - 10 0.72 0.47 0.35 0.28 0.23
Example: Room = 5.0 x 6.5m U-value with 50mm insulation = 0.37 W/m2K
Suspended ground floor with THREE EDGES EXPOSED,
the longest being the single exposed edge. (Use this table for
square rooms). Insulation as previously specified

SHORT LONG U-values Wm2K for insulation thickness mm:-

Length Length
a(m) b(m) Nil 25 50 75 100
3 3 -5 1.00 0.57 0.40 0.31 0.25
3 5-7 0.85 0.52 0.38 0.29 0.24
3 7-9 0.80 0.50 0.37 0.29 0.24
3 9 - 10 0.77 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.24
4 4 -6 0.85 0.52 0.38 0.29 0.24
4 6 -8 0.79 0.50 0.37 0.29 0.24
4 8 - 10 0.73 0.47 0.35 0.28 0.23
5 5 -7 0.77 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.24
5 7-9 0.72 0.47 0.35 0.28 0.23
5 9 - 10 0.66 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22
6 6 -8 0.69 0.46 0.34 0.27 0.23
6 6- 10 0.67 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23
Example: Room = 5.0 x 6.5m U-value with 50mm insulation = 0.37 W/m2K

TABLE 6.13

31
SUSPENDED GROUND FLOORS
-
Suspended ground floor with TWO OPPOSITE EDGES EX-
POSED
Insulation as previously specified.

DISTANCE U-values WIm2K for insulation thickness mm:

between
edges Nil 25 50 75 100
a(m)
2 1.10 0.61 0.42 0.32 0.26
3 0.95 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25
4 0.83 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.23
4 -6 0.74 0.48 0.35 0.26 0.23
6 -8 0.67 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23
8 - 10 0.55 0.39
. 0.30 0.25 0.21

Suspended ground floor with ONE EDGE EXPOSED

Insulation as previously specified. - —-

DEPTH U-values W/m2K for insulation thickness mm

Of Room 50 75 100
Nil 25
a(m)
1.5 1.10 0.61 0.42 0.32 0.26
2 0.83 0.51 0.37 0.29 0.24
3 0.67 0.45 0.34 0.27 0.23
3 -5 0.56 0.40 0.31 0.25 0.21
5 -7 0.48 0.35 0.28 0.23 0.20
7 - 10 0.38 0.30 0.24 0.21 0.19

TABLE 6.14

INTERNAL FLOORS EXPOSED UNDERSIDE

Insulation thickness
Timber floor with underside exposed to outside or
unheated area. (heat flow-down) nil 100mm 150mm

. Boarding 19mm, airspace between

joists, insulation, 6mm sheeting 1.75 0.33 0.23

Concrete slab with underside exposed to outside or

unheated area. (heat flow-down)

Screed 5 0mm, concrete slab 150mm,

- c. B• 0 insulation between battens, 6mm 1.82 0.57
sheeting
NIrUB.iil

Intermediate floors, boarding 19mm, airspace

between joists, 9.5mm plasterboard
1 Heat flow - upwards 1.73 0.32
Heatfiow-down 1.41 0.31
J1JJ1

TABLE 6.15
32
6.8 AIR W/m3K
The heat capacity by volume of air at 20°C, used to calculate heat 0.33
loss due to air changes
TABLE 6.16

33
 ]TO
I I

Ventilation is needed to provide enough fresh air to living spaces to restrict the build-up of
moisture, pollutants and odours. Building regulations set requirements for ventilation in
dwellings, which are usually met by the installation of extractor fans in kitchens and
bathrooms, and by openable windows and trickle ventilators in other rooms. The heat loss
arising from ventilation has already been dealt with in Section 5 above and it is clearly
preferable to minimise ventilation when considering heating requirements. However, this
should not be done to the extent that it harms air quality and the task of the heating system
designer is to provide a system that is capable of coping with the total expected heat load.

@uD
Building regulations also give guidance on how adequate ventilation may be provided in
dwellings. It aims both to achieve rapid extraction of moisture from kitchens and bathrooms
and to provide background ventilation in other rooms. Typical requirements are summarised
in the table below. Refer to the relevant part of the current building regulations applying
where the dwelling is located.

Room Rapid ventilation Background Extract ventilation

(area of opening)
Living rooms, .

dining rooms and opening 1/20 of 8000 ff2 Not required

floor area
bedrooms
opening window (no 30 litres/s adjacent to hob
4000 mm2
Kitchen minimum size) or 60 litres/s elsewhere
opening window (no 4000 mm2 30 litres/s
Utility room
minimum_size)
Bathroom (with opening window (no 4000 mm2 15 litres/s
or without WC) minimum size)
Capable of extracting at a
opening 1/20 of
rate of not less than 3 air
floor area (not
Toilet (separate 4000 mm2 changes an hour, which
required if be
from bathroom) mechanical extract may operated
intermittently with 15
ventilation provided) minutes overrun
TABLE 7.1

Passive stack ventilation may be used as an alternative to mechanical extract ventilation

provided it is designed in accordance with BRE Information Paper 13/94 or with appropriate
3rd party certification, such as a BBA certificate.

Further guidance on ventilation may be found in BS 5250:1989 Code of Practice: the control
of Condensation in buildings.

34
 The possibility exists for the performance of any fan or cooker hood, even when used
intermittently, to exceed the design air change rate of the room and thereby increase the
amount of heat required to meet the design temperature. This, however, can usually be
disregarded as the temperature gains from the cooking appliances or bathing water will offset
the problem. Careful consideration should, however, be given to the selection of fan duties to
ensure larger volumes of air than necessary are not extracted.

I
M1 I

The ventilation requirements of the Building Regulations may also be met through the
provision of whole-house mechanical ventilation, following the relevant recommendations set
out in BS 5720: 1989 Code of Practice for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning of
buildings. This type of ventilation may include heat recovery, which typically reduces the
ventilation heat load by more than 50%.

&UJ1X ®oO@i
OUXffl ?
Building regulations set requirements for ventilation relating to heating appliances; this
subject is dealt with in Section 19 of this Guide.

35
I 3© 1Et1T I

I I

BS 5449 lists different design temperatures for different rooms. In practice, the temperatures
required depend on the preferences of individual households and the temperatures actually
achieved depend on the provision of suitable means of control. It is therefore recommended
that a design temperature of 22°C be used for bathrooms and 21°C for all other rooms.
Where higher temperatures are required, for example for the elderly or infirm, a design
temperature of 23°C is recommended for all rooms. Using a single design temperature has the
advantage that the complexity of calculating heat transfer between rooms is avoided and only
losses through external surfaces need be considered.

The client's preferences should be taken into account. However, when the client suggests that
lower temperatures are adequate, make clear the advantages of designing a system with the
capacity to reach the higher temperatures normally expected, for example, if the house were
to be sold. Also, explain the risk of condensation occurring in unheated rooms when the rest
of the house is heated. Finally, explain how controls may be adjusted to provide lower
temperatures where and when desired.

I
ffUD&JO 1x© I

An external design temperature of -3°C should normally be used when calculating heat losses
on a room-by-room basis. This may be lowered to take account of more severe local
conditions, such as found in parts of Scotland and Northern England.

I I

Table 8.1 shows air change rates recommended for use in calculating design heat loads. They
are chosen to reflect peak conditions, for example, when extractor fans are in use or windows
are opened, rather than long term averages.

ROOM Air changes ROOM Air changes

per hour per hour
Lounge/Sitting Room 1.5 Games Room 1.5
Living Room 1.5 Bedroom 1.0
Dining Room 1.5 Bedroom with en-suite
Kitchen 2.0* Bathroom 2.0**
Breakfast Room 1.5 Bedsitting Room 1.5
Kitchen/Breakfast Room 2.0* Bedroom/Study 1.5
Hall 2.0 Landing 2.0
Cloakroom 2.0* Bathroom 3Ø*
Toilet 3Ø* Shower Room 3.0*
Utility Room 3Ø* Dressing Room 1.5
Study 1.5 Store Room 1.0*
TABLE 8.1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN AIR CHANGE RATES

36
 * Where mechanical extract ventilation is installed in a room it is possible for the minimum
fan duty to exceed the minimum air change rate. In such cases it is advisable to allow for the
increased air change in the heat loss calculation for both the room and the connecting rooms
from which the air will be drawn.

** Where a shower or bath is fitted into a bedroom or where an opening without door exists
between the bedroom and the en-suite facility, then the air change rate of the bedroom should
be increased accordingly to allow for the movement of air caused by the extract fan.

I
D3
Where appliances with open flues are installed in a room the air change rate should be
increased to allow for the movement of air into the chimney. Table 8.2 shows the rates for
rooms with open fire flues up to 40,000mm2 (200mm x 200mm). Air change rates will
approximately double when the open fire is in use. Vely tall chimneys, such as found in a
multi-storey house, produce very strong draught and a correspondingly high ventilation rate.

Room volume Throat restrictor Air changes

(m3) fitted to flue per hour
Upto4O NO 5
Upto4O YES 3
Upto7O NO 4
Upto7O YES 2
TABLE 8.2: VENTILATION ARISING FROM
CHIMNEYS AND FLUES

I I

When a building is located in an exposed position, such as on top of a hill, by a riverside, at

the coast, or in any extreme open location, allowance should be made for increased heat
losses. For a windy location, this can be taken into account by increasing ventilation rates.
Increased elevation may be accounted for by reducing the external temperature by 0.5°C for
each 160 metres (500 ft) above sea level.

Alternatively, a general addition to heat losses may be made to allow for an exposed location.
A 10% addition is recommended as a rule of thumb but this should be based on local
conditions and increased if the location is particularly exposed.

I 4IjD @@OOUD I

Rooms with unusually high ceilings need additional heat to compensate for the stratification
of warmer air at the higher level. The following additions to the basic heat losses are
recommended.

ROOM HEIGHT (m) 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5

ADDITION (%) 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
TABLE 8.3 EFFECT OF ROOM HEIGHT ON
HEAT LOSS

37
3o ®J
The heat loss calculations for rooms in flats, semi-detached and terraced houses should
assume that the adjoining property is unheated, even when it is known that a heating system
is installed. This will then ensure that the design temperatures will be achieved when the
adjoining building is unoccupied. Section 9.5 of this Guide includes guidance on how this
may be carried out.

3o3 OO
Where the heating system may not be used continuously, additional capacity will be required
in both radiator and boiler outputs to enable room design temperatures to be achieved in a
reasonable period of time.

In older properties the addition of 10% to the heat loss is usually sufficient, but in modem
well insulated properties with smaller heat requirements, or where heating systems are to be
used for very short periods, the addition to the heat loss should not be less than 20%.

Diversity of the total heating requirement should not be considered when determining boiler
power unless it is positively known that specific parts of the system will not be used at the
same time.

38
 Z\ EEE1 E©E k1EZ

I ii El4k= I

Heat losses are calculated on a room-by-room basis so that the heat output required in each
room can be estimated and the radiators sized accordingly. Heat loss is calculated according
to the principles set out in Section 5. This may be conveniently done using worksheets, which
provide a framework for ensuring that all heat losses are treated systematically. Blank
calculation sheets may be found on the CD ROM version of this Guide' or may be purchased
in pads from the organisations sponsoring this publication. They may also be taken from the
blank copies in Appendix F.

Worksheet one - Heat Losses, may be used to make the necessary calculations for a room.
The surface areas are calculated from measurements and U-values may be taken from the
Tables in Section 5 of this Guide. The ventilation heat loss is calculated from the room
volume, the ventilation rate in air changes per hour and the temperature difference, using the
factor given for the heat capacity. The fabric heat loss for each external surface of the room is
calculated by multiplying together its area, its U-value and the difference between indoor and
outdoor design temperature. The total heat loss for the room is obtained by adding together
the losses from the room surfaces and the ventilation.

I
FXj
Use the temperatures given in Section 8 unless special conditions apply. Heat transfer
between rooms may be disregarded, as a result of using the same design temperature for all
rooms.

I I

Use the ventilation rates given in Table 8.1, adjusted to take account of open flues and high
ceilings as described in Section 8.

@x

Subtract the U-value of the wall or roof in which the opening is located from the U-value
given for the glazing so that the value remaining represents the extra heat loss over and above
what would occur if the opening were not there. This method means that the area of openings
need not be subtracted from the area of the wall or roof in which they are located.

'Due to be made available in 2004.

39
I qV&iOO I

Section 8 above has advised that adjoining properties should be assumed to be unheated.
However, the temperature in the adjoining property will typically be considerably above
outside temperature, so the effective U-value of the party wall will be lower than its nominal
value. As a rule of thumb, halve the U-value of the party wall to take account of the reduced
loss.

The heat loss calculation sheet shown on the next page has been completed for the
kitchen/dining room of the two bedroom end-of-terrace house shown Figure 9.1. The
calculated heat loss then provides the basis for estimating the size of radiator required for that
room, which is dealt with in the next section.

FIG 9.1 TWO BED END TERRACE HOUSE

40
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET ONE — HEAT LOSSES

ROOM 1(JTCtElV / DIl\)Thk Page 2 of 6

Room volume Amount of
No. of air Enter measurements air to be
changes Heat lossl°C
heated Enter
per hour Calculate
Length Width Height per hour factor
W/K
Calculate
ach m m m
q..
m/flour
VENTILATION 2 4.9 2.4
HEAT LOSS
2.7 63.50 x 0.33= 20.96
Area U-value
FABRIC HEAT LOSS m2 W/m2K
FLOOR 4.9 2.7 13.23 0 .79 10.45
WALL 7.6 2.4 18.24 0.60 10.94
GLAZING
1.1 1.05 1.16 2.20 2.54
(U_=_Glazing_U - Wall_U)
DOOR
(U=DoorU-WaIIU) 1.75 2.10 3.66 2.20 8.09
ROOF
ROOF GLAZING
(U = Glazing_U - Wall_U)
OTHER I
PARTY WALL
(U = 1/2 of tabulated_value)

——
DESIGN ROOM TOTAL HEAT LOSS/°C (WIK)
21 52.98
TEMPERATURE — (sum of above)

— OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE -3
= TEMPERATURE
24 — x TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE °C 24
DIFFERENCE

= DESIGN HEATLOSS(W) 1272

EXPOSED
LOCATION? .Y4' If yes, add 10 % to design heat loss (see 8.5) 127
HIGH y- If yes, add 0 % to design heat loss (see 8.6)
CEILING? —
INTERMITTENT HEATING Add 10 % to design heat loss (see 8.8) 127
Total room heat loss W
1526
(enter on_Worksheet 3)

41
 __ z1E ©1EE

I 1J©0 thrr I

Many different types of heat emitter are suitable for use in domestic heating systems, offering
a range of options where space is restricted or low surface temperatures are required.
However, steel panel radiators remain the most popular type in Britain and Ireland and are
used in the sizing calculation examples that follow. Other types of heat emitter, such as
underfloor heating, require special considerations for which the manufacturer's guidance
should be followed.

I I

The heat loss calculated for each room provides the basis for sizing the heat emitters, which
must be capable of providing sufficient heat input to match the design heat loss. We use the
example heat loss calculation in Section 9 to illustrate the method of sizing the radiator for
the kitchen of the example house. The method described in this guide assumes that a two-pipe
fully-pumped system will be used and should not be used for a single pipe system.

Similar calculations are made for all other rooms and the results are added to determine the
total heat input required from the boiler and the sizing of the pipework, which will be dealt
with in later sections.

I 'JO3 I

Radiator output is principally by convection rather than by radiation and depends on a

number of factors. It can vary considerably from the nominal output stated in the
manufacturer's output tables according to the conditions under which the radiator is installed.
The following factors determine the output.

• The difference between the mean temperature of the heating water and the room
temperature, determines the rate at which heat from the water can be transferred to the
room. This determines the value of factor fl, which is used to adjust the rated output of
the emitter from the manufacturer's catalogue rating. The values of II given below
assume that the catalogue rating is based on a temperature difference of 60 degrees C,
which is typically used by radiator manufacturers. Check that a different base temperature
has not been used, in which case a correction will have to be made to take account of it.

• The connections from the main pipework to the radiator affect the output. The catalogue
data for radiator output is based on the connections being made to top and bottom
tappings at the same end of the radiator (TBSE). If any other configuration is used then
factor 12 must be applied. Bottom opposite end (BOE) connections, which are most
frequently used in domestic installations, should have a connection factor of 0.96 applied.

• The positioning of a radiator (for example in a recess) affects its output and determines
the value of factor 13. This factor also takes into account the reduced output as a result of
encasing a radiator in a cabinet with top and bottom grilles. Low surface temperature kits

42
 have a similar effect and require the application of a factor, which should be obtained
from the manufacturer.

• The surface finish of a radiator also affects its ability to emit heat, which is accounted for
by factor f4. This normally needs to be applied when radiators are painted after
installation; ordinary water or oil based paints will not affect the outputs but metallic
paint can cause a reduction of 15%, which would result in f4 being set to 0.85.

All factors are multiplied together to determine the Emission Factor f, which is applied to the
manufacturer's catalogue data to give the actual output for the conditions under consideration.

'id Eko I

The mean water temperature (MWT) of the water in the heating system is an important
consideration to be determined by the designer. The greater the difference between the boiler
flow and return temperatures, the less the flow required and the smaller the pipes. However,
the return temperature and hence the mean temperature of the water will lower, requiring
larger radiators.

Unless there are important reasons to the contrary, radiator systems should be designed using
a 10°C temperature drop, as recommended in BS 5449. BS 5449 also requires that the boiler
flow temperature should not exceed 82°C and should not be less than 66°C except for
condensing boilers. Using the maximum flow temperature and the recommended temperature
drop results in a return water of 72°C, a MWT of 77°C, and a 56°C difference from the
recommended design room temperature.

Systems can be designed to operate at other temperatures depending on the type of equipment
being used. Underfloor heating operates at much lower temperatures, for which guidance
should be sought from manufacturers. Condensing boilers operate most efficiently with a low
return temperature, which increases the amount of heat they can extract from flue gases.

Radiator sizing can be undertaken using Worksheet Two - Emission Factors, and Worksheet
Three - Radiator Selection..

The temperature difference identified in section 10.4 i.e. 56°C, may be used to determine the
value of fl, by reference to Table 10.1. Factors 12 to f4, for pipe connection, enclosure and
paint finishes may be obtained from Tables 10.2 to 10.4 and the overall emission factor f by
multiplying all of the individual factors together. Factor f is then entered on Worksheet
Three.

The radiators to heat each room can now be selected by using Worksheet Three - Radiator
Selection. The calculated heat requirement for each room is taken from the appropriate
Worksheet One. The factor f is taken from the appropriate Worksheet Two. Divide the
calculated heat requirement by the emission factor f and compare the resulting heat output
required with the manufacturers' output data. As f is typically somewhat less than 1, this
results in the selection of radiators with a nominal heat output somewhat greater than the

43
calculated heat loss. Different values of f may be needed for certain rooms if more than one
type of heat emitter is to be used or if the temperature difference varies.

Radiators can now be chosen to suit the locations, taking account of the space available for
mounting them and the shape and size of radiators available from particular manufacturers.
An exact emission match will not always be available, so choose the radiator with the closest
match, erring on the high side rather than the low side. Radiators should preferably be located
under windows to reduce the effect of down draughts, and if possible relate to the width of
the window. This may, however, be impractical if full-length curtains are to be used, which
could result in much of the heat output going behind the curtains.

DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE

WORKSHEET TWO — EMISSION FACTORS
Boiler flow temperature (TF) 82
System temperature drop (AT) 10
Mean water temperature (MWT = TF — (ATI2)) 77
Design room temperature (TR) 21
Temperature difference (TO = MWT — TR) 56
fi (from table 10.1) 0.918
f2 (from table 10.2) 0.96
f3 (from table 10.3) 0.95
f4 (from table 10.4) 1.0
f = fi x f2 x f3 x f4 (Enter on Worksheet Three) 0.83

NOTE: Some Radiator Manufacturers base their

Catalogue Outputs on a temperature difference other
TEMPERATURE than 60°C. When this occurs adjust Factor fi so that the
DIFFERENCE FACTOR f1 specified temperature difference = 1.00.
TD fi TD fl Actual temperature difference' .24
°C °C fi =
Catalogue temperature difference
40 0.605 56 0.918
41 0.624 57 0.938
42 0.643 58 0.958
_________ Example. Where catalogue outputs are based on a 50°C
43 0.662 59 0.979 difference
1.24
44 0.681 60 1.000
0.700
45 ________ 61 1.020 f1=--— =1.51
_________ 50
46 0.719 62 1.041
47 0.738 63 1.062
48 0.758 64 1.088
49 0.778 65 1.104 RADIATOR CONNECTION FACTOR f2
50 0.798 66 1.125
51 0.818 67 1.146 Top and bottom same end 1.00
52 0.838 68 1.168
Top and bottom opposite end 1.05
53 0.858 69 1.189
54 0.878 70 1.211 Bottom opposite end 0.96
55 0.898 71 1.232
TABLE 10.1:VALUES FOR FACTOR fl TABLE 10.2: VALUES FOR FACTOR f'2

44
 ENCLOSURE FACTOR f3 PAINT FINISH FACTOR f4

Fixed on Plain Surface 1.00

Oil or Water-based Paint 1.00

Shelf over Radiator 0.95

Metallic based Paint 0.85

Fixed in Open Recess 0.90 TABLE 10.4: VALUES FOR FACTOR f4

Encased in cabinet with front 0.80 to

and top grille Ø.7Ø

TABLE 10.3: VALUES FOR FACTOR 13

I 'uic0 O@oo
Where there are exposed pipes within a heated room, their heat output contributes to the load
and may be deducted from the calculated room heat loss.

After measuring the length and size of the pipes and recording this in the table, also note the
water/air temperature difference and the room temperature. The heat output may be
calculated using Table 10.5, which gives heat output per metre of pipe run for different pipe
diameters and temperature differences. Table 10.6 gives values for factor f5, which takes
account of the pipe configuration. The value looked up in Table 10.5 is multiplied by the
length of pipe and the value of f5 obtained from Table 10.6 to give the heat output per metre.
The pipework output can now be calculated.

I 'icp0 ®&iaj
Underfloor heating uses the floor surface itself as a heat emitter. For 'wet' systems the heat
is supplied by appropriately spaced pipes embedded beneath the floor surface, usually within
the screed of a solid floor.

Floor heating has very different heat emission characteristics from radiator heating. Floor
surface temperature is critical to comfort, as well as to heat output. The optimum floor
temperature range for comfort lies between 19 and 26°C, so systems are normally designed to
operate at no higher than 26°C in living areas. Higher temperatures are acceptable in
bathrooms and close to external walls with high heat loss, such as beneath full-length
windows.

The design surface temperature is controlled by the spacing between pipes and the flow water
temperature. It is also affected by floor construction, floor covering and the depth of the pipes
beneath the floor surface; detailed design procedures are given by system manufacturers. In
practice, systems are usually designed to operate at flow temperatures of between 40 and
60°C, with a temperature drop of between 5 and 10°C across the system. Maximum heat
output is limited by the maximum acceptable surface temperature; between 50 and 100W/rn2
is typical in living areas. The maximum rate of heat emission available is 11W/rn2 per degree
of temperature difference between floor and air temperature in the room.

45
The overall design of underfloor heating systems should be undertaken in accordance with
the Standard BS EN 1264-3: 1997, Parts 1, 2 and 3.

Underfloor heating may be used in conjunction with radiators, for example for the ground
floor of a house with radiators or the second floor. Separate circuits are required in such
cases, typically using a mixing valve to control the temperature of the underfloor circuit.
(See Section 18)

Underfloor heating is best suited to well insulated houses, in which it can provide all the
required heating load. It is also more suitable for reception rooms than for rooms requiring
intermittent heating, such as bedrooms, because it is has a slower thermal response than
radiator systems

46
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET THREE — RADIATOR SELECTION
Design Heat Pipework Neff heat Emission Radiator Radiator Catalogue Actual
Room temp losses emissions output factor f listed selection listed calculated
(from (from required (from output (from catalogue) output output
Work- Work- from Worksheet required (catalogue
sheet sheet radiator Two) (nellheat output
. One) Four) (heat losses output multiplied
minus divided by by
pipework emission emission
emissions) factor) factor)
OC w w w w w w
LOUI'sJGE 21 1526 1526 0.83 1839 S600x'1500 2000 1660
KY/DThJI!'J 21 1593 1593 0.83 1919 V600X 950 2050 1702
1-ALL/ LANDING 21 1158 154 1004 0.83 1210 D600X550 1215 1008
BAT?-1WOM 22 616 616 0.81 760 S600X 650 800 648
13E1J7WO1t41 21 975 975 0.83 1174 S500X1100 1190 987
13ED1WOM2 21 630 630 0.83 759 S500X 750 800 664

Totals W 6498 6344 6669

®13 jx

DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE

WORKSHEET FOUR - EXPOSED PIPEWORK EMISSIONS

Room Temp. Pipe Emission Total pipe

duff, emission
(water Size Length Location Output (PE)
to air) (L) factor (f5)
°C mm m W/m W

Hc.ill' 56 15 5.0 0.75 41 154

48
 3©UELEE I

IciL I

The boiler must have sufficient output to meet its maximum load, which includes the
radiators, the domestic hot water cylinder and the heat losses from the distribution pipework.
It should also have sufficient extra capacity to warm the house up in a reasonable time when
the system is switched on from cold. It should not be oversized, however, as that will increase
its capital cost. Oversizing can also adversely affect efficiency and hence running cost,
although most modem boilers are capable of operating efficiently under part load conditions.

I I

Worksheet Five - Boiler Sizing enables a boiler with the required output for both space and
water heating to be selected. The required boiler output for space heating may be derived
from the addition of all of the total heat loads shown in column 3 of Worksheet Three. It is
not necessary to make a further allowance for intermittent heating as that has already been
included in the calculations for the individual rooms.

For combination boilers, it is likely that the power required for water heating will exceed that
for space heating, which may be checked by comparing the total heat load with the boiler's
rated output. For regular boilers, an allowance should be made for domestic hot water where
that is produced from the central heating system. The power required to heat the entire
contents of the hot water cylinder rapidly is high (as shown in column 3 of Table 12.1) but
that will rarely be required at the same time as the maximum space heating load. However,
an allowance for water heating is recommended as shown in column 4 of the table for
different sizes of dwelling.

Where distribution pipework is located entirely within the heated space of the dwelling,
losses from pipework may be ignored. When losses are incurred outside the heated space,
such as when the boiler is located in a garage or an outdoor enclosure, add 10% to the total
calculated for space heating.

DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE

WORKSHEET FIVE — BOILER SIZING

Boiler size calculation Watts

Total heat loss from rooms
Distribution losses (add 10% if required)
Hot water allowance (from Table 12.1)
Total heat load to be met by boiler

49
 j©c
I
xl1J& I

Domestic hot water can be supplied either from a pre-heated stored supply or heated at the
time of use. For the central heating system designer, the key choice lies between a regular
boiler, with a separate hot water storage cylinder, and a combination boiler, which heats
water when it is required. There are also other systems, which provide various combinations
of storage and instantaneous heat generation. For example, some combination boilers
incorporate storage for a limited amount of hot water. Other types include direct fired water
storage heaters, thermal stores units and combined primary storage units.

I I

A number of factors need to be considered when choosing which type of hot water system to
install and it is essential the client understands the characteristics of the various options. The
main requirements to be considered are:

• the volume of hot water required; and

• the flow-rate and dynamic pressure3 at which it needs to be delivered.

Both of these requirements are related to the number of people expected to live in the house
and the number of baths/showers that may be in use simultaneously. The choice of system
must also take account of the space available in the house for hot water storage and whether
or not it is important to have a dry loft, containing no cisterns or water pipes. For all systems
that supply hot water directly at mains pressure, including combination boilers and thermal
stores, it is particularly important to ensure that the incoming water supply to the dwelling
has adequate dynamic pressure and flow at times of maximum demand. Note that the
performance of mains pressure water heaters is specified in terms of temperature rise above
the temperature of the incoming water supply.

In the Republic of Ireland, Part G of the Building Regulations requires that only the kitchen
sink may be connected directly to the incoming cold water supply, which effectively prohibits
the use of combination boilers, thermal stores and unvented hot water storage vessels.

Size of Dwelling Minimum Power req. for Extra boiler

capacity of 1-hour heat-up allowance for
cylinder 106O0 heat-up (kW)
(litres) (kW) (enter on
Worksheet_Five)
2Bed,1 Bath 125 7.2 2.0
3Bed,lBath 145 8.4 2.5
4Bed,1 Bath 145 8.4 2.5
4 Bed, 1 Bath, 1 shower 175 10.0 2.5
4 Bed, 2 Bath 225 13.0 3.0
TABLE 12.1 RECOMMENDED STORAGE VOLUMES

Dynamic pressure is defined as the pressure sustained at a given flow rate.

50
I I

Where an indirect cylinder is used to store domestic hot water, the heat required from the
boiler for water heating must be considered when determining the boiler capacity required.
Table 12.1 shows recommended storage volumes for double feed indirect cylinders with
pumped primary connections.

The heat up time of a cylinder full of water depends on the surface area of the heating coil,
the available boiler capacity, the size and configuration of the primary pipework and the
control arrangement. Most standard indirect cylinders served with pumped primary water are
capable of heating the contents in 30 minutes or less, which is adequate for a dwelling with
normal occupancy. High performance cylinders, with a fast recovery heat exchanger, can be
used to achieve better performance without increasing cylinder size. Note, however, that
some fast recovery cylinders may require higher pressure to achieve the full design flow rate
through the coil.

The height of the cold water storage cistern above the cylinder governs the static pressure,
from which pipe sizes and the grade of construction for the cylinder may be determined.
Cylinder grades are shown in Table 12.2.

Grade Test Maximum Working

Number Pressure Pressure (Static
bar Head)
m
1 3.65 25
2 2.20 15
3 1.45 10
4 1.00 5

TABLE 12.2: HOT WATER CYLINDER

GRADES

I
Ek
Combination boilers can save space in two ways: they need no hot water storage cylinder or
cistern as they are fed directly from the cold water supply; and they are usually intended for
use in a sealed primary system, with no feed/expansion cistern. Another advantage of
combination boilers is that they provide the option of a dry loft, as they need no cisterns to be
placed there to provide the necessary pressures. The same attribute can be especially helpful
in a flat, where there may be no opportunity to obtain adequate pressure from a cold water
cistern.

The limitations of combination boilers for hot water supply should also be understood by
both the installer and the client. In particular, the client should be aware of:

• the time taken for the hot water to reach an acceptable temperature;

• the maximum flow rate at which hot water can be drawn off, especially for a sustained
period, for example when filling a bath;
51
• susceptibility to scaling by hard water;

• the inability to fit an immersion heater for back-up hot water supply; and

• the limitations of flow rate when serving more than one point simultaneously.

Combination boilers with internal hot water stores can go a long way towards overcoming
these difficulties, particularly if they have a storage volume large enough for a bath.
However, a large storage volume must inevitably increase the size of the boiler itself and may
make it too large to fit in the space available. For a combination boiler, the power required
for acceptable hot water service is typically well in excess of that required for space heating.
Because there is no hot water cylinder, pipework and controls are considerably simplified.
Otherwise the design procedures and layouts for space heating are as described in chapter 13.

In large houses, it may be appropriate to use a combination boiler to provide part of the hot
water requirement (for example to the kitchen and downstairs cloakroom) and to install a hot
water storage cylinder to provide the rest (for example to upstairs bathrooms). Combination
boiler systems comprise over half of all domestic installations.

xUl1oiO

1th
t?5
Thermal stores are vessels containing a volume of primary water which can be heated to a
flow temperature of 82°C either by a separate boiler or by direct firing. By so doing they aim
to produce a rapid response when the system is turned on. Some thermal stores are for hot
water only while others, known as integrated thermal stores, are also coupled to the space
heating. Combined primary storage units (CPSUs) embody the functions of both a boiler and
a thermal store, containing both elements within the same casing. Both thermal stores and
CPSUs produce domestic hot water through heat exchangers at mains pressure, so, like
combination boilers, they can be used in situations where it is difficult to achieve satisfactory
pressure from a storage cistern. However, they do not match the compactness of combination
boilers, as they are generally fairly bulky.

A thermal store can be used in a system either with two or more circulators controlled by the
cylinder and room thermostats, or with a single circulator and diverter valve, as shown in
Figure 12.4. When using the two circulator system the boiler should be set at maximum
temperature (82°C) at all times and the hot water cylinder thermostat set approx. 4°C lower at
78°C. It should be noted that there will be a reduced flow temperature from the thermal
storage cylinder which will result in a lower mean water temperature (approx. 73°C) and may
require increases in the sizes of the radiators.

As with unvented cylinders, site requirements and installation instructions for thermal storage
cylinders vary from one manufacturer to another and cannot be specifically defined in this
text. The manufacturer's instructions should be carefully followed to ensure correct
installation. There is no requirement to notify the Local Authority when installing a thermal
storage unit in the United Kingdom.

52
 hot

cold

flow and return flow and return flow and return

from boiler to heating system from boiler

TWO PUMP ARRANGEMENT SINGLE PUMP & DIVERTER VALVE

Fig 12.1 CIRCULATOR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THERMAL STORES

On larger installations, long pipe runs to draw-off points can cause a significant amount of
water to have to be drawn off before an acceptable temperature is reached. Secondary
pumped circulation, using a bronze pump, can be used to overcome that problem; a typical
circuit is shown in shown in Figure 12.5. It should be noted, however, that secondary
circulation adds to the amount of heat required by the cylinder and, especially when fitted
with towel rails, increases the cylinder heat up time. All pipework on the secondary
circulation should be insulated to prevent heat loss and maintain a high water temperature at
the tap outlets.

It is not possible to install secondary circulation with a thermal storage cylinder. Also, it is
not recommended when Economy 7 electricity is only heat source, since a heat top-up will be
required during the day due to the heat which will be lost from the circulation pipes, even
when insulated.

oV CF

AAV

ZV

secondary hot water DV

return
primary flow and return

FIG 12.2 INDIRECT CYLINDER WITH SECONDARY CIRCULATION

53
Trace heating, using electric elements, can be used as an alternative to secondary circulation,
with the advantage that no circulation pump or return pipework is needed. Good insulation of
secondary pipework is especially important with trace heating, given the high unit cost of the
electricity used to produce the heat.

¶io3 ftk ik1T

Unvented domestic hot water systems use water direct from the incoming supply and do not
require a cold water storage cistern. They have been in common use in countries throughout
the world for many years and are now gaining popularity in the UK, although they are not
permitted in the Republic of Ireland. Unvented cylinders generally provide very good flow
characteristics and the pressure balance with cold water supply makes them particularly
attractive for showers.

Fig. 12.6 shows the components required for a typical system, including the necessary safety
components. Safety is a prime consideration when specifying an unvented hot water system
and there are a number of mandatory requirements:

• When an unvented hot water cylinder is supplied with primary water from a sealed
heating system the boiler output rating must not exceed 45kW.

• Building regulations in the United Kingdom require that the authority responsible
for building control is notified before an unvented cylinder of over 15 litres capacity
is installed.

• All installations must be carried out by a "competent person" and all cylinders must be on
the Approved List of the British Board of Agrément.

hot water to taps

pnmary flow to visible balanced mains cold

and return drain pressure cold water
water

FIG 12.3 UNVENTED HOT WATER CYLINDER

54
I i Jk1ir
In hard water areas where the temporary hardness of the water exceeds 200 mg/I, it is
recommended consideration be given to treating the incoming mains water supply with a
suitable base-exchange water softener so that all equipment is protected and the client has the
advantage of using softened water. If a water softener is to be used, it is necessary to make
sure that there is sufficient mains water pressure to overcome the typical pressure drop of the
softener which can be up to one bar. Alternatively an in-line scale reducer or ion-exchange
unit can be fitted on the cold water supply to the water heater/cylinder, or on the cold supply
main to the property. Protection against hard water is particularly important for combination
boilers and thermal stores, in which water is heated at the time of use and high temperatures
are involved.

The length of hot water draw off pipework to taps and other outlets should be kept to a
minimum to reduce the amount of cold water drawn off before the hot water appears. The
maximum recommended dead-leg lengths are shown in Table 12.3. Where there is more than
one size of pipe on a dead-leg, the equivalent length and size should be estimated.

When the dead-leg length exceeds the recommended maximum, secondary circulation or
trace heating should be installed, controlled by a time-switch and incorporating a motorised
valve to stop gravity circulation.

Pipe size Maximum length

(mm) (m)
10,12 20
15,22 12

28 8
35 and above 3
TABLE 12.3: MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED
PIPE RUNS FOR HOT WATER
DRAW-OFF

55
 1EE1

I I3OI O3O I

Fig 13.1 shows a typical fully pumped4 system. It uses a three-way motorised valve to
provide water to the heating system or domestic hot water cylinder as and when required.
Similar operation can be obtained by using two 2 port valves. Refer to section 18 of this
Guide for a description of the application of controls to different circuit layouts.

AV

IV HC IV

LSV

FIG 13.1 HEATING AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER USING A MID-POSITION OR

DIVERTER VALVE

I
The recommendations in this publication do not apply to one-pipe systems. One-pipe circuits
require careful design to take account of reducing water temperature along the circuit, which
reduces radiator outputs and hence affects their sizing.

"The term 'fuiiy pumped' is generally used to describe a system that relies entirely on a mechanical circulator
for its circulation, as opposed to systems that rely wholly or partly or thermo-siphoning, which are known as
'gravity' or 'semi-gravity' systems.
56
I I

A reverse return layout is shown in Fig.13.2. This is a variation of the conventional two-
pipe circuit, which has the advantage of equalising the pressure loss to all parts of the system.
This layout is particularly useful when installing two boilers, as it helps to ensure both
receive equal amounts of the water being circulated. It can be seen from the figure that the
total length of the flow and return pipework from the branch tees is equal to both boilers.

FIG. 13.2 REVERSE RETURN HEATING CIRCUIT

xcj
The reverse return layout shown in Figure 13.2 should not be confused with the phenomenon
of reversed circulation, which causes radiators to heat when only the water heating circuit
should be operating. It can be diagnosed by the temperature reversal of flow and return to
some of the radiators and is the result of the return path for those radiators being shared with
the hot water primary circuit, as shown in Figure 13.3. The problem is easily avoided by
ensuring that all heating circuits are taken from a common flow and all heating returns are
joined to a common return before being connected to the return from the hot water cylinder.

57
 osv

flow and return

normal

Radiator return connected at ON NO ACCOUNT SHOULD THIS

point Y' is in the wrong position. PIPE WORK CONFIGURATION BE
It should be connected at point INSTALLED
'X' before the cylinder return.

FIG. 13.3

1I3 I

Heating system pipework must be sized so that each part of the circuit has sufficient
circulation to deliver its rated heat output. The flow required for each heat emitter is directly
related to its output and may be calculated using the design temperature difference. The
pressure required to achieve circulation depends upon the resistance to flow in the circuit,
which is affected by pipe length and diameter, the number and type of fittings and the
resistance of components including the boiler and heat exchangers. The designer's task is to
ensure that the circuit resistance is low enough for the circulator (pump) to achieve the
required flow to all points in the circuit, without undue noise or a tendency to collect air in
parts of the system. In particular, the circulator has to be capable of overcoming the
resistance of the circuit with the highest resistance — the "index circuit" — at the same time as
providing the necessary flow required by the whole system.

f ¶13 ®
The following step-by-step method is recommended to achieve optimum pipe sizing. It uses
the design temperature difference and the heat flow required to calculate the flow of primary
water required for each part of the circuit. Pipe sizes are then chosen to avoid excessive flow
velocities and pressure drops calculated for their path around the circuit. The steps are as
follows:

1. Sketch the circuit, showing all system components and pipework as shown in Figure 13.4
on page 64. Mark up the pipe sections using the identifying letters at the junctions.
These will need to be also entered in column one of Worksheet 7, see page 61. At the
same time measure the pipe lengths from the drawings and enter these in column four of
Worksheet 7.

58
 2. On Worksheet 6, page 60, list all the heat emitters together with their respective heat
outputs. The flow rates necessary to achieve the rated outputs are obtained using the
calculation shown in Section 13.9 on page 63. Flow rates can then be transferred to
column two of Worksheet 7.

3. Using Table 13.2 on page 63 make an initial estimate of the pipe size for each part of the
circuit and enter it on Worksheet 6. This information can then be transferred to column
three of Worksheet 7. More information is given in Section 13.7 below.

4. Using Worksheet 7 calculate the pressure loss for each part of the circuit from the
required flow rate and the selected pipe size, using Table 13.1 on page 62. This will give
the pressure loss in metres head per metre run of pipe (rn/rn), which is entered in column
five. This figure is multiplied by the pipe length in metres from column four. This will
give the total pressure loss in metres (rn) for that part of the circuit, which is then entered
in column six. More information is given in Sections 13.8, below and 13.10 on page 64.

5. On Worksheet 7 identify the 'index circuit', which is the path around the system that
requires the greatest pressure to achieve the necessary flow. More information is given in
Section 13.11 onpage64.

6. Make allowances for the pressure loss through pipe fittings, any by-pass and the boiler,
before completing Worksheet 7.

7. Compare the pressure required by the index circuit, and the total flow required by the
system with the circulator characteristics supplied by the manufacturer. See Figure 14.1
on page 66.

8. Make adjustments to the pipe sizes if it is necessary to adjust the pressure loss to fit pump
capacity, and repeat steps 4 to 6.

I OOgiO

Use Table 13.1 to make an initial estimate of pipe size required for each part of the circuit,
ensuring that the flow rate is no greater than 1.5 metres/second, as specified in BS 5449. This
will assist in avoiding the noises that can be created by water flowing at higher velocities.
Alternatively, an initial estimate of the pipe size can be taken from the Table 13.2 for 'Quick
Sizing'.

I 'uI3 Eu&iO I

For systems up to 45kW output, calculate pressure drops for pipework, allowing between
33% and 50% extra for the resistance of standard radiators and fittings. Modern boilers tend
to have a fairly high flow resistance, as do certain types of heat emitter, such as fan
convectors, so their pressure drops need to be calculated in addition to pipework and fittings.
The necessary pressure loss characteristics should be taken from manufacturer's data.

59
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET SIX — FLOW RATE AND PIPE SIZE

Room Radiator Emiss- Combined 10% Total Flow Initially

output ions output heat heat loss rate selected
required from from loss pipe
(from exposed radiators from diameter
work- pipe and mains
sheet exposed
three) pipe
W W W W W kg/s mm

Lcrw'te' 1660 - 1660 166 1826 0.044 10

KLt/DiA'u.'t' 1702 - 1702 170 1872 0.045 10

1008 154 1162 116 1278 0.031 8

LcwLdAvL9y

13cthrooin' 648 - 648 65 713 0.017 8

13ed.rooi'n,l 987 - 987 99 1086 0.026 8

3e4roo-i'i2 664 - 664 66 730 0.017 8

HW 2000 0.048 22
CyU.vtde-r

Revisions

60
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET SEVEN — PRESSURE LOSS

Pipe Flow rate Selected Length of Pressure Total Comments

section pipe flow and loss in pressure loss
diameter return metres metres head
pipes per metre
in metres run
kg/s mm m rn/rn rn

&-- 0.044 10 8.0 0.094 0.752

g'-h 0.070 15 3.5 0.024 0.084

h-i 0.101 15 8.0 0.046 0.368

i-k' 0.118 15 2.0 0.061 0.122

Use' for £.'tde,

TOt&i -k 1.326
crct
f-f 0.045 10 7.0 0.098 0.686

f-kg 0.062 15 10.0 0.020 0.200

TtctVf-k' 0.886
Le'tho,a,-k'
e'a,-ki

IvI4e%'
CCrc4t
c-k' 0.118 1.326 froi'ncthove
Keep
k-l 0.180 22 3.0 0.020 0.060 ntd-poWwrv
vaL,e' (22)

b-rn, 0.228 22 9.0 0.030 0.2 70

Index circuit
Sub. total
1.656

Flow rate Allowance for fittings

sub. total
0 228 .
50% of sub. total
Add bypass 0.10 Other allowances 0.2 75 8oiZer
Total
0.328 kg/s Total pressure loss 2.759 Metres head
flow rate

61
 Pressure 8 mm 10 mm 15 mm 22 mm 28 mm 35 mm Velocity
loss (rn/rn) kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s kg/s rn/s
0008 OO1O 0380 0109 0227 0.400 050
0009 00114 0 040 0117 0235 0424
0010 0.0064 00122 0 042 0.124 0250 0448
0011 00067 00129 0044 0.131 — — 0263 — j 0475
0012 00071 00135 0047 0.137 i 0277 0499
0013 00074 00141 0049 0.144 I 0289 0523
0014 00077 00147 0.052 — — 0 150 — I 0302 0543
0015 00081 00154 0054 0156 0314 0564
0016 00084 00159 0056 0.161 0325 0594
0017 00086 00165 0058 0.167 0336 0604 075
0.018 00089 0.0171 0060 0.172 0348 0.623
0019 00092 00176 0061 0178 0359 0645
0020 00095 00182 0063 0.183 0369 0669
0021 0.0098 00185 0 065 0.188 0380 0.686
0.022 0.0101 00192 0 067 0.193 0390 0704
0.024 00106 00203 0.070 0203 0408 0735
0.026 00111 00212 0 073 0212 0.428 0.773
0028
0.030
0.0116
0.0120
00221
0.0230
0 076
0080 _9ft5 '99.......
0.032 0.0125 0.0238 0.082 0238 0482 0.869
0.034 0.0129 0.0245 0.085 0 247 0.500 0.898
0036 00133 0.0253 0.088 0255 — 0518 — , 0925
0038 00138 00261 0091 0 263 0.533 0 952
0040 0.0142 0.0268 0.094 0270 0548 0982
0.042 0.0 146 — 0.0276 — J 0.096 0278 0564 1010 1.25

0.044 00150 I 0.0283 0.099 0286 I 0.578 1035

0046 00154 I 0.0290 0.101 0 293 I 0.592 I 048
0.048 00158 I 00298 0 104 0300 I 0.608 I 075
0050 00162 I 0.0305 0.106 0.307 I
0.622 1100
0052 0.0167 0.0312 0.0 18 0314 0.637 1123
0054 00170 0.0320 0.111 0321 0.651 1150
0056 — 0.0123_ — 00326 0113 0328 0.665 1.178

0058 00177 0.0332 0.115 0334 0678 — — 1194 ISO —-

0060 00180 0.0339 0.117 0340 0.691 i 1215
0.062 0.0184 0.0345 0.120 0347 0.705 I 1235
0.064 00187 0.0351 0.122 0353 0718 I 1253
0.066 00190 0.0358 0.124 0359 0.724 I 1272
0.068 00193 00364 0126 0364 0736 I

0070 00196 00370 0 128 0.370 0750 1

0072 00200 00377 0.130 0375 0762 1

0074 00203 00382 0.132 0.381 0774 I

0.076 00206 00388 0.134 0 386 0.785

0 078 0 0208 0 0394 0 136 0391 0.797
0.080 00211 00400 0 138 0397 rO.808
0082 00215 00406 0.140 0402 0.819
0084 0.0217 0.0411 0.142 •
0407 • 0830
0.086 00220 0.04 17 0.144 0.412 • 0.841

0.088 0.0223 0 0423 0146 0417 I 0.851

0090 00226 00429 0 148 0422 I
0.862
0.092 00229 00433 0. 149 0426 0.872
0 094 00231 0.0439 0.151 0431
0.096 0 0234 0.0445 0.153 0435
0.098 0 0237 0.0450 0 155 0.440
0.100 00240 00455 0156 0.445
0102 00243 00460 0.158 0449
0 104 0.0245 0.0465 0.160 0.453
0.106 0.0247 0.0469 0.162 0458
0.108 00250 00474 0 164 0462
0.110 00253 00479 0 165
0112 00256 00484 0.167 0471
0114 0.0258 0.0488 0.169 0475
0116 0.0261 0.0493 0 170 0479
0.118 0.0264 0.0498 0.172
0.120 0.0266 00502 0 174
0 130 0.0279 00523 0181
0 140 0.0291 — 00548 — 0 189
0 150 0.0302 00568 0 197
0,160 0.0314 00588 0.204
0 170 0.0326 00608 0.211
0180 00336 00628
0190 00347 00648
0200 0.0357 00668

TABLE 13.1: FLOW OF WATER IN COPPER TUBES

62
 Copper Pipe Approx. Loading
Diameter (mm) W
.8 1500
10 2500
15 6000
22 13000
28 22000
35 34000
TABLE 13.2: QUICK PIPEWORK
SIZING

¶J3 I

The pipework layout on the terraced house example shown on Page 40 is shown in simplified
form in the line schematic diagram in Figure 13.4, with room names and the individual
sections of pipe defined using the letters 'a' to 'm'. This is done by taking the radiator and
exposed pipework outputs and adding an allowance of 10% for the losses from the
distribution pipework. The result is then used in the following equation to establish the flow
rate of water through the pipe, expressed in kilograms per second (kg/s).

Flow rate = H / (TD x SH) kglsec, where

H is the heat output of the radiator and exposed pipework in Watts,

TD is the temperature difference between flow and return in °C and
SH is the specific heat of water in i/kg.

For example, the flow rate to the radiator in Bedroom 1 is given by:

Flow rate = 1086/(10 x 4187) kg/sec.

= 0.026 kg/sec

(The spec 4/ic heat of water is 4187 joules/kg)

The flow rates to the radiators are then used to select initial pipe sizes, using Table 13.1 and
Worksheet 6. The results are also shown on the schematic layout diagram in Figure 13.4.

63
 0.180
BATHROOM

0.070

BED 2
e

BED I 0.044
bi
LOUNGE
0.026

0.062
pipe size (mm)
KITCHENIDINING

Note: Underlined figures are flow rate in kg/sec

FIG 13.4 SCHEMATIC LAYOUT

°©
The pressure loss in the pipework may now be calculated for every section of the circuit,
starting at the end radiators and working back towards the boiler, using Worksheet Seven.
The length of the flow and return pipework for each individual circuit may be measured from
the plan. The pipe sizes and flow rates are taken from Worksheet Six, and the pressure loss
per metre taken from Table 13.1.
Table 13.1 shows the pressure loss expressed in metres of water per metre run of pipe (rn/rn)
for copper tube to BS EN 1254. Data for pipes made of other materials such as plastic,
stainless steel or mild steel, should be obtained from their suppliers. Other sources may
express pressure loss in different units such as pascals/metre — always use compatible units in
any calculation. (1 metre of water = 9807 Pa).
Where polybutylene and polyethylene pipe is to be used, the internal diameter of the pipe will
be less than that for copper tube to BS EN 1254 and therefore frictional resistance (pressure
losses) will be higher for given flow rates. Refer to manufacturers' literature.

3O1J1I ixi I

It is not obvious at this stage which is the index circuit: the pipework to the radiator in the
lounge, or that to the kitchen/dining room. To decide which it should be, compare the
pressure drop in each circuit up to the point where they join together (a - k and f - k), using
the information in Worksheet Seven. The greater pressure drop occurs in the lounge circuit,
which identifies it as the index circuit, along with the common section (1 — m).

The total flow rate and pressure loss calculated may now be compared with circulator
characteristics so that the correct size of circulator can be selected. (see Section 14)

64
There may be occasions when it will be necessary to make changes at this stage. For
example, the pressure loss in a particular section of pipe may turn out to be unduly high, or
the size of the boiler connecting pipework does not conform to the manufacturer's
requirements. In such cases, the size must be altered and the total resistance recalculated.
Otherwise, pipe sizing is now complete.

I @x I
Hot water cylinders should have primary pipework of at least 22mm diameter, which will
ensure low pressure loss and rapid cylinder temperature recovery..

The information in Table 13.2 should only be used for pipework on pumped systems and the
loadings should include a suitable margin, say 10%, for pipework heat losses. It should only
be used as a guide to the sizing of pipework for estimating purposes and should not be used to
determine the installed pipework specification.

The sizes do not take into account the total circulator pressure available for the system or the
temperature drop required by any specific item of equipment, or for any specific pipework
connection sizes required by items such as the boiler, etc.

65
[N0© LT©E3

The pressure loss calculations undertaken to size the pipework provide the necessary basis for
specifying the circulator needed to provide the flow of water around the system. Figure 14.1
shows a typical circulator performance chart, giving the relationship between circulator flow
rate and the pressure against which the circulator is operating. The flow-rate and pressure
required by the system may be taken from Worksheet 7. The design pressure and flow for the
system should be super-imposed on the circulator performance chart for comparison with the
circulator characteristics. The circulator normally has a number of settings; choose the lowest
setting able to generate sufficient flow at the design pressure.
If the circulator is too small or on too low a setting, then the flow rate will be less than
required. That will cause the system to operate at below design return temperature and it will
then fail to deliver the required heat output. If the circulator is set too high, then flow rate and
return temperature will both be above design values, which may cause excessive noise and
will unnecessarily increase the electricity consumed by the circulator itself.
Circulators are also available with automatic self-adjustment. These incorporate an electronic
control circuit that can continuously adjust pumping power to maintain pressure appropriate
to the demands of the moment, for example when thermostatic radiator valves restrict the
flow to individual radiators. The benefits include easier initial setting-up, reduced noise and
reduced electricity consumption in use. (See also 14.8)

P
R
E
S
S
U
R
E

L
0
S
S

m
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25

FLOW RATE kg/s

FIG 14.1 CIRCULATOR PERFORMANCE CURVE

66
I I

In the example, the circulator is required to produce a system total flow of 0.328 kg/s, or
0.328 litres/s (since 1 litre of water weighs 1 kg), against a resistance in its index circuit of
2.759 m, or 27.06 kPa (since im head equals 9.807 kPa). When compared with the circulator
performance curve, it may be observed that the point defined by the calculated system flow
and index pressure falls somewhat below the line corresponding to the No.2 speed setting.
(See Figure 14.1)

By following the system curve, it can be seen that the No 2 speed setting will provide rather
more than the required flow and should be selected. At the No 1 speed setting the circulator
would deliver insufficient circulation, and at the No 3 setting would produce a significantly
larger flow than needed. In general, choose the lowest setting able to provide the required
flow or the minimum flow specified in the boiler manufacturer's instructions, whichever is
the larger.

The circulator should be installed to maintain a positive pressure at all points around the
system and, when fitted to an open vented system, be subject to at least the minimum static
pressure specified by the manufacturer. This is defined in BS 5449 as being one third of the
maximum pressure developed by the circulator under no water flow conditions. For most
domestic circulators this is between 1.7 and 2.0 metres of water.

The circulator should not be located at the lowest part of a system, where it is possible for
sediment to collect, nor at the highest point, where air can be a problem.

Circulator installation should observe manufacturer's instructions about the orientation of the
installation. This normally requires that the circulator should be located with itts motor shaft
in a horizontal position so that there is no undue load on the bearings, and should either be
fixed into a vertical pipe so that the water is flowing upward, or in a horizontal position. It is
often difficult to remove trapped air from the impeller casing and for this reason a circulator
should not be installed facing vertically downwards.

Oll1
System design faults or abuse can often be diagnosed from the sediment found in the
circulator. They are usually either black encrustation (ferric oxide) or a red sediment (ferrous
oxide).

The black ferric oxide is often as a result of the system not having been flushed out correctly
on completion of the installation, leaving extraneous matter in the water and causing the
residue to form hydrogen which has to be vented out of the system.

The red ferrous oxide is caused by air entering the system, possibly being entrained on the
suction side of the circulator or from the feed and expansion cistern on an open vented
system. This is commonly the result of incorrect positioning of the feed and venting pipework
in relation to the circulator, resulting in failure to maintain a positive pressure at all points in

67
the system. In such circumstances, the circulator is likely to fail, often followed by leaking
radiators and heat exchangers.

I 1O
Boilers with high efficiency usually have a low water content and require a minimum flow
rate to be maintained through the heat exchanger to ensure the heat can be removed quickly
enough. Small systems, which do not require a high circulator duty, can occasionally cause
noise problems if the boiler requirement for a minimum flow rate is overlooked. In such
cases, an automatic bypass valve should be fitted so that the minimum water quantity can
flow through the boiler without relying on circulation through the radiators. In these
circumstances the circulator must be capable of satisfying the duty of both the system and the
bypass.

A boiler operating with inadequate flow through it is said to 'kettle', a description derived
from the characteristic noise it makes. If allowed to operate in this manner too long before
remedial action is taken, it will probably have a deposit of calcium in the heat transfer coil
which will be extremely difficult, if not impractical, to remove.

Air trapped in the boiler heat exchanger can be another source of noise. This can sometimes
be avoided by using an eccentric reducing bush for smaller pipes attached to horizontal boiler
flow tappings.

'iIc UO@Og3® I

Noise in a heating system can often be difficult to trace, especially if emanating from the
circulator, since it can be transmitted and amplified along the pipework to remote parts of the
installation.

Pipework noise also commonly occurs as a result of the expansion of pipework over joists or
where the pipe has been left touching other pipes or a part of the building structure. Care
must always be taken to ensure the pipework is correctly bracketed, is not in tension or
compression and does not carry the weight of components such as the circulator. Room must
be left for pipework to expand and contract without coming into contact with other pipes or
the building structure. Felt pads or similar should be fitted in notches in joists where pipes
will move during expansion and contraction.

tJ7 O@lluçgj 1O
A circulator should always be fitted with two isolating valves and unions to allow easy
removal for maintenance purposes. These isolating valves should never be used to regulate
the performance of the circulator.

68
1i1J3 OjuO @O
A number of boilers, particularly combination and sealed system types, are supplied complete
with circulators already piped and electrically wired as part of the package. In such cases the
circulator is usually an important part of the operating sequence of the boiler which may also
incorporate an automatic bypass valve and have an overrun requirement as part of the control
function.

Boilers of this type tend to use a high proportion of the available circulator pressure to
circulate water through the heat exchanger and will, for this reason, specify the pressure
available to be used to circulate water through the rest of the system. Refer to the
manufacturer's instructions for particular boilers to ensure that the correct temperature drop
across the system is used when sizing heat emitters and pipework. If the integral circulator
has insufficient capacity for the system, use a mixing header and a second circulator for
radiator circuits; on no account add a second circulator in series with the integral circulator.

69
 r© E EE1 I

g
Open vented systems require feed and expansion pipework correctly located relative to the
circulator so that a positive system pressure is created in as much of the installation as is
practical.

From the circulator around the circuit to the neutral point where the feed and expansion pipe
is connected, the pressure in the pipework at any given position is the static head at that
position plus the pressure created by the circulator at that position. From the neutral point
around the circuit to the inlet side of the circulator, the pressure in the pipework at any given
point will be the static head minus the pressure effect of the circulator.

If, particularly at high points in circuits having a low static head, the pressure effect of the
circulator is to reduce pressure in the pipework, this reduction can be greater than the static
head and the pressure in the pipework can then be reduced to less than the atmospheric
pressure. Under these circumstances air can be induced into the pipework. This condition
must be avoided. This is usually achieved by positioning the circulator in the flow pipework
near the boiler and connecting the feed and expansion pipe between them.

The open safety vent pipe, sometimes incorrectly referred to as the 'expansion', must not be
positioned where pressures created by the circulator could cause it to discharge water or allow
air to be drawn in to the circulating pipework. Satisfactory connection schemes are shown in
figs 15.1 and 15.2.

I
The feed and expansion cistern is located at the highest point in the system to maintain
system pressure and to supply make-up water to replace any lost due to evaporation or leaks
and also to accommodate the expansion of water in the system as it heats up. As the water in
the system is heated to operating temperature, its volume will increase by about 1.5%, raising
the level in the feed and expansion cistern. It returns to its original level when the system
cools down again. The cistern must be big enough to accommodate the expansion water
without any overflowing to waste as the level rises from its cold level, which should be
approximately 100mm from the base of the cistern, to its level at full temperature. BS5449
stipulates a cistern capacity of at least 5% of the total system volume. Table 15.1 gives
recommended sizes for feed and expansion cisterns and pipes.

All components of the feed and expansion in contact with water should be capable of
withstanding the temperature of boiling water, especially the float of the float-operated valve,
which should be made of copper or a similarly heat resistant material.

70
 Boiler Output (kW)
Upto25 25-45 45-60
Cistern nominal capacity (1) 45 70 90
Feed and expansion pipe diameter (mm) 15 22 22
Open safety vent pipe diameter (mm) 22 28 28
Overflow pipe diameter (mm) 22 28 35
TABLE 15.1: FEED & EXPANSION COMPONENTS-RECOMMENDED
SIZES

EcI t
The feed and expansion (F&E) pipe connects the F&E cistern to the system and provides a
route for water to expand from the system as the primary temperature rises. The pipe must
have a diameter of not less than 15mm; it must not have a valve fitted in it and must not
supply water for any other purpose.

An important function of the feed and expansion pipe is to quickly replenish water in the
system to protect the boiler in the event of the operating thermostat failing in the open
position. This will allow the burner to continue to function and generate steam, which would
escape to atmosphere along the open safety vent pipe. For this reason, it is important that
there are no restrictions such as motorised or manual valves along the route the feed water
will take to the boiler.

¶l q®a xi
The open safety vent (OSV) pipe provides the means for air to escape from the system and a
path for the relief of pressure and escape of steam in the event of boiler thermostat failure.
The pipe should have the following characteristics:

• a minimum diameter of 22mm;

• it should rise continuously from its point of connection; (refer to the boiler manufacturer's
instructions for the positioning of the vent in relation to the boiler — suitably designed
boilers may not require a continuous rise from the boiler);

• it should contain no restrictions, such as valves; and

• it should discharge below the level of the cover of the feed and expansion cistern.

The OSV pipe should be taken from a horizontal flow pipe so that any air in the water has a
better opportunity to separate. This will be improved if the flow pipe is increased by one size
at a distance of approx. 150/200mm before the tee, and then reduced back to normal size after
the vent connection.

71
Arrangements of F&E pipework and the circulator to give positive pressure in the pipework
system are shown in Figs. 15.1 and 15.2. The pipes can form part of the circulatory system
providing there are no obstructions such as valves etc. between the boiler and the F & E
cistern. Ensure that the specific requirements of the boiler and circulator manufacturers are
observed with regard to the positioning of the F&E and OSV pipes. In fig 15.1 drawings A, B
and C show layouts that have been used in low hydraulic resistance boilers in the past but are
rarely adopted with modern boilers.

@xix

Close coupled feed and expansion and open safety vent pipes are accepted practice with most
types of high and low resistance automatically controlled boilers. The connections should be
made into a straight horizontal run of the flow pipe, immediately before the circulator. The
distance between the connections should be no greater than 150mm to minimise the pressure
differential between the feed and expansion pipe and the open safety vent pipe and, hence, to
reduce the vertical movement of water in the OSV pipe. In fig 15.2 drawings D and E are
used with most types of boiler. The layout shown in drawing F can only be used with a boiler
having an overheat thermostat and where the boiler manufacturer approves it.

An air separator can also provide a close coupled arrangement and separate the air from the
water as it enters into the unit where the velocity is reduced by the enlarged volume of the
vessel. An example of this arrangement is shown in Fig 15.2E.

1i0 oOuix

A single combined F&E and OSV pipe can be fitted to boilers which incorporate an overheat
thermostat in addition to the normal operating thermostat where the boiler manufacturer
permits this. In this case the combined pipe is not required to account for the malfunction of
the operating thermostat and need not rise directly from the boiler as shown in Fig. 15.3G.
Combined feed and expansion pipes (Figs. 15.3G and 15.3H) should be at least 22mm
diameter.

72
 IV HC IV IV I-IC IV

separate feed and vent feed and vent pipes separate feed and vent
A pipes from boiler forming part of circulation C pipes from 2-tapping boiler
system

FIG 15.1 SEPARATE FEED AND EXPANSION PIPE AND OPEN SAFETY VENT
PIPE CONNECTION SYSTEMS

(only used when boiler has an

D close coupled E feed and vent with F feed and vent remote overheat thermostat and with
feed and vent air separator from boiler manufacturer's approval)

FIG 15.2 CLOSE COUPLED FEED AND EXPANSION AND OPEN SAFETY
VENT PIPE CONNECTION SYSTEMS
73
 AV AV

IV HC IV

G combined feed H combined feed and vent pipe

and vent pipe remote from boiler

FIG 15.3 COMBINED FEED AND VENT PIPE ARRANGEMENTS (only

to be used where a boiler has an overheat thermostat and with
manufacturer's approval)

74
I
ELEE I

I
JJüo I
A sealed heating system eliminates the need for a feed and expansion cistern and its
associated pipework, and virtually eliminates all corrosion risks since there is no possibility
of ingress of air during normal operation of the system. When installed together with an
unvented domestic hot water cylinder, there is no need for cisterns or pipework in the roof
space. This considerably reduces the risk of frost damage and condensation in the roof space.
Sealed systems are particularly advantageous in flats and bungalows where it may not be
possible to obtain adequate static pressure from a cistern.

Figure 16.1 shows a typical sealed system. The system must be provided with a diaphragm
expansion vessel complying with BS 4814, a pressure gauge, a means for filling, make-up
and venting, and a non-adjustable safety valve. Boilers used in sealed systems should be
approved for the purpose by their manufacturer and must incorporate a high limit thermostat.
It is of particular importance that manufacturers' instructions are followed when installing the
components of a sealed system.

AV
GV

zv

ERV

sv

FIG 16.1 SEALED HEATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

75
 k@®O

The main component of a sealed heating system is the expansion vessel. It performs the same
task as the feed and expansion cistern in an open vented system: to receive the increased
water volume when expansion takes place as the system heats up and to maintain a positive
pressure in the system. The expansion vessel contains a flexible diaphragm, which is charged
on one side initially with nitrogen but is then topped up as required with air.
The expansion vessel should be located close to the suction side of the circulator to ensure
that there is positive pressure in all parts of the system pipework. This will eliminate the
possibility of air ingress through valve glands etc. It should be connected in such a manner as
to minimise natural convection currents in order to maintain the lowest possible temperature
at the diaphragm. The pipe connecting the pressure vessel to the system should have a
diameter of not less than 15mm and must not contain any restriction such as an isolating
valve.

It is important that the expansion vessel has sufficient acceptance volume to accommodate
the expansion that would occur if the system water were heated from 10°C to 110°C.
Consequently, it is important that the system volume is estimated with reasonable accuracy; a
procedure for estimating system volume is shown in Section 16.12 below.

The initial charge pressure in the expansion vessel should be in accordance with
manufacturers' instructions and must always exceed the static pressure of the heating system
at the level of the vessel. Prior to connecting the expansion vessel to the system, the pipework
should be flushed and tested. Following connection of the vessel, the system when cold
should be pressurised to above the initial nitrogen pressure in the vessel (typically by 0.2
bar). This will result in a small displacement of the diaphragm as illustrated in Fig 16.2a.
When the system is operational the expansion water will move into the vessel, compressing
the nitrogen so that when the operating temperature is reached the system pressure will rise
and the diaphragm will be displaced to accommodate the additional volume. (Fig. 1 6.2b). BS
5449 defines the practical acceptance volume of the vessel as what it will accept when the
gauge pressure rises to 0.35 bar below the safety valve setting.

If the initial system water pressure is too high or the nitrogen fill pressure in the vessel is too
low, the diaphragm will be displaced too far into the vessel, which will then be unable to
accommodate the volume of expansion water. This will result in an increase in the system
pressure and the safety valve will lift

O41 3iflj

All sealed systems must have a non-adjustable safety valve set to lift at a gauge pressure not
exceeding 3 bar (300 kPa). Safety valves must also have a manual testing device, valve
seating materials that will prevent sticking in a closed position and provision for connecting a
full bore discharge pipe. The valve should be connected to the flow pipe close to the boiler
with a metal discharge pipe installed to an open tundish, which should then discharge in a safe
visible external low level location.

76
 System water
I water

Nitrogen enriched air Nitrogen enriched air

FIG 16.2a EXPANSION VESSEL FiG 16.2b EXPANSION VESSEL

(COLD) (HOT)

ThQi
A pressure gauge is provided so that the pressure may be checked and the system charged to
the correct pressure when commissioning or topping up. The pressure gauge must be readable
from the system filling position. A thermometer, which may be combined with the pressure
gauge, shows the temperature of the flow water from the boiler. Care should be taken to
ensure that the thermometer is fitted to the boiler or the flow pipe, not to a non-circulating
pipe, and that the thermometer pocket does not restrict the bore of the pipework.

I i OOLiDJE I

Filling and pressurising the system is normally achieved by a direct connection from the cold
water supply main through a special filling loop. This is an arrangement of fittings which
incorporates a BS 1010 stop valve, double check valve with test point, and a flexible pipe
which should be disconnected and removed after use and protective caps fitted over the ends
of the stop and check valves.

I I

Sealed systems do not lose water due to evaporation and so, provided there are no leaks,
make up water should not usually required except during the initial period of operation when
air in the fill water is being removed from the system.

Lost water can be replaced by any of the following methods.

1. Refilling and pressurising manually through the filling loop.
77
2. Refilling automatically through a top-up unit.
3. Refilling automatically through a make-up cistern.

¶KO3 1rkJi !JoOi

The top-up unit is connected to the highest part of the system and is fitted with a double
check valve assembly and automatic air eliminator. The unit, which has a water capacity of
about three litres, is topped up manually when the water level drops. It is also useful as an
indicator of leaks in the system. It should be connected either to the return side of the
radiator distribution pipework or to the return side of the primary domestic hot water circuit.

The commissioning of a system is greatly simplified when a top-up unit is installed as initial
pressurisation is unnecessary.

I I

The installation of a make-up cistern for filling and make-up water should be considered for
larger installations. This is typically a conventional 45 litre plastic cistern with lid, overflow
and ball valve connected to the mains water supply.

The cistern should be sited at least 3 00mm above the highest point of the system and the
outlet fitted with a double check valve assembly and a stop valve. The cistern must not be
used for any other purpose. The filling of the system will be simplified but the main
advantage of a manual top-up unit, that of knowing water is being lost, will not be available
because of the automatic replenishment of water.

I
0t1® I

Provision must be made for venting air from sealed systems, using either automatic or
manual air vents. Automatic air vents should be fitted at the highest points of the system and
should be float operated. Hygroscopic types of automatic air vent should not be used because
they allow continuous evaporation of small quantities of water. The automatic vent
incorporated into some boilers is sufficient when combined with a manual air vent fitted at
the highest point in the system. Automatic air vents can be obtained with an integral shut-off
valve, which allows cleaning to be carried out without draining down the system.

An air separator with an automatic air eliminator is an optional item to be considered on

larger domestic systems to assist commissioning and for the easy removal of air. It is usually
fitted on the flow pipe between the boiler and the circulator.

78
Boilers with sealed system components already fitted within the casing, or with casing
extensions to hide the components from view, are readily available and provide a compact
alternative to installing separate components.

I I

The expansion vessel must be sized according to the total volume of the water in the system,
using Worksheet Eight — Water Content of System, which is shown on page 81.

The water content of boilers and other principal components is available from manufacturers'
data sheets. Radiator manufacturers usually show water content in terms of section or unit
length. However, hot water cylinder manufacturers usually only publish the surface area of
the heating coils in cylinders. Table 16.1 gives estimated water content of the primary coils
of various sizes of cylinder, which may be used where no other information is available from
manufacturers. For pipework, use Table 16.2 estimate water content.

Use Table 16.3 to find the minimum expansion vessel capacity from the total system volume
calculated with Worksheet Eight.

. Water content of Primary heating coil

Cylinder capacity (litres)
(litres)
96 1.7
125 2.3
145 2.7
175 3.2
225 4.1
TABLE 16.1 WATER CONTENT OF HOT WATER CYLITDER HEATING
COILS

Nominal pipe size (mm) Water content per metre (litres)

8 0.036
10 0.055
15 0.145
22 0.320
28 0.539
35 0.835
42 1.232
TABLE 16.2 WATER CONTENT OF COPPER TUBES

79
 Safety valve setting 30. 2.5 2. 0
(bar)
Vessel charge and
initial system pressure 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 1.0
(bar)
Total water content .
Vessel volume (litres)
.
of system (litres)
25 2.1 2.7 3.9 2.3 3.3 5.9 2.8 5.0
50 4.2 5.4 7.8 4.7 6.7 11.8 5.6 10.0
75 6.3 8.2 11.7 7.0 10.0 17.7 8.4 15.0
100 8.3 10.9 15.6 9j_ 13.4 23.7 20.0
125 10.4 13.6 19.5 11.7 16.7 29.6 4.1 25.0
150 12.5 16.3 23.4 14.1 20. 1 35.5 6.9 30.0
175 14.6 19.1 27.3 16.4 23.4 41.4 19.7 35.0
200 16.7 21.8 31.2 18.8 26.8 47.4 22.6 40.0
225 18.7 24.5 35.1 21.1 30.1 53.3 25.4 45.0
250 20.8 27.2 39.0 23.5 33.5 59.2 28.2 50.0
275 22.9 30.0 42.9 25.8 36.8 65.1 31.0 55.0
300 25.0 32.7 46.8 28.2 40.2 71.1 33.9 60.0
Multiplying factors for 0.109 0.156 0.094 0.134 0.237 0.113 0.2
0.0833
other system volumes

TABLE 16.3 CAPACITIES OF EXPANSION VESSELS

80
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET EIGHT — WATER CONTENT OF SYSTEM
Component Water
content
litres
Boiler Manufacturer and type Output Water content
kW (from manufacturer's literature)
11 7F 15 Enter in end column 0.60
Cylinder Manufacturer and type Size Water content of coil
litres (from manufacturer's literature)
Uvwe*tted' (coa) 120 Enter in end column 2.10

Pipework Diameter Length Water content per metre

mm m litres
8 20 0.036 0.72
10 15 0.055 0.83
15 30 0.145 4.35
22 12 0.320 3.84
28 — 0.539 —
35 — 0.835 —
42 — 1.232 —
Heat emitters Location Type Height No. of Water content per section or
(SP,DP sections length (from manufacturer's
DPC, or length literature)
etc.) mm litres
Loiwte' Si' 600 26 0.30 7.80
KtCh/cAQ Di' 600 19 0.60 11.40
1&W Di' 600 13 0.60 7.80
cthroom, Si' 600 13 0.30 3.90
l3ed.roo-m'l Si' 600 22 0.26 5.72
l3e4rooin,2 Si' 600 16 0.26 4.16

Total system water content 53.22

EXPANSION VESSEL SELECTION
Static pressure of Total system Safety valve Vessel selected
water above expansion water content setting (from manufacturer's catalogue)
vessel (cold)
Vessel charge and initial Vessel volume
system fill pressure
bar litres bar bar litres
0.3 53.22 3.0 0.5 8

81
 I

°(j D1O@io I

Building regulations require that heating pipes should be insulated unless their heat loss
contributes to the useful heating requirement of a room or space. Water regulations require
that pipes and fittings in an unheated area shall, as far as is reasonably practical, be protected
against damage from freezing and other causes.

nOe

Pipesshould be insulated unless they contribute to the useful heat requirement of a heated
room or space. The thickness of insulation required by building regulations is equal to the
outside diameter of the pipe (up to a maximum of 40mm) provided that the thermal
conductivity of the insulation material does not exceed 0.045 WI (mK).

The hot pipes connected to hot water storage vessels including the open safety vent pipe and
the primary flow and return to the heat exchanger, should be insulated for at least one metre
from their points of connection or to the point at which they become concealed. The
insulation should be not less than 15mm of a material having a thermal conductivity of
0.045 WI (mK) or equivalent.

Transfer of heat between hot pipes and cold pipes should be avoided where possible by
maintaining adequate separation between them. Where hot and cold pipes have to be run
adjacent to each other, they should be insulated to minimise heat transfer.

I I

Insulation is required by water regulations to reduce the likelihood of frost damage to pipes
and fittings, including cold water service pipes and heating system pipes. This applies to all
cold water fittings located within the building but outside the thermal envelope, and to those
outside the building.

Where low temperatures persist insulation will only delay the onset of freezing. Its efficiency
is dependent upon its thickness and thermal conductivity in relation to the size of pipe, the
time of exposure, the location and possibly the wind-chill factor. The thickness of insulation
is designed to provide protection for a period of up to 12 hours. Where protection is required
for longer periods, or the premises are left unoccupied, this should be provided by a frost
thermostat set to activate the heating system when the air temperature drops to a pre-selected
level or by draining down. Self-regulating trace heating conforming to BS 6351, in
conjunction with a nominal thickness of thermal insulation, is also an acceptable method of
protection against freezing.

82
Thermal insulating materials should be of the closed cell type complying with BS 5422 and
be installed in accordance with BS 5970. Insulation should be neatly fitted with formed
mitred joints at elbows and tees and should cover all valves and fittings. The manufacturer's
approved adhesives should be used on all butt and seam joints.

Hot water fittings outside the thermal envelope, where water is likely to be static for a period,
should be protected against freezing. The thickness of insulation applied to hot water pipes
for energy conservation purposes is usually of insufficient thickness to protect against low
temperature conditions. (see Section 17.2)

For cold water services two conditions are identified:

'Normal conditions' — unheated rooms within the thermal envelope of the heated
accommodation, such as store rooms or roof spaces below the roof insulation.
'Extreme conditions' — outside the normal heated envelope of the building, such as roof
spaces above the roof insulation.

Typical insulation thicknesses to manufacturers' recommendations are shown in Table 17.1.

Within the insulated Outside the insulated

External diameter
envelope of the dwelling envelope of the dwelling
of pipe (mm)
(mm) (mm)
15 25 32
22 19 25
28 19 19
35 13 13

TABLE 17.1: THICKNESS OF INSULATION FOR COLD WATER PIPES

TO PREVENT FREEZING

83
 13O© c©r© I

¶I3I ®&1@X1 I

If the procedures described in this Guide are followed, they should result in a system that is
capable of heating the dwelling under design conditions. However, most of the time much
less heat output is required. Controls are needed to ensure that the desired temperatures are
achieved in each room, as and when required, under all conditions, including those when
little or no additional heat is required.

The selection of appropriate controls also plays a key part in the overall running costs of a
heating or hot water system. The cost benefits of controls should not be underestimated since
upgrading controls on older heating systems can save up to 15% on energy bills.

I
Table 18.la lists common components used in central heating systems and gives a brief
description of their functions. Table 18. lb lists additional control functions that may be
carried out by additional circuitry built into one or more of the control components or, in the
case of boiler interlock, simply by the way in which the components are interconnected. For
example, optimum start may be built into the unit that also carries out the functions of the
programmer. Such multifunction units are often given names such as "boiler energy
managers". Appendix B gives more detailed definitions of control components.

CONTROL TYPE PURPOSE and BENEFITS

Timeswitch Simple time control of a system or part of a system.
Programmer Combination including two clock-operated switches so that
space heating and hot water can be controlled independently.
Room Thermostat* Simple low cost room temperature control
Programmable room Allows temperature to be set for different periods in the day or
thermostat* week. Provides energy saving and convenient control. Important
if occupancy is varied over the day or week. Provides a "night
setback feature" where a minimum temperature can be
maintained at night.
DHW cylinder Simple control for temperature domestic hot water cylinder.
thermostat
Frost thermostat or Simple override control, used to avoid frost damage to dwelling,
low-limit thermostat boiler and system.
TABLE 18.la: CONTROL COMPONENTS USED IN CENTRAL HEATING
SYSTEMS
* Wireless units provide increased positional flexibility. They should carry the "RadioMark"
or equivalent to avoid signal interference.

84
 CONTROL TYPE PURPOSE and BENEFITS
Pipe thermostat Used with frost thermostat to avoid unnecessary boiler operation
in cold weather and so reduce running costs.
Thermostatic radiator Used to limit temperatures in individual rooms. Reduces energy
valve consumption where there are incidental gains and solar gain.
Motorized valve 2-port or 3-port valve used in conjunction with room and DHW
cylinder thermostats to control water flow from boiler to heating
and hot water circuits. Can be used to provide zone control e.g.
separate time and/or central heating temperature control in
sleeping area.
"Boiler Interlock" NOT a control but a wiring arrangement to stop the boiler firing
when there is no demand for heat.
Automatic bypass It ensures a minimum flow through the boiler but also reduces
valve the likelihood of excessive noise in the radiator system.

TABLE 18.lb: CONTROL COMPONENTS USED iN CENTRAL HEATING

SYSTEMS

CONTROL FUNCTIONS PURPOSE AND BENEFITS

Compensator Reduces boiler water temperature for space heating according
to internal/external air temperature and will increase the
efficiency of condensing boilers
Delayed start Reduces energy use by delaying boiler start time when weather
is mild
Optimum start Adjusts the heating start time to give the required dwelling
comfort temperature at a chosen time
Temperature setback or Allows a reduced temperature to be maintained at certain times,
night setback for example at night. Reduces the risk of condensation and
improves comfort by reducing dwelling warm up time
Narrow temperature Reduces the temperature "swing" between a boiler switching on
differential and off and so increases comfort. May save energy
consumption by reducing "set" temperature
Self-learning Reduces appliance "on" time by taking account of previous
characteristics
Anti-cycling control Delays boiler firing to reduce cycling frequency but unlikely to
provide significant savings

TABLE 18.2 ADDITIONAL CONTROL FUNCTIONS

85
 o3 OO1Uo

Recommended minimum control packages are shown below.

JJ wet systems must have:-

• Boiler interlock, i.e. a wiring arrangement such that the boiler cannot fire unless there
is a demand from either space heating or hot water;

• Thermostatic radiator valves fitted to all radiators except in rooms where a controlling
room thermostat (standard or programmable) is fitted;

• Frost protection where necessary to protect the appliance, system and dwelling.

In addition the following types of system must have:-

EXISTING SEMI GRAVITY SYSTEMS

NOTE: When upgrading it is preferable to convert systems to filly-pumped operation but

where this is impractical the following should be adopted. (New systems must always be fully
pumped.)

• Two channel programmer

• Room thermostat
• Cylinder thermostat
• One 2-port motorized valve' fitted on the gravity circuit to the hot water cylinder
• Check valve to prevent gravity circulation in the radiator circuit

Alternatively, the functions of the programmer can be carried out by programmable room
and cylinder thermostats.

FULLY PUMPED — One heating zone system

• Two channel programmer
• Room thermostat
• Cylinder thermostat
• One 3-port motorized valve or two 2-port motorized valves for pumped space and
water heating
• An automatic bypass valve should be fitted (except where one is incorporated into the
boiler).

Motorized valves in gravity primary circuits must be fitted so that their operation does not interfere with the
route of the OSV or F&E pipes to the boiler. In order that Boiler Interlock may be achieved, the motorized
valve actuator must have a SPDT auxiliary switch.
86
FULLY PUMPED - Two heating zone system
• Three-channel programmer.
• Two room thermostats (for two separate heating zones).
• Cylinder thermostat
• Three 2-port motorized valves for pumped heating to two heating zones and the hot
water zone.

• An automatic bypass valve should be fitted (except where one is incorporated into the
boiler).
Alternatively, the functions of the three channel programmer can be carried out
separately, for example by using two programmable room thermostats and a
programmable cylinder thermostat.

COMBINATION BOILER SYSTEMS

• Single channel timeswitch/programmer

• Room thermostat

• An automatic bypass valve should be fitted (except where one is incorporated into the
boiler).

Alternatively, the timeswitchlprogrammer can be omitted if a programmable room

thermostat is used.

Additional benefits in convenience, comfort and energy consumption can be obtained by

using some of the functions described in Table 18.1 above. Weather compensation reduces
average boiler water temperature in mild weather; this is particularly beneficial where
condensing boilers are used because it reduces the return water temperature and increases the
proportion of time the boiler operates in condensing mode. Delayed start can reduce boiler
firing by delaying start-up in milder weather. Optimum start will also reduce boiler firing
when it is not required but can advance as well as delay start-up. Both types of control can
save energy and/or enhance comfort depending on how they are set up. Narrow temperature
differential thermostats reduce the temperature "swing" between demand and satisfaction at
the thermostat and hence the variation in room temperature. This should have the effect of
marginally reducing the average temperature at which room needs to be maintained to
achieve comfort, assuming that the thermostat is set on the minimum temperature maintained.

I
iro tJOD I
Some of the more popular control arrangements are described on the following pages. By-
passes have not been shown on the main diagrams which follow; they are described
separately in section 18.6 and should be provided where necessary.

87
Product considerations should include reliability, ease of servicing, future availability of
spare parts, operating efficiency and ease of use. Control systems are often sold as packages
containing all the necessary components and instructions for their use in common system
layouts.

I
OUI

The need for a by-pass depends on the boiler and the control system. Some boilers require
circulator overrun to dissipate heat when the boiler is switched off. Controls may also shut
down or restrict flow while the circulator is still operating, especially in systems using TRVs
and 2-port valves. In each case, a by-pass is needed to provide a circulation path.

Where a low water content boiler is used, a permanent by-pass must be fitted directly after
the circulator between the main flow and return pipes. Refer to manufacturer's instructions
for particular boilers, including sizing. A minimum of 15mm diameter pipe is typically
required for boilers up to 19kW output and 22mm on larger sizes. A manual by-pass should
be fitted with a lock-shield valve, which must be regulated to provide the minimum flow rate
specified for the boiler. (see Figure 18.1)

Alternatively, an automatic by-pass valve may be used, particularly with thermostatic radiator
valves or zone valves, (see Figure 18.2). This type of valve is set when the system is
commissioned so that under normal working conditions it is either closed or partly open,
depending on the application. In operation, it opens when pressure increases in response to
reduced flow through the circuit.

The minimum flow rate of water required through the boiler by-pass when all other circuits
are closed is specified by the boiler manufacturer, probably in terms of the temperature drop
across the boiler. The actual flow rate can vary between 10 1/mm (0.l7kg/s) and 40 1/mm
(O.67kg/s). The flow rate through the bypass will however reduce when the heating circuits
are fully open. For the purpose of estimating the total flow rate the flow rate can be assumed
to be 0.1 0kg/s for a 15mm pipe and 0.25kg/s for a 22mm pipe.

zv
zv

FIG 18.1 MANUAL BY-PASS FIG 18.2 AUTOMATIC BY-PASS

ARRANGEMENTS ARRANGEMENTS

88
I S71
Fig 18.3 shows a typical fuiiy pumped system with a mid-position motorised valve which will
provide water to the heating system and/or domestic hot water cylinder when one or both
operating thermostats call for heat.

The same pipework layout may be used with a diverter valve, which directs all of the flow
from the boiler to either the heating system or the domestic hot water cylinder on a priority
basis. Priority is usually assigned to the domestic hot water, which will heat to the cylinder
thermostat setting before the heating circuit will be allowed to operate.

MPV
or
I DIV

BC
iiii
1I

LSV

FIG 18.3 HEATING AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER USING A MID-POSITION

OR DIVERTER VALVE

89
I I

This form of control can be extended by the addition of further controlled circuits as shown in
Fig. 18.5. In this arrangement each added circuit will directly control the boiler and
circulator to provide heat to the zone even when the main system is off. This type of control
is useful for heating systems incorporating a home based office or separate flat, for example.

AV RI

IV HC IV

FIG 18.4 HEATING AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER USING TWO ZONE
VALVES

I 1I3O uio&
The facility to use a radiator, towel rail or ladder rail in a bathroom or a separate heating coil
in a cupboard after the main heating system has been turned off for the summer can be
incorporated into the system layouts in Figs. 18.3, 18.4 or 18.5.

The pipework arrangement required is shown in Fig. 18.6, and includes a thermostatic radiator
valve. The radiator will operate whenever the cylinder thermostat or the heating room
thermostat calls for heat.

90
 AV
RT
L

IV HC IV zV zV

FIG 18.5 HEATING AND DOMESTIC HOT WATER WITH ONE ZONE
VALVE FOR HOT WATER AND 2 ZONE VALVES FOR HEATING
CIRCUITS

I I

The two pipe system can be used to serve all types of emitters; radiators, natural convectors,
fan convectors, skirting heating, underfloor coils and warm air heater batteries. However,
care must be taken when designing pipe layouts and using advanced control systems such as
temperature compensating mixing valves that different types of emitter, (e.g., radiators and
underfloor coils), are not included in the same circuit.

A mixed temperature water circuit must not be used to serve fan convectors or warm air
heater batteries as both these items require maximum boiler water temperature to produce an
acceptable output air temperature. Also, radiators should not be fitted to an underfloor coil
heating circuit, which will have been designed to work on a low flow temperature.

The control on a modulating system is achieved through a 3-port or 4-port mixing valve,
which mixes quantities of return water from the heating circuit with the hotter boiler flow
water to provide the correct compensated flow temperature to whatever type of emitters are
being served. The flow temperature is determined by an electronic controller using either an
external sensor or both an external and internal temperature sensor to evaluate how much heat
is required.

91
The flow temperature is constantly checked by the controller and adjusted for any variations
of external and internal air temperature. Some controllers will also optimise the start time of
the system through a self learning process of recalling previous data and relating it to present
conditions so that the property will reach the desired comfort level at the occupancy time and
not before.
A fully compensated system which provides maximum energy saving and comfort is
illustrated in Fig. 18.7. Depending on the type of boiler to be used, an automatic by-pass
valve may also he required. This should be fitted between the flow and return to the cylinder
with the primary circulator wired electrically so that it would respond to any overrun
requirement made by the boiler.

AV
TRV I
R

IV HC IV

FIG 18.6 DOMESTiC HEATING SYSTEM LAYOUT SHOWING

CONNECTIONS FOR THE BATHROOM RADIATOR TO
OPERATE IN SUMMER AND WINTER

3lI 3®Iko'

Compensating controls which directly control the boiler firing sequence can be used on
systems that provide heating only. A boiler energy manager which also incorporates a direct
boiler control facility can he used on heating and domestic hot water supply as it will give
priority to the domestic hot water temperature control.

92
 AV
1os
Is

L I

________ ____I-----.

FIG 18.7 FULLY COMPENSATED HEATING SYSTEM WITH OUTSIDE AND

INSIDE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS AND DOMESTIC HOT
WATER CONTROLS

I '' I

A solid fuel appliance with a water heating capability can be linked into a fuiiy pumped
system which has an automatically controlled boiler served by gas or oil, so that either one or
both boilers can be used as the heat source. The solid fuel appliance can be an open fire, a
conventional boiler, multifuel stove or cooker.

Figure 18.8 shows the recommended layout for a system in which a solid fuel appliance is
linked to a gas or oil boiler. The solid fuel appliance heats some radiators, typically in the
centre of the house; the automatic (oil or gas) boiler heats the other radiators, which are fitted
with thermostatic radiator valves. Heat is provided to the domestic hot water using separate
coils in a twin-coil cylinder or a by fitting an immersion coil in the immersion heater boss of
a single coil cylinder. The coil connected to the automatic boiler is controlled in the normal
manner by a cylinder thermostat.

This arrangement ensures that there is no exchange or mixing of the primary circuit water
between the two systems. It operates by using the automatic boiler to provide the additional
heat required to supplement that supplied by the solid fuel boiler and, at the same time to
provide good control of the system.

in all cases, dual fuel systems of this type should be designed and operated in compliance
with the instructions of the manufacturers of both heating appliances.

93
 (a) - radiators
around periphery of

FIG 18.8 LINKED FUEL SYSTEM INCORPORATING A SOLID FUEL

BURNING APPLIANCE AND EITHER A GAS OR OIL -FIRED
BOILER

94
 c11© LE
tE1E

b I

Heating appliances require a supply of air for combustion and for cooling. Specific
requirements for air supply relating to heating appliances aim to ensure:

• sufficient air for proper combustion, flue operation and cooling;

• that no hazards to health arise for combustion products; and

• that no damage occurs to the fabric of the building through heat or fire.

Requirements relating to combustion air apply to open (or conventionally) flued appliances,
which draw their combustion air from the rooms in which they are installed, but not to room-
sealed appliances, which draw their supply directly from outside. Permanent air vents are
required, sized according to the type and gross heat input of gas appliances and the heat
output of oil-fired boilers. In addition, for all types of appliance, it is necessary to comply
with any special requirements stated by their manufacturers.

A compartment containing an appliance must have purpose-designed vents at low and high
level. The vents must be non-closable and at least large enough to admit all of the air
required by the appliance for combustion and ventilation, whether the enclosure draws its air
from a room or directly from outside. Appliances in compartments need cooling ventilation
air to circulate around them, whether they are open-flued or room sealed. It is also possible to
install an open flued appliance in a balanced compartment which is sealed from the
remainder of the building and whose ventilation is so arranged in conjunction with the
appliance flue as to achieve a balanced flue effect.

Requirements for gas appliances are given in the relevant parts of Gas Safety (Installation
and Use) Regulations and BS 5440: Part 2: 2000.

Requirements for oil-fired appliances are given in BS 5410: Part 1: 1997

In all cases, refer to manufacturers' instructions for additional requirements applying to

particular equipment.

I
I @01D
L
If the pressure in a room containing an open flued appliance is lowered by mechanical extract
ventilation, flue gases may be drawn into the room from the appliance. This can happen even
when the extraction is not from the same room that contains the appliance, and may be
aggravated by fans in equipment such as tumble driers. Flue gases can cause hazardous levels

95
of carbon monoxide. Where open flued appliances are to be installed in areas affected
mechanical extractor fans, the following precautions should be observed.

• For gas appliances: where the appliance and the extract fan are located in a kitchen,
follow the spillage test procedure set out in the relevant appendix to BS 5440: Part I:
2000.

• For oil appliances: comply with the recommendation in OFTEC Technical Information
Note TI/i 12.

• Extract ventilation should not be installed in the same room as a solid fuel appliance.
Further guidance may be obtained from BRE Information Paper IP 7/94 and from the
Heating Equipment Testing and Advisory Service.

I I

All combustion appliances must:

• be so installed that there is an adequate supply of air to them for combustion and for the
efficient working of any flue pipe or chimney;

• have adequate provision for the discharge of the products of combustion to the outside
air;
• be so installed, with fireplaces, flues and chimneys so constructed, as to minimise the risk
of the building catching fire as a result of their use.

The second and third of those requirements relate specifically to flues.

For gas fired appliances, guidance is given in the Gas Safety (Installation and Use)
Regulations. Some important points include:
• any appliance in a bath or shower room must be of the room-sealed type;

• a gas fire or other gas space heater of more than 14kW must not be installed in a room
intended for sleeping accommodation unless the appliance is room sealed;

• LPG fired appliances should not be installed in basements.

The Regulations also cover:

• the positioning of flues in relation of boundaries and openings;

• protection from heat for persons likely to come into contact with flues;

• the diameter of flues required for different types of appliances;

• materials from which flues chimneys may be constructed and how chimneys may be lined
to serve gas fired appliances.

Flues for oil fired appliances should meet the requirements set out in BS 5410: Part 1:1997.

96
 • masonry chimneys must be lined. Liners should not be oversized.

• Any appliance in a bath or shower room or bedroom must be of the room-sealed type.

I
31XJ

A SE-duct is a single rising duct built in to a large multi-occupation building to which a

number of appliances are connected. It has an opening at the bottom to provide fresh air for
the appliances and an opening at the top to provide an outlet for combustion products. A U-
duct is a pair of rising ducts joined at their base and open at the top, one to provide fresh air
and the other to provide an outlet for combustion products. Only room-sealed appliances may
be connected to SE-ducts and U-ducts and connection should be made in compliance with
guidance obtained from the manufacturers of the appliances.

97
I
JU I

I oi I

The installation of oil storage and supply pipes is covered by building regulations and by
environmental legislation.

The following points should be considered.

• Quantity to be stored. Larger storage capacity reduces the number of deliveries and fuel
cost. For domestic use 2500 litres is recommended if there is space.

• Fire protection. if the tank is closer than 1.8 metres to a building or 760 mm to a
boundary, some simple fire protection measures are required. All tanks must be installed
over a fireproof base. Dimensions and other details are given in BS5410 Part 1: 1997.
OFTEC Technical Information Note TI/13 I also covers the subject.

• Environmental protection. Domestic oil tanks up to 2500 litres capacity do not have to
be bunded unless their installation fails the risk assessment in OFTEC Technical
Information Note TI! 133. The TI/ 133 risk assessment must be completed for every tank
installation.

• Tank construction. Steel tanks should comply with OFS T200. Plastic tanks should
comply with OFS Tl00.

• Oil supply pipes. Oil supply pipes must be installed in accordance with the requirements
of BS 5410 :Part 1:1997; remote acting fire valves to OFS El 01 are required for all
installations. Underground pipework should comply with OFTEC Technical Information
Note TI!134.

• Tank location. Storage tanks should be located on firm foundations in accordance with
BS 5410:Part 1:1997, with good access for delivery, inspection and maintenance.
Further guidance on location is given in OFTEC Technical Book 3.

• Tank gauges. Oil storage tanks must be provided with an easily readable gauge, either
mounted on the tank or remotely located in a convenient position. Gauges should
comply with OFS E103.

I! I

LPG installations are controlled by the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations. LPG
storage facilities, including cylinders and bulk storage tanks, should comply with the
guidance set out in COP 1.

Building regulations also give guidance that, if followed, would normally ensure compliance
with the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations. LPG tanks should be adequately
separated from buildings, the boundary of the property, any fixed sources of ignition and
98
from one another. The guidance also specifies acceptable forms of barrier to place between
tanks and the items to be separated from them and minimum separation distances for
different tank capacities with and without barriers.

Recommended LPG storage tank capacities are listed in Table 20.1 Tanks must be accessible
for fuel deliveries, usually not more than 25 metres from the delivery tanker position.

Boiler output Minimum storage

kW (litres)
Uptol5 360
15to25 1200
25to45 1800
TABLE 20.1: RECOMMENDED LPG STORAGE CAPACITY

99
I
L° DEk1E

1I Th 3KJD I

Quotations, whether for a new heating installation, an extension to an existing system or a

replacement system, should give information about the design and the materials to be used
and should be fully detailed so that the customer has no doubt about the work included. The
price and conditions of trading should be stated, together with a full description of the work
to be undertaken.

Any additional work necessary to enable the installation to be carried out or the system
operate, but which has not been included in the quotation should also be clearly stated.

The following list is the minimum technical information to be included in a specification.

cnR
External Temperature °C
Heating flow temperature °C
List of rooms to be heated
Temperatures to be achieved in every room

Number of air changes per hour in every room

Oo&iü xI

Comment on the adequacy of existing services, or any improvements required to make them
adequate.

I I
Location of boiler etc.
Make and type
Heat output kW
If a combination boiler, state the hot water flow rate in litres/minute and temperature
rise in degrees C

100
I 19? IUDI I

Type of flue - conventional or room-sealed

Terminal position and type
Terminal guard
Flue liner and size
New or existing flue

EuaO I

(Oil or LPG installations)

Size of tank and construction
Location
Filling position
Insurance details (LPG)

I
®O@x
Type and location of air vents for combustion air and ventilation.

I I

Make and type

Paint finish - primer or gloss
Location - room and position

i1r j

Make and type

€,li® \A!1@fr I

Type and physical dimensions

Material
Hot water capacity
Reheat period
Insulation
Anode

ii
Type and duty kW
Control
101
I I

Make and type

Location

&GD @UD
Size
Location
Insulation

o% ®fk
Expansion vessel size
Other equipment included
Working pressure
Safety valve discharge location

E uioiiiiix &iiixJ

Make, type and location

Programming facilities
Location of room and cylinder thermostat
Location of sensors

1I0iI
I

Specification of work included

Fused spur requirement and location
Size of fuse
Surface or concealed wiring

ExrO I

Material
Type of fittings
Surface or concealed routing
Commissioning cleansing procedure and inhibitor chemicals to be used

Material
Parts to be insulated
Thickness specification
Type ofjointing
102
I iiii 7tftO oj OuiiE}oö[

Type
Quantity

I
1IO I

Description of work included or excluded and required to be done by others

I I

Disposal of waste and scrap materials.

I I

State how variations will be handled.

I223 iOrroj Eiix? lX?Ic

IQBD
State procedures and whether Benchmark scheme is operated.

I E3uDo1x I

Minimum time for installation to be carried out

Starting time, base on delivery of materials

I I

Membership of professional bodies and trade associations:

APHC
CIBSE
HVCA
IDHE
loP
SNIPEF

Always quote membership number

103
 Registration with fuel bodies
CORGI (mandatory requirement for gas installations)
OFTEC (Competent Persons status for oil installations)

Always quote registration number.

I I
Clearly state the guarantees
Enclose a copy of the terms of relevant guarantee schemes

1I / thXb1 iiiuolj
e Dwo®
State if operating the Benchmark scheme
Offer relevant Extended Warranty if applicable
Offer Service Contract if applicable
Offer relevant Breakdown Insurance if applicable

I I

Health and safety policy statement

COSHH details where applicable

I I

Terms for submission of invoices and payment

104
I
t1E LlE EJThEE

The system should be fuliy operated and shown to work satisfactorily.

The winter and summer operation of the system and the controls should be clearly
explained to the client with particular attention given to demonstrating the operation
of the controls and how they are adjusted.

The client should also be instructed on how to light the boiler and shown the location
of fuel shut-off valves and electrical fuses. Instructions should be given on the correct
procedure for venting the system (with the pump off) and to re-balancing the circuits
in the event of radiators having been removed for decoration etc.

I D®uo I

It must be explained that air supply and fluing equipment must not be interfered with.
Also that limit thermostats, bypass valves, safety valves and any other similar controls
must not be tampered with.

For all except the simplest control system, a written explanation of the operation
should be given to the client. This may be best in the form of a diagrammatic layout
similar to those in Section 18.

A full set of manufacturer's installation and operating instructions for all the
equipment and a schedule of the equipment should be left on site for future reference.

I 2d1 I

Manufacturer's registration cards should be completed on behalf of the client and re-
turned without delay.

Guarantees applying to the system and its component parts should be explained so
that the customer is aware of the comprehensive guarantees which will be in force for
the next twelve months covering workmanship, materials and performance, providing
the conditions of the Guarantee are met

Any extended warranties to be offered should also be explained.

105
 l(enthma4)
The 'Benchmark' scheme has been introduced to raise the standard of the installation,
commissioning and servicing of central heating systems in the UK. Most new boilers should
be supplied with a Benchmark logbook for the installer to complete and leave with the
householder. The installer is required to sign the logbook to confirm that the boiler has been
installed and commissioned following manufacturers instructions and also to complete a
record of servicing. Householders should be encouraged to keep the logbook safely and to
ensure that it is kept up to date when the boiler is serviced. The 'Benchmark' logbook should
be passed on to the new owners if the property changes hands

The Competent Persons scheme, which forms part of the Building Regulations in England
and Wales, covers gas, oil and solid fuel appliance, heating system and fuel storage
installation and commissioning work in new and existing houses. The scheme permits this
work to be undertaken by persons classed as being competent, without the need to involve
the Local Authority Building Control Department. The work must be covered by approved
documentation. The documentation approved consists of the 'Benchmark' logbook, see
above, and OFTEC forms CD/lO for oil firing installation work and CD/Il for oil firing
commissioning work. This documentation should be kept by the householder to form a
logbook record of work undertaken on the heating system which can be passed on to the new
owners if the property changes hands.

I O? B!!nG I

The client should be advised of the importance of entering into a regular service contract
which will include visits by a competent service engineer, registered with CORGI or OFTEC
as appropriate, to clean and maintain the boiler and check the operation of the controls.

Any heating appliance or heating system breakdown insurance which is available should then
be explained.

The terms of the boiler manufacturer's warranty may require that system water checks are
carried out.

I I

At least two air vent keys, two fuses and any operating tools and spares that were supplied
with the installed equipment should be handed to the client

106
 ULLEE

I—
The Schedule of Installed Equipment should list all items of equipment, together with the
operational settings of the controls.

Relevant information defining guarantee dates, extended insurance and service contracts,
together with contact telephone numbers should also be given.

I I

If it has previously been agreed with the client, record drawings should be completed and
accompany the schedule.

Finally, the contact telephone number and the installer's name and address label should be
fixed in a suitable position for easy reference, inside the boiler casing or at some other agreed
location.

107
SCHEDULE OF INSTALLED EQUIPMENT

Client Address Job No. Page 1 of 2

ITEM MANUFACTURER TYPE or MODEL REF SIZE DUTY WHERE FITTED SETTING

8oiler 11 7f 11. 7kW Kitchev' Stat. 6

Pw'np AZ,'50 Avi*i'ci..tpbo'd' Spee4'2

Proq,snvtey CP850 chen,

22,'n -
3 wcw vcth,e' poitIoiii Avsi'atpbocwdi
CyUrde.r,tt 32241/4 CyLvtder 6OC
7omi}tctt 32261/1 Hcgl, 18C
1 2Oltr -
CyU.'tSev vwe..,'tted' A t-L.si.' a.tpboa.rd'
Ivfl41'wA'to1't/ 60 C
1(3 with' ctott 3kW CyU.rtder
heater
3W- KI.tcheqi, -
Preure' vee1 3 ltr
2A 17 15 vnsni 1(itche' 3 &w
Sc.fety v&.>vei

Mcke'- up bottLe' 31313 A rI.s''cupbotd' FULL

see pare 109for reverse side

 RADIATORS AND OTHER EMITTERS
ROOM MAKE SIZE TRV ROOM MAKE SIZE TRV
Lotu't.e' S60Oy,15O0 Y 13edroo-mi2 S500x.'750 '(
KtCVcUviL.VtØ' D600g'950 V
1-(cU, D600x'650 t)

&throoii'ii S6OOo65O V
l3ed*-oo-pn,1 S50O'11OO V
The systemhas been left fully operational and Other
working YES NO instructions
The system has been drained down and we
await your further instructions. The system YES NO
fuse has been removed

A servicing contract for cleaning the boiler

and maintaining the system HAS/HAS NOT been taken out as
detailed below. Where a Service Contract has not been taken out an Application formis attached

SERVICE CONTRACT
Annual_BoilerService YES NO
OFFICE
fl©
MOBILE

Annual full system check YES NO

NAME
OUR 12 MONTH GUARANTEE EXPIRES ON 21.11.01
21.11.05 COMPANY
THE EXTENDED INSURANCE EXPIRES ON
21.11.01 ADDRESS
FIRST SERVICE IS DUE ON
Insurance cover is conditional on the boiler and system being properly
serviced in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. Postcode____________

Reverse sideofschedule
 BUILDING REGULATIONSRELEVANT IN EACH COUNTRY

Subjects covered England and Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Republicof Ireland
Thermal insulation of Part L - The conservation Part J - The conservation Part F - The conservation Part L - The
building fabric, hot water of fuel and power of fuel and power of fuel and power conservation of fuel and ftj
storage and pipework, energy
control of heating systems
Provision of adequate PartF - Ventilation Part K - Ventilation Part K - Ventilation Part F - Ventilation
ventilation for building
occupants and control of
condensation
Heatproducing PartJ - Heat producing Part F - Heat producing Part L - 1-leat producing Part J - Heat producing
appliances;fuel storage appliances appliances and storage of appliances and liquefied appliances
liquid and gaseous fuels petroleum gas
installations
Unvented hot water Part G - Hygiene PartP - Miscellaneous Part P - Sanitary PartG - 1-lygiene
storage hazards appliances and hot water (unvcnted HW storage ftU
storage systems effectively prohibited, as
only the cold water supply
to the kitchen sink may be
connected directly to the
mains watersupply) c1
BuildingLegislation
In England and Wales, Building Regulations 2000 Part LI (Conservation of fuel and power in dwellings), which came into effect in April 2002 and in
minimum standards
Scotland, Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations Part J (Conservation of fuel and power) which came into effect in March 2002, place
of performance ofenergy efficiency on heating systems which designers must achieve. In England and Wales this now applies to replacement heating systems
—
in existing housing as well as to new ones Guidance on this is given in The Domestic Heatingand Hot WaterGuide to the Building Regulations 2001 Part
Ll, published by the Energy Efficiency Partnership for Homes.
Gas Safety Legislation ft=
All gas appliances and other gas fittingsmust be installed in accordance with the Gas Safely (Installation and Use) Regulations, which apply in
or
England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In particular it is required that all businesses, whetheremployers self-employed persons,
who undertake work on fittings supplied by Natural Gas be registered with a body approved by the Healthand Safety Executive (HSE). The
Council for registered Gas Installers (CORGI) was approved by the HSE for the purpose. In the Republic of Ireland, gas heating installations are covered by
Irish Standard IS 813:1996 Domestic gas installations.
Water Legislation
Similar
Equipment connected directly to public watersupplies in England and Wales must comply with the WaterSupply (Water Fillings)Regulations(1999).
regulations apply in Northern Ireland, and in Scotland, through Water By-laws.
Boiler Efficiency Legislation
Boiler efficiency is controlled by The Boiler(Efficiency) Regulations 1993 and The Boiler (Efficiency) (Amendment)Regulations 1994. The European c
new hot-water boilersfired with liquidor gaseousJuels
Legislation is council Directive92/42/EEC of2I May 1992 on efficiency requirements for
 3 E©
]U[
=

I I

A switch operated by a clock to control either space heating or hot water, but not both. The
user chooses one or more "on" periods, usually in a daily or weekly cycle.

Two switches operated by a clock to control both space heating and hot water. The user
chooses one or more "on" periods, usually in a daily or weekly cycle. A mini-programmer
allows space heating and hot water to be on together, or hot water alone. A standard
programmer uses the same time settings for space heating and hot water. A full
programmer allows the time settings for space heating and hot water to be fully
independent.

I DThU I

A sensing device to measure the air temperature within the building and switch on and off the
space heating. A single target temperature may be set by the user.

A feature of a room thermostat that allows a lower temperature to be maintained outside the
period during which the normal room temperature is required.

_o- xUo
A combined time switch and room thermostat which allows the user to set different periods
with different target temperatures for space heating, usually in a daily or weekly cycle.

I®o I

A device, or feature within a device, to delay the chosen starting time for space heating
according to the temperature measured inside or outside the building.

111
I 3?1 @1OflUUU I1t I

A device, or feature within a device, to adjust the starting time for space heating according to
the temperature measured inside or outside the building, aiming to heat the building to the
required temperature by a chosen time.

A device, or feature within a device, to adjust the stop time for space heating according to the
temperature measured inside (and possibly outside) the building, aiming to prevent the
required temperature of the building being maintained beyond a chosen time.

I I
A sensing device to measure the temperature of the hot water cylinder and switch on and off
the water heating. A single target temperature may be set by the user.

131I® oiio@iO©
UO
A combined time switch and cylinder thermostat which allows the user to set different
periods with different target temperature for stored hot water, usually in a daily or weekly
cycle.

A device or feature within a device, which adjusts the temperature of water circulating
through the heating system according to the temperature measured outside the building.

I I

A device, or feature within a device, which adjusts the temperature of the water circulating
through the heating system according to the temperature measured inside the building.

I I

No agreed definition, but typically a device intended to improve boiler control using a
selection of features such as weather compensation, load compensation, optimum start
control, night setback, frost protection, anti-cycling control and hot water over-ride.

112
 A device to introduce a time delay between boiler firing. Any energy saving is due to a
reduction in performance of the heating system. The device does not provide boiler interlock.

13 1JIY¼1 I

A thermostat within the boiler casing to limit the temperature of water passing through the
boiler by switching off the boiler. The target temperature may either be fixed or set by the
user.

An electrically controlled device to ignite the boiler at the start of each firing, avoiding use of
a permanent pilot flame.

®W XOO2

A device, or feature within a device, to vary the fuel burning rate of a boiler according to
measured water temperature. It is often fitted within the boiler casing. The boiler under
control must have modulating capability.

A device, or feature within a device, to vary the fuel burning rate of a boiler according to
measured room temperature. The boiler under control must have modulating capability and a
suitable interface for connection.

E3i tomj
A timing device to run the heating system pump for a short period after the boiler stops firing
to discharge very hot water from the boiler heat exchanger.

I I

A device to reduce pump power when not needed, determined by hydraulic or temperature
conditions or firing status of the boiler.

113
I

A valve to control water flow, operated electrically. A 2-port motorised valve controls water
flow to a single destination. A 3-port motorised valve controls water flow to two
destinations (usually for space heating and hot water), and may be either a diverter valve
(only one outlet open at a time) or a mid-position valve (either one or both outlets open at a
time). The valve movement may also open or close switches, which are used to control the
boiler and pump.

I 3A I

A valve to control water flow, operated by the water pressure across it. It is commonly used
to maintain a minimum flow rate through a boiler and to limit circulation pressure when
alternative water paths are closed (particularly in systems with thermostatic radiator valves).

A radiator valve with an air temperature sensor, used to control the heat output from the
radiator by adjusting water flow.

I I12 I

A device to detect low air temperature and switch on heating to avoid frost damage, arranged
to over-ride other controls.

I0u I

A switch governed by a sensor measuring pipe temperature, normally used in conjunction

with other controls such as a frost thermostat.

I DO Ox I

This is not a physical device but an arrangement of the system controls so as to ensure that
the boiler does not fire when there is no demand for heat. In a system with a combi' boiler it
can be achieved by fitting a room thermostat. In a system with a regular boiler it can be
achieved by correct wiring interconnections between the room thermostat, cylinder
thermostat and motorised valve(s). It may also be achieved by a suitable boiler energy
manager.

A control scheme in which it is possible to select different temperatures in two (or more)
different zones.

114
 I3 r®ot mJ Thiü @o
A control scheme in which it is possible to select different temperatures at different times in
two (or more) different zones.

'OU
A characteristic of a device (of various types) which learns from experience by monitoring,
and modifies its subsequent behaviour accordingly.

115
 LEE
ELZ1U©
UU©
rii1©E
1T©

I
1U3 I

BS 799:1987 Oil burning equipment

Part 5 Specification for oil storage tanks
BS 1556:1984 Copper indirect cylinders for domestic premises
BS 2869:1998 Specification for fuel oil for agricultural, domestic and industrial engines and boilers
BS 3198:1981 Specification for copper hot water storage combination units for domestic premises
BS 4814:1990 Specification for expansion vessels using an internal diaphragm, for sealed hot water
heating systems
BS 5250:1989 Code of practice: control of condensation in buildings
BS 5410 Code of practice for oil firing
Part 1:1997 Installations up to 45kW output capacity for space heating and hot water
supply purposes
BS 5422:1990 Methods for specifying thermal insulation materials on pipes, ductwork and equipment in
the temperature range of -40°C to +700°C
BS 5440 Installation and maintenance of flues and ventilation for gas appliances of rated input not
exceeding 70kW nett (1st and 2nd family gases)
Part! :1990 Specification for installation of flues
Part 2:2000 Specification for installation and maintenance of ventilation
BS 5449:1990 Specification for forced circulation hot water central heating systems for domestic
premises
BS 5970:1992 Code of practice for thermal insulation of pipework and equipment
BS 6351:1983 Electric surface heating. Specification for electric surface heating devices
BS 6700:1997 Specification for design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water
for domestic use within buildings and their curtilages
BS 6798:2000 Specification for installation of gas-fired boilers of rated output not exceeding 70kW nett
BS 7074 Application, selection and installation of expansion vessels and ancillary equipment for
sealed water systems
Part 1:1989 Code of practice for domestic heating and hot water supply
BSEN 1264:1998 Floor Heating Systems and Components
BS ISO EN 13370 Thermal performance of buildings. Heat transfer via the ground. Calculation methods

I I

@df
Guide A - Environmental Design

Essential Gas Safety

116
 Good Practice Guide 143: Upgrading controls in domestic wet central heating systems - a guide for
installers
Good Practice Guide 284: Domestic central heating and hot water: systems with gas and oil fired
boilers - guidance for installers and specifier
Good Practice Guide 302: Controls for domestic heating and hot water systems
General Information Leaflet 83: Domestic boiler anti-cycling controls
Other publications: Whole house boiler sizing method
How to choose an efficient boiler - CHESS

I@ I

TR5 Welding of Carbon Steel Pipework

TR6 Guide to Good Practice — Site Pressure Testing of Pipework
TRI I Guide to the use of plastic pipework
TR2O Installation and Testing of Pipework Systems

I@® I

Plumbing Engineering Services Guide

I@?1 I
OFS 1100 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Polyethylene oil storage tanks for distillate fuels (Edition 2 2002)
OFS T200 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Steel oil storage tanks and tank bunds for use with distillate fuels,
lubrication oils and waste oils (Edition 3 2002)
OFS ElOl Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Remote acting fire safety valves for use with oil supply systems
(1998)
OFS E103 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Gauges for use with oil supply tanks (2000)
OFS E104 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Filters and water separators for use with oil supply systems (2001)
OFS E105 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Overfill alarms and overfill prevention devices for use with oil
supply tanks (2001)
OFS El 06 Oil Fired Equipment Standard - Flues for use with oil fired boilers with outputs not above 50kW
(2001)
Technical Information Book Three: Installation requirements for oil fired equipment (Edition 9 April 2002)
Technical Information Book Four: System design and operating principles (Edition 42002)
Technical Information Note IL/I 12: Oil fired appliances and extract fans (Issue 0.4 April,2002)
Technical Information Note 11/120: Oil storage inspection and maintenance (Issue 2 2002)
Technical Information Note TI/129: Advice on flues for modem open flued oil fired boilers (Issue 0.2 2001)
Technical Information Note TI/I 31: Siting of Class 1 type oil tanks for single family dwellings (Issue 4
Jun. 2001)
Technical Information Note TI/132: Air supply requirements (Issue 0.3 August 2001)
Technical Information Note TI/I 33: Assessment of the risk of environmental damage being caused by
spillage from domestic oil storage tanks (Issue 0.9 2002)
Technical Information Note TI/134: Installing oil supply pipes underground (Issue 0.2 July 2001)
Technical Information Note TI/135: Positioning of flue terminations (Issue 0.2 Oct. 2001)
Technical Information Note Tl/136: Fire protection of oil storage tanks (Issue 0.3 Mar.2002)
Technical Information Note 11/138: Positioning of fire valves (2001)
Technical Information Note 11/139: Installation of top outlet fuel oil storage tanks and suction oil supply pipe
sizing (May 2002)

117
 ®x1 E0 EU©E
I

I iri I

Conversion squares enable you to convert in either direction between Imperial and S.1. units and to other units
I

within the same system. Select initial unit and then move round the square, multiplying by the factor if the
arrow points in your direction of travel, or by dividing if it points towards you.

645.16

—fE1
144 AREA 1000000 1728 VOLUME 1000
12 LENGTH 1000

3.281 10.764
—[IEI] EIEI1— 35.315
—EIEI1
6.229 1000
5280 1000

1.609 3.281
J__4546H
60 VELOCITY 3.6

28.35
— mm
54.681
IIII[— 2.205

EIjIl—. MASS

1000

2.205
mm
2.119 ri 1.8

EIII1ii__ FLOW 1it...j TEMPERATURE

112 1000 6.229 60
WEIGHT RATE INTERVAL

19.684
mm
— 4.546 IK
EIIIIi__.
20 601.4 16.667

(°F-32)I1 .8
1.016
E1 (°Cx I .8)+32

TEMPERATURE VALUE

118
 6.02

DENSITY
IEEEf_-035 ........fJ
VOLUME HEAT RATE

-1J 8.176
IEi1—
2.713

PRESSURE
2.31 249 9807
DROP PER 3.155
UNIT LENGTH

1200 3600

HEAT
3.281 PRESSURE 100,000 1000 FLOW 1000

4.448 3600
—'EIII1

1000 2.205 FORCE

100000

9.807 kW

2545.4 POWER 1000

6.94 -LJ 3.412 W

k-VALUE

—100,000. 1055

5.678 .._JmmfE
3412 HEAT
U-VALUE

EXAMPLE: FLOW RATE

29.314:
EXAMPLE: VOLUME
Convert lOft3 to Itrs
Convert I2gaI/min to hr/s I Ox 6.229x4.546 = 283
12/6.229/2.119 = 0.909 IO/35.3I510O0 =283
12x4.546/60 = 0.909

119
 Eru1 E tUEL

1i© rui
tUZ3E1=E

DUJ
Esca House Publications Department
34 Palace Court Old Mansion House
Bayswater Eamont Bridge
London Penrith
W2 4JG Cumbria CA1O 2BX

02073134900 01768860400
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Ok1Ouij
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X@X1D D1UJ
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Unit 14
Ensign I-louse
Ensign Business Centre
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Coventry
West Midlands
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1
36 Holly Walk
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0845 600 2200
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120
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Chineham Business Park
Crockford Lane
Basingstoke
Hants
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01256372200
Fax: 01256708144
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xoO uojOffix
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Berinsfield
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01865343096
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121
 OOin i1

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Edinburgh
EH3 7LB

0131 225 2255

Fax: 01312267638
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122
 x1 E EEE
1T1E
E1 ThU E©©
The following pages contain blank versions of the worksheets used in this book.

123
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET ONE — HEAT LOSSES

ROOM Page
Room volume Amount of
No. of air Enter measurements air to be
changes Heat loss/°C
heated Enter
per hour Calculate
Length Width Height per hour factor
W/K
Calculate
ach m m m 3
m/hour
VENTILATION x 0.33 =
HEAT LOSS
Area U-value
FABRIC HEAT LOSS m2 W/m2K

FLOOR

WALL
GLAZING
(U = Glazing U - Wall U)
DOOR
(U = Door U - Wall U)

ROOF
ROOF GLAZING
(U = Glazing U - Wall U)
OTHER I
PARTY WALL
(U = /2 of tabulated value)

DESIGN ROOM TOTAL HEAT LOSS/°C (W/K)

TEMPERATURE (sum of above)

- OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE
= TEMPERATURE
—* x TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE °C
DIFFERENCE ——
= DESIGN_HEAT LOSS_(W)
EXPOSED % to design heat loss (see 8.5)
If yes, add
LOCATION?
HIGH If yes, add % to design heat loss (see 8.6)
CEILING?

INTERMITTENT HEATING Add % to design heat loss (see 8.8)

Total room heat loss W

(enter on_Worksheet 3)

124
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET TWO - EMISSION FACTORS
Boiler flow temperature (TF)
System temperature drop (AT)
Mean water temperature (MWT = TF — (ATI2))
Design room temperature (TR)
Temperature difference (TD = MWT — TR)
fi (from table 10.1)
f2 (from table 10.2)

f3 (from table 10.3)

f4 (from table 10.4)

f= fi x f2 x f3 x f4 (Enter on Worksheet Three)

125
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
-
WORKSHEET THREE RADIATOR SELECTION
Heat Pipework Nett heat Emission Radiator Radiator Catalogue Actual
Design
Room losses emissions output factor f listed selection listed
temp
(from (from required (from output (from catalogue) output output
Work- Work- from Worksheet required (catalogue
sheet sheet radiator Two) (neff heat output
One) Four) (heat losses output multiplied
minus divided by by
pipework emission
emissions) factor) factor)
ec w w w w w w w

Totals W
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET FOUR — EXPOSED PIPEWORK EMISSIONS

Room Temp. Pipe Emission Total pipe

duff, emission
(water Size Length Location Output (PE)
to air) (L) factor (f5)
°C mm m W/m W

DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE

WORKSHEET FIVE — BOILER SIZING

Boiler size calculation Watts

Total heat loss from rooms
Distribution losses (add 10% if required)
Hot water allowance (from Table 12.1)
Total heat load to be met by boiler

127
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET SIX — FLOW RATE AND PIPE SIZE

Room Radiator Emiss- Combined 10% Total Flow Initially

output ions output heat heat loss rate selected
required from from loss pipe
(from exposed radiators from diameter
work- pipe and mains
sheet exposed
three) pipe
W W W W W kg/s mm

Revisions

128
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET SEVEN — PRESSURE LOSS

Pipe Flow rate Selected Length of Pressure Total Comments

section pipe flow and loss in pressure loss
diameter return metres metres head
pipes per metre
in metres run
kg/s mm rn rn/rn rn

Index circuit
Sub. total
Flow rate Allowance for fittings
sub. total 50% of sub. total
Add bypass Other allowances
(if fitted)
Total
flow rate kg/s Total pressure loss Metres head

129
DOMESTIC HEATING DESIGN GUIDE
WORKSHEET EIGHT — WATER CONTENT OF SYSTEM
Component Water
content
litres
Boiler Manufacturer and type Output Water content
kW (from manufacturer's literature)
Enter in end column
Cylinder Manufacturer and type Size Water content of coil
litres (from manufacturer's literature)
Enter in end column

Pipework Diameter Length Water content per metre

mm m litres
8 0.036
10 0.055
15 0.145
22 0.320
28 0.539
35 0.835
42 1.232
Heat emitters Location Type Height No. of Water content per section or
(SP,DP sections length (from manufacturer's
DPC, or length literature)
etc.) mm litres

Total system water content

EXPANSION VESSEL SELECTION
Static pressure of Total system Safety valve Vessel selected
water above expansion water content setting (from manufacturer's catalogue)
vessel (cold)
Vessel charge and initial Vessel volume
system fill pressure
bar litres bar bar litres

130
SCHEDULE OF INSTALLEDEQUIPMENT

Client Address Job No. Page 1 of 2

ITEM MANUFACTURER TYPE or MODEL REF SIZE DUTY WHERE FITTED SETTING
RADIATORS AND OTHER EMITTERS
ROOM MAKE SIZE TRV ROOM MAKE SIZE TRV

The system has been left fully operational and Other

YES NO instructions
working
The system has been drained down and we
await your further instructions. The system YES NO
fuse has been removed
boiler and maintaining the system HAS/HAS NOT been taken out as
A servicing contract for cleaning the
detailed below Where a Service Contract has not been taken out an Application formis attached.

SERVICE CONTRACT OFFICE MOBILE

YES NO
Annual_BoilerService
Annual full system check YES NO
NAME
OUR 12 MONTH GUARANTEE EXPIRES ON
COMPANY
THE EXTENDED INSURANCE EXPIRES ON
ADDRESS
FIRST SERVICE IS DUE ON
Insurance cover is conditional on the boiler and system being properly ______________________________ Postcode____________
serviced in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Reverse side of schedule