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Definition of Components of SQL

The document defines the main components of SQL: DML, DDL, DCL, and TCL. DML deals with data manipulation statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. DDL deals with database schemas and structure using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. DCL controls database privileges with GRANT and REVOKE. Finally, TCL controls transactions with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. Basic SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, INSERT, and SELECT are also explained at a high level.

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59 views4 pages

Definition of Components of SQL

The document defines the main components of SQL: DML, DDL, DCL, and TCL. DML deals with data manipulation statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. DDL deals with database schemas and structure using statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. DCL controls database privileges with GRANT and REVOKE. Finally, TCL controls transactions with COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT. Basic SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, INSERT, and SELECT are also explained at a high level.

Uploaded by

vaishali sulkhlan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEFINITION OF COMPONENTS OF SQL

DML
DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals
with data manipulation, and includes most common SQL
statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc, and it is
used to store, modify, retrieve, delete and update data in database.

 SELECT – retrieve data from the a database

 INSERT – insert data into a table

 UPDATE – updates existing data within a table

 DELETE – Delete all records from a database table

 MERGE – UPSERT operation (insert or update)

 CALL – call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram

 EXPLAIN PLAN – interpretation of the data access path

 LOCK TABLE – concurrency Control

DDL
DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with
database schemas and descriptions, of how the data should reside
in the database.
 CREATE – to create database and its objects like (table,
index, views, store procedure, function and triggers)

 ALTER – alters the structure of the existing database

 DROP – delete objects from the database

 TRUNCATE – remove all records from a table, including


all spaces allocated for the records are removed

 COMMENT – add comments to the data dictionary

 RENAME – rename an object

DCL
DCL is short name of Data Control Language which includes
commands such as GRANT, and mostly concerned with rights,
permissions and other controls of the database system.

 GRANT – allow users access privileges to database

 REVOKE – withdraw users access privileges given by


using the GRANT command

TCL
TCL is short name of Transaction Control Language which deals
with transaction within a database.

 COMMIT – commits a Transaction

 ROLLBACK – rollback a transaction in case of any error


occurs

 SAVEPOINT – to rollback the transaction making points


within groups
 SET TRANSACTION – specify characteristics for the
transaction

BASIC COMMADS

1. CREATE COMMAND

The create table command defines each coulmn of the table uniquely . 
each column has a minimum og three attributes , a name, datatype and 
size . each table column definition is a single clause in the create table 
syntax.

synatx:

create table < table name >

(<column name 1> <datatype>(<size>), <column name 2> 
<datatype>(<size>));

example:

CREATE TABLE "DBA_BANKYS".BRANCH_MSTR"

( "BRANCH_NO" VARCHAR2(10), "NAME" VARCHAR2(25));

2. INSERT INTO

once a table is created , the most natural thing to do is load this table 
with data to be manipulate later

SYNTAX:

INSERT INTO <tablename>(<coulmnname1>,<columnname 2>)
VALUES (<expression 1>), <expression 2>);

examples:

INSERT INTO BRANCH_MSNT( BRANCH_NO, 
NAME),VALUES('B1','Vile parle(HO)');

VIEWING DATA IN THE TABLES


Once data has been inserted into a table , the next most logical 
operation would be to view what has been inserted . the SELECT sql 
verb is used to achieve this .the select command is used to retrieve rows
selected from one or more tables.

syntax:

select <column name 1> TO <coulmn name N> FROM tablename ;

to select all data 

SELECT * FROM <table name>;

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