CHAPTER – VI

TWO-PORT NETWORK

 A pair of terminals through which a current may enter or leave a Network is known as Port.
 A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate ports for Input and Output.
Two – Port Network :

Limitations:
1) No independent sources are inside the circuit between the ports.
2) No initial conditions are inside the circuit between the ports.
Classification of Parameters
1. Impedance (or) Z-parameters (Open circuit parameters)
2. Admittance (or) Y-parameters (Short circuit parameters)
3. h-parameters (Hybrid parameters)
4. g-parameters (Inverse-hybrid parameters)
5. ABCD-parameters (Transmission line parameters)
6. Inverse ABCD-parameters(Inverse Transmission line parameters)
Impedance - Parameters (or) Open Circuit Parameters

V1  Z11I1  Z12 I 2 ( KVL)

V2  Z 21I1  Z22 I 2 ( KVL)
V1 and V2  Dependent varaiables
I1 and I 2  Independent varaiables
Equivalent Circuit
Z11  Input driving point impedance with output port open circuited

V1
Z11  I 2 0
I1

Z 21  Transfer impedance with output port open circuited

V2
Z 21  I 2 0
I1
Z12  Transfer impedance with input port open circuited
V1
Z12  I1 0
I2
Z22  Output driving point impedance with input port open circuited
V2
Z 22  I1 0
I2

Admittance - Parameters (or) Short Circuit Parameters

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 (KCL)

I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 (KCL)
I1 and I 2  Dependent varaiables
V1 and V2  Independent varaiables
Equivalent circuit :
Y11  Input driving point admittance with output port short circuited
I1
Y11  V2 0
V1
Y21  Forward transfer admittance with output port short circuited
I2
Y21  V2 0
V1

Y12  Reverse transfer admittance with input port short circuited

I1
Y12  V1 0
V2
Y22  Output driving point admittance with input port short circuited
I2
Y22  V1 0
V2

Note : For ideal transformer it is not possible to find impedance and admittance value since self and mutual
inductance of ideal transformer are infinite.
Hybrid-Parameters

V1  h11I1  h12V2 ( KVL)

I 2  h21I1  h22V2 ( KCL)

h11 = Input impedance with output port short circuited

V1
h11  V2 0
I1
h21 = Forward current gain with output port short circuited

I2
h21  V2 0
I1
h12 = Reverse voltage gain with input port open circuited

V1
h12  I1 0
V2
h22 = Output admittance with input port open circuited
 I2
h22  I1 0
V2
NOTE: The parameters are dimensionally mixed for this reason it is termed as hybrid parameters.
Equivalent circuit :

g-Parameters (or) Inverse h-Parameters

I1  g11V1  g12 I 2 ( KCL)

V2  g21V1  g22 I 2 ( KVL)

g11 = Input admttance with output port open circuited

I1
g11  I 2 0
V1

g21 = Forward voltage gain with output port open circuited

V2
g 21  I 2 0
V1

g12 = Reverse current gain with input port short circuited

I1
g12  V1 0
I2
g22 = Output impedance with input port short circuited
 V2
g 22  V1 0
I2
Equivalent circuit :

ABCD Parameters (or) Transmission Parameters

V1  AV2  BI 2 ....(1)
I1  CV2  DI 2 ....(2)

Sending End + Network + Receiving End

V1 V2
- -
A = Reverse voltage gain with receiving end open circuited

V1
A I 2 0
V2

C = Transfer admittance with receiving end open circuited

I1
C I 2 0
V2

B = Transfer impedance with receiving end short circuited

 V1
B V2 0
I2
D = Reverse current gain with receiving end short circuited

 I1
D V2 0
I2

Equivalent circuit is not possible for transmission parameters.

Reason: By using eq. (1) and (2) it is not possible to develop the equivalent circuit since
both equations at the same port.

Inverse ABCD - Parameters (or) Inverse Transmission Parameters

V2  aV1  bI1 ....(1)

I 2  cV1  dI1 ....(2)

a = Forward voltage gain with sending end open circuited

V2
a I1 0
V1
c = Transfer admittance with sending end open circuited

I2
c I1 0
V1
b = Transfer impedance with sending end short circuited

V2
b V1 0
I1
d = Forward current gain with sending end short circuited
 I2
d V1 0
I1

Equivalent circuit is not possible for inverse ABCD Parameters

Conclusions :

SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCAL

Z11  Z 22 Z12  Z 21

Y11  Y22 Y12  Y21

h11h22  h12h21  1 h12  h21

A D AD  BC  1

 A symmetrical network is a network which is divided into two equal parts, with each part as mirror
image of the other part, otherwise is asymmetrical network.
Bartlett’s Bi-Section Theorem :

Eg : Filters
This theorem is only valid for symmetrical N/Ws
Z ocH  Z scH Z ocH  Z scH
Z11  Z 22  , Z12  Z 21 
2 2
 8 2
Z11  Z12   5
2

82
Z12  Z 21   3
2
Alternate (verification)
Z11  Za  Zb  2  3  5
Z22  Zb  Zc  2  3  5
Z12  Z21  Zb  3
Asymmetrical T-Network :

Z11 = Za + Zb Z a  Z11  Z12

Z12 = Z21 = Zb Z c  Z 22  Z12
Z22 = Zb + Zc Zb  Z12  Z 21
Asymmetrical   N / W :

Ya  Y11  Y12
Y11 = Ya + Yb
Yc  Y22  Y12
Y12 = Y21 = -Yb
Yb  Y12  Y21
Y22 = Yb + Yc

Symmetrical lattice – N/W:

→ I1 ← I2
Zb  Z a
+ + Z11  Z 22 
2
Zb  Z a
Z12  Z 21 
V1 V2 2

Zb  Z11  Z12
─ ─
Z a  Z11  Z12

→ I1 ← I2
Yb  Ya
Y11  Y22 
+ + 2
V1 V2 Y Y
Y12  Y21  b a
2
─ ─
Yb  Y11  Y12
Ya  Y11  Y12

Interconnection of two port networks:-

 1) Series – Series connection
2) Parallel – Parallel connection
3) Cascade or Tandem connection
4) Series – Parallel connection
5) Parallel – Series connection

1) Series – Series connection

V1  V1'  V1'' V2  V2'  V2''

I1  I1'  I1'' I 2  I 2'  I 2''

 Z11 Z12   Z11' Z12'   Z11'' Z12'' 

Z  ' ' 
  '' '' 
 21 Z 22  Z 21 Z 22  Z 21 Z 22 

2. Parallel – Parallel connection

V1  V1'  V1'' V2  V2'  V2''

I1  I1'  I1'' I 2  I 2'  I 2''
 Y11 Y12  Y11 Y12  Y11 Y12 
' ' '' ''
Y  '  
 21 Y22  Y21 '
Y22  Y21
'' ''
Y22 

3) Cascade or Tandem connection :

V1  V1' V2'  V1''  V2'' V2  V2''

I1  I1' I1''   I 2' I 2  I 2''

A B A B  A B11 
1 1 11
C D     *  
  C1 D1  C11 D11 

4) Series – Parallel connection:

V1  V1'  V1'' V2  V2'  V2''

I1  I1'  I1'' I 2  I 2'  I 2''

 h11 h12   h11 h12   h11 h12 

' ' '' ''
h  '  
 21 h22   h21 '
h22   h21
'' ''
h22 
5) Parallel – Series Connection

V1  V1'  V1'' V2  V2'  V2''

I1  I1'  I1'' I 2  I 2'  I 2''

 g11 g12   g11' g12'   g11'' g12'' 

g  ' ' 
  '' '' 
 21 g 22   g 21 g 22   g 21 g 22 

Transformations :

V1   Z11 Z12   I1 

V    Z   …. (1)
 2   21 Z 22   I 2 

 I1  1  Z22 Z12  V1 

 I   Z Z  Z Z  Z Z11  V2 
….(2)
 2 11 22 12 21  21

 I1  Y11 Y12  V1 

 I   Y   ….(3)
 2   21 Y22  V2 
V1  1  Y22 Y12   I1 
V   Y Y  Y Y  Y   ….(4)
 2  11 22 12 21  21 Y11   I 2 

From eq. (2) and (3),

Z 22  Z12  Z 21 Z11
Y11  , Y12  , Y21  , Y22 
Z Z Z Z

Where, Z   Z11Z 22  Z12 Z 21

From eq. (1) and (4)

Y22 Y12 Y21 Y11

Z11  , Z12  , Z 21  , Z 22 
Y Y Y Y

Where , Y  Y11Y22  Y12Y21

NETWORK FUNCTIONS :

SINGLE PORT
V ( s) 
Z (s) 
I ( s ) 
 Immittance
I ( s) 
Y ( s) 
V ( s ) 

TWO PORT

Network Functions:

The transfer function H(w) (also called the network k – function) is useful analytical tool for
finding the frequency response of a circuit.
The transfer function H(w) of a circuit is the frequency dependent ratio of phasor output y(w) to a
phasor input x(w) with all initial conditions are zero.

Y (S )
Thus, H(S) = Initial conditions are zero.
X (S )

V1 ( S ) V2 ( S )
1. Voltage gain : G12(S) = ; G21(S) =
V2 ( S ) V1 ( S )

I1 ( S ) I 2 (S )
2. Current gain : 12 (S ) = ;  21 (S ) =
I 2 (S ) I1 ( S )

V1 ( S ) V2 ( S )
3. Transfer Impedance : Z12(S) = ; Z21(S) =
I 2 (S ) I1 ( S )

I1 ( S ) I 2 (S )
4. Transfer admittance : Y12(S) = ; Y21(S) =
V2 ( S ) V1 ( S )

Driving Point Impedance:

Ratio of voltage at any part to the current at the same port.

V1 ( S )
Z1(S) =
I1 (S )

Driving Point Admittance:

Ratio of current at any part to the voltage at the same port.

I1 (S )
Y1(S) =
V1 ( S )

V1 ( s ) I1 ( s ) V1 ( s )
Z11 ( s)  Y11 ( s )  Z12 ( s ) 
I1 ( s) V1 ( s ) I 2 ( s)
V ( s) I (s) V ( s)
Z 22 ( s)  2 Y22 ( s )  2 Z 21 ( s)  2
I 2 (s) V2 ( s ) I1 ( s)
Driving point impedance Driving point admittance Transfer impedance
function functin Ratio
Transfer admittance Ratio Transfer voltage Ratio Transfer current Ratio
 I1 ( s ) V1 ( s) I1 ( s )
Y12 ( s )  G12 ( s )  12 ( s) 
V1 ( s ) V2 ( s) I 2 ( s)
I ( s) V ( s) I ( s)
Y21 ( s)  2 G21 ( s )  2  21 ( s)  2
V1 ( s ) V1 ( s) I1 ( s )

 Network parameters is calculated at pre-defined condition (either OC or SC)

V
Eg: Z11  1 etc
I1 I 0
2
 To find nework function no pre defined condition is required.

FILTERS
Filters

Passive Active
(only R,L,C elements) (op-amp with R,C elements)
Filter
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or attenuate
others.

Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits :

ZR = R 

ZL = j  L   = 0  ZL = 0  L  S.C
 =   ZL =   L  O.C

1
ZC =   = 0  ZC =   C  O.C
j C
 =   ZC = 0  C  S.C
The filtering action is due to the memory elements inductor and capacitor as their impedance is a
function of the source frequency (  ). The resistors present in the circuit provide the attenuation
to incoming signals.

Passive Filter :
A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L and C.

Classification of Passive Filter :

1. Low pass filter (LPF)

2. High pass filter (HPF)
 3. Band pass filter (BPF)
4. Band stop filter (BSF) (or) Band rejection filter (or) Band elimination filter
5. All pass filter (APF)
1. Low pass filter (LPF) :
A low pass filter passes low frequencies and stops high frequencies.

First order low pass filter

The transfer function of LPF is

1
V0 ( s ) RC
H ( s)  
Vi ( s ) S  1
RC
1
Cutoff frequency,  c =
RC
Second order Low pass Filter :
R L

1
V ( s) LC
The transfer function of 2nd order low pass filter is H ( s)  0 
Vi ( s) R 1
S2  S 
L LC
2. High pass filter :
A high pass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies.

First order high pass filter :

V0 ( s ) S
The transfer function of high pass filter is H ( s)  
Vi ( s ) 1
S
RC
 1
Cutoff frequency  c =
RC

Second order high pass filter :

V0 ( s ) S2
The transfer function of 2nd order high pass filter H ( s)  
Vi ( s ) R 1
S2  S 
L LC

3. Band pass filter :

A band pass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies
outside the band.
 V ( s) SR
The transfer function of Band pass filter is H ( s)  0  L
Vi ( s ) R 1
S2  S 
L LC

 Series RLC Resonance circuit acts as a Band pass filter.

A LPF & HPF are connected in cascade, if HPF cutoff frequency is less than the LPF cutoff
frequency then it acts as Band pass filter.

1
The center frequency  0 
LC

4. Band stop filter (or) Band Reject filter (or) Band Elimination filter :

A Band stop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and blocks or attenuates frequencies
within the band.

V ( s) S2  1
The transfer function of Band stop filter is H ( s)  0  LC
Vi ( s ) R 1
S2  S
L LC

1
Center frequency  0 
LC
 Parallel RLC resonance circuit acts as a Band stop filter

LPF & HPF are connected in parallel, if HPF cutoff frequency is greater than LPF cutoff frequency
then it acts as Band stop filter

5. All pass filter :

All pass filter passes all ranges of frequencies. The transfer function of all pass filter is
S a
H ( s) 
Sa

Limitations of passive filters :

1. Passive filters cannot generate gain greater than 1, passive elements cannot add energy to
the network.
2. Passive filters may require bulky and expensive inductors.
3. Passive filters perform poorly at frequencies below the audio frequency range (300 Hz < f
< 3000 Hz)