Haas: in Vain Dissertation, Massoud

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
An Analysis of Georg Friedrich Haas’s in vain
A RESEARCH DOCUMENT
SUBMITTED TO THE BIENEN SCHOOL OF MUSIC

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
for the degree
DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS
Program of Composition
by
Michal Raymond Massoud
EVANSTON, IL
(December 2017)
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Abstract
Georg Friedrich Haas composed in vain in reaction to political events in his native Austria. The
piece is well known for making use of clashing tuning systems and darkness in the concert hall. These
two facets of Haas’s writing have been much discussed and written about. The political dimension of in
vain, however, while it is frequently mentioned by commentators, is rarely explored in depth.
In this paper, I discuss the facets that make up in vain, including the piece’s political backbone,
from what I consider to be Haas’s defining aesthetic: plurality and inner contradiction. I aim to provide
as much background as possible to the reader on each of the secondary topics, including coexisting
contradictory interpretations, in order to paint a fuller picture of the piece.
Chapter 1 introduces Haas’s biography, his aesthetics, and in vain in the context of his
compositional career. In Chapter 2, I discuss tuning systems and Haas’s theories of microtonality. I then
explore the two materials that make up in vain in Chapter 3 from the perspective of opposition, before
exploring darkness and the importance it plays in the work as a transitional driving force in Chapter 4.
Lastly, in Chapter 5, I introduce the concept of dialectics as it is used in the piece and show how in
vain’s political content is embedded within its formal design. 

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Acknowledgements
I owe thanks to several people:
To my advisor, Jay Alan Yim, for sharing his encyclopedic knowledge and intellect with me.
I’ve never met anyone with whom I could, in the same conversation, discuss Grisey, European trains,
food, improvisation, economics, music notation, and insects!
To Hans Thomalla, for encouraging me to explore this music in such detail, and for challenging
me to question everything always. I would not be doing what I am doing today without these difficult
lessons.
To Scott Paulin, for sharing his deep understanding of writing and style with me, and for
consistently pushing me towards precision and clarity in my ideas.
To Donna Su, without whom I would not have had the amazing experience I did at
Northwestern. From saving me from bureaucratic nightmares over and over again to lending me your
space heater for our office, your warm and comforting presence is a blessing to all graduate students in
this program.
To my parents for their unwavering support. Not many people leave Lebanon to become music
students. Your decision to go along with my “crazy” ambitions and back me up all these years ago still
baffles me. Thank you for believing in me.
To the Vidulich’s, my second family. Thank you for opening up your home to me and allowing
me to be part of the gang. Living on the other side of the planet from your siblings and parents was
never easy, but it was never easier than since I’ve met you guys.
Finally, to Lena, for absolutely everything.

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Table of Contents
Introduction 7
Chapter 1: Setting the Stage
1. The Composer 9
2. His Aesthetic & Work 15
3. Introducing in vain 26
Chapter 2: Tuning Systems 30
1. In Theory 31
2. In Context 35
Chapter 3: Opposition
1. Material A 42
a. Dimensions, Pitch Content, and Sustain Level 46
b. Rhythm and Sense of Time 51
c. Register/Registral Envelope 54
d. Phrase/Cell Length 56
e. Instrumentation 58
2. Material B 60
a. Harmony 63
b. Silence 66
c. Tempo 68
d. Instrumentation and Paradox 70
e. Surface Activity and Dynamics: Development 72
3. Common Grounds 73
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Chapter 4: Darkness
1. Haas and Darkness 76
2. Theorizing Darkness 79
3. in vain’s Two Darknesses 87
Chapter 5: Dialectics, Form, and the Political Dimension
1. On Dialectics and its Political Ramifications 97
2. Form and the failure of the dialectical process 103
3. in vain’s Political Dimension 114
Bibliography 123
Appendix:
Appendix A: Outer Voices Per Measure in Material A (mm. 1–75) 130
Appendix B: Analysis of the Chords in Material B (p. 84-100) 133
Appendix C: Major Events and Parameters in the First Darkness 137 

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List of Figures
2.1. Categories of microtonality in Haas’s 2003 and 2007 papers on 32

the subject, showing his thought evolution.
3.1. Violin 1, measure 3 47
3.2. Violin 1, measure 5 47
3.3. Accordion, measure 3 48
3.4. Sustained harmonies and orchestration found on pages 51-58 50
3.5. Tuplets found for each instrument active on pages 22 to 25 52
3.6. Piano, accordion, and first violin parts in measure 22 57
3.7. Two types of envelopes initially found in Material B, and the two 72
derived and later introduced.
3.8. The succession of fundamentals in Material B, plotted onto a staff, 75

resembles the melodic lines found in Material A’s surface and deeper
levels, shown in Appendix A.
4.1. Plot of time intervals (in seconds) separating the brief light 94
flashes in the Second Darkness (pages 168-178).
5.1. Plot of the second cello’s note duration progression in 105

measures 230-234.
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Introduction
Georg Friedrich Haas composed in vain in 2000 in reaction to the formation of a coalition
government in Austria that allowed the far-right Freedom Party to come to power. Much has been
written about Haas’s usage of different tuning systems within works like in vain, as well as about his
plunging the concert hall into complete darkness. The piece’s political dimension, on the other hand –
specifically the manner in which Haas’s treatment of the musical material can be interpreted politically
– remains relatively obscure. In this paper, I aim to fill that gap.
I have chosen to break down my analysis of the piece into several discrete components, none of
which dominate in terms of importance. Given the extent to which Haas incorporates contradictions
within his discourse, the chapters that follow often juxtapose differing approaches to individual topics.
The necessity of understanding a given subject from several simultaneous – and contradictory – angles
lies at the core of what I consider to be Haas’s aesthetic. In fact, the only assertion about Haas’s work
that I would make unequivocally is that no aspect of it can be explained from a single, unambiguous
perspective.
Chapter 1 features an examination of Haas’s life: I describe the composer’s hometown, his
childhood, his education, his teaching, his compositional path, as well as what is known of his
psychology, including biographical facts that have recently come to light. I do so in order to supply
sufficient background on the composer and his work such as to enable readers to establish a general
personal context within which to insert in vain and its many concepts and ramifications. However, by
doing so, I am not explicitly stating that such personal information helps explain Haas’s work or his
artistic decisions, and refrain from connecting specific aspects of in vain, for example, with what is
now know about Haas’s sexuality. I would leave a more extensive study of Haas’s music in relation to
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specific personal aspects of his life to others. Chapter 2 discusses tuning systems and the manner in
which Haas makes use of several different schools of thought both in his work as a whole and within
single compositions – including in vain. The chapter also discusses Haas’s theories of microtonality as
he presented them in papers written in the early 2000s. In Chapter 3, titled “Opposition,” I analyze the
two principal materials found in the piece, with special attention to the dualistic nature of their
relationship. Chapter 4 focuses on darkness and features a survey of different ways it has been
theorized in the literature. It is followed by close musical analyses of the two sections of in vain in
which the concert hall’s lights are fully extinguished. Finally, in Chapter 5, I introduce the concept of
dialectics as it applies to in vain, and use it both to articulate the work’s overall form and to unpack its
frequently mentioned but rarely explained political dimension.

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Chapter 1
Setting the Stage
1. The Composer
Georg Friedrich Haas was born to a non-musical Protestant family in Graz, Austria, on August
16, 1953. He grew up a few hundreds of kilometers away, however, in Tschagguns, in the Alpine state
of Vorarlberg, in the Montafon valley. Generally north-south in orientation and surrounded by tall
mountains topped with ski resorts, the valley curves westward at the confluence of the Ill (affluent of
the Rhine) and its tributary, the Litz, splitting the valley into what local people call the sunny and the
shadow sides, with the southern latter receiving around two hours a day of direct sunlight in the winter
months.1 There on the shadowy left bank of the Ill sits the Catholic village of Tschagguns, with its
population of around 2,000 and its power plant, whose transformer emitted “a constant overtone
chord.”2 Haas describes the experience of having been a double minority during his early life in this
village, mostly due to his never having properly learned the Allemanic dialect spoken in this
westernmost part of Austria, a few mountainous kilometers from the Swiss border.3
He describes his childhood as lonely and isolated, as he struggled to communicate with friends
and colleagues, but credits these circumstances as in part responsible for his eager embrace of music at
a young age as a means of introspection and personal exploration. His second sense of minority was
religious, and was followed by an eventual conversion to Catholicism, a “strong religious period,”
1Robert Enright, "The Living Beings of Sound: An Interview with Georg Friedrich Haas,” Border Crossings 33,
no. 4 (2014): 53.
2Robert Hasegawa, “Clashing Harmonic Systems in Haas's Blumenstück and in vain,” Music Theory Spectrum
37 no. 2.1 (2015): 219.
3 Enright, "The Living Beings of Sound,” 48.
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which was relatively short-lived.4 The subsequent loss of his Christian faith left him feeling
incomplete, and ultimately also played an important part in his development as a musician, for Haas
speaks of the human desire for transcendence as an important part of our psychological makeup. “We
have lost socially accepted ways to live this transcendence, because churches don’t have the same
function they had 200 years ago. […] I feel that this empty space is very dangerous,” he said, adding:
“Art is one place where you can fill the space.”5
He qualifies his piano technique today as rudimentary due to a lack of early formal instruction,
his music education having occurred at a later stage than is typical for professional musicians of his
standing.6 His decision, upon reaching university age, to pursue rigorous training as a composer took
him back to his native city of Graz, capital of the federal state of Styria, where he studied composition
with Gösta Neuwirth and Iván Eröd, piano with Doris Wolf, as well as music teaching at the University
of Music and Performing Arts from 1972 to 1979.7 Further composition studies took him to Vienna in
1981 and 1982, where he worked with Friedrich Cerha at the Hochschule für Musik. He also
participated in the Darmstadt summer courses three times, in 1980, 1988, and 1990, before also taking
computer music courses at IRCAM, Paris, in 1991.
Haas’s career as a music teacher began quite early, as he joined the faculty of the Hochschule in
Graz as an instructor in 1978, before becoming an associate professor in counterpoint, contemporary
composition techniques, analysis, and introduction to microtonal music in 1989. In 2003, he was
promoted to professor of Composition at the same university before also joining, in 2005, the
composition faculty at the Hochschule für Musik in Basel, Switzerland. He held this dual professorship
4Vivien Schweitzer, “Varied Pitches to Fill Empty Spaces: Georg Friedrich Haas’s Works Are Rooted in
Microtonality,” New York Times, 20 February 2014.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 “Georg Friedrich Haas,” Brahms IRCAM, 2014.
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until he moved away from Central Europe to New York City on August 16, 2013 (his 60th birthday) to
succeed the retiring Tristan Murail as the MacDowell Professor of Music composition at Columbia
University.8 As with his compositional career, Haas’s teaching activities developed slowly at first, with
him holding steady but relatively discreet roles into his fifties, at which point success and notoriety
quickly proliferated as he was propelled to positions of world-wide influence.
Haas published relatively few pieces until he was in his mid-forties, at which time his opera
Nacht (premiered at the Bregenz festival in Austria) earned him the Ersnt Krenek Prize of the City of
Vienna. Commissions and participation at festivals quickly ensued, which resulted in an increased
activity and fast development of his musical language. Unlike composers whose most prolific years
occur in their late twenties and thirties, most of Haas’s compositional output took place after he
succeeded both in synthesizing his many musical interests into his own language, and in earning
recognition in Europe as a promising composer. “I know the feeling of being a genius and being the
only person who knows it, which is a terrible feeling,” he once said laughing in an interview.9
Aside from the frustration of yearning for recognition, Haas describes his life until his move to
New York as difficult for reasons he was perhaps not explicitly aware of at the time, but which
burdened him and made him deeply unhappy in his relationships (including three failed marriages).10
He frequently went (or “fled”) to a cottage in the woods to compose, and wrote music “as a form of
psychotherapy.”11 Much of how he interacted with the world around him was weighed down by his
own inner conflicts. His relationship with nature, for example, however deeply important to him, was
atypical. Growing up, “he experienced the mountains [around Tschagguns] as a menace; he felt closed
8 “Georg Friedrich Haas,” Universal Edition, 2017.

9 Schweitzer, “Varied Pitches to Fill Empty Spaces.”
10 Zachary Woolfe, “A Composer and His Wife: Creativity Through Kink,” New York Times, 23 February 2016.
11 Ibid.
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in by the narrow valley where the sun rarely penetrated. Nature for him represented a dark force.”12
Haas and his music of this time are frequently described as sombre, his operas often featuring themes
of suffering, illness, and death.13 His 2013 opera Thomas, for example, was criticized as coming
“dangerously close to a kind of palliative care ward tourism.”14 Some have viewed Haas’s relationship
with music and with the world as a whole (including nature) as a reflection of his inner turmoil and
struggle with his sexuality. This all changed around the time when he moved to New York City. In an
interview with a former student in 2016, he declared that
for decades, I tried to suppress and reject my sexual orientation. I thought of it as immoral. Then
I decided to embrace it. I was incredibly lucky to find a partner who is willing to embrace it with
me. This weight – I’ve carried it for decades, now suddenly it’s gone. That has caused a very
fundamental change in me.15
The change he refers to is his entering into a BDSM relationship in which he is the dominant partner
with his now-wife Mollena Williams-Haas.16 Today, he describes being
able to write more than I ever could before. And when I’m writing, I feel more concentrated, at
ease, lighter than I used to. I no longer need composition as a form of psychotherapy. Instead it’s
become a spiritual act; in exploring the world of sound, I venture into places...other people look
for that feeling in religion. I can focus my entire life on music.”17
Furthermore, when asked whether he still goes “somewhere ‘off the grid’ to write,” he swiftly
responded: “At home! For God’s sake. Back then I needed to flee to some cabin in the woods, and now
I can compose at home, with Mollena.”18
12
Bálint András Varga, In Three Questions for Sixty-Five Composers (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester
Press, 2015), 101.
13 Alex Ross, “Darkness Audible: The Spectral Sounds of Georg Friedrich Haas,” The New Yorker, 29 November
2010.
14Shirley Apthorp, “Première of Georg Friedrich Haas, Thomas, Schwetzingen Festival, Germany,” Financial
Times (Europe), 28 May 2013.
15 Jeffrey Arlo Brown, “Decades: An Interview With Georg Friedrich Haas,” 2016.
16 Woolfe, “A Composer and His Wife: Creativity Through Kink.”
17 Brown, “Decades.”
18 Ibid.
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These biographical details, while strongly enriching Haas’s portrait as an individual,
nevertheless provide potential pitfalls for any analysis of his work. In an interview with Robert Enright,
for example, Haas describes his relationship to nature as inherently personal. “I need Nature in the way
other artists might need wine or marijuana or sexual activity, but I would not say that this is important
to understand my music.”19 The pertinence of his recent “coming out,” especially to an analysis of a
work written over a decade prior, can therefore be put into question. I have chosen to mention this
nonetheless and despite the added constraint because I believe it is important to paint a broad portrait of
the artist as a preliminary to the more technical analysis that follows below, in order to provide a
human and psychological context to it. Whether there is a deep connection between Haas’s sexuality as
we know of it today and in vain – or any of his other works – I leave for others to explore. For the
purpose of this paper, I will venture the hypothesis, which could be the subject of a longer inquiry, that
the generally gloomy characteristic of his early works, including its manifestations through his
relationship with religion, his experience of exclusion, and his yearning for acceptance as a composer,
may all be understood by some listeners as a reflection of his repressed sexuality.
An article by Haas, titled “Strange Dissonance,” illustrates the cogency of connecting Haas’s
work, both as a theorist and as a composer, to his sexuality. In this article, Haas analyzes Schubert’s
Erlkönig from a very particular angle. He discusses the original poem at length in order to explain
Schubert’s radical take on it, as well as to read into Schubert’s own psychology and biography through
his setting of the text. He begins by asserting that “there is strong evidence that the poem is describing
the rape of a child – from the perspective of the perpetrator,” backing up this claim with specific
passages from the original German text.20 In Schubert’s setting, Haas points out “the harmonic and

20 Georg Friedrich Haas, “Strange Dissonance,” Van Magazine, 2016.
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melodic parallels between the lines ‘He holds him secure, he holds him warm’ and ‘Erlkönig has done
me harm.’ […] Schubert is telling us who the perpetrator is. The secure, warm touch of the father
becomes the suffering he inflicts on his son. And the strange dissonance set to the word ‘son’ takes on a
new meaning.”21 He provides much more evidence and discussion in the article than there is room for
mentioning here, but it is important to note that Haas goes yet further, stating that “it seems probable
that Schubert used this song to directly process childhood trauma. But it’s obvious that he is, at least
unconsciously, reporting from a harrowing experience.”22 Haas’s keen insight aside, he boldly connects
Schubert’s setting to his private life (not without quoting other writings by the composer), inviting, as it
were, analysts of his own works to do the same. In my case, however, I will restrict my discussion of in
vain in relation to Haas’s sexual orientation to a minimum, given both that it would be over a decade
after its completion that the composer would "come out,” and that I would like to more precisely
explore the political dimension of in vain, frequently mentioned in relation to the work, but rarely
explained.
Today, a few years after the radical changes in his life brought about by his embracing of his
sexual orientation, Haas describes dedicating about 80% of his time to composing – in large part thanks
to the submissive status of his partner in their relationship, “which means that she makes her own
wishes subordinate” to his, with the rest of his time being dedicated to his teaching and his personal
life.23 The successes and concrete achievements of his career hardly seem to temper his urge to produce
and to communicate, whether as a composer or as a dedicated teacher. As will be explored in the next
section, what defines his work aesthetically seems to be reflected in his personality and his approach to
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
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teaching in its openness and pragmatism.24 On the other hand, despite the public way in which Haas
discusses his sexuality – which he mentions being in part due to his wife’s public role as a BDSM
educator, actress, and writer – and the categorization and labelling inherent in being able to assert
oneself as “out as a kinky person,” Haas’s music is singular in that it defies categorization and ideology
to a certain extent.25
2. His Aesthetic & Work
Today, Haas’s name and work evoke several characteristic themes in the world of contemporary
music, from darkness to kink, as well as political music, microtonality, and more. Tracing the evolution
of his language, it is possible to track the emergence of these important strains in his output, and to
appreciate the significance of their adoption by the composer in terms of transforming his style into
what it is today. Speaking about his initial studies with Eröd, Haas states that “for all our apparent
differences (and probably mutual personal disappointments) I learned from Eröd – apart from many
things about the craft of composition – one principle above all else: that the measure of everything is
Man, that is, the possibilities inherent in human perception.”26 This seminal statement can help us
understand Haas’s aesthetic from multiple simultaneous angles.27
24In his assessment of the large amount of applications received by the Columbia University composition
department (122 in 2014, for example), Haas refuses to meet prospective students, “because that would mean
you can buy a place, for those who have the money and who can come to a private lecture. I decided to not give
any composition seminars outside of Columbia to avoid this.” Schweitzer, “Varied Pitches to Fill Empty
Spaces.”
Brown, “Decades.” Playground Sexuality Events, “Playground 2015 with Mollena Lee Williams-Haas and
25
Georg Friederich Haas,” online video clip, 1:20:04, 19 November 2015.

Several of the topics mentioned in this section will be re-examined in subsequent chapters of this paper in
27
more detail.
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First and foremost is his deep attachment to Art – for all its ability to replicate religion’s
transcendental experiences – as an essentially man-made cultural construct. When discussing just
intonation, for example, he defended his usage of it as having little to do “with a notion of ‘Nature’
determined by trivial physics,”28 in other words with a physical, objective truth that “pure intonation”
seeks to express or seek validation through. He rather explains his use of it as a personal choice rooted
in his own taste and imagination. Despite making frequent use of overtone series and spectra in his
music, Haas stands apart from traditional spectralists in his refusal to use computers in order to analyze,
imitate, and generate complex sounds, such as bells. He does describe the overtone series as “one of the
foundations of microtonal harmony,” but rejects ideological explanations and labels for it along the
lines of “natural tone row” (Naturtonreihe), or pure tuning (reine Stimmung). He instead describes the
overtone series as an “artifact […] exactly as artificial as any other musical material.”29 His attraction
to microtonality as a whole ultimately stems from a purely subjective choice. He describes hearing the
composer Ezra Sims in 1986 speak about his choice to compose 12th-tone music, and adopts the
latter’s statement as his own: “I ask myself, what is it that I really hear, and if we really listen to what
we hear – these two or twelve pitches of an octave which we can annotate and play on the piano – and
if I ask myself, what do I want to hear, then these are automatically microtones.”30 In his second “thesis
on microtonality,” Haas goes further in tying human perception to his choice in exploiting
microtonality in his music by stating that “there is a basic human need for beats in music”31 (to which I
will return in Chapter 2), demonstrating once again how Haas places our human perception at the core
of his compositional decision-making process over any other theoretical or ideological precept.
28 Hasegawa, “Clashing Harmonic Systems in Haas's Blumenstück and in vain,” 205.

29Georg Friedrich Haas, “Fünf Thesen zur Mikrotonalität,” in Georg Friedrich Haas: Im Klang denken, by Lisa
Farthofer (Saarbrücken: PFAU-Verlag, 2001), 123. Translation my own.
30 Enright, "The Living Beings of Sound,” 48-49.
31 Haas, “Fünf Thesen zur Mikrotonalität,” 124.
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A second angle from which to interpret Haas’s statement regarding Man as the measure for
everything is his concern with expression and the importance he attributes to the audience’s feelings in
experiencing his works. His aesthetic is guided by the idea that music is able "to articulate a human
being's emotions and states of the soul in such a way that other human beings can embrace these
emotions and states of the soul as their own.”32 In the same conversation with Robert Enright, when the
interviewer describes to Haas finding in vain “bewilderingly intense,” Haas responds: “I am happy if
you feel that intensity because that means I have fulfilled what I wanted to do: I want to touch other
people; I want to embrace them; I want to share the base of their emotions.”33 An anecdote the
composer recounted in a separate interview further demonstrates Haas’s deep attachment to the
emotions of his audience in evaluating the success of a work. This story also helps us understand a
pivotal moment in Haas’s creative output that saw him discard a quasi-scientific, mathematical
approach to composition – frequently found in many of his colleagues’ compositional practices –
towards a more pragmatic, flexible, and versatile one by which he is known today.
At the beginning of my artistic development, I organized my music based on abstract principles. I

composed complex mathematical processes, “serial” would be somewhat of an understatement.
And at performances, I was surprised to realize that these pieces, despite their abstract
construction, had a strong emotional effect. I thought that the energy of the construction, the
power inherent in the mathematically organized materials, would have a direct result in the
music. But I noticed that incorrect calculations or other mistakes didn’t diminish the works at all.
I composed “Nacht-Schatten” […] on a desktop computer. Then a student of mine did an analysis
of it and found over 250 serious mistakes. […] But the piece worked, completely. And that is
very hard to explain, because the changes were unintentional.34
32"Emotionen und seelische Zustände von Menschen so zu formulieren, daß sie auch von anderen Menschen als
die ihren angenommen werden können.” Georg Friedrich Haas, “'These shadows of memory': Über das Finale
des ersten Abschnitts meiner Oper die schöne Wunde,” in Resonanzen. Vom Erinnern in der Musik, ed. Andreas
Dorschel (Vienna: Universal Edition, 2007), 203.
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When asked what he regards as his greatest artistic achievement, he answered, somewhat elusively,
“maybe to communicate emotions.”35 The tentative nature of the answer (“maybe”) typifies Haas, who
is irrefutably attached to the emotional aspect of his music, while remaining nevertheless fluidly vague
and resistant to categorization.
During his years of studies, he effectively outgrew equal temperament as a purveyor of pitches
in much the same way as he overcame his reliance upon rational, carefully constructed forms and
musical content as in Nacht-Schatten, described above. His seminal work, the opera Nacht, which
earned him European renown, already featured microtonal intervals as small as 12th-tones (in fact, all
his catalogued works are microtonal, with the notable exception of his Violin Concerto from 1998).
Through his teaching, Haas found himself exploring the music of other composers who had made
effective and successful usage of microtonality in their works, such as Alois Hába and Ivan
Wyschnegradsky (both of whose works he analyzed in published articles), but also La Monte Young,
Harry Partch, and spectralist composers, with whom he would soon become – prematurely and
inaccurately – identified. As will be described in Chapter 2, however, Haas’s music is notable for
unabashedly featuring microtonal (and non-microtonal) approaches to pitch and harmony stemming
from what are frequently considered distinct schools of thought. It is possible to understand Haas’s
extensive familiarity with these different approaches through his activities as a teacher – he taught a
course on microtonality in at the Hochschule in Graz, as mentioned above – and as a theorist – he
frequently published and presented papers on the topic at music festivals. However, as will be
discussed later, it is the pragmatic and uncharacteristic adoption of all these different methods in
35 “Georg Friedrich Haas: in vain,” London Sinfonietta, 10 April 2017.

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tandem in his music that characterizes Haas’s aesthetic, more so than the fact that most of these
methods are actually microtonal; as he notably stated, “I am a composer, not a microtonalist.”36
One of the most interesting – and recurrent – techniques Haas uses involves contrasting
overtone chords, for example, with what he describes as “other harmonies, which are based on the
major seventh, and thus stand in the tradition of the Second Viennese School, and especially of Anton
Webern.”37 Such a contrast is found in several of his pieces, including in vain (2000) and Blumenstück
(2000). While specifics of this clash of tuning systems will be discussed at length in subsequent
sections, three important points should be noted regarding the quotation that opens this paragraph. First
is the deep-seated cross-pollination found in Haas’s music. In his approach to using the major seventh
chords mentioned above (in music that is non-microtonal), he frequently makes use of voice-leading
techniques he learned in Wyschnegradsky’s music, which is microtonal.38 This evidence of Haas’s
application of microtonal concepts to equal-tempered music shows the extent to which his practice
transgressed traditional boundaries and categorizations as are frequently found in music theory and
musicology.
Second is Haas’s pedigree. His extremely developed and far-reaching connections to tradition
and music history are also highlighted in that statement in which he mentions Anton Webern’s
influence on his work. Elsewhere, he admits a veneration of Schubert whom he calls “one of his central
gods,”39 and whose Winterreise served as a directed inspiration for Atthis (2009). Haas also
orchestrated Schubert’s incomplete Piano Sonata in C major D. 840 in Torso (1999/2001) (It is also
possible to understand Haas’s connection to Schubert in the context of the popular yet unproven claims
36 Varga, Three Questions for Sixty-Five Composers, 102.

38 Ibid.
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regarding the latter’s struggle with his sexuality, which would no doubt have moved the young Haas as
he navigated his own). Another important composer is Mozart, whose Bb Major Sonata K. 454 for
violin and piano served as a core in the 1990/91 string orchestra piece ... sodaß ich's hernach mit einem
Blick gleichsam wie ein schönes Bild ... im Geist übersehe. Another example is 7 Klangräume (2005) in
which Haas makes use of fragments from Mozart’s Requiem (excluding the additions made by his
pupils). There are many more such connections found in Haas’s output both as a composer and as a
theorist/teacher than there is room to discuss here, but his relationships with other composers can be
divided in two categories: those from the distant past (generally Austrian and German) and those from
the recent past and present (scattered around the world). His relationship with contemporary composers
(especially vis-à-vis their respective approaches to microtonality) will be developed in Chapter 2, but in
the category of older composers, I should mention the names of Gustav Mahler, Felix Mendelssohn,
Franz Schreker, and Gesualdo, but also, and indirectly, Alban Berg and Benjamin Britten, whose
predilection for confronting supposedly incompatible music systems Haas indubitably shares.
A third and final point to discuss in relation to the statement is the manner in which Haas
arrived at the idea of juxtaposing two different tuning systems within a single piece, which can in fact
be summed up succinctly in the composer’s own words. In a 2011 interview with Bálint András Varga,
Haas mentioned that
in the early 1980s, the Graz composer Hermann Markus Pressl wrote an impressive,
straightforwardly structured vocal work which he called Asralda. The piece is based on the
contrast between temperament (tritone A–Eb) and the overtone series (fifth D–A). That contrast
has been stylized in the title, an artificial word, composed of “Asraphael” (=spiritual principle,
=tempering, =A–Eb) and “Esmeralda” (=sensory principle, =overtone series, =D–A). The
ideological, slightly esoteric background did not interest me in the least. However, the contrast
between temperament (in my case mostly tritone-fifth and tritone-fourth chords) and the overtone
series was to exercise my mind in many of my compositions over the next thirty years.40

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Aside from clashing tuning systems, Haas often uses darkness and lighting effects inside
concert halls. Perhaps rooted in his experience growing up on the shadow side of the Montafon valley,
Haas’s attraction to darkness found expression in his work as early as his opera Adolf Wölfli (1980-81).
It is also featured in the aptly-named aforementioned opera Nacht, and became an integral part of the
piece in consideration in this paper, in vain, as well as his opera KOMA. In discussing his use of
darkness in in vain, Haas mentions a conversation with the stage director Bettina Wackernagel in Berlin
while he was there on an invitation by the DAAD in 1999/2000, in which they discussed Adolf Wölfli.
Wackernagel encouraged him to continue with his use of darkness, and despite an overall uncertainty
Haas felt about employing “darkness in a composition about enlightenment,”41 he went ahead with it,
“not consciously aware of [his] reasoning.” Turning the lights out in a concert hall introduces several
components into a performance, such as the memorization of the music by the performers, their
coordination, impeded by the invisibility of the conductor/other performers, the heightened sense (or
focused sense) of hearing as a result of the loss of the sense of sight, as well as the variable terror, fear,
or soothing darkness tends to provoke in different people in the audience. Lastly, there is also the
concept of darkness, complex in and of itself, and how it transforms the idea of the piece.42
Haas ultimately went yet further in his third string quartet, In iij. Noct (2001), where he asks for
total darkness during the entire performance of the work (the score even specifies that emergency lights
should be covered). The title references “the Third Nocturn of the old Roman Catholic Tenebrae service
for Holy Week, which marked Christ’s sufferings and death with the gradual extinguishing of
candles.”43 The score isn’t typical fully notated music, but verbally describes 18 musical “situations” in
41 “Georg Friedrich Haas: in vain,” London Sinfonietta.

42 Anextensive consideration of these ideas and concepts and the way they transform Haas’s work is found in
Chapter 4.
43 Ross, “Darkness Audible.”
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which Haas instructs the performers on how to improvise in reaction to each other, as well as how to
aurally cue each other in order to move from section to section. Near its end, the piece features an
arrangement of a Gesualdo quote, found in the latter’s Responsories for the Tenebrae service (“I was
like an innocent lamb led to slaughter…”). In this quartet, darkness moves from being an important
facet of a work to becoming its central theme (or one of them). This adoption of all-encompassing
darkness was quickly balanced as Haas began to explore more actively darkness’s dualistic opposite in
light.
Lighting effects had already been used in several older pieces, such as in vain, in which specific
powerful beams of light are flashed onto the audience in a pulse-like fashion, and Hyperion, a Concerto
for Light and Orchestra (2000), amongst others. Later examples include Sayaka (2006) for percussion
and accordion and the piano trio Ins Licht (2007). The connotations of light, especially as emerging
from darkness, offer enriching and wide-ranging parallel interpretations of Haas’s work (he once
described a near-death experience in childhood that involved a bright light, and which strongly shaped
his musical interpretation of the afterlife).44 Whether one should read into the biographical or
ideological interpretations of darkness and light or restrict oneself to understanding them as sensory
enhancements to the music (or even as attempts to re-create something we as modern humans have
mostly lost – total darkness) often becomes a thorny question in terms of understanding/explaining
these compositions (especially in an analytical context), and will be taken up in Chapter 4 in the
context of in vain.
A final facet of Haas’s œuvre that I would like to introduce as a segue to our discussion of in
vain is music that is – with varying degrees of explicitness – political. In Chapter 5, I will survey
examples by different composers who attempted to convey political content through their music in
44Michael White, “Review: In 'Morgen Und Abend,' a Musical Interpretation of the Afterlife,” New York Times,
16 November 2015.
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order to provide a context to Haas’s approach and look at it in more depth. In this section, I will
mention three examples – other than in vain – of pieces by Haas that are generally considered to have a
political dimension.
The first, Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich …, is scored for percussion and ensemble, and was
composed in 1999. It echoes the struggles experienced by many composers and artists whose social and
political engagements are strong and earnest, and who nevertheless feel powerless in effecting change
through their art. Haas expressed the “bitter realization of his helplessness as a composer, [that] there is
no way his music could serve to better the world,”45 in this piece, whose title translates as “Who, if I
cried out, could hear me?” It was composed during the Balkan War, when Haas describes hearing in
Austria bomber aircrafts flying overhead “carrying their deadly burden.”46 The sober (or defeatist)
position Haas adopts in this piece is echoed in in vain. His message is at best difficult to untangle: is he
relieving himself of the anguish of helplessness by working? Or is he hoping to rally the audience to his
cause by denouncing war? The latter is unlikely, given that the political dimension of the piece is only
mentioned in separate interviews (and is not to be found in the program notes to the score). The focus
in this situation seems to be on Haas and his experience, and he seems to make no attempts to remedy
that. Similarly, when asked if in vain was written in protest to a far-right regime, Haas responded by
saying: “No. The message of in vain is my sorrow, my fear, my anger, that the right-wing nationalists
are back.”47 In other words, he is privileging composition as self-healing expression instead of active
protest. In the program notes to Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich…, he states: “Every kind of despair

46 Ibid.
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formulated in art is beautiful,” giving “beautiful” a strangely hollow – perhaps characteristically – dark
core.48
As with most other aspects of his work, Haas’s approach to politics and the political potential of
art is fluid and paradoxical. Both the work mentioned above and in vain carry on their surface a
somewhat nihilistic, pessimistic renunciation. And yet, as I will argue in Chapter 5, Haas’s apparently
negative stance conceals a militant undertone more explicit in other works of his. To a lesser extent, it
appears in his Cello Concerto, written four years after in vain, which “begins with a scream in
unbearable pain, followed by a section where the drumbeat conjures up the march rhythm of the
Prussian army: a plea against fascism.”49 A plea is inherently a militant act, in that it attempts to rally
the audience to a specific cause, and yet, Haas once again makes no mention of this specific context in
the program notes to the piece, leaving this added political dimension – and this plea – untold: hidden
at best, and chimerical at worst.
The third and most strikingly political piece with which I would like to close this section on
Haas’s aesthetic is I can’t breathe (In memoriam Eric Garner), a solo trumpet piece written in 2013
shortly after Haas’s move to the United States. In a conversation, Haas describes only realizing the
“extent of the problem of racism against people of color” in the United States after moving to New
York, where “you get a whole different impression.”50 He describes his horror and the personal manner
in which he came to appreciate the situation, both through witnessing Black Lives Matter
demonstrations near his apartment in New York, but especially through his wife’s experiences as a
black woman. He decided to compose a work in order to declare his solidarity with Black Lives Matter,
and in memoriam for Eric Garner. The piece
48 “Georg Friedrich Haas: Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich…” Universal Edition.
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begins quite traditionally with a dirge: a free cantilena in twelve-tone space. Then the intervals
constrict; the song becomes more and more smothered, ultimately in a 16-note scale. The dirge
constricts within a sonic space of other trumpet notes of extreme registers and changing colours –
cautionary symbols, perhaps, of the world from which the victim was violently torn away.51
The most striking aspect of this piece is the straightforward manner in which Haas addresses the issue
at hand in his program notes – which essentially recount Eric Garner’s final moments, and Haas’s
horror at the injustice that plagues the existence of African Americans living in the United States, both
today and throughout the country’s history. Such statements by Haas are in a way uncharacteristically
direct, and yet remain somewhat opaque when taken in a more general context, for such compositions
are few and far between in Haas’s immense output (with only one of them unambiguous and concretely
engaged), and are separated by long stretches of time. This dearth underscores what is perhaps Haas’s
uncertainty in terms of the effectiveness of what is termed “political music.” What is more, he recently
declared that he had
decided not to write any more political music. Experience taught me that the language of music
isn’t well-suited to the subject. In a political argument, you are arguing against someone, but in
music, that’s impossible to do directly. The instant I set something in music, I’m identifying
myself with it—even if, morally, I deeply reject it.52
On the other hand, to illustrate the fluidity with which Haas can reconcile opposites and shift opinions
and sides, he had declared in an interview that
Artists have a duty to express themselves politically. […] As Austrians, we have a clear
responsibility, based on the terrible history. As an artist, we have to be a moral guide. And if you
are not, you are fake. This is absolutely clear. […] To stay in a country and support an incorrect
system would make an artist guilty.53
What these contradictions illustrate first and foremost are Haas’s inner struggles between wanting to be
politically engaged through his art and his convictions that political music is limited and perhaps even
51 “Georg Friedrich Haas: I can’t breathe.” Universal Edition.

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doomed to fail – which harks all the way back to 1999 and Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich….
Despite this latest piece’s composition over a decade after in vain, I believe that Haas’s keen sense of
injustice and his political ideology have remained the same throughout those years. In this paper, I hope
to untangle the political dimension of in vain, and to show that despite Haas’s insistence that the work
is a strictly personal expression of sadness and sorrow, it nonetheless conceals a logical and intricate
political denouncement of fascism and isolationism.
3. Introducing in vain
Haas composed in vain in 2000 as a commission for the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR). It
received its première on October 29 of that same year by Klangforum Wien in Cologne, led by the
French conductor Sylvain Cambreling. The score indicates that the total duration of the piece is 70
minutes, although performances tend to range between 60 and 70 minutes. These fluctuations in
duration are mainly due to the flexible nature of the music in the “darkness” sections, to be discussed in
Chapter 4. The piece is scored for two flutes (doubling with piccolos and bass flute), oboe, two
clarinets (doubling with a bass clarinet), soprano saxophone (doubling with a tenor), bassoon, two
horns, two trombones, two percussionists, harp (retuned), accordion, piano, three violins, two violas,
two cellos, double bass; a total of 24 performers, the conductor bringing the number of on-stage
participants to 25 – the ratio 25:24 expressing the interval of the “small semi-tone” in just intonation.54
The piece presents several logistical challenges. The first is that it requires special lights to be
positioned on stage behind the performers, facing the audience, such that they can be turned on at
certain points during the concert. They are to be programmed specifically to emit certain colors in a
pulsating fashion, carefully coordinated with the music’s tempo, straight at the audience members. The
second logistical hurdle is that the concert hall’s lights are to be turned off during the performance in
54 In contrast to the large semitone which is expressed by the ratio of 16:15.

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two separate instances – which I have dubbed the First and Second Darknesses. The lights generally go
out in gradual phases, to be carefully programmed and timed with the music, as is indicated on the top
staff of the score when applicable.55 Finally, a special light should be positioned above the harp such
that only this instrument is lit at rehearsal mark E (pages 81-2) during its solo (“harfe gerade so viel
beleuchten, wie spieltechnisch notwendig”).56 Venue and legal circumstances vary from one
performance to another, and the exit signs in the hall often cannot be extinguished, tampering with the
effect of total darkness desired by the composer.
From a practical, performance-based standpoint, turning the lights off for prolonged periods of
time (approximately twenty of the work’s 70 minutes57 – the total length of the one-movement piece
itself not the least of technical challenges) makes for tricky rehearsals and the need for memorization
by performers. What is more, since the conductor becomes invisible in such passages, performers are
instructed to react to aural cues in the dark, and to be able to coordinate their playing to others’ strictly
by listening – one of Haas’s rationales for this being that these demands on the performers would result
in increased listening to their and their colleagues’ parts in such moments. To complicate matters
somewhat, the tuning system used in the piece’s opening up until the lights are turned off (equal
temperament for the music until page 75) shifts, initially involving carefully indicated microtones
(which would be qualified as free in Haas’s categorizations, to be discussed in Chapter 2) that slowly
transition towards harmonies that are indicated using Haas’s just intonation notation (the given pitch is
notated with approximated accidentals, accompanied by the fundamental and the played pitch’s
position within the overtone series).58 Not only is the gradual, subtle shift from one tuning system to
55 See pages 70-75 of the score for example.

56 Georg Friedrich Haas, in vain (Vienna: Universal Editions, 2000), 81.
57Simon Rattle, “…Where You Discover Where Music Came From: Simon Rattle On In Vain,” Universal
Edition Musikblätter no. 5 (2013): 15.
58 See measure 77 (p. 83) for example.
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another delicate and tricky for performers, but it must be added that, to this day, most performers
struggle in performing micro-intervals, even ones as large as quarter-tones. In a conversation with
Heinz Rögl, Haas mentioned having “experienced excellent orchestras, including those that play a lot
of New Music, where the musicians produced the quarter-tones with a relative lack of clarity that was
far removed from the precision displayed in their accomplished semitonal playing.”59
Haas composed in vain shortly after the October 1999 legislative elections in Austria, which
saw, despite the center-left Social Democratic Party’s win, the formation of a right-wing coalition
government between the far-right Freedom Party and the center-right Austrian People’s Party, who
came in second and third position respectively. As was mentioned above, the piece has long remained
understood as an expression of Haas’s “sorrow, […] fear, […] anger, that the right-wing nationalists are
back.”60 When discussing what frequently drives him to compose, Haas once mentioned that, with very
few exceptions,
it is certainly not the case that I sit down with the aim of setting an aesthetic programme or a
story to music. Sometimes it begins with moods. In the case of in vain it was my consternation at
the formation of a coalition government with the far right in 2000; I composed a piece in which
the formal progression revives content at the end of the work that had previously been believed
overcome.61
This statement helps sum up the piece in a nutshell from a formal perspective. It remains doubtful,
however, that the unfolding of the work and the return of the opening material (which I label Material A
in Chapter 3) towards the end of the piece fail to play a role in “telling a story,” albeit of a different sort
(an emotional story). Haas adds that “other people may respond differently when they hear it, but I still
Heinz Rögl, “On the magic of ‘pure’ intervals: Georg Friedrich Haas in an interview with Heinz Rögl,”
59
Universal Edition Musikblätter no. 5 (2013): 12.

61 Rögl, “On the magic of ‘pure’ intervals,” 13.
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cannot imagine that anybody can perceive the moment when the music from the beginning returns at
the end as anything but oppressive.”62
I agree with this statement but would like to show, in the subsequent chapters, that in vain can
be summed up in much richer terms than the mere oppressive disappointment experienced by the
listener at its end – through its use of different types of imagery, from darkness to the use of light to
clashing tuning systems and much more. Furthermore, as is the case with other pieces by Haas, I
believe in vain is driven by a nihilistically pragmatic63 dialectical approach to form – in other words, an
approach that strongly echoes Adornian negative dialectics. The defeatism suggested by the title (and
by the form as a whole, as he mentions above), while displaying Haas’s frequently mentioned
pessimism,64 is better understood as a positive – in the philosophical sense – statement regarding his
political and philosophical outlook.65 Despite denouncing the ascent of reactionary politics in central
Europe, what Haas is declaring more forcefully is his own personal belief in human progress. The piece
mourns the temporary recession of social values in a society governed by a far-right government,
thereby “protagonizing” these values in the work, without needing to refer to them concretely – and
despite Haas’s resistance to the idea that the piece may represent a musical unfolding of extra-musical
concepts. By doing so, Haas manages to avoid a straightforwardly rhetorical approach, giving his
material the multi-faceted and deeply-contradictory characteristics that exemplify society itself –
including Haas and his work as a whole.  
62 Ibid.
63Pragmatical philosophy focuses on “a changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists,
Realists, and Thomists had claimed.” Gerald Gutek, Philosophical, Ideological, and Theoretical Perspectives on
Education (Boston: Pearson, 2014), 76.
Woolfe, “A Composer and His Wife: Creativity Through Kink.” Varga, Three Questions for Sixty-Five
64
Composers, 101.
65‘Consisting in or characterized by the presence rather than the absence of distinguishing features.’ “Positive:
definition of positive,” Oxford English Dictionaries, 2017.
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Chapter 2
Tuning Systems
Haas is comfortable making use of different compositional and tuning systems and drawing
equally and interchangeably from what some generally consider to be incompatible approaches to
composition. Harry Partch’s work on just intonation – as well as his many followers’ – deeply
influenced Haas. On the other hand, so did Grisey’s (and Murail’s and other European spectralists) and
Tenney’s (and what some have termed North American)66 spectralisms, as well as La Monte Young’s –
or his disciple, Michael Harrison’s – “Emancipation of the Comma.”67 The list reads like an anthology
of twentieth-century microtonal experiments, and would not be complete without Ivan
Wyschnegradsky, sometimes considered to be one of the earliest composers to have dedicated his life
and his work to the exploration of what lies between two equal-tempered semitones. The Russian
composer’s work influenced Haas, although it did so for more than its strictly microtonal aspects: Haas
draws from the techniques and approaches to voice-leading and scalar construction that
Wyschnegradsky developed in microtonal pieces, applying them to equal- emperament-based music –
such as Material A.
Haas has no qualms drawing from any and all of the relatively independent traditions mentioned
above, and considers himself free to use whatever means suit the music at hand. His connection to
these – microtonal – composers is multi-faceted and no doubt the result of an elaborate analysis of and
years of teaching their music. This connection is replicated in his elaborate relationship with many
66Robert Wannamaker, “The Spectral Music of James Tenney,” Contemporary Music Review 27, no. 1 (2008):
91.
67Michael Harrison, “Music in Pure Intonation” (New York, 2007). http://www.michaelharrison.com/
Pure_intonation.aspx
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other – non-microtonal – composers from the canon, as described in Chapter 1, such as Schubert,
Webern, Mahler, Mozart, Mendelssohn, and others. He once declared:
I am not really comfortable with being pigeonholed as a “microtonal composer.” Primarily I am a

composer, free to use the means needed for my music. There is no ideology regarding “pure”
intonation, either as Pythagorean number mysticism or as a notion of “Nature” determined by
trivial physics. I am a composer, not a microtonalist.68
I will begin this chapter by discussing two sets of articles Haas published in 2003 and 2007 in
which he theorizes and categorizes different microtonal practices. I will then use these papers – not
before comparing them and interpreting the differences between them – as launching pads to explore
the connections between Haas’s music and the different traditions described above, all the while
keeping an eye on how these different observation help us better understand in vain.
1. In Theory
Haas taught and wrote about microtonality and the music of important microtonal composers
since the 1980s, while teaching at the Hochschule in Graz. He has since taught courses and lectured on
the subject far and wide. In 1999, he gave a talk at the Salzburg Festival titled “Beyond the Twelve
Semitones – Attempt at a Synopsis of Microtonal Composition Techniques,” in which he states:
Micro counts as ‘tonality’ only in contrast with ‘normal tonality’ in its role as a system of
reference. Where this system of reference has become obsolete, the notion of ‘microtonality’ has
been replaced by the free decision of the individual composer in his use of pitch as his material.69
Haas’s attempts at formulating a global synthesis of different microtonal practices – in order to show
the diversity and various possibilities inherent in going beyond the semi-tone, as well as to better

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theorize it – led him to write a paper in 2003 titled “Mikrotonalitäten,” in which he defines four
separate categories of microtonality, shown in Figure 2.1.
2003 2007
1. Equal division of the octave 1. Scales

a. Non-European
b. Equal division of the octave
c. Irregularly structured (including Partch’s)
2. Overtone series proportions/just intonation 2. Overtone chords and spectral music
3. Klangspaltung 3. Klangspaltung
4. Aleatoric microtonality 4. Aleatoric microtonality
Figure 2.1. Categories of microtonality in Haas’s 2003 and 2007 papers on the subject, showing his thought evolution.
Four years later, he published two somewhat related papers, “Mikrotonalität und spektrale Musik seit
1980,” (“Microtonality and Spectral Music Since 1980”) and “Fünf Thesen zur Mikrotonalität” (“Five
Theses on Microtonality”), in which he presented a new, partly different and partly identical
categorization, also shown in Figure 3.1. Both categorizations were published several years after the
completion of in vain. The 2007 papers logically reflect Haas’s thinking at the time of composing in
vain less accurately than the 2003 paper, and yet can help us understand the first categorization better
by clarifying the latter’s omissions, as will become clear below. How accurately the first categorization
reflects Haas’s thinking in 2000 can only be the subject of conjecture. As with most secondary topics
related to in vain and yet not directly extracted from it, a certain level of flexibility and healthy
skepticism is recommended.
Both categorizations share their third and fourth categories. Klangspaltung, already discussed in
Chapter 2, is the “tone-splitting” (or “sound-splitting,” more literally) that occurs when two microtonal
near-unisons are played simultaneously. The category usually refers to instances in which this
juxtaposition is done in a controlled and intentional manner, such as through the clash of different
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tuning systems, or even different “tonal areas” in just intonation. For example, a B natural tuned to be a
just perfect fifth (3:2) above an E would be tuned differently than another B natural, tuned to be a just
major third (5:4) above a G (or an equal-tempered B natural, for that matter). The friction between the
two would produce the tone splitting referred to in this category. The fourth category, aleatoric
microtonality, “arises from techniques like multiphonics, the prepared piano, or indeterminate notation
that does not specify pitch.”70 The glissandi found in pages 76 to 82 of in vain arguably qualify for this
label, since the rate of change of the – admittedly very narrow – interval is not specified exactly,
especially considering the fact that the music in these passages is both measured in seconds and
coordinated aurally due to the conductor being invisible.
An interesting difference between the 2003 and 2007 categorizations is the shift in dimensional
perspective that saw Partch’s just intonation (category two in 2003) become a horizontal (scalar)
component (category one in 2007), labelled as “irregularly structured scale.” The 2003 category also
lacks any mention of spectralism, although some aspects of spectral music may be included under the
label of “overtone series proportions.” In “Mikrotonalitäten,” Haas also seems to draw “the primary
distinction in categories 1 and 2 between equal temperament on one hand and just intonation and the
overtone series on the other.”71 It would not be possible to come to that conclusion without the category
presented in “Microtonality and Spectral Music since 1980,” in which the scalar component of
microtonal music extends well beyond the “equal division of the octave,” to include non-European
scales (strangely – and perhaps indefensibly – absent from his 2003 discussion) and irregular scales.
Wyschnegradsky’s 13-note scale, discussed in Chapter 2, would be included in category 1.c in 2007,
whereas in 2003, it would fit into category 1 with a footnote (in that while it is derived from a quarter-

71Ibid. It should be emphasized that quarter-tone music (or 1/8th, 1/12th, etc) are rooted in equal temperament,
despite being microtonal (every other note in quarter-tone music is an equal-tempered semitone).
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tone division of the octave, it is not regular and/or symmetrical – in much the same way that the
descending scales found in Material A are neither regular nor symmetrical – neither fully chromatic nor
octatonic, in other words). As Robert Hasegawa argues,
The primary conceptual split of the earlier taxonomy between two ways of theoretically dividing
pitch space (equal temperament and just intonation) is abandoned in the later version to
acknowledge that, despite their theoretical differences, both are essentially scalar modes of
thought and thus quite different than either overtone-based or spectral music (which focus on
sounding vertical harmony instead of abstract scale structures). This reorganization suggests that
to Haas the extended just intonation of Partch and his followers is primarily scalar in conception,
not harmonic.72
In other words, category one reflects that Haas’s thinking in 2003 – which is focused on the differences
between equal temperament and just intonation – is centered on the scalar dimension of both tuning
systems, whereas the 2007 categories differentiate between the two dimensions more extensively.
However, it is arguable that Haas’s – perhaps subconscious – oversight in 2003 in
differentiating between the scalar and the chordal more pronouncedly is reflected in in vain in such a
way as to become one of the driving forces of the piece’s inner processes. Material A, through its
alternation between wide, arpeggiated descending runs (chords) and narrow, scalar descents,
encapsulates the friction between the two dimensions. This is exacerbated by the juxtaposition of the
horizontal material (what I refer to as temps strié in Chapter 3) and the vertical, suspended harmonies
(temps lisse). Furthermore, Material B’s committed vertical dimension at its onset (in which still chords
punctuate long rests in striking contrast to the piece’s opening 75 pages) is quickly challenged as the
justly-tuned passages quickly begin to incorporate surface activity and horizontal motions within their
lines – in other words, it begins to incorporate a staunchly horizontal dimension. The friction between
the two, underlining the absence of differentiation in the 2003 categorizations, nonetheless forces its

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way into in vain’s musical sound-world and predicts Haas’s eventual embracing of the horizontal
dimension inherent within just intonation as a category in its own right.
2. In Context
Haas’s music is often – and perhaps erroneously – associated with French spectralism73 because
of the frequent occurrence of spectra in his harmonic language. However, there are important
differences between his approach and those found in the music of Gérard Grisey and Tristan Murail
(amongst others), despite Haas’s intimate acquaintance with the two French composers’ works. For
example, while Haas also makes frequent use of overtones, he does not use computers or spectral
analysis in order to compose or replicate complex sounds (such as bells).
As was mentioned in Chapter 1, Haas explains that
the fascination exercised on me by the overtone chord is undoubtedly rooted in its technological
origin: I grew up in the vicinity of a power plant. The transformer station – an eerie place with
innumerable cables and insulators – emits a constant overtone chord.74
His usage of the overtone chord, as well as his understanding of it, echoes closely that expressed by
James Tenney who, when discussing his own usage of the harmonic series in his works, insists he is
not using the harmonic series to imitate something else… I’m using it because of its special
properties or the special properties of the auditory system in relation to it. It’s a unifying
structure. It’s a structure that our auditory systems have built into them: the capacity to reduce to
a unity, to a singularity… And that’s a very useful formal idea.75
73“Georg Friedrich Haas,” Columbia University Department of Music. Schweitzer, “Varied Pitches to Fill
Empty Spaces.” Mark Swed, “Music review: Georg Friedrich Haas’ revelatory romp in the dark,” Los Angeles
Times, 20 April 2010. Ross, “Darkness Audible.” “American Immersion: JACK Quartet,” Austrian Cultural
Forum NYC.
75James Tenney and Donnacha Dennehy, “Interview with James Tenney,” Contemporary Music Review 27, no. 1
(2008): 87.
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A formal idea that focuses on the chord as an event unto itself, a singular statement that can be varied
and developed through the juxtaposition of other, transposed, differently filtered, and/or re-orchestrated
overtone chords, rather than new versions of the initial chord, variably corroded by the introduction of
ever-more in-harmonic pitches (with the opposite of a pure spectrum being white noise, as is frequently
found in Grisey’s works – Partiels, Prologue, etc). This attitude towards integrating spectra within his
music and the manner in which it influences his approach to form constitute some of the reasons why
Robert Wannamaker has suggested the broadening of the definition of spectral music to include a wider
geographical and aesthetic range, and which would be bound by the stipulation “that it invoke Fourier
spectral analysis as a conceptual point-of-reference.”76 A distinction could therefore be made between
the French école spectrale and what Wannamaker calls “North American Spectralism” – which
includes Tenney. A rapprochement between Haas’s music and this latter type of spectral music would
then become much more adequate and accurate.
Haas’s 2003 categorization of microtonality nonetheless omits any mention of the word
spectralism, as discussed above. Category 2 instead concerns the “overtone series proportions/just
intonation,” which, aside for harking back to Tenney’s usage of overtone series mentioned above, also
makes direct reference to Partch’s work. The American composer and inventor dedicated much of his
career to the theorization of tuning and the performance/notation of music using just intonation. His
book, Genesis of a Music, is a ground-breaking document of the twentieth century which has not only
revolutionized the way countless composers understand and approach tuning ever since, but has also
earned Partch a broad and loyal following, including such varied composers as Ben Johnston, Kyle
Gann, Marc Sabat, and several others. Unlike these composers, however, Haas makes use of Partch’s
methods and ideas only when it suits the pieces he is writing. More importantly, he does not consider
76 Wannamaker, “The Spectral Music of James Tenney,” 91.

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just intonation the tuning approach despite spending significant-enough energy and time discussing it
with performers and convincing them of its benefits, such that the Hagen String Quartet, who
premiered his String Quartet No. 2 in 1998, allegedly uses the phrase “Haas intonation” when
performing standard classical repertoire (Classical or Romantic) with pure intonation.77
Unlike Johnston, however, Haas does not consider “all the dissonant music of the twentieth
century […] unhealthy for us.”78 Johnston’s personal goal as a composer was to facilitate a shift in
musical practice from performing music in equal temperament back to performing music using justly-
tuned intervals, as expressed by the “pure” ratios theorized in Partch’s book (and based on theories and
calculations dating as far back as the ancient Greeks). “Just as we’re not talking about censoring
science in saying let’s not dump things on the environment,” Johnston believes in purging our reliance
on what he considers “irrationally dissonant” tuning systems, and “eliminat[ing] the pollution.”79 Haas,
in contrast, can be found in his Columbia University studio, in a composition lesson, playing the same
chord on three differently-tuned pianos, asking: “Is the idea that this is the right world, and this is the
destroyed world?” quickly adding that “this is not the wrong piano and the right piano.”80
As was described above, during the time of composing in vain, Haas made use of Partch’s
legacy and of justly-tuned intervals in a mostly-vertical dimension. I have discussed my conviction that
it is through the development of Material B and the gradual injection of the horizontal dimension into
such staunchly-vertical material that Haas shows early signs of grappling with just intonation’s rich
scalar potential – although not significantly enough for him to include it into his 2003 categorization.

78William Duckworth, Talking Music: Conversations with John Cage, Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, and Five
Generations of American Experimental Composers (New York, NY: Schirmer Books, Prentice-Hall
International, 1995), 152.
79 Ibid.
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The piece also features non-microtonal music, in Material A, which clearly shows to what extent Haas
is indebted to Wyschnegradsky’s work. On the other hand, he remained largely skeptical of ‘equal
division of the octave’ approaches to microtonality for various reasons ranging from his listening taste
to his lack of trust in the abilities of performers to tune these accurately:
I have a rather ambivalent attitude to quarter-tone music. At home I had two pianos tuned a
quarter-tone apart which enabled me to explore the concept. […] However, quarter-tone writing
is certainly very abstract and also something that is difficult to grasp just by listening to it. I have
experienced excellent orchestras, including those that play a lot of New Music, where the
musicians produced the quarter-tones with a relative lack of clarity that was far removed from the
precision displayed in their accomplished semitonal playing.81
Given the large number of interviews with Haas published in newspapers and journals, it is not
uncommon to find him somewhat contradicting himself on certain topics. Sifting through the
conversations, I was able to ascertain a few general and important orienting facts regarding his
approach to – and general taste in – tuning systems. He describes being “interested in the unbelievably
intense sound quality of ‘purely’ intoned intervals. An overtone chord with pure tuning.”82 Despite
stating that quarter-tone writing is “difficult to grasp by listening to it,” he elsewhere describes the
“basic human need for beats in music,” proposing that “the twelve-tone tempered system is so
widespread not in spite of, but because of its abstract intervals: because of its wonderfully “false,” beat-
rich major and dominant seventh chords.” He also notes the practice of intentionally introducing
beating intervals into music, such as in large string sections using vibrato, but also the wide octaves of
Balinese slendro tunings: “The resulting beats bring life into music.”83

82 Ibid.
83 Haas, “Fünf Thesen zur Mikrotonalität,” 124.
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Beats also partly make reference to the Klangspaltung effect of which Haas is so fond, and
allow us to draw a line between his work and the sound-world of La Monte Young. The American’s
work is deeply steeped in microtonality. His Well-Tuned Piano, for example, makes use of what is
referred to as the Septimal Tuning – in that thirds avoid the number 5 in ratios (5:4 and 5:6), but instead
use 9:7 for the septimal major third and 7:6 for the septimal minor third, as described and theorized in
Partch’s book. Young’s piece Four Dreams of China, scored for eight trumpets, features four lone
pitches (F, Bb, B, and C) tuned according to non-tempered ratios, resulting in a complex interplay of
upper partials (beatings, essentially) over a long stretch of time.
Michael Harrison, one of La Monte Young’s “disciples,” published an article titled “Pure
Tuning” in which he describes “the Emancipation of the Comma,” so widely prevalent in The Well-
Tuned Piano – and in much of Haas’s work:
The microscopic intervals between two slightly different versions of the same note, which are
tuned via two different sequences of intervals, are called commas. These commas exist only
outside the confines of the twelve notes tones of equal temperament. In fact, tempered tunings
were developed over the past four hundred years precisely to avoid the commas that are heard
whenever music with moderately complex harmonies is played in just intonation. I have
discovered that incorporating the commas into the harmonic fabric of my music frees it from the
need for tempered tunings and opens up a new approach to tonality.84
Based on the above statement, it is therefore possible to question whether it is Haas’s usage of
Klangspaltung in in vain that facilitates our acceptance of just intonation or whether the reverse is
actually true, namely that the justly-tuned chords welcome Klangspaltung as a means of creating
tension in the music. This chicken-or-egg question cannot hide Haas’s – like Young’s and Harrison’s –
attachment to this device and the important role it plays in shaping their music.
84 Harrison, “Music in Pure Intonation.”

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A final interesting – if somewhat minor – parallel between Haas’s and Partch’s methods has to
do with both composers’ inclination to mimic their own voices through their music – something that
would be difficult to achieve using 12-tone equal temperament. Johnston, who knew and studied with
Partch, describes him using small intervals to represent the inflection of speaking voices, the melodies
of a spoken line. “Everything was without exaggeration, as it is when you set it to recitative, or even to
a kind of traditional vocal setting. […] And it did, indeed, sound the way he sounded when he spoke.”85
Similarly, Haas declared in a conversation with Bálint András Vargas that
Speech rhythm is also important [to me and my music] – the rhythm of German with Austrian
accent which I speak. My melodic structures are largely derived from that speech rhythm. I do
not mean any concrete spoken text which will then be transferred to music (as Janáček would do).
I experimented with that just once. […] I failed. Since then, I have composed “abstract” speech
melodies with an expression of (for me) clear outlines. As if one would hear someone speak on
the other side of a wall: one recognizes the melody but understands no word.86
Haas’s inclination towards speaking without saying something concrete or easy to sum-up
characterizes much of his attitude as a composer. While it may be attributable to his having difficulties
using words as opposed to sounds (“My decision when I was 17 years of age to be a composer and not
an author might have had something to do with the fact that I noticed that I cannot express myself as
precisely in words as in sounds”),87 I would instead connect this propensity towards greyness (again, as
in avoiding black-and-white statements) or towards a certain degree of ambiguity to his consistent
insistence to define “himself as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue – the system-building
preoccupations of other microtonalists are set aside in favor of the flexibility to draw on a range of
85 Bruce Duffie, “Microtonal Composer Ben Johnston,” 1987.

86 Varga, Three Questions for Sixty-Five Composers, 105-106.
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theoretical concepts for the organization of pitch,”88 contrasted with “Partch’s stated intention to invent
a consistent harmonic system on a bedrock of ‘Archean granite’ (the physical certainties of acoustics)
rather than the received practices of Western music, including the equal-tempered scale.”89
Hasegawa further conjectures the connection between this attitude and what Lyotard describes
as the postmodern “incredulity towards metanarratives,”90 a term with strong connections to
storytelling devices and rhetorical self-awareness.91 This conjecture is evidenced by Haas’s
aforementioned statement where he declares not composing “with the aim of setting an aesthetic
programme or a story to music.”92 In other words, Haas claims to avoid a straightforward,
chronological narrative approach. A question to keep in mind as we begin to unpack in vain’s content is
the extent to which he manages to avoid such explicit storytelling devices, specifically in the opposition
between the piece’s two main materials, to which we now turn our attention.

Harry Partch, Genesis of a Music; an Account of a Creative Work, Its Roots and Its Fulfillments (New York:
89
Da Capo Press, 1974), xvii.

91The definition of “metanarrative” in the Oxford Dictionary is “a narrative account that experiments with or
explores the idea of storytelling, often by drawing attention to its own artificiality.”
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Chapter 3
Opposition
As I intend to show in this paper, in vain is organized around the idea of opposition and the
process by which the differences between two opposing elements (thesis and antithesis) are overcome
through synthesis – a method often associated with the idea of “dialectics.” Haas sets up the process
from the very beginning of the piece by introducing what I have labelled Material A followed – after an
important yet short transition – by Material B. These two musical “states” are opposed on many
important levels: tuning systems, textures, usage of silence, and much more. In this chapter, I will
unpack the internal organization of each respective element before focusing on the few – mostly hidden
– aspects they have in common.
1. Material A
Haas introduces Material A at the onset of the piece, which opens with 75 pages (and 75
measures, one per page) of dovetailed descending lines distributed across the orchestra. The cumulative
effect of these lines easily lends itself to imagery and flights of the imagination on the part of listeners/
observers, as can be gathered from the descriptions collected in the literature about the piece. Alex
Ross, for example, writes that the piece “begins with rapid, swirling patterns, like snow in high wind,”
referring to the return of the material later on in the piece as “the snowstorm.”93 Simon Rattle, who
gave a talk about in vain in January 2013 before it was performed in the Philharmonie Berlin, describes
the piece and its form chronologically to the audience. When speaking of Material A, he similarly used

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the snowstorm imagery, as well as comparing it to Ligeti’s Violin Concerto’s scurrying figurations, “as
though there are a hundred of Alice’s rabbits in Wonderland, disappearing down the holes.”94
While I prefer seeking restraint in imposing overly subjective labels on Material A’s very
particular musical character, I will nonetheless venture the striking resemblance between this music and
the psychoacoustic phenomenon known as Shepard Tones.
These tones consist of a number of sinusoidal components an octave apart, with a fixed envelope
that goes to zero at low and high frequencies. […] When we raise the frequencies of the
sinusoidal components a semitone, we get the sense of an increase in pitch. This sense of change
persists, semitone by semitone, but when we’ve reached 12 semitones total, we are back where
we started.95
Although “Shepard Tones are somewhat different from musical tones, [because] though they have
many partials, they omit partials other than those an octave apart,”96 the analogy in Haas’s writing still
holds, with the effect achieved being that “the pitch appears to increase endlessly” – or, the case of the
opening of in vain, decrease (only on the surface, as will be shown below). The technical manner in
which this is achieved, as with the synthesis of Shepard Tones, is to stagger several descending lines (in
our case distributed across different instruments) with the heaviest weight placed on the middle of the
register. The opening music of in vain is notated almost exclusively in a triple-piano dynamic (ppp) and
as such, volume is achieved through the density of stacked lines rather than by their loudness. The
score features no notated crescendos or decrescendos in this entire opening section, and dynamics are
the same for all instruments despite the natural strengths/weaknesses of instruments in specific parts of
their register – such as the comparative loudness of the oboe and the quietness of the flute in their
respective lower ranges.
94In fact, most of his talk seems to follow Ross’s article’s outline, indicating he might have been inspired by it.
Rattle, “…Where You Discover Where Music Came From,” 15.
95John Pierce, “Introduction to Pitch Perception,” in Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An
Introduction to Psychoacoustics, ed. Perry R. Cook (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001), 67.
96 Ibid.
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A further analogy that has frequently been repeated in connection with Material A – and to a
certain extent with the piece as a whole, showing the way in which Haas draws connections between
the particular and the general, or the specific Material and the entire work – is known as Escher’s
staircase.97 M.C. Escher was a Dutch graphic artist known for his mathematically-inspired works
amongst which is Relativity, a lithograph print from 1953. It is set in a world in which normal laws of
gravity seem to be suspended, and shows a staircase whose beginning and ending coincide, presenting
a “microcosm of wandering.”98
In our case, the staircase represents both the descending lines found in Material A (that globally
rise, as will be shown below) and the piece as a whole. In his notes on in vain, Bernhard Günther
mentions special staircases found in places like the Vatican or Odessa, where “subtle deviations from
the norm, changes in perspective, […] are unsettling.”99 He also points out the meaning of the French
word vanité (from the Latin, vanitas) as it is understood in the fine arts: “An allegorical representation
of death, of the passing of time, of the vacuity of passions and of human activities.”100 Vanitas were
visual still-life representations and, as Günther suggests, offer a potential “etymological link between
Escher’s curious drawings and in vain.”101 As will be discussed in later chapters, these aspects of
interconnected, seamlessly and endlessly recurring cycles, like Shepard Tones, “can [and will] also be
performed with tempo, where pulses occurring at lower rates that are subdivisions of higher-rate tones
97 “Relativity (M.C. Escher),” Wikipedia.

“Un microcosme de l’errance.” (translation my own) Bernhard Günther, liner notes to in vain. Klangforum
98
Wien, conducted by Sylvain Cambreling, Kairos 0012332KAI, CD, 2003.

99 Bernhard Günther, liner notes to in vain. Klangforum Wien.
100Ségolène Bergeon-Langle and Pierre Curie, Peinture et dessin, Vocabulaire typologique et technique (Paris:
Editions du Patrimoine, 2009), 96. (Translation my own)
101 “Georg Friedrich Haas: in vain,” Brahms IRCAM, 2008.
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can be gradually increased in volume while the higher-rate tones are decreased in volume.”102 (The
significance of this development within Material A will be discussed in Chapter 5). Rattle makes a
distinction between the Escher-staircase nature of Material A, “which seemed always to be going
upwards and you found yourself simply back at the beginning once more,” making the music “almost
like an optical illusion,” and Sisyphus, “who simply was condemned to push the same stone up the top
of the hill and have it fall down with him again.”103 The sense of obvious condemnation is missing in
Haas’s rendition, which lacks the dramatic moment of punishment (the rolling back down the hill to the
beginning) – until the very end of the work, that is.
The dominant characteristic of Material A – and of Shepard Tones themselves104 – is not the
ascent/descent of pitch per se, but the continuous, quasi-static resultant state of the whole. The paradox
implicit in a statically moving object perfectly fits the contradiction-ridden microcosm that Haas sets
up in his piece, and serves as a perfect introduction to it, for despite the extreme that Material A
represents in terms of particularity of character, texture, level of surface activity, and many other
parameters to be discussed below, it nonetheless still all blends and merges into what is ultimately an
amalgam of these various embedded components: a buzzing, static, bewildering apparition.
This opening material takes up a mere five of the 70 minutes the piece typically lasts (7 to 8%
of the temporal dimension of the piece). And yet, just like it spans 76 of the total 216 pages of the score
(35%), the material plays a larger role than would appear in an objective, temporal consideration.
Furthermore, the initial occurrence of this material arguably sounds longer and more consequential than
102Roger Shepard, “Pitch Perception and Measurement,” in Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An
Introduction to Psychoacoustics, (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001), 149-166.
103 Rattle, “…Where You Discover Where Music Came From,” 16.
104 Shepard, “Pitch Perception and Measurement,” 159.
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its return in the final four or five minutes of a performance105 – and despite the fact that this “revival”
gives the piece its title.
What initially struck me about Material A, beyond its make-up, is the manner in which Haas
organizes the unfolding of each meaningful layer of the music, maintaining the directional/
undirectional (the paradox is important) flow while sustaining the passage’s interest and vitality – for it
is the return of this music at the end of the piece (and the manner in which it develops, according to my
analysis to come) that makes this material undesirable, and not the material itself.106 Each page
contains a single measure of 4/4 music at quarter-note equals 60. The sheer size and evenness of this
passage makes the manner in which the long-term flow of the music is regulated puzzling. In the next
few pages, I have chosen to highlight five key musical parameters through which Haas shapes these 75
pages and maintains the – mostly – linear changes and transformations within the seemingly static
whole.
a. Dimensions, Pitch Content, and Sustain Level
Haas’s music frequently brings into focus the friction between a horizontal, melodic dimension,
and a vertical, harmonic one. The opening 75 pages of in vain present, on the horizontal level,
individual instrumental lines of varying registral expanse. Figure 3.2 shows one extreme, found in the
first violins. Most intervals consist of fifths and tritones, bringing to mind the harmonic sound-world of
Wyshnegradsky and of the Second Viennese school, with which Haas is intimately familiar. Chords
built from perfect fifths feature a stacking of such intervals, with the tritone providing the alternative
“other.” Wyschnegradsky’s microtonal music makes heavy use of circles of fourths, which alternate
perfect fourths with “major fourths” (interval 5.5), among others. A circle of major fourths produces a
105 Based on the Klangforum Wien performance

106 This echoes the manner in which Haas treats equal temperament itself, as will be discussed below.
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chain of 24 pitches before the recurrence of the initial pitch. Wyschnegradsky then takes the first 13 of
those pitches, and orders them into a scale, called his Diatonicized Chromatic Scale.107 Haas has made
Figure 3.1. Violin 1, measure 3
use of similar methods explicitly in other works.108 Material A, however, while being essentially
developed in a similar fashion, is distinctive in that it remains rooted in equal temperament – which
echoes Haas’s aforementioned statements that “the Harmony of […] Wyschnegradsky […] plays a
central role in my music, although not in the fact that it is quarter-tone, but in the semitonal
approach.”109 The wide leaps shown in Figure 3.1 present the harmonic content of the music within a
single line, in an arpeggiated fashion. This is contrasted by a more scalar, horizontal version, shown in
Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2. Violin 1, measure 5
In the latter case, the majority of intervals making up the lines are major and minor seconds.
These often end up forming octatonic scales, although Haas’s frequent addition of extra chromatic
107Ivan Wyschnegradsky, “Ultrachromatisme et espaces non octaviants,” La Revue musicale 290-291 (1972):
145-146.
108 Such as Blumenstück, also composed in 2000.
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notes (obtained by expanding the stacking of perfect fifths and tritones) pushes the pitch aggregate
from 8 closer to 12, all the while maintaining temperedness of tuning. A common feature between the
two types of lines is the frequent symmetry and lack of tonal center that results from the usage of such
pitch content, important to achieving the overall “Shepard Tone effect.” These two types of writings are
frequently juxtaposed, including within a single instrument part, as shown by the examples above
which are both played by the first violin, two measures apart. An instrumental part in which abrupt
alternations between the wide and narrow intervals are found even more frequently is the accordion, as
can be seen in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3. Accordion, measure 3.
The accordion is also one of the few instruments that deviate from the otherwise uniform
writing imposed on all instruments in the beginning of the piece, namely that of fast, running, quiet,
legato notes (in fast tuplets to be discussed below). The opening measures notably feature two short yet
sustained dyads in the high register, as can be seen from Figure 3.3, where the tritone D6-G#6,
sustained on beat 1, is followed by the fifth D6-A6, held twice in the rest of the measure. These
occurrences cease shortly as the accordion’s writing settles into a lower register, and with scalar
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passages more prevalent, as can be seen on page 6 of the score.110 The next example of sustained
pitches is found in the piano and percussion on page 11, as the instruments alternate two chords in
tremolo-fashion, the second chord being a transposition of the first up a fifth (the chords themselves
featuring the typical stacking of a tritone and a perfect fifth). This quiet and fast tremolo adds to the
shimmering restlessness of the passage, while simultaneously contributing to its stasis.
The next sustained pitches are found in the winds, on page 18, in tandem with the cellos,
followed by high strings, that last until the end of page 21. Page 28 sees a brief but dramatic return of
sustained notes in the brass instruments, to be discussed below. The release of the chord on page 29,
after an important crescendo, provides the launching pad for the dynamic level of the passage, no
longer restrained to ppp, and now notated mostly in a f dynamic. The next sustained tones are found in
the double bass at page 35, at the end of a large decrescendo to mp that begins on page 32. The lowest
string instrument transitions from performing low, single pitches, to the characteristic sustained perfect/
diminished fifths initially found in the accordion (see page 37, for example). The violas gradually join
in, beginning at pages 38 and 40, the saxophone on page 43, the first flute on page 44, the oboe on page
45, horns and violins on page 46, and finally, the bassoon on page 47. These sustained instruments
balance the fast, hyper-active layer of the, by this point, mostly scalar activity. The harmonies allow the
other instruments to narrow their registral focus, with the overall outcome still being the same. A swap
between double bass and low brass instruments is found on page 49, that leads to half the orchestra
sustaining a ppp chord on page 51, while the other half actively reverberates in short scalar outbursts.
The opening 75 pages of the piece feature one measure per page. Subsequent sections frequently lack
110
measure numbers and feature rehearsal markings instead. As such, I have chosen to use page numbers as the
main indicator in the score, there being only one printed edition of in vain.
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Figure 3.4. Sustained harmonies and orchestration found on pages 51-58 (black notes represent
common-tones and whole notes new pitches; the orchestration remains the same)
Figure 3.4 shows the three harmonies sustained through pages 51 to 58 and beyond as an
example of the manner in which Haas stacks perfect and diminished fifths across the full register. The
ppp dynamic ensures the omnipresence-yet-elusiveness of this global color, with the bulk of the
attention focused on the short scalar outbursts that continuously surround these chords. The change on
page 58, beat 3, is particularly dramatic, with 10 of the voices changing, and only the octave Ds found
in violins carrying through.
The end of Material A finds the sustaining winds and brass instruments dropping out gradually
beginning with the flute on page 64. The held pitches are slowly taken over by the strings, where the
introduction of microtonal intervals (such as can be found in the cellos on page 69), trigger the
transition to Material B111 significantly before what I have designated as the end of Material A. The
permeability of this formal boundary (or its obscurity) is further reinforced by the gradual dimming of
lights that begins on page 70.
111 Or, more precisely, the transition to the transition, as will be discussed in Chapter 4.
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b. Rhythm and Sense of Time
The rhythmic content of Material A is also organized in a very careful and methodical manner,
in such a way as to emulate the simultaneously hyperactive and static totality that characterizes the
passage. The variable pacing is achieved strictly on the surface-level of the music (in the notated
rhythms), while the deeper levels (the tempo and meter) remain absolutely fixed throughout. The sense
of fluctuating speed is achieved through the unfolding of gradually varying consecutive tuplets in each
instrumental part, which result in gradual written-out accelerandi or decelerandi. This can be seen in
Figure 3.1, where a speeding up occurs from a 9-tuplet, through two 10-tuplets, to an 11-tuplet. Figures
3.2 and 3.3 feature a slowing down of the surface rhythm (again, independently of the actual tempo,
which remains stable at quarter-note equals sixty) from a 9-tuplet, through an 8-tuplet, to a 7-tuplet for
the former, and an 11-tuplet through two 10-tuplets to a 9-tuplet in the accordion excerpt. This
approach leads to the constant fluctuation in delivery of every individual line, producing a restless
undulating effect. As is the case with the horizontal and vertical treatment of pitch content, however,
the dimensionality of the rhythmic (or tuplet) writing is similarly exploited in order to ensure maximum
individuality and variety on the horizontal level, coupled with general evenness in the cumulative,
vertical result – but not absolute evenness, as the totality still varies, albeit less regularly.
This layering of simultaneous, different tuplets contributes to the buzzing yet suspended feel so
strongly prevalent in Material A. In other words, while individual instruments speed up or slow down,
the overall effect is close to a static one, changing subtly only over a period of time. Figure 3.5 shows,
in a table format, the types of tuplets found over the course of four pages (22 to 25), and illustrates the
simultaneously shifting horizontal pace balanced with – or perhaps countered by – a roughly even
vertical aggregate (a technique frequently found in Ligeti’s music from the 1950s onward).
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p. p. p. p.
22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
cl. 1 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10
cl. 2 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10
perc 1 7 7 8 8 9 9 - - - - - - - - - -
perc 2 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 - - - - - - - - -
pno 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 - - - - - - - - -
acc. 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 - - - - - - -
vln 1 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9
vln 2 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
vln 3 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 9
vla 1 8 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 8 8 9
vla 2 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7
vc 1 7 7 7 8 8 9 - - - - - - - - - -
vc 2 8 8 7 7 8 9 - - - - - - - - - -
db 8 8 7 7 6 - - - - - - - - - - -
Figure 3.5. Tuplets found for each instrument active on pages 22 to 25
Most beats in these pages comprise an aggregate of 7, 8, 9, and 10-tuplets, with the exception of those
found on page 24, which lack 10-tuplets, and also feature a thinning of the instrumentation
accompanied by a rise in the register of the music, both aspects to be discussed below. The temporary
removal of 10-tuplets, while representing a contrast and an important shift in the collective speed (or
density) of the music, remains subtle and shows Haas’s keen sense of detail. It also displays his typical
resistance to systematization, and his method of simultaneous differentiation and generalization – or
amalgamation – and his distinguishing between the individual and the collective, between content and
context (rhythm and meter/tempo). It is interesting to note that despite the extensive layering of tuplets
found in Haas’s systematic treatment of the vertical dimension of Material A, the polyrhythmic
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dimension remains a very concise one, in that all of the tuplets are performed against a single stable
and unchanging duration (the quarter-note), which ultimately mostly serves to reinforce it. The quarter-
note being equal to a second (as in the unit of time), I am reminded of Elliott Carter’s remarks in
defense of the complex, and yet deeply human and biological aspect of polyrhythms:
The rhythm of breathing is different from that of a heartbeat; we never think about it or are even
aware of it, but that's how it is; we are constantly living in the midst of this elementary
polyrhythm. Besides that, those two rhythms, our breathing and heartbeat, change under different
conditions. […] Two people don't live according to the same rhythm, but each in an independent
manner. This is considered perfectly understandable, and yet it's an incredibly complex
phenomenon.112
The juxtaposition of fast arpeggiated/scalar passages with the long, sustained notes, discussed
above, further serves to mold and diversify the music’s sense of time. In his book Penser la musique
aujourd’hui, Boulez famously speaks of two different types of time which he calls temps strié (striated
time) and temps lisse (smooth time). The former features structures of duration anchored in
chronometric time (whether even or uneven) but essentially systematic: pulsation (which is the unit of
the smallest common multiple – in our case, the quarter-note). In smooth time, temporal “ridges” are
replaced by the duration of specific sounds. No rhythmic unit is perceptible, but rather the continuous
flow in time of a sonorous mass set in motion, this suspended sense of time providing an impression of
“eternity.” “In smooth time, we occupy time without counting it; in striated time, we count the time to
occupy it.”113 By overlapping independent layers of constantly shifting and modulating striated time set
against an all-governing yet elusive beat (again, reiterated because all tuplets fit within a single quarter-
note beat) with layers of sustained harmonies, Haas problematizes our perception of time in the
passage. The juxtaposition of these two distinct temps, and his manipulation of the rhythmic devices
Enzo Restagno, Elliott Carter: In Conversation with Enzo Restagno for Settembre Musica 1989, translated by
112
Katherine Silberblatt Wolfthal. Brooklyn, NY: Institute for Studies in American Music, Conservatory of Music,
Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 1991, 42-3.
113“Dans le temps lisse, on occupe le temps sans le compter; dans le temps strié, on compte le temps pour
l’occuper.” Pierre Boulez, Penser la musique aujourd’hui (Paris: Gallimard, 1987), 107-8. (Translation my own)
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discussed above no doubt play an important part in reinforcing the suspended character of this music
that looks so different on paper than it actually sounds. The level of activity so apparent on the score,
while initially exhilarating in a concert, quickly becomes blurred and eerie as our sense of time
shifts.114
c. Register/Registral Envelope
Appendix A features a plot of the highest and lowest pitches found in each of the 75 measures
of Material A, allowing us to track the rate and direction of motion of the outer voices in the active
lines (as in only within the fast tuplet-driven material, and not the sustained pitches). The Shepard Tone
effect, discussed above, achieved through the ever-descending flourishes (arpeggiated or scalar), is very
directly challenged – and once again, problematized – by Haas in his treatment of the music’s registral
span’s evolution in time, which, in the next few paragraphs, I refer to as a registral envelope. A quick
look at the opening seven bars shows a stable lower voice (at C2) against which the upper voice
smoothly descends in oblique motion. The initial G#7 (or the A7 that it moves to in measure 3) quickly
descends to an Ab3 in measure 7 – in other words, a 3 octave descent in 4 bars.115 The descending
outer-voice is therefore simultaneously mirroring the descent found on the surface of the music, while
also remaining somewhat elusive – in that it resides in the middle-ground dimension of the music as it
is perceived by the listener.116
Once again, it is difficult not to connect these techniques to Ligeti’s music, particularly Lontano,
114
Atmosphères, and the Chamber Concerto.

115It should be emphasized that while Appendix A shows held tones, these pitches generally provide the
beginning of descending scales/arpeggios, which were discussed above, and are almost never sustained.
116Here, I distinguish between foreground – surface of the music, immediately graspable; middle-ground – the
result of slightly elongated processes on the surface, still generally graspable; and background events – difficult
to experience concretely, and generally the result of long-term observations and analysis.
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Subsequent developments of the registral envelope show an overall ascending tendency in both
outer voices. The first such ascents in the bass are found beginning in measure 7 on C2, and ending in
measure 13 on C5 (also three octaves, over the course of six bars). Measures 22 to 25, plotted above
into Figure 3.5, feature the opening measure’s oblique motion’s mirror image, with the top voice
roughly static between Bb5 and C6, and the bottom voice swiftly climbing from C#2 (measure 20) to
F#5 (measure 26). This abandonment of the lower register features an equivalent drop of several low-
pitched instruments, and is followed by a return of the low range in measure 27. This particular
reintroduction of the low register is interesting in that it occurs gradually through a bending of the
bottom voice’s trajectory from F#5 in measure 26 back down to C2 in measure 27’s 4th beat –
resembling the accordion’s writing in the lower staff of measure 3, second beat (in Figure 3.3). This
type of linear shift stands in sharp contrast with the more angular reintroduction of the low register as is
found in measure 19, for example, where the lowest voice’s A5 is abruptly contrasted with the
reappearance of C#2 on the next beat.
Haas’s tour de force, however, lies in his subsequent treatment of these outer voices. Pages 2
and 3 of Appendix A reveal the true paradox embedded within the ever-descending lines of Material A,
beginning around measure 30: the consistent, systematic, and hidden ascent of the registral envelope,
concretely mirroring the music’s foreground in its middle- and backgrounds. This exacerbates an
auditory illusion that occurs when one listens to Shepard Tones, sometimes referred to as “the Tritone
Paradox,” and which explains listeners’ difficulty in discerning whether the pitch is ascending or
descending.117 Haas’s riddling of the music with tritones only serves to reinforce this effect.118
117 First documented by Diana Deutsch, “A musical paradox,” Music Perception 3 (1986).
118 Shepard, “Pitch Perception and Measurement,” 150.
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The rising outer voices also feature the same pitch content as the one found in the descending
individual instrumental flourishes, discussed above – albeit in inversion. The result is a type of textural
writing, vaguely comparable to Ligeti’s in pieces like Atmosphères, where “the sonorous texture is so
dense that the individual interwoven instrumental voices are absorbed into the general texture and
completely lose their individuality,”119 which in turn creates the illusion of hearing rising Shepard
Tones, in this case, despite every single voice performing descending lines: a paradox beautifully
exploited by Haas.
d. Phrase/Cell Length
This fourth characteristic for the passage is important despite its subtlety. Phrase length (or
perhaps more fittingly, cell-length, depending on the specific passage) varies between short versions
(3-4 notes, generally arpeggiated) and longer versions (up to 14-note runs, generally scalar). Figure 3.6
shows the piano, accordion, and first violin in measure 22 as an illustration.
The piano’s top staff shows a rare, 8-note arpeggiated run spanning from B7 to F#4 in
descending stacked perfect/diminished fifths, as discussed above. More typical arpeggiated cells
contain 3 to 4 notes. Good examples are found in the accordion: despite the continuous arpeggiation,
these can be understood as repeated cells, such as the B6-E6-Bb5-E5 that opens the measure on the
accordion’s top staff, or the F6-Bb5-E5 example that closes it. Scalar runs tend to be longer, despite
covering roughly comparable registral expanses. For example, the violin’s descent from Bb5 to Eb4 is
made up of 11 notes. A 4-note chordal-cell version of this run, however, would likely be made up of
Bb5, Eb5, A4, and Eb4, and would therefore cover the same vertical length, albeit in a leaping and less
seamless manner. Other examples include a linkage between the two types of runs, such as the lower
119Betsy Schwarm, Classical Music Insights: Understanding and Enjoying Great Music (Bloomington, IN:
Trafford Publishing, 2011), 102. This does not necessarily allude to micropolyphony per se, but rather to the
deceptively broad brushstrokes, that are in fact extremely detailed.
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staff of the piano, beats 2 and 3 on Figure 3.6: the initial scalar descent from F4 to G#3 sees an elision
as the G# goes from being the last note of the descending scale to becoming the first one of the
arpeggiated, 3-note cell (G#3, D3, G#2). Another such example is found in beats 3 and 4 of the piano’s
top staff, with the 6-note descending arpeggiation’s last note (E5) becoming the first note of a scalar
descent that goes into measure 23.
Figure 3.6. Piano, accordion, and first violin parts in measure 22.
The relationship between the two, however – the leaping arpeggiated runs with few notes, and
step-wise scalar runs with many – is brought into question. Because they ultimately cover similar
registral expanses, regardless of their note-number make-up (as was shown above), it is possible,
especially at a fast speed, to confound the two, and to understand them as slight variations of each
other. A good instrumental analogy is the “fake glissandi” sometimes used by clarinetists or string
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players as substitutes to full, gradual, exact ones, with the audible result often being the same. I am not
making the point that fast scalar runs and the shorter arpeggiated versions sound exactly the same, but
that they represent variations of each other, much more closely related than may appear through a quick
glance at the score – and this can indeed be confirmed by closely listening to the score with this point
in mind.
e. Instrumentation
Instrumentation plays an central part in Haas’s music, even beyond its oft-mentioned spectralist
connections. The role of individual instrumental timbre, and the paradoxical way in which it coalesces
into an overtone chord all the while distorting it will be discussed below. However, despite not playing
a structural role in this passage, instrumentation is nonetheless central to Material A’s unfolding, in that
it provides one of the main tools for preserving musical interest in the otherwise largely static and
blurry material. I will provide several examples taken from the 75 pages of the section as an illustration
of the creativity Haas displays in handling his instrumental forces.
The opening measures of the piece are scored ppp across the instruments used, as mentioned
above, and feature the percussion, piano, accordion, and strings, cleverly dove-tailing (see page 1,
especially the string writing) cascading short legato 4-note arpeggiated cells in broad registral sweeps.
The piano and accordion function as binding elements in the otherwise scattered and disjunct texture.
This is quickly followed, however, by important shifts in orchestration. For example, after the
introductions of flutes and clarinets in measure 2, strings, winds, and keyboard instruments dominate
the texture until measure 11 when the winds suddenly drop out, closely followed by cellos and basses:
this is also the measure in which the percussion and piano add shimmering tremolos in the middle of
the texture, as discussed above. The brief return of the lower instruments in measure 13 mostly helps
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cover up the exit of the keyboard instruments, leaving the upper strings alone, fully exposed. The
following pages continue in the same fashion, with frequent shifts in subtle colors and a close mapping
of the rising-envelope-to-come on the instrumentational realm. Measures 22 to 25, for example, shown
in Figure 2.6, clearly demonstrate the abandonment of the lower string and percussion instruments into
pages 24-25, where the upper strings and the clarinets are left exposed as the collective rhythmic
density is slowly expanded with the reintroduction of 10-tuplets, absent on page 24. This
orchestrational shift directly correlates with the rising envelope mapped in Appendix A.
A particularly important event occurs at the brass instruments’ first entrance at measure 28 in a
– highly atypical in the music so far – rhythmic unison quickly followed by a loud crescendo of the
sustained chord and a vertical cutoff at the loud f dynamic, thereby increasing the dynamic threshold of
the music up until that point, which had been restricted to ppp. The crescendo found in the high
register, shortly after the brass crescendo, plays a dual role, first in following the global trend towards
louder dynamics after this abrupt and surprising surge, and second in its relationship with the timbral
particularities of brass instruments, which predominantly have a slower high envelope (in other words,
their higher partials speak later than the lower ones). The crescendo in the brass instruments preceding
the one found in the higher instruments therefore serves to stretch the gesture and illuminate the upper
register in a particularly effective way, of which Haas takes full advantage by subsequently staggering
much louder descending lines in the higher parts of the register, beginning on the second beat of
measure 29. This gesture therefore reconciles the high register, pointed at by the brass, with the lower
range from which it emerged. In other words, that the low and high registers, in physical opposition,
are merged and the opposition overcome, through the presence of the brass in this passage, in that their
low written pitch is fundamentally defined (timbrally) by the important – if somewhat delayed –
presence of those high overtones. This constitutes a subtle but powerful example of the dialectical
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approach Haas displays in this piece. He subsequently restricts his usage of brass instruments until later
on in the section, at which point their role changes: they become agents of transition between Material
A and its dualistic opposite, which we will now discuss.
2. Material B
I have identified Material B as beginning on page 84 of the score and lasting until about page
100 – although another plausible starting point is the second system of page 82.120 This music displays
a quasi-antithetical relationship to that of the opening on multiple levels, which will be individually
addressed below. The first and foremost difference is the tuning system employed: we have left equal
temperament behind and find ourselves in a world of just intonation where harmonies fit into a tightly
controlled mold based on the overtone series. I have chosen to restrict the following analysis, as I have
done in the preceding section, to the particularities inherent within Material B itself.
The first clarification to be made is that Material B is separated from the end of Material A by
nine very important pages of music during which Haas plunges the concert hall into complete darkness.
This transitional section, which I have chosen to ignore for the time being, constitutes what I will later
on be calling the First Darkness section, and which will be discussed at length in Chapter 4. It goes
without saying that the juxtaposition of Material A, with its very specific character and its grounding in
equal temperament, with Material B and its broad, still, justly-tuned harmonies, provides Haas with a
special challenge, and the opportunity for a carefully thought-out transition. The importance of his
choice to gradually extinguish the concert hall’s lights as the music penetrates this transitional section,
as well as the positioning of Material B on the other end of the “dark tunnel” is difficult to overstate.
120The second system of page 82 features the beginning of a transition in which the lights are slowly turned back
on. This process is completed on page 84. I have therefore chosen to attach this short transition to the previous
section, and to term page 84 as the official beginning of Material B, although counterarguments are presented in
subsequent paragraphs of this section.
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While the analysis of the transition will be deferred to a later portion of the paper, no discussion of
Material B can be complete without duly acknowledging the special and unusual context in which these
carefully tuned harmonies first sound: With the light coming back on, these chords acquire a new
meaning, one that would be incomplete, were the visual conditions to be ignored.
In this section, the score shows, next to every pitch, an Arabic numeral followed by a German
note name in parentheses: For example, the G5 quarter-sharp, found in the first flute, at measure 90, is
accompanied by the notation 11.(D), indicating that this pitch is the 11th partial of an overtone chord
built on the fundamental pitch D, in other words, D2 (absent in this chord). It should be noted that
while the pitches that make up the overtone chords are frequently microtonally-tuned (or justly-tuned),
the fundamental pitches themselves remain nonetheless anchored in the equal-tempered system – a fact
of no small significance to our overall analysis, as will shortly become apparent.
Material B features 11 of the 12 tempered pitches as fundamentals of the chords (the twelfth,
missing fundamental, F, is actually featured at the very end of page 83, perhaps giving credence to the
idea of including the material from page 82’s second half onwards into Material B proper). The use of
such a large number of overtone chords in a work is difficult to manage, in practical terms, as far as the
ensemble is concerned, because performers, when playing a specific pitch, need to picture (or mentally
hear) the assigned fundamental (often absent, as will be seen below) in order to accurately tune their
pitch in relation to it. The more fundamental pitches are used, the bigger the challenge for musicians to
perform this act accurately.121
121 While discussing writing music for different groups, Haas once declared that “I always try to compose for
each situation in which the work will be performed. Poème was a commission for the Cleveland Orchestra and I
knew there would be hardly any rehearsals because they are extremely expensive in the USA. […] I encountered
the exact opposite with Natures mortes in Donaueschingen, where there were far more rehearsals than usual.
And I knew that Sylvain Cambreling was conducting; hardly anybody else is as familiar with my music as he is.
In that work I could afford myself the luxury of writing five different overtone rows for a large orchestra. They
needed six rehearsals plus realisation. Bruchstück has a single overtone chord, in vain has twelve – because it
was for Klangforum.” Rögl, “On the magic of ‘pure’ intervals,” 14.
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The texture in this section is also very different from that of the opening, with instruments
playing sustained notes in a block-like fashion. That said, the entrances are often split into groups, such
as on page 84: in the D-fundamental chordal block, groups of notes enter in measure 88 and others in
measure 89, before staggered entries are introduced in the woodwinds as an added timbral variation. In
the next chord, on a C#-fundamental chordal block, string entries are split into two groups, one entering
on the downbeat of measure 92, and the second half playing on the third triplet eighth-note of the beat.
Each added entry is given a very specific dynamic envelope, and pitches are often picked up by other
instruments. The internal logic of the passage is therefore quite similar to that of the first section in the
sense that events that seem to be drawn with broad brushstrokes are in fact very carefully crafted with a
multitude of minute details.
In his aforementioned talk on in vain, Simon Rattle describes the particular sound of Material B
as “pure, original tones almost fighting with our modern sounds.”122 He compares the music to lights,
“if you can hear lights, you hear lights! You have to use mixed metaphors in this piece.”123 Going
further, he compares the darkness preceding Material B to a primeval swamp from which music is
born, “a very long, slow, patient birth.” He also compares the experience, in large part due to the effect
of turning the lights back on, to that of seeing the work of Olafur Eliasson (a Danish-Icelandic artist
whose work is known for incorporating the elements, such as air, water, and light), and “particularly the
work in the [2013] Berlin exhibition he had, where you walked into a gigantic room which was full of
smoke and extraordinarily bright lights came to you in the smoke, so you were completely disorientated
and almost drowned with colour.”124 The imagery is rich and intense, and is reiterated across the
123 Ibid., 15.
124 Ibid., 16.
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literature and in various program notes,125 but while I shall retain the vividness it arouses, I will once
once again refrain from imposing such subjective imagery onto the music, and will instead begin by
orienting our attention to the technical underpinnings and challenges of this material by breaking down
the passage into five important facets that drive the form.
a. Harmony
Perhaps the most important and crucial dimension of Haas’s music due to its fundamental
connection to tuning, harmony as a category – perhaps harmony-as-tuning or tuning-as-harmony –
embeds a variety of parameters that all work together to achieve movement and contrast within a single
process. In Material B, each verticality is organized around a fundamental, be it present or – more
frequently – absent. The harmonic content – or “flavor” – is conveyed first through the specific
scoring/filtering of the chord in question, second from the chord succession, or progression (i.e., the
fundamental moves down a major versus a minor third, or moves up a perfect fourth versus a tritone,
etc.), and last through the voice-leading that results from the first two.
Appendix B shows, in a table, the succession of individual chordal-blocks for the entirety of
what I have identified as Material B (pages 84-100), specifically emphasizing the fundamentals and
their featured overtones, amongst other details.126 The music until measure 115 offers few occurrences
of the fundamental, and a general avoidance of partials below the 4th. The subsequent passage,
however, begins a push ‘upwards’ in terms of partials, with some as high as the 15th (in the D chord of
measures 123-127). This is ultimately followed by a reemergence of the lower register in the G chord
125With the last quote making reference to the “Second Darkness,” which is followed by vivid beams of light
that flash the audience, almost aggressively, at a later stage in the piece.
126 The table permits, in particular, tracking the presence or absence of the fundamentals in the chords.
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on measures 141-143, which features the fundamental, but also the 2nd and 3rd partials, absent in all
previous chords.
A striking feature of the aforementioned passage (from measures 120 to 141) is the absence of
any fundamental. Following the well-grounded G chord from measures 142-143, the passage leading to
measure 160 offers, from a purely harmonic standpoint, a return to a middle-level in terms of partials
(between the 6th and the 12th in general), in order to prepare the important chord built on B natural that
slowly comes together in the strings in measures 163-164, and which features a full stack of low
partials (1st to 4th, 6th, 10th, 11th, and 14th), inaugurating the final section of Material B, a passage
heavily reliant on the low register. The A and G chords in measures 172 to 180 also offer a a packed set
of low partials, with the 1st to the 4th, as well as the 6th and 8th (the A chord also contains the 9th and
10th, while the G chord features the 5th, 7th, and 11th partials). These chords are followed by the
fullest stacking of partials seen thus far in the section, with the F# chord in measures 188-190
comprising the partials between the 1st and the 7th, the 9th, 11th, 12th, and 15th.
The potential danger of juxtaposing chords that are fundamentally the same – the overtone
series – in such a lengthy succession is a lack of diversity of harmonic color (such an important concern
to many composers after the advent of spectralism). Haas’s solution is in part the varying filtering of
partials described above. The omission of certain specific overtones greatly varies the resulting
harmonies. This goes to show the extent to which Haas’s harmony comes close to encompassing other
important musical concepts, such as pitch (since in theory overtone chords have “the capacity to reduce
to a unity, to a singularity,”127 that of the fundamental) and timbre (which is defined by a collection of
overtones, each with its respective loudness/dynamic).
127 Dennehy and Tenney, “Interview with James Tenney,” 79–89.

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The most important omission is the fundamental. This crucial pitch, which lends the chords its
name, is less frequently found in the beginning of the section (thereby rendering these chords less
fused, or perhaps lacking in focus). But other partials’ presence/absence can greatly transform the
sonorities as well: the table in Appendix B shows, in measures 153-155, for example, Haas carefully
and subtly filtering out the fifth, eight and tenth partials of D, focusing instead on the fourth, sixth,
seventh, and ninth, before introducing the eleventh partial as well. The table regularly features multiple
voicings of chords built over the same fundamental (the beginning of the section, for example, shows
three successive voicings of a C# chord). Continuous filtering of these harmonies, therefore, both
internally and in relation to each other, ensures that no two consecutive chords are the same,
maintaining the forward motion of the material through a process of variation.
Another important way through which Haas maintains interest in the lengthy succession of
overtone chords is through an effect he calls Klangspaltung128 (tone-splitting), which “occurs through
the use of microtonal near-unisons.”129 These are achieved through two different approaches in
Material B: the first, most intuitive approach consists in microtonal fluctuations in certain voices
against a stable unison in another, such as can be found in measures 172-174 in the violas, with the
second viola sustaining an E3 while the first viola gradually and regularly bends its E natural upwards
towards an E quarter-sharp. A second manner in which this is achieved makes use of the specific tuning
of partials in the overtone chords, and takes advantage of the differences in tuning systems. An example
is found in measures 198-200 between the second violin (instructed to play an equal-tempered B4) and
the second flute (instructed to play a B4 justly tuned over an E as its 12th partial – and therefore higher
than the violin’s B). Another example, found early on in the section in measure 113, occurs when the
128Georg Friedrich Haas, “Mikrotonalitäten,” in Musik-Konzepte Sonderband: Musik der anderen Tradition:
Mikrotonale Tonwelten, ed. Hans Rudolf Zeller, Heinz-Klaus Metzger, and Rainer Riehn (München, Germany:
Edition text + kritik, 2003), 60.
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piano punctuates a G-fundamental chord with tempered versions of pitches, adding D4, G4, and A5 to
the overtone on G reverberating in the strings.130 The piano’s D4 will be tuned slightly lower than the
D4 played by the second cello, which will be tuned as a perfect fifth to the (absent) G fundamental, and
will therefore result in friction and tone-splitting, adding subtle tension to the music. Occurrences of
Klangspaltung increase significantly in later stages of the piece.
b. Silence
The chordal blocks described above are separated by rests adorned with fermatas of malleable
duration, giving silence a prominent place in this musical realm – whereas it was entirely absent from
Material A. The breaks between the chordal blocks play a very important part in the pacing of the
passage, but while their duration is mostly left up to the conductor, it is their presence altogether that is
striking at first.131 Silence is to sound as darkness is to light and as such, Haas’s choice to juxtapose the
two dualistic opposites repeatedly immediately following the First Darkness is very revealing, as he
renews the practice of contextualizing concepts of musical materials as a way to explore and transform
them. In other words, by making silence an active participant in the music, he gives himself room and
opportunity to transform it and the way it is experienced.
The first, and possibly most important silence, occurs at the end of page 82’s top system. This is
the first rest heard so far in the piece following five to six minutes of continuous activity, and
immediately precedes the transition in which the lights become gradually brighter into measure 88, the
beginning of Material B, where such hushed breaks become preponderant and varied. The function and
the effect of the first silence are undoubtedly different from future occurrences, regardless how
130 The reverberating effect, achieved through dynamic swells and a tempo change, will be discussed below.
“Dauer der Fermaten ist variabel: gehalten, nachklingen lassen, Reaktion auf die Entwicklung der Klänge,
131
Aussetzen der gemessenen Zeit,” p. 83 of the score. On the other hand, some do have specified lengths, and
mostly occur before the section identified as Material B proper begins (p. 82, bottom system, for example).
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differentiated later rests are through their duration, what precedes their appearance, and what comes
after them. Rests can therefore be explained as respite, as the anti-thesis of sound, as well as “music
reduced to nothing, and nothing raised to music,”132 as was said about John Cage’s 4’33’’. Silence is the
ambient sound of the concert hall and the unwanted noises produced by musicians and audience
members. Silence also serves to render the darkness in which it emerges more uncomfortable,133 and to
some downright terrifying. “It is the extinction of thought,”134 or thinking taking a breath, but this
meaning is destined to change, as quietness obstinately continues to insert itself between the chordal
blocks of Material B.
Again, it is possible to explain these silences from a very practical musical standpoint: the
perpetuum mobile character of the opening section features very little respite and warrants a change of
gears. Silence – at first – feels somewhat welcomed by the listener, regardless of its deeper implications
of an ideological nature. As with darkness (which becomes more than the absence of light), Haas
manages to transform a superficially negative process into a positive one, in which a dearth of
something is understood as an addition, and an absence becomes an opportunity. In her article “Utopian
America,” Gordana P. Crnković discusses Cage’s ideas from his book Silence, and the close connection
between silence and horizontality. “Horizontal being is being in which one does not define oneself and
one’s language vertically, according to the given centers of power, meaning or subjectivity. Horizontal
being is a condition of potential freedom in which one can elude one’s (and the center’s)
preconceptions.”135 Following Crnković’s idea, silence can be interpreted from a political angle, which
is something I will be discussing further in Chapter 5. For our current discussion, however, and beyond
132 Paul Griffiths, Modern Music and After (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011), 30.
133 A thesaurus interestingly gives ‘blackout’ as a synonym to silence. “Silence,” Thesaurus.com.
134 Griffiths, Modern Music and After, 30.
135Gordana P. Crnković, “Utopian America and the Language of Silence,” in John Cage: Composed in America,
ed. Marjorie Perloff and Charles Junkerman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 177.
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the ideological, utopian value of silence as horizontal – and therefore dualistically related to the vertical
chords that interrupt it – silence can also be understood as space, and as room for the listener’s own
thoughts and imagination. In the same way as words can be separated from each other by blank space,
allowing one’s mind to reflect on them in a personal manner, silence allows one’s thoughts to form and
develop, and can be interpreted as a state of mindfulness, as it is understood in Zen Buddhist
philosophy.136
Regardless of one’s initial interpretation of silence as it first settles on Material B, its systematic
and consistent return slowly transforms it in the listener’s mind: It comes to acquire a much heavier
presence, forcing the listener to follow its pace or grow anxious. As such, despite its definition as the
lack of sound, silence becomes an active participant in the piece, and serves to heavily shift our
perception of time, in much the same way as Material A’s suspended throbbing did before it.
c. Tempo
The bottom line of Appendix B’s table tracks the changes of tempo found throughout Material
B. Those sometimes occur at the very onset of large vertical entrances, and other times halfway through
the large chordal events. Material A’s tempo, quarter-note equals 60, remains an anchor throughout
Material B, with Haas frequently returning to it after smooth – and not-so-smooth – tempo shifts.
Page 93, for example, has an initial tempo of quarter-note equals 96 quickly slowing down to
quarter-note equals 40 within the span of four beats before abruptly returning to quarter-note equals 60
in the middle of the measure. Page 87 features an accelerando from 60 to 108 over the course of 3 bars
which sees the large G overtone chord, supplied by a low G1 fundamental in the harp, release its
sonority into a large fermata-ed silence, after which the tempo abruptly reverts to 60. The tempi most
Mark Epstein, Thoughts Without a Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective (New York: Basic
136
Books, 1995).
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frequently used by Haas are 40, 60, and 96, with occasional uses of 52, 72, 144, and 180. It should be
noted that the rate of tempo changing increases significantly in the latter half of Material B.
The frequent return to what may be termed as the global tempo for the piece so far (quarter-note
equals 60) gives these tempo changes a pendulum character, as though the speed of the music sways
sharply in a certain direction, invariably returning to the middle-point, before swiftly swaying in the
other direction, and so on. Throughout these pages, using juxtaposition and transformation
(accelerandos and/or decelerandos), Haas molds the tempo and bends it back and forth, ensuring that
few pages go by without a significant fluctuation of the pulse. This juxtaposition of gradual (if hasty)
and abrupt changes echoes the ways in which the music develops on its surface, as will be discussed
below. The direct parallel is emphasized as the section unfolds, around page 94 for example, as Haas
begins to introduce rhythmic pulsations in the instrumental lines. Multiple players, vertically aligned,
pulse their harmonies in an accelerating fashion, thereby maintaining the fluctuation of speed despite
the tempo being steady in that particular passage. Inversely, page 87 features the string instruments
regularly crescendoing to mf before quickly receding, at an even rate of a half-note. The tempo,
however, increases smoothly to 108 over these few bars, therefore destroying the regularity written on
the page and imbuing it with rush and momentum. This provides a perfect example of the manner in
which Haas exploits the dichotomy between rhythm and tempo (content and context, surface and
structure), as he had done in Material A – albeit with the reverse approach, by writing stable rhythmic
units on the music’s surface, and injecting the deeper layers of sound with agents of change and
instability.
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d. Instrumentation and Paradox
Instrumentation plays a pivotal role in Material B. Its first and most obvious purpose is, as with
Material A, to diversify timbre, allowing for modulations of tone color and directionality as we
navigate the succession of different chordal blocks. It becomes somewhat difficult to disentangle the
timbral role played by instruments (in other words, their own inherent tone color) and the timbral result
achieved by instruments adding certain specific partials to the overtone chords, as was described in
section a above. The intersections between timbre and harmony proliferate in Material B, complicating
the delineation of instrumentation as a concept in-and-of-itself.
A good example of orchestration working in the more traditional sense was mentioned above. It
occurs right at the section’s beginning, with two sets of string entries slowly merging to form the large
D-overtone chord (with a missing fundamental). The 6th, 7th, 8th, and 11th partials are slowly
introduced in measure 89 on the third violin, the second viola, and the second cello. These exact same
pitches are shortly taken over, through a broad cross-fade, by wind instruments, in measures 90 and 91,
thereby offering a rare example of instrumental color operating relatively independently of harmony
and partial filtering. Another example is found in measures 97-100: the 4th, 6th, 7th, and 9th partials of
the B-overtone chord are introduced in the strings before being gradually taken over by woodwinds,
allowing the same chord to modulate its timbre without altering its notated pitch content.
An important challenge Haas faces in Material B is that of finding a role for his tempered
instruments, namely the piano, the accordion, and the pitched percussion.137 He approaches the
problem with two different solutions: the first involves restricting the pitches assigned to those
instruments to ones that fit into the justly-tuned overtone chords (almost always the fundamental).
Examples include the accordion’s F#1 in measures 116-119 or A1 in measures 173-176, or the piano’s
137The harp is not one of those instruments, since it is tuned justly from the piece’s onset, and is therefore
capable of playing pitches in the ‘keys’ of C, B, and C#.
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Bb1 of measure 167. The second solution consists in using tempered pitches specifically with the intent
to produce the Klangspaltung effects described above (a form of acceptance of the instruments’
limitations and an attempt to use them to his advantage). Examples of this include the aforementioned
chord on the piano in measure 113, or the accordion’s E5 in measure 152, which clashes with the D
overtone chord’s 9th partial (by 4 cents, the just interval of a large major second, represented by the
ratio 9:8 producing 204 cents instead of equal temperament’s 200).138
As in most spectralist pieces, however, there is an added, paradoxical dimension that greatly
challenges one’s understanding of orchestration: unlike spectra synthesized by sine tones, each
instrument provides its own set of added overtones inherent within its timbre, thereby further
complicating the resulting soundscape. This exacerbates the degree to which a score is representational
when, by refining the level of microtonal precision in tuning, it strives to paint very precise pictures
using what are essentially other pictures. While performers are instructed to carefully tune their notes in
order to fuse into a large overtone chord, the spectral envelopes inherent to the instruments on which
they play frequently complicate the merging potential of these large blocks of sounds – perhaps to an
unresolvable degree.139
As such, a new dichotomy is brought forth in these passages, with the precision of harmonic
content and tuning colliding with the imprecision of the score and its means, and therefore, of the
resulting spectra, burdened by a whole set of partials found within individual instruments’ spectral
envelopes but un-notated, or unapparent, in the score. Zooming out far enough, one might recognize
the ‘idea’ of the overtone series pointed at by the music, but a closer look, or a closer dive into the
sound quickly reveals that it is much more complex and, in fact, grey.
Ross W. Duffin, How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony (and Why You Should Care) (New York: W.W.
138
Norton & Company, 2007), 163.

139 AsI hinted above, this paradox, inherent to so much spectral music and beyond, brings to my mind works
sometimes referred to a photographic mosaics.
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e. Surface Activity and Dynamics: Development
While the individuality of instrumental loudness in Material A was relinquished in favor of a
group dynamic level, almost every entrance in Material B is carefully shaped and specified – micro-
managed, in comparison. Haas initially makes use of two basic dynamic envelopes, shown in Figure
3.8: the first, found on the downbeat of measure 88, features a gradual swell of sound, variably
sustained before receding. The second, found in the violins on measures 94-95, mimics the envelope of
a plucked string: the pitch’s loudest point is its attack, and is followed by a relatively swift decay. As
such, both types of envelopes share a smooth diminuendo to silence.
Figure 3.7. Two types of envelopes initially found in Material B, and the two derived and later introduced.
While most instruments’ dynamic envelopes in Material B’s opening correspond to these first two
types, new envelopes quickly begin to appear, giving a strong impression of development. However,
one of the first good examples of development is found in the aforementioned repetitive dynamic
swells to mf found in the strings on measures 109-113, and shows envelope 1 occurring in a “loop,”
and at a relatively fast pace. Further development is found in the uncharacteristically (for Material B)
even and sustained attacks found in the winds in measures 120-121, and whose lack of dynamic
“hairpins” suggests an organ-like sound, meant to stand out in the midst of much more gradual and
smooth dynamic envelopes in surrounding instruments (envelope 4). Envelope 3 is found in elongated
crescendos whose highest dynamic is at their (accented) cutoff, such as those performed by the winds
in measure 143, or those (slightly different, in that the f dynamic is reached several beats before the
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cut-off) in the high strings in measure 164, as well as 180. It should be mentioned, however, that these
are the only examples of notes whose ending does not feature a decrescendo.
A second source of development in the piece occurs when Haas injects the surface of the music
with microtonal inflections, small disturbances that provide the same kind of energy as the dynamic
transformations.140 Examples include the aforementioned clash between the E3 in viola 2 and the E3
quarter-sharp in viola 1, in measures 172-174. Another example shows the high strings in a small but
vivid glissando in measures 178-179. The slow and increasing infusion of turmoil onto the music’s
surface in pages 84-100 prefaces subsequent developments in the music beyond Material B. Both the
microtonal deviations, which result in Klangspaltung, as well as the dynamic palpitations introduced
onto otherwise-sustained limpid harmonies trigger this process of transformation that helps distinguish
Material B so strongly from Material A. Material B might even give the impression of being
impatiently developmental in nature, as though Haas struggles and fails (or perhaps he simply does not
want to) preserve it intact for long enough before beginning the piece’s dialectical developmental
process. The most jarring, downright aggressive, and foreboding sign of the clash of tuning systems to
come is found in measures 197-200, in which the strings gradually merge into a harmony straight out of
Material A (a stacking of perfect and diminished fifths across a wide register), while the winds sustain
an E-overtone chord that quickly recedes, triggering the end of what I have termed Material B, and the
beginning of a long developmental section.
3. Common Grounds
Despite being fundamentally opposed in their character, texture, pacing, tuning system,
dynamic treatment, and more, Materials A and B hide important and deeply consequential common
140 Shown in Appendix B.

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traits that will prove crucial in the piece’s development. I have already briefly mentioned the manner in
which Haas exploits the schism between the surface and structure of the music, by manipulating tempo
freely while maintaining a stable rhythm, and vice-versa, thereby putting into question the distinction
between means and ends as separate compositional concepts.141 He also approaches the listener’s sense
of time as an important factor in the long-term pacing of the music. In Material A, the overlapping of
temps lisse and temps strié allows him to craft a sound-world as rich as it is vague, reminiscent of Paul
Valéry’s discussion of lightness: “Il faut être léger comme l’oiseau, et non comme la plume” (“One
should be light as a bird, not as a feather”).142 The fast flourishes of Material A are weighed (or
dragged) down by the sustained chords’ gravity – or perhaps the type of lightness found in space, where
both gravity and air resistance are chimerical. In Material B, Haas challenges our sense of time by
confronting us with heavy, consequential silences, that separate careful statements in the form of broad
but straightforward harmonies. The long rests’ refusal to subside stands in contrast with the bubbling
energy hidden within the chords as they spontaneously begin to develop and metamorphose.
And yet there is a fundamental aspect of the music that inextricably links the two materials,
hinted at above: the equal-tempered nature of the fundamentals anchoring the successive chords in
Material B. Haas refrains from using non-tempered fundamentals, unlike elsewhere in his œuvre,143
thereby providing a crucial common-ground for the subsequent development of the piece. An attempt
to plot the successive fundamentals onto a staff, however, reveals the extent to which Materials A and B
are linked – well beyond the equal-tempered nature of the fundamentals. Figure 3.9 shows that the
141In other words, the speeding-up of the music which, as an end, is achieved through two different means: the
acceleration of either the tempo or the notated rhythms.
142 Italo Calvino, Six Memos for the Next Millennium (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 16.
143 Blumenstück, for example.
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succession of pitches actually replicates the exact melodic writing found in Material A (with a strong
focus on minor and major seconds, and minor thirds).
Figure 3.8. The succession of fundamentals in Material B, plotted onto a staff, resembles the melodic lines found
in Material A’s surface and deeper levels, shown in Appendix A.
It therefore becomes clear that Material A’s pitch-content, found both on its surface (in the
descending scalar flourishes) and in its deeper layers (shown in Appendix A), is also duplicated in
Material B’s own structure. It is very carefully hidden – and impossible to discern through listening –
but is extremely consequential to the analysis found in subsequent chapters. 

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Chapter 4
Darkness
1. Haas and Darkness
Turning off all light sources in an artistic performance may sound less radical to some of us at
first but remains nonetheless a challenging feat in the context of an acoustic classical music concert.
Unlike digital electronic music performances, in which the bulk of the action takes place inside a
machine in binary form, Haas’s performers are seated on stage (or around the room, as in his third
string quartet, In iij. Noct) with instruments they are expected to handle blindly. They are also forced to
perform the music from memory and give up reliance on visual cues for coordination. Haas had already
experimented with darkness in pieces completed prior to in vain, and would continue to explore ways
of using it in his music in subsequent years, including in the aforementioned third string quartet,
completed in 2001.
A difference between the two pieces, however, is that in vain features 20 minutes of darkness
out of the approximate 70 the work is meant to last, whereas the string quartet is played exclusively in
darkness. Performances of the string quartet – which was played by JACK Quartet in New York City in
sold-out concerts – typically begin with
a test of darkness for the sake of the audience. […] Some people can become anxious in this
situation, even with the music. So the lights in the studio were turned off and the audience […]
was plunged into darkness for about a minute. […] When the lights came back on, [the artistic
director] invited anyone who found the darkness unnerving to leave with ‘no shame.’144
144 Anthony
Tommasini, “Improvising in Total Darkness: JACK Quartet Performs Georg Friedrich Haas in the
Dark,” New York Times, 20 November 2013.
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Alex Ross describes initially feeling “a fear such as I’ve never experienced in a concert hall: it was like
being sealed in a tomb.”145 During JACK Quartet’s West Coast premiere of the piece, Benjamin
Uphues (who works in the dark dining restaurant Opaque)
was brought in to blot out even tiniest pinprick of illumination. […] Each audience member was
required to sign a waiver releasing the presenters from liability and to provide an emergency
contact before being admitted. […] Like soldiers in Iraq, ushers were provided with night vision
goggles. A somewhat mystified-looking fire marshall was on hand as well.146
And yet, most observers agree that the fear/discomfort/terror subside once the music actually
begins. This brings me to the second important difference between in vain and In iij. Noct: the former is
interrupted (twice) by darkness, which becomes a discrete event over the course of the piece – albeit
one that subsequently comes to characterize the work as a whole – whereas darkness is the string
quartet’s basic condition, its permanent state, its new normal. In the former, the moment of panic, or
fear (or excitement, soothing, etc) is experienced by the listener in the midst of the piece, twice, and is
therefore intertwined with the music. The same can be said of the flip side of darkness, namely the
moment the light is turned back on (also twice), which enriches and adds complexity to the idea of
darkness. In the string quartet, darkness becomes accepted by the listener early on in the piece –
although it is arguable that it transforms and acquires nuanced interpretations and levels of darkness as
the work unfolds. As such, the same basic idea – darkness – acquires, through the two works, rather
different functions.
The challenge I face in this analysis, which is fairly common in analyses of many of Haas’s
works, is precisely this attribution of meaning. As I have shown several times so far, Haas’s personality,
his work, and his aesthetic exude a deep fluidity and a non-committal attitude towards dualistically-
opposed concepts. I would even argue that this resistance to labels, to choosing sides, to black-and-

146 Swed, “Music review: Georg Friedrich Haas’ revelatory romp in the dark.”
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white situations, is what fundamentally defines Haas as a creator. His usage of darkness, similarly to
his usage of silence, stasis, tuning systems, and much more, is therefore inherently plural in its
interpretation and in its meanings.
His attraction to darkness stems from his earliest childhood, as described in Chapter 1, having
grown up on the “dark side” of a high-altitude valley in the Austrian Alps. His relationship with nature
similarly mirrors the complexity of his feelings towards darkness. Interestingly, darkness and nature are
combined in the following story he shared during an interview:
I lived for some years in the mountains in Austria and I liked walking outside at night. One night
there was no moon and there was a very dense fog and I really couldn’t see anything and I
thought I would go back. But in a very few minutes I discovered that my feet automatically found
their way. When I crossed a small bridge over a river I experienced the sound of the water, the
changing of the noise of the water, with an intensity I had never had before. When I came back I
understood what had happened; I am a human being whose ancestors for hundreds of thousands
of years had to survive in darkness without electric light. All our bodies have the ability to do that
but we live in such a way that we cannot use those abilities. It’s like there is a desire for darkness
that we cannot fulfill. If I ask you when did you ever have the experience of total darkness in
your life, the answer is probably very rarely. I think it fills a gap for the audience if we present
them with this situation. It makes a very strong emotional reaction with our bodies.147
Haas’s use of darkness in in vain, as well as in several other works, cannot be explained succinctly and
without contradictions. Although he turns off the lights in a work in which he explicitly claims to
address the rise of the far-right – of obscurantism – in European politics, the darkness is nevertheless
not strictly a denouncing element. It would make sense to make the parallel between the music played
in the dark and the symbolically regressive, and yet Haas both contradicts that (as will be discussed
below) and offers much more to the listener through his handling of the concept. Just like silence in
Material B comes to represent more than the absence of sound, darkness in both of its occurrences in
the piece (on pages 82 and 163) comes to embody more than the obscure, the regressive, the

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denounced. Before a further analysis of in vain’s two Darknesses, I will briefly unpack the complex and
contradictory content behind the concept.
2. Theorizing Darkness
Darkness, like fire,148 hides numerous contradictory and parallel interpretations. In the same
way as fire soothes and terrifies, cooks and burns, cleans and eradicates, darkness enhances the senses
and terrorizes, is our basic condition and our worst fear, symbolizes peace, rest, but also regression and
backwardness. An entire dissertation would barely scratch the surface of the topic, and yet I’m going to
attempt to introduce some of the associations and interpretations of darkness found in the literature.
“The most obvious influence of night is to limit what we can see and do, and for me this seems
to foster the kind of awareness in which creative work can grow,”149 writes American author John
Daniel. In his essay, “In Praise of Darkness,” he describes his experience during a four-and-a-half-
month experiment in solitude in which he retreated to a cabin in Oregon’s Rogue River wilderness to
write. Like Haas did in the aforementioned statement, he describes walking through nature at night, and
the acclimation to darkness he experienced as minutes went by, perhaps rooted in humanity’s original
subjection to night’s utter darkness.
Our age is hostile to night and to all things dark – and so, paradoxically, we make night darker.
[…] And what am I but a perfect likeness of modern enlightened man when I hike or ski by
headlamp, peering ahead in the bondage of my narrow light beam oblivious to the rest of the
cosmos, accompanied at times by the annoying moths just as monomaniacally addicted to light as
I am?150
148 Gaston Bachelard, La psychanalyse du feu (Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1949).

149 John Daniel, “In Praise of Darkness,” Southwest Review 92, 4 (2007): 619-20.
150 Ibid., 621.
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As time went by, Daniel’s sleep pattern began resembling that of people in the pre-industrial world, in
that it occurred in two phases, with a brief but significant period of awakening in the middle of the
night. He describes the qualitative difference between blind and enlightened cognition:
There is a blindness in [illuminated] seeing. My vision catches on the surfaces of things, gets
snagged and tugged about by their multiplicity. As I watched the trees in darkness it was not
distinctions I saw but their commonality, not their names I knew them by but their essential
namelessness. Backed by the planet’s drop of liquid light and the first few stars, they announced
their membership in a wilderness vaster than daylight eyes can apprehend, a wilderness to which
I too belong. I felt closer to them. They seemed to have crept nearer.151
While the preceding comments are generally focused on the visual and the semantically clear (such as
trees, but also defined objects), they can nevertheless be applicable to the visual dimension of a musical
performance. The spatialization of music, which we experience so accurately through our sophisticated
hearing apparatus,152 is frequently reaffirmed through sight. The removal of the ability to watch
performers as they labor to produce the music isolates listeners and forces them to accept a higher level
of uncertainty, or at the very least their inability to “see for themselves.” In turn, as with Daniel’s trees,
the musical material becomes less specific, or perhaps its specificity becomes less consequential. The
gestures merge into a whole, drawing the audience nearer – as Daniel would have argued.
Speaking more recently, in a conversation about Haas’s third string quartet, JACK’s previous
cellist, Kevin McFarland, states that “the submissive person who is willingly giving over his or her
agency can be getting precisely what he or she wants,” adding that “in the darkness there’s a subspace
that the audience can enter.”153 This sub-space can be understood as a niche, or an embedded territory,
151 Daniel, “In Praise of Darkness,” 620.

152John Pierce, “Hearing in Time and Space,” in Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to
Psychoacoustics, ed. Perry R. Cook (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001), 89-104.
153 Woolfe, “A Composer and His Wife: Creativity Through Kink.”
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and yet not an entirely new one. In the nineteenth century, for example, “it was common for
inexpensive portraits to be drawn as silhouettes, the subject’s head shown in profile as a sharply
defined solid shadow.”154 Thoreau also associated darkness with spirit. He would often walk around at
night because he found it “necessary to see objects by moonlight as well as sunlight, to get a complete
notion of them.” Outside at dusk, he wrote, “I begin to distinguish myself, who I am and where… I
recover some sanity. The intense light of the sun unfits me for meditation, makes me wander in my
thoughts. […] Our spiritual side takes a more distinct form, like our shadow which we see
accompanying us.”155 Daniel lists countless examples of poets, writers, and even saints (such as St.
John of the Cross, a 16th-century Spanish saint imprisoned for his heresies who wrote of night as the
“sweet guider” that brought him closer to God). Goethe and other German Romantics, Walt Whitman,
the American poet of night Robinson Jeffers, and Emily Dickinson are all listed in his musings about
darkness’s place in literature, with the constant reverberation of the importance of darkness in
achieving a multi-faceted and complete picture. This echoes Alex Ross’s description of in vain, in that
it “transforms the concert hall into a place of shuddering mystery, suggesting that the way of truth goes
through the dark.”156
Darkness as purveyor of perspective, without which no view or understanding of a subject/
situation is complete, stands in contrast with Darkness as facilitator, or perhaps as enhancer. It has long
been the subject of conjecture whether the loss of one of the senses may result in the over-development
of another. Further derivations of the question are to be found throughout history, such as the so-called
Molyneux’s Problem, in which the Irish scientist and politician William Molyneux asked John Locke

155 Ibid., 623.
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“whether a man who has been born blind and who has learnt to distinguish and name a globe and a
cube by touch would be able to distinguish and name these objects by sight, once he had been enabled
to see.”157 Thinkers and writers continue attempting to answer this question today, with summaries of
different approaches and methods over the centuries easily filling several books on the topic.
The French philosopher Michel Serres, in discussing the problem and what he considers to be
the non-handicap of blindness, richly conjures the Greek myth of Argus Panoptes (from whose name is
derived the Panopticon, much discussed in recent centuries), whose entire body was covered with eyes
in such a way that he never slept and was always vigilantly surveilling Zeus. The latter, desperate to
evade Panoptes, enlists the help of Hermes, inventor of fire, but also of the lyre, and therefore, in
Serres’s interpretation, of music. Hermes begins to play the flute to Panoptes in what Serres considers
to be a struggle between the arts of hearing and of sight. The music was so beautiful and moving that
Panoptes’s eyes filled with tears, allowing Hermes to approach and kill him. Serres defends the sense of
hearing over that of sight, denouncing our over-emphasis on vision: the words theory or intuition for
example, in their Greek or Latin origins, both come from “vision,” or “sight.” Further, he underlines
our familiarity with words that refer to people who have lost their sense of sight or hearing over those
that indicate the loss of odor and taste (anosmia and ageusia respectively).158
Serres also argues that while sighted people see the world in perspective, blind people see it in
relief.159 He distinguishes between two worlds, that inhabited by the sighted and that inhabited by the
blind: they are not the normal and abnormal worlds, nor the correct and the incorrect worlds (which
evokes Haas’s approach to, well, everything), but rather two different entities valid in their own right.
157 “Molyneux’s Problem,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, last modified 6 February 2014.
158 “Les Entretiens des Aveugles de France” (Paris: Fédération des Aveugles de France, 2017), 16.
159 Michel Serres, Les cinq sens (Paris: Fayard, 2014).
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He decries the “squareness” of our contemporary world, in which we build perpendicular streets, cubes,
squares. “Rigid, we inhabit slabs; supple, you haunt sails;160 we are of the plane, you are of the fold; we
the flat, you the relief; we the vertical walls, you clothes and hessians. We are masons, painters,
surveyors; you are musicians, sculptors, weavers. […] We walk in the rigid; you swim in the fluid, this
fluid that allows the cube and the sphere to resemble one another.”161 Michel Serres may as well be
describing Haas’s aesthetic in these passages, so focused on the fluidity of approach and on
amalgamating supposedly distinct concepts.162
The theory that blindness – or a simulation of it through the usage of darkness – serves to
enhance our other senses has been explored in several artistic endeavors. Since the late nineties,
establishments offering dark dining experiences have proliferated across the world from Switzerland
where
a blind clergyman, Jorge Spielmann, started a dark restaurant where the patrons could experience
for a short time what it was like to be blind. This concept, which can trend toward marketing
gimmick, has been copied by restaurateurs in Europe, North America, and Asia. The emphasis is
less on sharing the experience of blindness and more on exploring the supposed heightening of
the senses of taste, smell, and touch that occurs when sighted people are deprived of vision.163
In his book The Omnivorous Mind, John S. Allen discusses the important role played by sight in our
perception of taste. He quotes several neurological studies that seek to explore the relationships
between our different senses and ways in which taste can be enhanced through the limiting of sight and
through chemicals, but also through craving and hunger. Whether these elaborate correlations have
160 “Voiles,” also translatable to “veils.”

161 “Les Entretiens des Aveugles de France,” 15. (Translation my own)
162Serres’s speeches and writings on the topic are very rich and varied, and deserve much more elaboration and
space than I have room for in the current paper.
John S. Allen, The Omnivorous Mind: Our Evolving Relationship with Food (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
163
University Press, 2012), 86.

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their equivalent when it comes to hearing (as in the taste component of sound, equivalent to the
difference between the detection of flavor and forming an opinion about it) is uncertain at this point,
but the potential of a similar experience in hearing explains Haas’s interest in exploring this concept
through his work.
Darkness’s antonym, or dualistic partner, is light. The Second Darkness of in vain, to be
discussed below, is interrupted by the aggressive flashing of sharp colors onto the audience. The lights
abruptly turn on and off, and can be quite jarring to experience, in my opinion. By juxtaposing darkness
with such vivid and artificial lighting, Haas displays this opposition in its most extreme manifestations.
This juxtaposition also allows for a few secondary observations. The usage of lighting effects in music
is, at this point, quite old. Not only has it always played a role in ritualistic ceremonies and theatrical
performances of which music is an important part (theatre, opera, but also some religious services), but
examples of the usage of colors in concert pieces abound during the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. Scriabin is a notorious case: his Prometheus, a large work for piano, orchestra, optional
choir, and Chromola (a color organ), calls for the usage of a light show as opulent as it is specific.
Similar ideas can be found in none other than Wyschnegradsky, who was no doubt influenced by his
elder compatriot’s aesthetics, and who placed colors at the core of both his harmonic language (going
beyond Scrabin’s ‘harmonie-couleur’) and his concept of ‘surart,’ in which a “synthesis not of
different art forms, but of artistic sensations [lead us] to something we have dubbed ‘surart,’ and that
must combine art, religion, philosophy, and society”.164 A more recent example is Martin Creed’s Work
No. 227, which caused controversy after being shortlisted for the Turner Prize prize in 2001.165 The
164Ivan Wyschnegradsky, ed. Pascale Criton, Libération Du Son : Écrits 1916-1979 (Lyon: Editions Symétrie,
2013), 89. (Translation my own).
165Nick Clark, “Tate acquires Martin Creed’s controversial Turner Prize-winning piece Work No. 227,” The
Independent, 2 September 2013.
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installation, a room in which lights go on and off every five seconds, explores the sensation changes
that occur when people are suddenly plunged into utter darkness.
In From Light to Dark, Tim Edensor discusses the ubiquity and overlooked importance of
darkness and of light in our world, exploring the two concepts from the perspectives of geography and
urbanization. In doing so, he introduces a crucial distinction between light and illumination, the former
referring to natural light (as in originating from the sun, for example), and the latter ranging between
small candles and Times Square’s neon extravaganza. The strong flashes of light at the end of the
Second Darkness appear more fitting in the illumination category, leaving open the question of whether
it is possible to find “natural light” in the work: would the concert hall’s basic, usually-well-thought-out
apparatus that accompanies most performances, be considered natural? Or are the only specimens to be
extracted from the musical content itself (in Material B’s lucid harmonies, for example, as discussed by
Simon Rattle in Chapter 3)?
Darkness, like time, has been strangely neglected in theory. “There are virtually no time
specialists in anthropology […] [because] time is curiously invisible and constitutes one of the most
taken-for-granted features of our lives.”166 And yet darkness is dark matter, of which the universe
seems to be mostly composed, invisible and so far undetectable.167 It is also the world’s primal,
formless state in Genesis: “The earth was without form; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.
[…] And God said, Let there be light; […] and [He] divided the light from the Darkness.”168 Dividing
the two, or ignoring one and assuming the omnipotence of the other (as Edensor argues society does by
Burkhard Schnepel and Eyal Ben-Ari, "Introduction: 'When Darkness Comes..': Steps toward an
166
Anthropology of the Night," Paideuma 51 (2005): 155.

168 The Bible, authorized King James Version (Oxford UP, 1998), Genesis 2-4. (emphasis my own).
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conjuring mental images of space and geography almost strictly in light – which Haas puts into
question in relation to concert halls)169 is a common attitude. Haas himself partook in such division,
such as in his opera Morgen und Abend, premiered in 2015 at the Royal Opera House in London. He
states not seeing
night-time as a romantic concept of sweet dreams, but more as a continuation of the concept of
being surrounded by darkness, in the sense of being mentally deranged – as a moment of grief,
hopelessness, darkness. The “night side” of things is essential to my music. This concept
describes something that plays a major role in my spiritual consciousness (and probably that of
many other people as well).170
Haas considers the usage of darkness in his third string quartet, In iij. Noct, for example, as a crucial
partner to the Gesualdo quotation that occurs near the end of the piece. They are both necessary and
complementary, for darkness is not a thing into itself, and is meant to be understood in the bigger
context of the piece. In later works, he gives light a more prominent place, such as in his Hyperion:
Concerto for Light and Orchestra (2006), in which he tackles “the perception of light – as a musical
instrument.”171
Before moving on to an analysis of in vain’s two Darknesses, I would like to briefly mention
one of the many ramifications on the subject that shall remain unexplored in this paper, but which
could easily become the topic of a different study on Haas’s aesthetic.172 I refer to the rich connection
between darkness, light, and an esoteric component to musical composition, crucial to a good
169“The key objects of geographical analysis, space, place, and landscape, are thoroughly shaped by the light or
darkness that suffuses them. It is as if these geographical entities were, by default, conceived as being washed in
a neutral daylight rather than being dynamically conditioned by vital light and dark.” Tim Edensor, From Light
to Dark: Daylight, Illumination, and Gloom (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017), viii.
171 Ibid.
172Darkness is also a very potent topic in post-colonial studies, and examples of the association of darkness (or
blackness) with pejorative connotations abound in the literature. This side topic, while it plays an important role
in our contemporary understanding of darkness, is only very indirectly connected to in vain.
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understanding of composers such as Webern, Schoenberg, and many others173 – including Haas,
although less self-professedly so.174
3. in vain’s Two Darknesses
As previously stated, the concert hall lights are extinguished twice over the course of in vain –
which I have dubbed the First and Second Darknesses. The first occurs gradually, beginning on page/
measure 70, with the indication “the light grows darker until measure 75 (without limiting the legibility
of the conductor’s score).”175 By page 76, the scores indicate “dunkel bzw. wenig Licht” (‘dark or little
light’), and the notation changes: the 4/4 meter is replaced by a temporal score. Instrumental entrances
are coordinated in relation to one another, with performers expected to memorize their parts and their
relations to others’. For example, the first horn on page 76 is expected to begin playing a D4 when the
double bass finishes a glissando from C#2 to D2 (through microtonal intermediaries – including a
C#-1/6th-tone sharp). Haas supplies the general pacing of instrumental entrances, indicating on top of
page 76 that “the individual entries of the winds follow one-another at a temporal distance of 10
seconds.”176 All string instruments are active in this passage, the majority sustaining a sempre non
vibrato chord throughout, with a few select performers instructed to alter their pitches, through a
crescendo and a glissando, in close conjunction with the wind players, who only play in those
moments. As such, the large chordal block sustained by the strings can be said to become less
173Esoteric is the knowledge reserved to those who can decipher the signs in use in a work. Laurence Wuidar,
ed., Music and Esotericism (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2010), 3.
174Haas described not feeling drawn to Pressl’s esoteric compositions as well as not being interested in the
potential for mysticism in Pythagorean numbers in relation to just intonation, and despite the anecdotal 24:25
observation regarding the number of performers in the work as discussed earlier.
175“bis zu Takt 75 allmählich immer dunkler werden (ohne die Lesbarkeit der Noten und die Sichbarkeit des/der
DirigentIn einzuschränken)” (translation my own). Haas, in vain, 70.
176 Haas, in vain, 76.
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noticeable, framing the smaller events and microtonal fluctuations that come to disturb the music’s
steady and static surface.
Appendix C shows, in a table, a summary of the events that occur over the course of the five
pages that precede the major moment that upheaves the section: the harp solo. Amongst other
parameters, the table shows the approximate duration meant to separate the individual wind entries:
beginning at 10 seconds on page 76, the time intervals gradually shrink to 3-4 seconds by page 80,
demonstrating how Haas is carefully and subtly shaping the material under an apparently steady
surface. This change of pace constitutes one of the few otherwise differentiating features of the
passage. The dynamic envelope remains largely steady, with the static background at ppp and the
instrumental swells that accompany pitch changes rising to a mf. Those pitch shifts always involve
microtonal pitches, which provide an important contrast to the 75 pages of strictly equal-tempered
music that precede this dark section (Material A). The orchestration is slightly manipulated in order to
create relatively memorable events, such as the tam-tam swell on page 77, or the accordion’s return on
page 78 (after dropping out on page 76) or its noticeable swell on page 79. The instrumentation of the
passage otherwise remains fairly even and steady. In tandem with the general pacing of the wind entries
which seems to accelerate (in terms of the time intervals separating them as discussed above), the
lowest voice, sustained by the double-bass (also indicated in Appendix C) steadily rises throughout the
passage, beginning at C#/D on page 76, and rising to B by page 80. The evenness and subtleness of the
bass’s climb is suddenly broken a few seconds before page 81 when the double bass F2 swiftly moves
down a tritone to B1.
This leap of the bass voice is accompanied by the introduction of another new notation in some
of the instruments above. The second violin, for example, is instructed to tune an A natural as the 7th
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partial of B (the same B played in the bass). Other instruments in that final chord of page 80, most
importantly the second viola’s F#4, remain tuned according to equal temperament. This slow and
gradual introduction by Haas of Material B’s tuning system is interrupted on page 81 when a beam of
light is suddenly flashed onto the harpist. As mentioned previously, the instrument is tuned justly, such
that it is capable, through pedal changes, to perform in the ‘keys’ of C natural as well as the two keys a
semi-tone above and below (Cb/B and C#/Db). The harp, tuned to the double-bass’s B, begins to pluck
two and three-note chords, rhythmically notated, that constitutes in vain’s only solo material. The solo,
carefully coordinated with other instruments still plunged in the dark, lasts just over a minute, and is
followed, on page 82’s first system, by the piece’s first rest. What follows mirrors the preceding
material’s emergence from equal temperament in that it already fits into Material B, prompting me to
state earlier that the true boundary of Material B is debatable.
The emergence of light in such a subtle-yet-dramatic fashion (only over the harp at first) in fact
mimics a sun-rise, with the piercing of the sun’s first rays – the only discrete moment of the entire
process – contrasted with the elongated and gradual intensification of light that follows (and is also
replicated in Haas’s score, with the instruction that light should be “growing brighter up to measure
88”).177 The harmonies, as shown in Appendix C, become justly-tuned, and are already separated by the
rests that would so strongly characterize Material B, although the tempo changes remain absent, with
the incomplete transition still making use of the temporal notation of this First Darkness section.
One way of reading into this simulation of a sunrise when discussing the dramatic shift from
Material A to Material B would be to consider that Material B (just intonation, so staunchly defended
by many composers such as Partch, Johnston, and others) is born after equal temperament plunged the
177 Haas, in vain, 82.

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state of music into a dark age (ruining harmony,178 and so on). However, such a reading is superficial
and yields too easily to our temptation to square angles and to write things black on white. While equal
temperament-based material preceded the First Darkness, it was nonetheless performed almost
exclusively in the light, with short portions of the passage found in the transitional lighting phase, in
much the same way as Material B’s early harmonies were performed in a slow shift of lighting
intensity. The First Darkness’s content, on the other hand, does not fit into either of the two Materials,
and is in fact – almost exclusively – transitional. The tuning system seems to be slowly flexing, the
over-active surface receding, allowing its paradoxically static character to settle and come to the
foreground. As I will discuss in the next chapter, Haas reserves his first injection of darkness into the
piece – an unequivocally central moment – not for Material A, nor for Material B, despite their
protagonist roles in the unfolding of the work, but rather to the transition, shining the light on the
importance of change and of hybridity in the piece.
As I put it in Chapter 3’s discussion of Material B, the static chordal harmonies of the section
seem eager to develop. Microtonal fluctuations and outbursts of energy begin to taint the placid surface
more and more often, making it as difficult to select an end-point for the section as it was to pick a
starting one. The development that follows Material B is long and sinuous, and a closer analysis of its
unfolding is featured in Chapter 5. To allow a better understanding of the Second Darkness, however, I
will briefly summarize three consequential aspects of pages 101 to 163 here.
First is the directionality of development of the surface material in terms of where it originated.
For example, the descending lines found in the brass starting in measures 240-243 (and their inversion
found in measure 458, for example) are clearly derived from Material A’s fast descending flourishes,
178 Duffin, How Equal Temperament Ruined Harmony.

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and are applied to Material B’s static justly-tuned chords.179 In other words, parameters/characteristics
taken from one material (in this case A) are applied to the other. What quickly becomes clear – and
with heavy consequences on the global analysis of the piece – is that this process occurs almost
exclusively in one direction: from Material A to B (with Material A almost never incorporating facets of
Material B in its own development).
Second is the systematic pattern of setting up the listener’s expectations and invariably
thwarting them. Haas manipulates important precedents, such as the emergence of sustained chords in
the midst of Material A, or – more importantly – what occurs when the lights are out, by reusing the
same procedures – in the several returns of Material A – with a different outcome. These recurring
deceptions (albeit largely subconscious ones) experienced by the listener in small, discrete moments of
the piece, contribute to the general idea of the piece and its title, which is therefore the result of much
more than a singular event, namely the recurrence of Material A at the very end of the piece, as is
frequently stated by commentators, including Haas himself.180
This regular recurrence of Material A constitutes a third important aspect of the development,
for it takes place a total of three times before the concert hall lights are extinguished for the second
time, between pages 123 and 148. The scope of each recurrence of the material varies, but the
developmental potential within it, while self-referential (in that it only involves aspects derived from
itself), is extremely memorable and important to the identity of the piece as a whole, as I will discuss in
Chapter 5.
179 Several more examples will be provided in Chapter 5.

180 Rattle, “…Where You Discover Where Music Came From.” Ross, “Darkness Audible.”. Rögl, “On the magic
of ‘pure’ intervals,” 13.
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With those things in mind, let us now turn our attention to page 162. As the music transitions
towards the Second Darkness, around measure 508, the surface of the piece is undergoing the tempo
equivalent of Shepherd Tones (with regular eighth-note rhythms decelerating with the tempo reaching
its half speed before doubling back to its original value, and undergoing the same process again). The
projectors illuminating the musicians and the stand lights are gradually extinguished, leaving only a
small beam on the conductor which itself vanishes at measure 530, leaving the performers in pitch-
darkness as they tackle a long section strictly from memory. The temporal notation is reintroduced –
with variations, since many performers are given independent instructions as to tempo and pacing. The
music remains tightly controlled, however, as Haas specifies which instrumental events (or cues)
performers should be listening for an indication of when to begin playing. Specific instruments are also
still given temporal durations in seconds. For example, on page 164, string instruments enter somewhat
loosely (as long as their entrances are carefully staggered) over the course of eight seconds. The two
trombones then enter on pitches that belong to a Bb over-tone chord. Their entrance is meant to
coincide with and support the crescendo swell in the strings, as Haas clearly indicates in the score.181
Over the course of the next pages, several of the important materials derived during the
development section are used and taken to climactic proportions. The repeated note figure, derived
from Material A’s fast scalar material and Material B’s chordal stasis (in other words, an active surface,
rhythmically speaking, with a static and repetitive pitch and harmonic content), first found explicitly on
pages 159-162, slightly before the Second Darkness, saturates the opening few pages of the Second
Darkness, from pages 164-167. Sustained pitches are introduced in their midst in some of the winds as
partials of a big C overtone chord. The repeated note figures (or tremolos) are rather abruptly
181“das cresc. von 2.+3. Vl, 2. Va. und 2 Vc. etwas unterstützen (ca. 5 sec nach dem Maximum des ersten
Streichercrescendos beginnen)”
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abandoned on page 168,182 at rehearsal 1, as a truly shocking event occurs: an intense beam of light is
suddenly flashed onto the audience on the “downbeat” of the page. The score indicates that during
performances in which such lighting effects are impossible, a signal by the conductor has to be
arranged (see page 168 of the score). Complete darkness quickly engulfs the flash of light, as a loud (ff)
harp glissando rings across the stage, while the strings’ tremolo notes undergo two important
transformations: the first is that they merge into the C overtone chord introduced at the end of page
167, and the second is that the pitches begin regularly sliding upwards as each instrument climbs the
partials of the C overtone chord. Forty seconds later (at rehearsal 2, still on page 168), the flash of light
happens again, and will continue to do so at ever-shorter time intervals, shown in Figure 4.1. Haas’s
treatment of the time-intervals separating these flashes closely resembles that of several other
parameters in the piece, some of which will be discussed in Chapter 5. The irregular but long-term
directionality of the material serves to drive the music towards climaxes of sorts. The failure to deliver
such climaxes, such as occurs when these dramatic, rhythmic lighting effects are replaced by a brutal
return of the concert hall’s full lights at page 178, measure 530, are in alignment with the thwarting of
expectations discussed above. Over the course of these pages, two important events take place: the first
is the introduction of several layers of slower, repeated-note figures, meant to be staggered and
uncoordinated. Each accelerates independently of the others, as this rattling of the music's surface is
contrasted with sustained chords derived from Material A, such as can be found in the piano on page
173, rehearsal 14, for example. These sustained pitches eventually come to dominate the surface after
rehearsal 16, as Haas juxtaposes the equal-tempered tuning with just intonation, over and over again,
allowing massive chordal blocks to clash and reverberate with rich and complex levels of
Klangspaltung and ear-bending contrasts. The dynamic levels reached at page 173 retreat, as Material
182 They are in fact repurposed as double-stopped tremolos in the strings, with their speed no longer changing.
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B’s chordal blocks, interspersed with broad glissando sweeps linking chords, once again exhibit the
paradox of rising individual lines (such as on page 175, rehearsal 17, with the first trombone’s E4 rising
to an F#4) and regularly descending chordal roots (the F# overtone chord followed by an F natural, Eb
on page 176, D, C, and so on).
Duration
in secs 40 35 31 28 25 22 18 22 24 32 8 12 16 18
Duration
(ctd.) 20 12 10.5 9.5 8.75 8.25 7.75 6.25 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.66 4.33
40
30
20
10
Figure 4.1. Plot of time intervals (in seconds) separating the brief light flashes in the Second Darkness (pages 168-178).
These chordal blocks, like the light flashes, undergo a long-term accelerando such that by the
time the concert hall’s lights are back on, on page 178, the chords last a few seconds each at most. I
have discussed in Chapter 1 that Haas’s conception of overtone chords, unlike composers from the
French spectral school, is strongly focused on these strictly harmonic (in other words is made up
strictly of partials) harmonies’ ability to fuse and blend. As such, time becomes a crucial factor in
allowing these harmonies to “lock in.”183 In discussing this specific passage, Haas asserts that by
accelerating the tempo and the rate at which these chords follow one another, he manages to destroy the
music’s basic character, which I would add is an equivalent to censorship.
183Georg Friedrich Haas, “Mikrotonalität und spektrale Musik seit 1980,” in Orientierungen: Wege im
Pluralismus der Gegenwartsmusik, ed. Jörn Peter Hiekel (Mainz: Schott, 2007), 127.
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I think that the perception of microtonal structures is closely connected with the compositional
use of time. The same event may be perceived quite differently in different tempi, depending on
whether the time is available for the special intonation quality of the music to “lock in” or not.
Towards the end of in vain, I compose a large-scale process, which begins with slow glissandi,
always rising from one overtone chord to the next. At the same time the fundamental descends in
contrary motion. . . . Then the glissandi disappear and only the falling overtone chords remain,
becoming faster and faster. The fundamentals always remain within the tempered system. The
overtones are therefore outside of this system. When the distance between two chords shortens to
a duration of about one second, these intonation differences of the overtones become more and
more disturbing, while at the same time it becomes more difficult for the performers to realize
them. […] The overtone chord character is gradually lost, and finally everything ends in a very
fast moving tempered twelve-tone vortex.184
The return to equal temperament takes place on pages 178-179, around the time when the lights
are turned back on. The immense surge of energy that took place during those several minutes of
darkness crystallize in series of short justly-tuned chords that collapse from within, as the entrances fail
to both align and coalesce into a single unity. The subsequent alignment of attacks (and return to
homophony), on measures 534-536 is sabotaged, as it were, by the chords’ short durations.
This brings me to my final point, and the reason why I consider Haas’s setting of precedents a
crucial factor in manufacturing disappointment and frustration in listeners. By assigning the First
Darkness such a crucially transformative role – in that it was when the lights first went out that we as
listeners were propelled from a safely-equal-tempered tuning system into an entirely new realm (as far
as the piece is concerned) – Haas is setting up the listeners’ expectations for the Second Darkness. In
other words, when penetrating the Second Darkness, and especially given the massive developmental
devices found within it, listeners come to expect a radical change to take place at the “end of the
tunnel,” an expectation strengthened by previous experience, but also somewhat eroded by Haas’s
regular deceptions along the way. As listeners, we are viscerally expecting something major to occur at
184 Ibid., 127-128.

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the end of the section, despite the quiet foreboding that lingers.185 The consequences of the Second
Darkness and of this heightened and thwarted sense of expectation is the key to unlocking in vain’s
entire form, as well as the political dimension I argue lies at the core of the work as a whole, both of
which we will now explore in the final chapter of this analysis.  
185It is arguable whether two iterations of an event suffice to create a sense of expectation in the listener. The
question is related to the transformation of Sonata Form in modern performances of works from the Classical
Period in which the Exposition is not repeated or, in the case of later works, the repetition is altogether absent
from the score. The question of whether only hearing the exposition once hinders the thwarting of the listener’s
expectation during the Recapitulation is subject to debate. In this analysis, I will assume that the first hearing of
the material suffices to elicit a strong sense of expectation in the listener, especially given the enhancement
produced by darkness.
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Chapter 5
Dialectics, Form, and the Political Dimension
1. On Dialectics and its Political Ramifications
Tasked with defining the word dialectics as a preliminary for our discussion about form, I find
myself in a difficult situation, for the word offers different – and often contradictory – meanings. I will
attempt to avoid unnecessary complications and an exposition of the term’s different definitions and
applications, and straightforwardly restrict my presentation to the aspects and connotations of the word
that help further our understanding of in vain.
Encyclopedia entries on dialectics offer such a broad history of the term that it becomes difficult
and impractical to relate it here. Seeking a succinct definition, I turned to the dictionary, and amongst
the six definitions the Merriam-Webster Dictionary offered, I retained:
Any systematic reasoning, exposition […], or argument that juxtaposes opposed or contradictory
ideas and usually seeks to resolve their conflict: a method of examining and discussing opposite
ideas in order to find the truth.186
In more concretely philosophical terms, the dictionary also offers a Marxist variation on the Hegelian
usage of the word: “Development through the stages of thesis […], antithesis, and synthesis,”187 and
that is the definition that best sums up my usage of the word dialectics. The term has long been an
important core to leftist political ideology and philosophy. Marx used it extensively, but died without
having published a much-needed clarification of his reconstruction of Hegel’s dialectical method,
leaving his many followers forced to “construct [Marx’s] dialectic from his widely dispersed remarks
on this subject and from the use to which he put dialectics in his theories.”188 Lenin once stated that
186 “Dialectic,” Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2017.

187 Ibid.
188 Bertell Ollman and Tony Smith, “Introduction to Dialectics,” Science & Society 62, no. 3 (1998): 333.
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If one were to attempt to define in a single word the focus, so to speak, of the whole [Marx/
Engels] correspondence, the central point at which the whole body of ideas expressed and
discussed converges – that word would be dialectics.189
The authors of “Introduction to Dialectics” themselves were forced to admit that a brief
definition of the term is in fact impossible, since “there is no consensus on it.”190 Forced to provide a
working definition from which to begin a lengthy discussion, they offered this “potted” version:
Dialectics is a way of thinking and a set of related categories that captures, neither misses nor
distorts, the real changes and interactions that go on in the world. It also offers a method for
investigating a reality so conceived, and of presenting our findings to others, most of whom do
not think dialectically. Dialectics, therefore, doesn’t itself explain capitalism. Rather, it helps us
see and investigate the capitalist relations and processes, of which we ourselves are part, as they
have unfolded, are now unfolding, and have yet to unfold. Using dialectics – and with a lot of
hard empirical research – we can develop a theory that can explain capitalism in its becoming.
Marxism is such a theory.191
This definition shows the extent to which the authors are focused on the political – and economical –
ramifications of dialectics’ potential and use. The authors go further in stating that understanding
Marxism is understanding dialectics, and that because of the “serious limits to how dialectical our
thinking can become in a capitalist society, […] no society requires dialectics as much. […] Given the
connection between dialectics and becoming class conscious, [helping people think more dialectically]
is a necessary prerequisite for bringing any communist future into existence.”192
Looking at a more recent, music-related philosophical context, one finds dialectics in use
extensively in Adorno’s work, for example, such as in his Philosophy of Modern Music. In the
introduction, Adorno describes basing the book on the dialectical principle adhered to by Walter
Benjamin in his book on the German tragedy: “The history of philosophy viewed as the science of
189 Ibid.
190 Ibid., 334.
191 Ibid.
192 Ibid., 335.
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origins is that process which, from opposing extremes, and from the apparent excesses of development,
permits the emergence of the configuration of an idea as a totality characterized by the possibility of a
meaningful juxtaposition of such antitheses inherent in these opposing extremes.”193 In Adorno’s case,
this meant the sole consideration of Stravinsky and Schoenberg in his discussion of “modern music,”
with the belief that everything contained in between the two extremes these composers represent is
embedded within them, and is therefore not in need of explicit mention. This indeed echoes
Schoenberg’s statement in the foreword to his Three Satires for Mixed Chorus: “The middle road is the
only one which does not lead to Rome.”194
It is interesting to ponder whether Haas would agree with Schoenberg’s statement, for on the
one hand, the middle road can be understood to mean flexibility and compromise, which Haas
demonstrates in his refusal to commit himself to a single compositional school of thought, and in his
propensity to change hats (and techniques) whenever this suits the music at hand. On the other hand,
the middle road also represents moderation, strangely absent in in vain, for example – at least in the
manner in which the piece is set up – and its radically different sound-worlds. Regardless, there is a
clear methodological similarity between Adorno’s rationale of pitting Stravinsky against Schoenberg –
in order to transgress the extremes they represent and arrive at a synthesis, in other words a more global
and general view of “modern music” (Western contemporary classical music, that is) – and in vain’s
clash of two self-contained and yet deeply related musical realms: both methods are dialectical at their
core, and both are therefore focused on the end product of such a process, in other words, the result of
the synthesis of the two extremes.
Theodor W. Adorno, Philosophy of Modern Music, trans. Anne G. Mitchell and Wesley V. Blomster (New
193
York: Continuum, 1994), 3.

194 Ibid.
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The word dialectical can be applied to concepts and parameters that greatly vary in scope, in
much the same way that dynamics, harmony, density, and many other musical parameters can be
analyzed on a micro- or macro-level (and many other levels in between). For example, as I have
mentioned above, Haas often treats tempo and rhythm dialectically in the piece. Tempo, like meter, is a
foundational element of a piece of music, in that it exists in the deeper layers of the material. Put
differently, tempo and meter cannot manifest themselves directly, but are always expressed through
other events/parameters (such as rhythm, harmonic rhythm, dynamics, articulation, and more). Rhythm,
on the other hand, exists on the music’s surface, and is inserted (as content) into the context provided
by meter and tempo. As such, there exists a dialectical relationship between the two, in that they both
express pacing and speed (they both represent specific events – pulses, beats, icti, etc – that occur
through time, whether regularly or irregularly). Their antithetical relationship is due to the fact that they
belong to different hierarchical depth-levels of composition: in the foreground and the background.
At several points over the course of in vain, Haas manipulates these differences in such a way
as to arrive at the same ends through opposite means. For example, on page 162, Haas notates repeated
eighth-note rhythms (repetitive and static) while regularly changing the tempo (directional): the result
is a fluctuating pace of delivery of the lines as they are experienced by the listener. This fluctuation is
identical in the opposite situation in which Haas notates 75 measures of fixed tempo and meter in
which individual lines are provided rhythms of increasing/decreasing number of notes per beat
(tuplets). The tuplet changes, which are surface-level events, negate the music’s foundation’s stasis,
providing the listener with the same undulating pace as in the first case. Haas thus maintains the ends
despite reversing the means.
Many other examples of this technique are found in in vain, as described in previous chapters,
such as Haas’s treatment of the music’s surface in the opening 75 pages of the piece, in which all
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flourishing lines are descending, and the plotting of the long-term development of the register reveals
that the global registral envelope is actually rising. A final example I will mention (not for lack of
others) is provided by the dichotomy between the fusing (theoretical) unity of Material B’s large
overtone chords, and the embellishments and microtonal fluctuations that occur on the individual,
instrumental level. A similar – and more extreme – example of Haas exploiting the relationship
between the individual and the collective is found in his 1994-1996 piece(s) “…Einklang freier
Wesen…” The work is scored for ten instruments with one important distinction: it can be performed by
the ensemble, but can also be presented as solo pieces or smaller combinations.
As mentioned above, both short and long-term applications of dialectics are possible. Einklang
freier Wesen's entire form and concept is arguably determined by the dialectical relationship between
the solo parts and the tutti work. In in vain, Haas treats several of the discrete and limited musical
events in the same logic (as in he does so dialectically). Most important for our analysis, however, is
the implication of labelling the whole form of in vain as dialectical. Given the word’s deep political –
specifically leftist – connotation, this simultaneously enriches the piece and provides a much-needed
explanation of its political dimension, or meaning, often mentioned but rarely thoroughly explained.
Whether Haas’s use of dialectics in the piece hides a leftist agenda – or undertone – is bound to
the realm of conjecture and is not my main point of focus. Instead, I would underline the inherent
parallel between dialectics and the traditional political system, typically formed by a left and a right.
The interaction between the two provides the impetus for change and what in French is called
alternance, which is the “regular succession in power of political parties or coalitions […]. Alternance
is facilitated by the existence of a two-party system and the usage of a majority voting process.”195 In
195 “Alternance,” Dictionnaire Larousse en ligne, 2017. (Translation my own)

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other words, dialectics, through the opposition of two elements, mimics the theoretical functioning of
the political process as it is found in much of the Western world.
Much of in vain’s twist, however, lies in the fact that this dialectical process fails (intentionally,
on Haas’s part). Why I consider it to have failed and how this is achieved will be discussed below. The
ramifications of this failure – specifically politically speaking – are themselves as complex and
multifaceted as all other things to do with Haas’s work. Namely, is the failure of the process an
indictment of its protagonists (or perhaps a single one of them)? I feel tempted to agree, but Haas
telling his student “this is not the wrong piano and the right piano” during the composition lesson
echoes through my mind dissuasively. Is in vain denouncing the regular erosion of social progress in
our societies, and the inevitable slippage of the political spectrum towards the extreme right? Or is it
denouncing the very nature of our political system? I believe a unique and final answer is not possible,
but would venture an interesting parallel (to add credence to the last interpretation) in Adorno’s
Negative Dialectics, which attacks Hegel’s more “positive” approach, and “flouts tradition, […]
[seeking] to free dialectics from such affirmative traits without reducing its determinacy.”196 Put
simply, Hegel’s – and Plato’s, and many others’ – dialectics, which seek knowledge through the
opposition of two categories, inevitably lead to the integration of the two’s identities into a greater,
broader, new one that encompasses the two while nevertheless going beyond them. Adorno greatly
denounced this positive aspect of dialectics through which the resultant sum was greater than its parts,
and argued for what he termed a negative dialectic. “Dialectics is the consistent sense of
nonidentity,”197 and most crucially, it is applied not – only? – to exterior objects of knowledge, but to
the process of thought – or in our case, to the political system – itself.
196 Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1966), xix.
197 Ibid., 5.
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Various – contradictory – interpretations of both Haas’s use of a dialectical process and the
failure of this process are therefore possible. In the next section, I will complete the analysis of the
development section that precedes the Second Darkness in order to better explain what I have described
as the failure of the dialectical process, after which I will revisit the political dimension of the piece by
examining it in relation to other political composers’ works in an attempt to establish how and whether
in vain works as a political statement.
2. Form and the Failure of the Dialectical Process
Haas’s usage of dialectics in in vain is heavy in consequences, including for the political content
of the piece. It also provides a clear conception of the form, despite Haas’s declaration in an interview
that his forms are “very, very bad.”
I decided 25 years ago to stop the construction of forms and to replace this process by just
listening to the organic development of the sounds, of the living beings of sound. […] If you
analyze my music based on the traditional aesthetic categories you would have to say that my
forms are very, very bad. But I am proud they’re bad, because I know so many composers who
make extremely good constructed forms that are terribly boring. Given the choice, I prefer to
write bad forms rather than boring forms.198
The use of a dialectical process in a piece of music does not necessarily give the form a pre-defined
shape, on the other hand. There are many ways of exploiting the conflict between the two opposed
parties/materials, with the process of overcoming the separation serving as the driving force for the
work as a whole without necessarily prescribing the exact manner in which this should be done.
However, a work’s outcome – or its general conclusion – becomes heavily reliant on this
achievement. I believe I have sufficiently shown above the dialectical foundation of in vain, by
examining Materials A and B separately, and by highlighting the importance of transitions and
transformation in the piece, something Haas was no doubt underscoring when he decided to turn the

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concert lights off during the first and most significant transition. Material B begins to transform shortly
after beginning (as I have discussed above) and is followed by a lengthy development section in which
characteristics of some materials are repurposed and applied to other parameters and other materials. I
will now turn my attention to this development section and describe its most significant moments.
The closing measures of what I have termed Material B in Chapter 3 feature the stacking of a
large, equal-tempered chordal block in the strings that seems taken straight out of Material A, against a
justly-tuned Eb chord in the winds and brass (page 101). What follows is a similar trading back-and-
forth between characteristics drawn from the two materials presented in the piece’s beginning in what
may be described as a purely developmental approach – as it is found in the music of many standard
canonical figures of Western classical music, from Mozart to Mahler. Page 105 sees the introduction of
shorter rhythmic units in the lower strings, most of which converge towards a quarter-note. The second
cello’s note values in measures 230 to 234 are shown in Figure 5.1 to illustrate the manner in which
Haas treats the pitches’ durations. The long-term directionality of the passage, as the note-values
converge towards a quarter-note, echoes Haas’s treatment of several other parameters in the piece thus
far, such as the tuplets in Material A, but also the distances between wind entrances in the First
Darkness mentioned above (Figure 4.1). The stacking of four independently fluctuating and yet
undeniably pulsating layers (the two violas and the two cellos in the aforementioned passages) echoes
Material A’s hidden pulse. That material’s more blatantly recognizable descending figures begin
seeping into the material around page 107 in the brass. The intervallic content of the descending lines is
strictly dependent on the overtone chords prevalent in such moments. The rate of descent is also
increased gradually over the course of several pages. On page 110, these independent lines’ rate of
change is transposed more globally as the full orchestra is split into two independently pulsating layers:
the winds and brass versus the strings and percussion instruments (including the piano). The resultant
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large G overtone chord, split across the orchestra, shimmers internally as it is constantly and
aggressively re-articulated across the ensemble: the superficially active surface is contradicted by the
passage’s globally static harmony, in other words Material A’s general characteristics are once again
applied onto Material B.
Note
length 2.25 1.58 1.32 1.08 1.25 1.0 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.75 0.75 1
(beats)
2,4
1,8
1,2
0,6
Figure 5.1. Plot of the second cello’s note duration progression in measures 230-234.
Page 111 features a return of temporally notated material and a clever reiteration by Haas of his
commitment to the ideas of transformation and transition in the piece: the short attacks in the strings,
now homophonic, undergo a gradual accelerando that effectively connects the sustained pitches that
characterize Material B to their paradoxical opposite: tremolo notes. In an approach reminiscent of
Lachenmann’s music,199 Haas instructs the string performers to speed up their rate of attacks gradually
until the surface energy becomes much more intense. Eventually, when the speed is so high that it
becomes a tremolo, the level of activity quickly subsides, and the surface activity is subsumed by the
overall stability of the lines: tremolo notes become roughly equivalent to sustained pitches, albeit with
a slight timbral twist. This tendency to connect opposites, both through paradoxes (they are ultimately
199One of the greatest examples that come to mind is Guero, in which single plucks (or attacks) are contrasted
with a glissando, which is essentially a quick juxtaposition of dozens of such individual attacks. The piece
exploits the dichotomy between the two by juxtaposing them as well as transforming the one into the other,
while in so doing, evoking the percussion instrument’s characteristic sound.
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very similar) and through transitions, is an important part of what I describe as a dialectical treatment
of material. Haas also achieves this in this section by initially instructing each string player to
undertake the accelerando independently of other string instruments, once again juxtaposing the
individual and the collective.200
Page 114 sees the return of Material A’s stacked fifths/tritones equal-tempered harmonies, as
well as the overlapping of these with justly-tuned chords in subsequent pages. The tempo also
undergoes a curious change on this page, as it is halved to quarter-note equals 26. This technique
foreshadows the upcoming tempo modulations Haas will be performing as he develops Material A. The
glissandi in the strings found around page 115 increase in prominence until page 120 where, combined
with the increasingly descending lines of the brass and the static character of Material B’s chords, lead
to the saturation of the surface with tremolos. These become very important on pages 120-122, whether
they feature small-note fluctuations (notated by Haas as trills, for example on page 122 in the winds) or
wider tremolos (as found in the strings and percussion on that same page).
At this crucial point in the piece, an abrupt change occurs as Material A’s fast descending lines
are reintroduced in the midst of page 123’s tremolos and sustained microtonal chords in the winds
(which are neither justly-tuned, nor 12-tone equal-tempered, but a stacked, stable hybrid as found in the
First Darkness). This amalgam of broad tremolos and fast flourishing descending lines continues until
exhausting itself on page 128, with the reintroduction of static, justly-tuned chords. This change is
short-lived, however, as the fast descending lines swiftly return on page 129 (briefly interrupted for one
measure on page 131) slowly building up to a full-fledged Material A (strongly rooted in equal
temperament) that lasts until page 139. An important difference between pages 131-139 and Material
200 “Ohne Koordination mit den anderen Streichern,” page 265 of the score.
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A, however, is the absence of any sustained chordal material, as though Material A, resisting any sort of
compromise with regards to Material B, went further than reappearing intact, in fact purging itself of
any common characteristics it shares with its dialectical partner.
Page 139 sees the emergence of a sustained chord in the strings which, although it is quickly
abandoned, provides yet another good example of Haas playing with the listener’s expectations: by
carefully revisiting a previous configuration of the music’s surface, he sets up expectations as to its
unfolding, expectations that he invariably thwarts, reaffirming the piece’s title. For example, after the
injection of the sustained chord on page 139, the listener may come to expect the music (essentially
Material A) to progress towards sustained chords as it did in the piece’s opening (pages 60-75). The
abrupt subsequent purging of these sustained chords, however, denigrates these expectations, on the
contrary progressing in the entirely opposite direction, as Haas isolates Material A’s most characteristic
content: the fast descending lines.
What follows, beginning on page 143, is the first application by Haas of the pitch shift process
(going up or down smoothly, usually in scales, as found from pages 131 to 143) to tempo as a
preparation for a more thorough mapping of Material A’s Shepherd Tone characteristics onto the realm
of tempo. The technique is introduced on page 142, where the music’s rhythm (the surface) speeds up
to reach thirty-second notes. The tempo is then doubled on page 143, from 52 to 104, while the
rhythms are halved. The tempo then begins to gradually slow over several pages while the instruments
are given straight sixteenth notes (static rhythms against a shifting tempo versus the steady tempo with
shifting rhythms of page 142), with several metric modulations in a row intended to slow the pace
considerably. The tempo is gradually slowed to quarter-note equals 60 three times201 before being
201 On pages 146, 147, and 148.

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doubled to 120 as the rhythmic notation is halved, allowing Haas to slow the fast flourishing lines of
Material A until they begin resembling Material B’s static sustained notes. This constitutes the reverse
of the procedure that led the long sustained notes to a tremolo as described above. In other words, Haas
is yet again traveling along the continuum that separates two different states, underlining manners in
which they can be connected, and in the process both bringing them closer together while reaffirming
their differences.
Beginning on page 149, an interesting contrast occurs as Haas stabilizes the tempo, nonetheless
retaining the decelerating surface rhythm (in a written-out decelerando). The initial homophonic texture
of measure 393 also collapses as we reach page 150 into several independent chordal blocks that
swiftly modulate back to Material B’s static surface, albeit with Material A’s stacked chords of equal-
tempered fifths and tritones (in other words, Material B, once again, adopting important characteristics
of Material A). Page 152 features the development section’s only rest, which once again demonstrates
Haas playing off our expectations: the vibraphone tremolo of measure 413, and the suspended chords
that follow recall Material B’s beginning. The microtonal fluctuations of measures 419-420 accentuate
this expectation, despite the absence of justly-tuned chords in this passage. Needless to say, this isn’t
Material B at all, and this failure of the material to return, although occurring on such small scale in
terms of the overall form of the piece, nonetheless contributes to the pattern of thwarted expectations
that gives the piece its name.
Page 155 features a return of temporal notation, and is followed by a short yet strongly
reminiscent harp solo in measures 442-444. This is followed by a re-emergence of justly-tuned chords
on page 156 in the strings, followed by an inversion of the descending tendency of the brass
instruments on page 157, as the lines begin to energetically climb the harmonic series ladder of the
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chordal blocks, such as in measures 458-460 on page 157. The large Ab overtone chord is contrasted
with an equal-tempered chord on the subsequent page, followed by a few back-and-forths over the
course of several pages, which see the reintroduction of the tremolo idea. On page 159, for example,
string instruments begin performing fast tuplets, repeating single notes, and gradually slowing down
the ratio of the tuplets in a written-out decelerando against a steady tempo, ultimately connecting two
sets of opposites: the fast rhythmic attacks to long sustained pitches, as well as the equal-tempered
harmonies of measure 475 (for example) to the justly-tuned chords of measure 479. This occurs several
times over the next few pages, including using percussion instruments. This dramatic-looking/sounding
gesture encapsulates the tempo process of pages 143-149 (with the long metric modulations), the
descending lines of Material A (and by now much more, as it is found everywhere), and the two tuning
systems that bookend the gesture – and the piece’s dialectical process.202 This compacted, broad,
written-out ritenuto is repeated once more on page 162 where three metric modulations (again
combining tempos of quarter-note equals 120 slowing down to 60 before being doubled, and so forth)
over the course of seven measures, as the surface rhythm slows to a homophonic half-note that itself
continues to slow down until the end of page 163 at which point the house lights are completely out
and the Second Darkness is underway.
As discussed above, the Second Darkness plays an important role in two ways: first, it exploits
the precedent set by the First Darkness (and the manufacture of expectations), and signals an important
change to come. Second, it features important developments in the handling of parameters, as Haas
takes most of the processes to their climactic extremes. The clash of tuning systems is blatant,
including at the very onset of the section, on page 164, where the piano and accordion reiterate the
repeated note gesture that gradually slows down by performing broad chords with stacked fourths and
202 Such as on page 159.

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tritones. This shimmering layer is juxtaposed with chords in the strings that are built on Bb and E
fundamentals. The tritone that separates the two roots further demonstrates the seeping-through of
characteristics, as the intervallic content of Material A (present in the piano and accordion) “infects” the
justly-tuned chordal blocks.
The accelerando/decelerando found in the independent voices that combine to produce a large
textural effect continues to be exploited in subsequent pages, as tremolos and fast rhythms dominate the
surface of the music until page 168 and the first abrupt flash of light, as described above. The glissandi
that then gradually begin to connect the tremolo overtones played by the strings, such as on page 170,
also demonstrate the influence of Material A’s directional register handling, including the paradoxically
static result, since despite the upward motion of most voices in this entire section (including the
subsequent passage on page 175, discussed in chapter 4, in which the rising trombones pitches are
countered by the descending fundamentals, in what Haas called “contrary motion”)203 the unchanging
C-fundamental overtone chord negates the expected effect of steadily rising voices, in much the same
way that Material A’s stubbornly descending lines are countered by a roughly static and suspended
texture.
I would in fact go further and name pages 168 to 173 the true climax of the piece. The abrupt
light flashes initially signal to the listener/audience member the importance of this moment. Material
B’s justly-tuned harmonies have adopted most of Material A’s core characteristics (the active surface,
static background, ever-rising content, and so forth), leaving us on the brink of a new state of things; in
other words a resolution, a synthesis, the arrival point of the piece’s dialectical process.
203 Haas, “Mikrotonalität und spektrale Musik seit 1980,” 127.

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What instead occurs is the relatively fast unravelling of the situation and sabotage of the entire
process. As I mentioned in Chapter 4, Haas describes slowly speeding up the overtone chords in such a
way as it becomes both difficult for the performers to tune them accurately and quasi-impossible for the
listener to perceive them as justly-tuned chords. As such, Material B’s tuning system falters and fails,
ultimately reverting to a tempered tuning system – albeit one with quarter-tones (in other words still
equal-tempered despite being microtonal).
I have already described the transition back to a fully lit concert hall and would now like to take
a minute to discuss what occurs after the end of the Second Darkness in more detail. A quick glance at
page 180 will convince the reader that those stacked descending lines (despite the occurrence of
quarter-tones in some) constitute what is basically Material A. Haas composes the reverse tempo
process found on page 162 (for example), by slowly and gradually speeding up the tempo. The regular
quarter-notes notated on the score become eighth-notes on page 181 as the tempo reaches 120 before
being halved. The same process occurs on pages 182 (tempo of 104 becomes 52) and 184-185 (same
tempo relations) before settling on the Tempo Primo of quarter-note equals 60 on page 188, achieving
the transition back to Material A in its identical first occurrence.
Similarly, the microtonal intervals mentioned on page 180, for example, remain deeply related
to Material A. A quick glance at the first flute on measures 553-556 shows that the flute’s descending
line is essentially a quarter-tone transposition of what is otherwise scalar material found in the opening
of the piece (or more radically, in the oboe during those same measures). The microtonality of this
passage is therefore not at all related to the type of tuning found in Material B (which would fit into the
“overtone chords proportions” of Haas’s 2003 categories) while being directly derived from Material
A’s equal-tempered material (both of which – the microtonal and strictly 12-tone – would fit into what
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Haas calls “equal divisions of the octave”). In other words, this constitutes yet another development of
Material A which stems solely from its own content, utterly disregarding Material B’s contribution to
the equation. In subsequent pages, the evenness of the rhythms (contrasted with the fluctuating tempo)
is also abandoned as the final (initial) tempo is reached on page 188. This shortly follows the
appearance of the indication “Übergang zu temperierter Intonation”204 (“transition to tempered
intonation”) in the flutes, for example, which expunges all microtonal intervals from the music.
What follows is the “cleaned-up” version of Material A, in which short appearances of
sustained elements are quickly ignored and discarded, with only the strictly descending lines allowed
in. The sustained materials’ appearances play two roles: first, they appear to plead for inclusivity, if not
offer a short-lived resistance to their forced removal. Alternatively, they reinforce the sense of
expectation/deception yet again by teasing the listener into hoping for a different outcome. The full list
of these sustained sounds is: the tam-tam reverberating attack on page 189; the four-note A-overtone
chord in the brass on pages 191-192 (accompanied by the same tam-tam hit); an Ab overtone chord
also in the brass (also accompanied by the tam-tam) on page 193; the same gesture with an F# overtone
chord (that includes the first flute and the violas, this time) on page 194; the same group (including the
accordion) playing F then E and Eb chords on pages 195 to 196; and a final attempt on page 197 which
result in a fully-sustained chord across the orchestra. The event, however, only serves to deceive the
listener into believing a change is coming on, as the tempo procedure described above slowly unfolds
on pages 198-202, again involving the quarter-tones in the flutes (for example), and once again leading
to what is essentially Material A from page 203 onwards. Similar interjections with the tam-tam attack
and the brass take place on pages 204, then 206-214 where the tempo process happens for a third time,
204 Page 184 of the score.

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in exactly the same manner, before the process is abruptly interrupted on page 216, in what seems to be
the musical equivalent of the word etcetera.
The recursive and inevitable repetition of Material A, including the mediation of sustained
chords in its midst, the discarding of microtonal content, and the inevitable return to the tempo
modulations do not constitute in themselves the “oppressive”205 return of material thought to be
overcome, which Haas mentions in his discussions of the piece’s ending. The return of Material A itself
at the end of the work does not constitute sufficient impetus to give the piece and its form the shape it
has, either. Through the dialectical process put in place by the juxtaposition of these two opposed
materials from the very onset of the piece, the expected outcome is carefully planned, with the listener
expecting it to be an embodiment of both Materials A and B. The unfolding of the development,
however, shows two unexpected factors that contribute to what I have termed the failure of the
dialectical process: the unilateral chain of influence between the two materials – in other words,
Material B has consistently demonstrated its ability to absorb characteristics from Material A (including
what I described as the climax of the piece on pages 168-173) whereas Material A’s substantial
developments could be the result of a different piece in which Material B would be altogether absent:
they are strictly derived from Material A’s content, and it alone. Secondly, it fails in producing in a new
material, which either synthesizes or goes beyond the two original ‘protagonists’ of the piece, instead
offering a more purified and reactionary Material A, cleansed from any of Material B’s characteristics
and influence.

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3. in vain’s Political Dimension
The political content of a piece of music tends to be layered and multifaceted. It can moreover
be differentiated based on whether it is found, unhampered, on the music’s surface, or on the contrary,
if it is hidden deeper into the music’s more technical and structural foundations. For example, much of
Copland’s music’s political content is supplied through the verbal and dramatic supplements to the
music such as titles (Fanfare for the Common Man), stories with a political angle (Rodeo [gender
equality], The Second Hurricane [race], Billy the Kid [poverty]), and more. The political dimension of
Cornelius Cardew’s music, on the other hand, can be found in his technical and logistical approaches to
his music-making, as theorized in his writings (Stockhausen Serves Imperialism) and projects (The
Scratch Orchestra). Lachenmann’s music harbors a similar political component, which is to be found
concretely in the manner in which he challenges institutions through his music (orchestras, opera
houses, and so on), and more abstractly in the manner in which instrumental and compositional
techniques are deconstructed in his works, as well as in his writings (“The ‘Beautiful’ in Music Today,”
for example).
In other words, I differentiate between two categories of political pieces: pieces whose political
content is found in the subject matter (titles, plot-lines, text, etc.) and others that are theorized as
political through the manner in which the more abstract technique of composition illustrates political
ideas and concepts.206 Haas’s music fits within the second category (and most specifically
Lachenmann’s approach), in that its political dimension seems to be coded into the music rather
206The two categories do have in common the fact that their respective political content is usually accessible
largely through paratextual means.
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abstractly. This esoteric quality207 is nonetheless etically208 applied to him – in view of his
denouncement of Pressl’s esoteric music, for example.209 I would argue, however, that the abstract and
difficult-to-pinpoint political message is due to more than his personal choice of avoiding concretely
communicating ideas, and has much to do with both Haas’s self-professed struggle with words and his
propensity to encompass more than one point of view when setting up situations.
While discussing his decision at the age of seventeen to become a composer (and not a writer),
he declared that his “decision […] might have had something to do with the fact that I noticed that I
cannot express myself as precisely in words as in sounds.”210 Furthermore, he similarly rejected the
idea of approaching writing a piece of music “with the aim of setting an aesthetic programme or a story
to music. Sometimes it begins with moods. In the case of in vain it was my consternation at the
formation of a coalition government with the far right in 2000.”211 Haas is, after all, highly non-
committal in his use of different traditions and schools of thought. This shows a deeply personal
manner of self-expression, which involves integrating widespread schools of thought within his own
way of thinking and composing.
In that context, it is interesting to compare his approach to Copland’s on two important levels.
First, both composers considered the time for experimentation over, and were eager to make use of
their elders’ discoveries. To Copland, for example, “the challenge was not to find new styles and
techniques to distance contemporary composition from the music of the Romantic past, but to find new
207 As discussed in chapter 4, this refers to a rather elaborate system of ‘signs’ to be decoded by the informed
listener in order to ascertain the music’s deeper, hidden “meanings” – if such a thing is possible.
208“Emic” stands for “the believer’s point of view,” while “etic” for the use of scholarly, technical perspectives
and terminologies. In other words, we can etically describe Haas’s music as esoteric (under the rubric “Western
esotericism”) while acknowledging that he would have identified himself differently. Wuidar, Music and
Esotericism, 239.
211 Ibid., 15.
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audiences and modes of expression best suited for the modern present.”212 Haas is similarly more
interested in drawing from the different approaches to microtonality developed by earlier composers
rather than restricting himself to any one of them. The same can be said about his treatment of musical
material, including in in vain, as I will discuss below: the more significant analytical facts have less to
do with what Material A and B are, and more to do with what they become, and what Haas does with
them.
The second interesting parallel between Haas and Copland has to do with the differences in how
their political pieces are set up and open themselves up to interpretation. While Copland’s music has
come to represent, to many, the ultimate “American sound,” the extent to which many of his works
display his alignment with the global aims of the Cultural Front in the United States is today largely
forgotten.213 In fact, his is music written for and about the collective, the general public. He makes
extensive use of folk and contemporary references, which no doubt played a large role in the success
his music had in his day. These are less obvious for subsequent generations: an uninformed listener –
the majority of today’s “masses” – is bound to miss the subtleties, and this might in part account for the
repurposing Copland’s music has suffered ever since. The question that lingers with regard to his
music’s political angle is whether the subversion of the political content of his work was intentional or
inevitable.
Haas’s music, perhaps because of the example provided by composers such as Copland, lends
itself significantly less to political (mis)interpretation per se (not to say it will not be misinterpreted). A
piece like in vain is frequently described as “having a political angle,” but few commentators have
specifically articulated the manner in which this is the case. In fact, Simon Rattle went as far as
212 Elizabeth Bergman Crist, Music for the Common Man (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 104.
213 Ibid., 176.
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declaring that in vain is “not a tragic or a political piece, it is more as though you are wandering into
some kind of extraordinary forest, some kind of primeval darkness, where you discover where music
came from.”214 The “oppressive” nature of Material A’s return in-and-of-itself hardly serves as a
concrete vehicle of political content, and while Haas has argued that the piece constitutes a very
personal reaction to events (which happen to be political), I feel compelled to read much more deeply
into the political implications of the manner in which in vain’s process is structured and carried out.
In vain’s dialectical process, which mimics the modern political system’s polarization of left
and right, constitutes a concrete and deliberate insertion of a political paradigm into the piece. I have
earlier posed the question of what the failure of this dialectical system signifies, politically. It is
possible to read materials A and B very literally, with Material A constituting the regressive, flattening,
simplistic “ruiner of harmony,” while Material B represents the progressive, open, inspired, better
alternative. As I have hinted above, however, and based on Haas’s comments regarding equal
temperament, I feel resistant to labelling Material A as “the far-right” (or even the “right”) simply for
the fact that it makes use of this particular tuning system, or for its cascading lines as metaphors for the
decline of social progress. On some level, however, and despite the piece not being a “setting [of] an
aesthetic programme or a story to music,”215 Material A does represent that which Haas is denouncing
in the piece. The reason, however, has more to do with Material A’s consistent disregard of all
characteristics of Material B in its development (as I mentioned above, the material would likely
develop in the same manner were it to be found in a different piece without Material B) and its
tendency to resist change. Again, the significant factor is not what Material A is,216 but how it behaves
216 Despite the temptation to interpret, for example, tritone-ridden Material A as expressing irrationality (the
tritone, the exact middle of an octave, can only be expressed in ratios by square-root of 2 (an irrational number):
1.
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over the course of the piece. In fact, Material A-as-the-far-right may be what Haas was referring to
when he described “the language of music [as not] well-suited to the subject [of politics]. In a political
argument, you are arguing against someone, but in music, that’s impossible to do directly. The instant I
set something in music, I’m identifying myself with it – even if, morally, I deeply reject it.”217 A
political argument – ideally a dialectical process, in that it yields tangible results – does seem to serve
as the basic model for in vain, with Materials A and B confronting each other over the course of the
piece.
This indeed echoes Adorno’s negative dialectic which places the focus on the thought-process
and the friction between the different materials more so than on the materials themselves. The failure of
the dialectical process in in vain can therefore either be due to Material A’s refusal to adhere to a
constructive and fair exchange,218 choosing instead to sabotage the process by disregarding its
opponent entirely, or it is due to the dialectical process’s fundamental flaws which facilitate the re-
emergence of Material A, or at the very least is powerless to prevent it from doing so. In other words,
in vain may be interpreted as a much deeper criticism of our political system’s powerlessness in the
face of bigotry and resistance to change.
Because of Materials A and B’s starkly differentiated features (and their arguably archetypal
make-up), in vain’s main musical driving force becomes form.219 The development of the material is
significant only in the broad picture painted by the dialectical process’s drive towards a resolution, or

Elliott Carter once described “the idea of static immobility [as] an evasion of our human experience of time.
218
[…] In my view, the idea of development is the most interesting aspect of life.” Restagno, Elliott Carter: In
Conversation with Enzo Restagno, 10.
219 Music similar to Materials A and B is in fact found in several other pieces by Haas. He also once admitted
that “for nearly two decades, I composed basically with only two chords. And I have not yet exhausted all the
possibilities inherent in the relationships between them.” Varga, Three Questions for Sixty-Five Composers, 106.
The two chords are the overtone chord and the ‘Wyschnegradsky’ chord, a stacking of fifths/fourths and tritones
in equal temperament.
!119
the emergence of a new material. It is less Material A’s inherent tuning system, or its cyclical,
paradoxical, hypnotic texture that matters, and more so its self-referentiality, and its refusal to be an
active participant in the dialectal process. In those terms, Material B serves as a better model, not only
in its progressive tuning system, or for its use of silence,220 but also because of its ability to
“compromise” and to adapt to Material A’s existence; in other words, in its ability to “espouse the
changeability of the world,”221 which is how Adorno describes dialectics. In other words, Material B is
dialectics, which, keeping in mind the appropriation of dialectics by Marxists (discussed above), makes
Material B the left. It could therefore be deduced that in vain illustrates a two-sided political argument,
in which Haas denounces the inevitable failures equally attributable to Material A’s “behavior” and to
the fallibility of our democratic political process.
“As Christian Wolff […] has pointed out, almost all composers called political are leftist,”222
and while I do not know whether Haas identifies as leftist, his mobilization against the far-right (and
subsequently for African American rights and against police brutality through his piece I can’t breathe)
demonstrates a politically committed individual. After all, he did state in an interview that artists have
“a duty to express themselves politically.”
As Austrians, we have a clear responsibility, based on the terrible history. As an artist, we have to
be a moral guide. And if you are not, you are fake. This is absolutely clear. […] To stay in a
country and support an incorrect system would make an artist guilty.223
220 As I mentioned in Chapter 3, silence has been theorized as a horizontal being in which it is possible to free
oneself from the vertical configuration of power and subjectivity. Silence as used by John Cage is frequently
theorized in association with a utopian vision of a freer, more democratic world.
Jan Christiaens, “Analysis as Mediated Immediacy: Adorno, Hepokoski & Darcy, and the Dialectics of Music
221
Analysis,” Dutch Journal of Music Theory 13, no. 2 (2008): 148.

Kyle Gann, “Making Marx in the Music: A Hyperhistory of New Music and Politics,” New Music Box,
222
November 2003.
!120
Reading into in vain’s dense content from a political perspective is therefore not as far-fetched as may
be assumed when hearing Haas renounce writing political music for its shortcomings, or when hearing
him describe the piece as a very personal reaction to the election results.
The final point I would like to make, however, concerns Haas’s reluctance to openly discuss in
vain’s political content. While on some level, unpacking the piece so squarely is both complicated to do
succinctly and rather trivializing, I believe the deeper reason for Haas refraining to discuss the piece in
detail has more to do with his reluctance to align his music with what can be described as committed
art.
Around the time Copland was being questioned by Senator McCarthy regarding his leftist
views, several European composers were actively shielding their music from any blatant and overt
associations – or subsequent subversions – by ascending “the ivory tower of l’art pour l’art,”224 a
nineteenth-century philosophical idea that found in the highly polarized political climate of the time a
fertile ground to erect a strong and durable foundation – one that is still powerful today, and that serves
as a shield to a horde of committed non-political composers. As Jean-Paul Sartre concedes in a
conversation with René Leibowitz, “music composed using serial techniques directly and intentionally
challenged convention at the very time when the Cold War antagonists were demanding conformity and
transparency in artistic expression as a means of ensuring fidelity to their ideological values. In short,
what Sartre predicted and what Boulez subsequently delivered was a music that, by being impervious
to meaning arising from external associations, was resistant to ideological appropriation.”225
It would be as erroneous to fully identify Haas’s music with the trend exemplified by composers
such as Boulez (who were accused by Lachenmann of dismissing the “concept of Beauty” as suspect,
224Mark Carroll, "Commitment or Abrogation? Avant-Garde Music and Jean-Paul Sartre's Idea of Committed
Art,” Music & Letters 83, no. 4 (2002): 592.
225 Ibid., 591.
!121
and whose refusal to deal with “the aesthetic problem” did considerable harm to “avant-garde”
music)226 as it would be to call his music openly politically committed (engagée). I instead see Haas
taking the middle road and weaving in the two approaches simultaneously, demonstrating yet again his
ability to operate within paradoxes and outside dogma – in itself arguably the most important and
crucial “moral guidance” he can offer his audience in today’s polarized and divided society.
Haas’s reluctance to assign in vain an explicitly political angle perhaps ultimately lies in his
mystic romanticism. Music’s core characteristic is perhaps its resistance to clear-cut interpretations,
forcing the coexistence of several often-contradictory explanations. Haas’s facility with paradoxes and
plurality is at the root of his compositional practice and would explain his dislike of music as a
representation of a program (or meaning) coded into sounds, whether or this occurs in the cases of I
can’t breathe and in vain. The question remains as to why this transposition is problematic to Haas in
his political pieces but not in his operas, and would have to be the subject of another investigation.
I would like to end this paper with a final question and an anecdote. Given the critical acclaim
in vain has received and the rich complexity of the work’s make-up, one is left wondering why Haas
ultimately considers the writing of such a piece a failure of sorts. Is his explanation regarding the
inevitability of becoming identified with materials he rejects truly the core of his reasoning? Were this
to be the case, the many difficult subjects and characters found in his operas should cause him to
similarly abandon the theatrical genre as well. This is not the case, prompting me to conclude that there
are other factors at play when it comes to a political work such as in vain. I would venture two: the first
is the subtlety of the message in in vain. Commentators such as Simon Rattle and Alex Ross
passionately advocate for the piece, calling it a “staggering experience”227 and a “modern
226 Helmut Lachenmann, "The 'Beautiful' in Music Today,” 20-21.

!122
masterwork.”228 They easily expound on the piece’s scope, the usage of darkness, the virtuosic
handling of large masses of instruments, etc. The political dimension of the piece, however, rarely
registers with commentators, which may be disappointing for Haas. The second, more important
reason, looks at in vain from the broader perspective of music – and much of art’s – (in)ability to effect
actual, true change in the world. Olafur Eliasson, whose work was mentioned in connection with in
vain by Simon Rattle, recently started a project with the engineer Frederik Ottesen called Little Sun,
which aims to supply lamps and sustainable energy to people with no access to electricity. The lamps,
which are charged by being left in the sun (five hours in the sun yield five hours of strong light) are
sold at a higher price in parts of the world with access to electricity in order to lower the cost for people
living in areas of the world (1.1 billion people)229 with no access to power. Could a piece of music’s
arguable impotence at effecting this level of change in such a concrete and direct manner be a reason
why Haas – like many composers – stays away from creating openly political works? 

229 “About,” Little Sun, 2017. http://littlesun.com/about/
!123
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Appendix A – Outer Voices Per Measure in Material A (mm. 1–75) 
#w w w ˙
˙
œ
1
w ˙ bœ œ bœ
& œ#œ b ˙ n˙ ˙ œ œ
?
w w w w w w ˙ ˙ ˙™ œ w
˙™
bœ nw
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C C
10
nw œ œ œ #˙
&
b˙ ˙ œ œ#œ
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nœ
w ˙ & œ #˙ &œ
œ
˙
b ˙™ b œ ˙™ n œ w
bœ
17 w œ bw
bœ
&
?
œ #œ œ &
nœ œ œ œœ
? ? b œ nœ
w bœ œ œ& #˙ w œ ˙™ ˙™ b œ
&
G ˙ #w ˙ ˙
24
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&
#˙ ™ #œ
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31 <#> w w w w w œ ˙™ œ ˙ #œ ˙ ˙
&
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œ œ
œ # œ b œ n œ ˙ #œ œ
‹ nœ #˙ b œ nœ #œ
œ œ w
46
œ œ b œ b œ nœ #œ œ b œ n˙
b œ nœ
& œœœ œ
? œ œ œ œ #œ œ œœ
˙™
# œ œ œ
#œ n œ # ˙ b œ nœ nœ # œ b œ b œ n œ œ œ #œ
‹ #˙
œ œ w œ œ #œ œ
˙ ˙™
b œ n œ # œ
#œ œ b œ nœ #œ œ b œ b œ
53
&
? b ˙ œ #œ œ œ b œ œ #œ
#œ ˙ ™ b œ b œ n œ #œ œ œ b œ nœ #œ # ˙ œ œ b œ nœ
 
!132
‹ nœ #œ œ œ œ #œ
œ œ ˙™ œ œ œ œ #œ
œ œ œ # œ
b œ œ #œ #œ
60
&
? œ #œ b ˙ œ #œ #œ
#œ œ œ œ b œ n œ œ œ œ b œ œ #œ #œ
#œ ˙ œ
bw œ b œ b ˙™
‹ œ œ œ œ # œ œ œ
œ œ œ #œ
66
&
b˙
? œ œ #œ #œ œ œ œ œ œ œ #œ
& œ #œ œ #œ œ œ #œ
<b> œ œ #œ b ˙ ˙
‹
71
#œ œ #œ œ nœ œ œ œ b œ œ #œ
&
œ œ œ œ œ #œ œ œ œ
& œ œ œ #œ
 
!133
Appendix B – Analysis of the Chords in Material B (p. 84-100)
(y axis shows Partials, x axis shows chords by Fundamentals in the order that they are played)
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st fund
(fund.)
D C# C# C# B B Bb G G
measure 88-91 92 93 94-5 97-9 99-101 103-7 108-9 109-113

numbers
Tempo Q=60 Q=72 Q=60 => 108
microtonal fund.
fluctuations 
!134
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st (fund.) fund
F# Eb D D C B B G#
measure 115-19 120-2 123-7 124-7 129-31 133-4 135-6 138-9

numbers
Tempo Q=60 Q=40 Q=60 Q=52
microtonal
fluctuations
!135
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st fund fund

(fund.)
G G E Eb D D C B B
measure 141 142-3 145-8 149-51 152 153-4 156-9 161-2 163-4
numbers
Tempo Q=60 Q=40=>144 Q=60; Q=96=>40; Q=60 Q=96 => 60
 
!136
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st fund fund fund fund fund fund

(fund.)
Bb Bb A A G F# F# F# E E
meas. 166 167-8 170-1 172-5 177-80 181 182-3 184-91 193 194-201
numb.
Tempo Q=40=>96=>60=>180 Q=60
micr. micr. micr.

fluct. fluct. fluct. 
!137
Appendix C – Major Events and Parameters in the First Darkness
Page numbers 76 77 78 79 80 81a
Light darkness darkness darkness darkness darkness on harp
Wind entries 10 10 6-7 4-5 3-4 || 12 22

distance (sec)
Dynamics ppp – mf ppp – mf / f ppp – mf / f ppp – mf / f ppp – mf || ppp pp – ppp,

harp mf
Bass C# – D D – Eb Eb – E E–F F || B B, Bq#, C, C#

(cluster)
Events Onset of Tam-tam Accordion Accordion Bass abrupt Harp solo

darkness swells return swells shift ‘in B’
Tuning Tempered Tempered Tempered Tempered Tempered Just /

System(s) Microtonal
Pitch Changes Microtonal Microtonal Microtonal Microtonal Microtonal || Microtonal /

abrupt bass shift harp in
partials
Page numbers 81b 82a 82b 83 84
Light on harp on harp gradually brighter gradually brighter on
Wind entries 20 20 + rest 12 | 5 | 16 | 7 4/4, q=72 -

distance (sec)
Dynamics ppp – mp, mp decresc. ppp – mp ppp – mp / mf ppp – mp

harp mf harp mf || rest
Bass C#, Dqb, Db, Dqb, D, Dq#, Db Bb – A F# – F A – G#

Cq#, C (cluster) (cluster)
Events Harp solo ‘in C,’ Harp solo ‘in C#,’ Bass drops out, Conducted, Lights on
crotales enter first rest of piece harp solo ends, tempo changes, completely,
rest clarinet high note, staggered
strings alone entrances
Tuning System(s) Just / Microtonal Just / Microtonal Just Just Just
Pitch Changes Microtonal / Microtonal / Partials Partials Partials

harp in partials in partials

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NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

An Analysis of Georg Friedrich Haas’s in vain

SUBMITTED TO THE BIENEN SCHOOL OF MUSIC

for the degree

DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS

Michal Raymond Massoud

vain, however, while it is frequently mentioned by commentators, is rarely explored in depth.

contradictory interpretations, in order to paint a fuller picture of the piece.

vain’s political content is embedded within its formal design.

I owe thanks to several people:

food, improvisation, economics, music notation, and insects!

consistently pushing me towards precision and clarity in my ideas.

baffles me. Thank you for believing in me.

Finally, to Lena, for absolutely everything.

Chapter 1: Setting the Stage

2. His Aesthetic & Work 15

Chapter 2: Tuning Systems 30

a. Dimensions, Pitch Content, and Sustain Level 46

b. Rhythm and Sense of Time 51

d. Instrumentation and Paradox 70

e. Surface Activity and Dynamics: Development 72

1. Haas and Darkness 76

3. in vain’s Two Darknesses 87

Chapter 5: Dialectics, Form, and the Political Dimension

1. On Dialectics and its Political Ramifications 97

2. Form and the failure of the dialectical process 103

3. in vain’s Political Dimension 114

Appendix A: Outer Voices Per Measure in Material A (mm. 1–75) 130

Appendix B: Analysis of the Chords in Material B (p. 84-100) 133

Appendix C: Major Events and Parameters in the First Darkness 137

2.1. Categories of microtonality in Haas’s 2003 and 2007 papers on 32

3.1. Violin 1, measure 3 47

3.2. Violin 1, measure 5 47

3.3. Accordion, measure 3 48

3.4. Sustained harmonies and orchestration found on pages 51-58 50

3.5. Tuplets found for each instrument active on pages 22 to 25 52

3.6. Piano, accordion, and first violin parts in measure 22 57

3.8. The succession of fundamentals in Material B, plotted onto a staff, 75

5.1. Plot of the second cello’s note duration progression in 105

– remains relatively obscure. In this paper, I aim to fill that gap.

frequently mentioned but rarely explained political dimension.

“Art is one place where you can fill the space.”5

computer music courses at IRCAM, Paris, in 1991.

Graz as an instructor in 1978, before becoming an associate professor in counterpoint, contemporary

quickly proliferated as he was propelled to positions of world-wide influence.

8 “Georg Friedrich Haas,” Universal Edition, 2017.

interview with a former student in 2016, he declared that

with his now-wife Mollena Williams-Haas.16 Today, he describes being

I can compose at home, with Mollena.”18

may all be understood by some listeners as a reflection of his repressed sexuality.

19 Enright, "The Living Beings of Sound,” 48.

2. His Aesthetic & Work

understand Haas’s aesthetic from multiple simultaneous angles.27

Georg Friederich Haas,” online video clip, 1:20:04, 19 November 2015.

transcendental experiences – as an essentially man-made cultural construct. When discussing just

28 Hasegawa, “Clashing Harmonic Systems in Haas's Blumenstück and in vain,” 205.

approach to composition – frequently found in many of his colleagues’ compositional practices –

At the beginning of my artistic development, I organized my music based on abstract principles. I

and resistant to categorization.

vain’s political content is embedded within its formal design. 

Appendix C: Major Events and Parameters in the First Darkness 137 

including Haas and his work as a whole.  