Bull. Malays. Math. Sci. Soc.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40840-017-0580-y

Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

Morgan McAnally1 · Wen-Xiu Ma1,2,3,4,5

Received: 10 April 2017 / Revised: 10 November 2017

© Malaysian Mathematical Sciences Society and Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia 2017

Abstract By a class of zero curvature equations over a non-semisimple matrix loop

algebra, we generate a new hierarchy of bi-integrable couplings for a soliton hierarchy
associated with so(3, R). The bi-Hamiltonian structures are found by the associ-
ated variational identity, which imply that all the presented coupling systems possess
infinitely many commuting symmetries and conserved functionals and, thus, are Liou-
ville integrable.

Keywords Integrable coupling · Matrix loop algebra · Hamiltonian structure

Communicated by Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail.

This research was supported by the University of South Florida.

B Morgan McAnally
[email protected]
Wen-Xiu Ma
[email protected]

1 University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5700, USA

2 Department of Mathematics,Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, People’s
Republic of China
3 College of Mathematics and Systems Science,Shandong University of Science and Technology,
Qingdao 266590, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
4 Department of Mathematical Sciences, International Institute for Symmetry Analysis and
Mathematical Modelling, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2024,
Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
5 College of Mathematics and Physics, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090,
People’s Republic of China

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

Mathematics Subject Classification 37K05 · 37K10 · 35Q53

1 Introduction

The study of solitons in regard to integrable systems has facilitated a deeper under-
standing of mathematics and physics. Many well-known nonlinear partial differential
equations have been found to have soliton solutions, for example, the Korteweg–de
Vries equation and the sine-Gordon equation. It is known that zero curvature equa-
tions associated with simple Lie algebras generate classical integrable systems [1], and
semisimple Lie algebras generate non-coupled systems of classical integrable systems.
It is our business to further develop the study of non-semisimple Lie algebras in rela-
tion to integrable couplings. Soliton hierarchies, and specifically, integrable couplings
and bi-integrable couplings, provide valuable new insights into the classification of
multi-component integrable systems [2–6].
It is known that zero curvature equations on semidirect sums of matrix loop alge-
bras generate integrable couplings [7,8], and the associated variational identity [9,10]
is used to furnish Hamiltonian structures and bi-Hamiltonian structures of the result-
ing integrable couplings and bi-integrable couplings [11–17]. An important step in
generating Hamiltonian structures is to search for non-degenerate, symmetric, and
ad-invariant bilinear forms on the underlying loop algebras [13,18] as the trace iden-
tity proposed by Gui-Zhang Tu [18,19] is ineffective for non-semisimple Lie algebras
which possess a degenerate Killing form. Semidirect sums of loop algebras bring var-
ious interesting integrable couplings and bi-integrable couplings [20–24], including
higher-dimensional local bi-Hamiltonian integrable couplings [25–29], greatly enrich-
ing multi-component integrable systems. Recently, it has been of interest to study new
integrable couplings and bi-integrable couplings generated from spectral problems
associated with so(3, R) [14].
Integrable couplings enlarge an original integrable system and often times retain
its properties [2,4]. Bi-integrable couplings then take the integrable coupling system
and enlarge that system. Again, the original properties frequently are maintained. An
important feature is if a soliton hierarchy has infinitely many commuting symmetries
and conserved densities, the integrable coupling and then bi-integrable coupling gen-
erally will too [14–17,30,31]. A bi-integrable coupling system is a natural way of
extending a well-behaved integrable system. We show that the bi-integrable couplings
of an original spectral problem associated with so(3, R) will preserve bi-Hamiltonian
structures, i.e., Liouville integrability, of the integrable couplings associated with the
same spectral problem [32].
A zero curvature representation of a system of the form

u t = K (u) = K (x, t, u, u x , u x x , . . .), (1)

where u is a column vector of dependent variables and means there exists a Lax pair
[33] U = U (u, λ) and V = V (u, λ) in a matrix loop algebra such that the zero
curvature equation,
Ut − Vx + [U, V ] = 0, (2)

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Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

will generate system (1) [19]. The integrable coupling of system (1) is an integrable
system of the form ([25,26] for definition):
   
K (u) u
ū t = K̄ 1 (ū) = , ū = , (3)
S(u, u 1 ) u1

where u 1 is a new column vector of dependent variables. An integrable system of the

form ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
K (u) u
ū t = K̄ 1 (ū) = ⎣ S1 (u, u 1 ) ⎦ , ū = ⎣u 1 ⎦ , (4)
S2 (u, u 1 , u 2 ) u2
is called a bi-integrable coupling of (1). Note that in (4), S2 depends on u 2 , but S1 does
not. Now, we use zero curvature equations in order to generate bi-integrable couplings
and associated Hamiltonian structures, through appropriate variational identities.
We will proceed with Sects. 2 through 6. In Sect. 2, we recall a soliton hierarchy
presented in [32] for a matrix spectral problem in so(3, R). In Sect. 3, we construct bi-
integrable couplings from the results in Sect. 2 using an enlarged matrix loop algebra.
We then use the corresponding variational identity to present the Hamiltonian structure
of the bi-integrable coupling system in Sect. 4. In Sect. 5, infinitely many symmetries
and conserved functionals are discussed. We finish the paper with a couple open
questions.

2 A Soliton Hierarchy Associated with so(3, R)

Let us recall the a soliton hierarchy [32] given by the spectral problem
⎡ ⎤
0 q λ
φx = U φ , U = U (u, λ) = ⎣ −q 0 − p ⎦ ∈ so(3),
¯ (5)
−λ p 0

where
   
p φ
u= , φ= 1 ,
q φ2

λ is a spectral parameter, p = p(x, t), q = q(x, t), and so(3)

¯ is the special matrix
loop algebra, i.e.,

ḡ = so(3)
¯ = {A ∈ so(3)|entries of A are Laurent series in λ} . (6)

Under the assumption that W is of the form

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
0 c a  0 ci ai 
W = ⎣ −c 0 −b⎦ = ⎣−ci 0 −bi ⎦ λ−i = Wi λ−i , (7)
−a b 0 i≥0 −ai bi 0 i≥0

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

then the stationary zero curvature equation,

Wx = [U, W ], (8)

determines the system of equations

⎧
⎪
⎨ax = pc − qb,
bx = −λc + qa, (9)
⎪
⎩
cx = − pa + λb.

After setting a, b, c to appropriate Laurent expansions, system (9) equivalently gen-

erates ⎧
⎪
⎨bi+1 = pai + ci,x ,
ci+1 = −bi,x + qai , i ≥ 0. (10)
⎪
⎩
ai+1,x = pci+1 − qbi+1 ,
Next, we set the initial conditions as {a0 = −1, b0 = 0 = c0 } and take all constants
of integration to be zero. We can present for 1 ≤ i ≤ 4:

a1 = 0, c1 = −q, b1 = − p,
1
a2 = ( p 2 + q 2 ), c2 = px , b2 = −qx ,
2
1 1 1 1
a3 = pqx − px q, c3 = qx x + p 2 q + q 3 , b3 = px x + p 3 + pq 2 ,
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
a4 = − p q − p + px − ppx x − q + qx − qqx x ,
4 8 2 8 2
1 1
b4 = qx x x + (3 p + 3q )qx , c4 = − px x x − (3 p 2 + 3q 2 ) px .
2 2
2 2

All functions {ai , bi , ci |i ≥ 0} are differential polynomials of u with respect to x.

The zero curvature equations are

Utm − Vx[m] + U, V [m] = 0 with V [m] = (λm W )+ , (11)

where m ≥ 0, and, therefore, provide a hierarchy of soliton equations, i.e.,

   
−cm+1 q δHm
u tm = Km = =Φ m
=J , (12)
bm+1 −p δu

where m ≥ 0. The Hamiltonian operator J , the hereditary recursion operator Φ, and

the Hamiltonian functions are defined as follows:
    
0 −1 q∂ −1 p ∂ + q∂ −1 q am+2
J= , Φ= −1 −1 , Hm = − dx,
1 0 −∂ − p∂ p − p∂ q m+1
(13)

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Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

∂
in which m ≥ 0 and ∂ = ∂x . The first nonlinear example is
   
−qx x − 21 p 2 q − 21 q 3 px x + 21 p 3 + 21 pq 2 δH2
u t2 = K 2 = =J =J . (14)
px x + 21 p 3 + 21 pq 2 qx x + 21 p 2 q + 21 q 3 δu

3 Bi-Integrable Couplings

We construct Hamiltonian bi-integrable couplings for the soliton hierarchy by using

a matrix loop Lie algebra. Define a triangular block matrix
⎡ ⎤
A1 A2 A3
M(A1 , A2 , A3 ) = ⎣ 0 A1 α A2 ⎦ . (15)
0 0 A1

It is known that block matrices of this form are closed under multiplication, i.e.,
constitute a Lie algebra [34]. The associated loop matrix Lie algebra g̃(λ) is formed
by all block matrices of the type

g̃(λ) = {M(A1 , A2 , A3 )|M defined by (15), entries of A are Laurent series in λ}.
(16)
A spectral matrix is chosen from g̃(λ) as

Ū = Ū (ū, λ) = M(U, U1 , U2 ), ū = ( p, q, r, s, v, w)T , (17)

where U is defined as in (5) and the supplementary spectral matrices U1 and U2 are
⎡ ⎤
0 s 0  
r
U1 = U1 (u 1 ) = ⎣−s 0 −r ⎦ , u1 = , (18)
s
0 r 0
⎡ ⎤
0 w 0  
v
U2 = U2 (u 2 ) = ⎣−w 0 −v ⎦ , u2 = . (19)
w
0 v 0

In order to solve the enlarged stationary zero curvature equation,

W̄x = [Ū , W̄ ], (20)

we take the solution to be of the following form:

W̄ = W̄ (ū, λ) = M(W, W1 , W2 ) ∈ g̃(λ), (21)

where W is defined by (7) and solves Wx = [U, W ], and W1 and W2 are assumed to
be ⎡ ⎤
0 g e
W1 = W1 (u, u 1 , λ) = ⎣−g 0 − f ⎦ ∈ so(3),
¯ (22)
−e f 0

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

and ⎡ ⎤
0 g e
W2 = W2 (u, u 1 , u 2 , λ) = ⎣−g  0 − f  ⎦ ∈ so(3).
¯ (23)
−e f 0

Equation (20) is equivalent to satisfying the following matrix equations:

⎧
⎪
⎨Wx = [U, W ],
W1,x = [U, W1 ] + [U1 , W ], (24)
⎪
⎩
W2,x = [U, W2 ] + [U2 , W ] + α[U1 , W1 ].

The second and third equations in (24) generate

⎧
⎪
⎨ex = pg − q f + r c − sb,
f x = −λg + qe + sa, (25)
⎪
⎩
gx = − pe + λ f − ra,

and ⎧
⎪   
⎨ex = − f sα + gr α − q f + pg − wb + vc,
  
f x = qe − λg + wa + seα, (26)
⎪
⎩ 
gx = − pe + λ f  − r eα − va,

respectively. Plugging into recursion relations (25) and (26) into the Laurent expan-
sions, ⎧   
⎪
⎪ e= ei λ−i , f = f i λ−i , g = gi λ−i ,
⎨

i≥0 
i≥0 
i≥0
(27)
 −i  −i 
⎪
⎪
⎩ e  = ei λ , f  = f i λ , g = gi λ−i ,
i≥0 i≥0 i≥0

we have

⎧
⎪
⎪ f i+1 = gi,x + pei + rai ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ g i+1 = − f i,x + qei + sai ,
⎪
⎪
⎨e
i+1,x = pgi+1 − q f i+1 + r ci+1 − sbi+1 ,
  + pe + va + αr c ,
(28)
⎪
⎪ f i+1 = gi,x
⎪
⎪ i i i
⎪
⎪ g  = − f  + qe + wa + αsc ,
⎪
⎪ i+1 i,x i i i
⎩   
ei+1,x = pgi+1 − q f i+1 − αs f i+1 + αrgi+1 − wbi+1 + vci+1 ,

where i ≥ 0. We take the initial data as {e0 = −1, f 0 = g0 = 0; e0 = −1, f 0 = g0 =
0} and suppose that the integration constants are zero. Then, recursion relation (28)
uniquely generates {ei , f i , gi , ei , f i , gi |i ≥ 1}. We obtain

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Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

⎧
⎪
⎪ e1 = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 1 = − p − r,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ g1 = −q − s;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 2 1 2
⎪
⎪ e2 = 2 p + 2 q + r p + sq,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 2 = −qx − sx ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ = px + r x ;
⎪ g
⎨ 2
e3 = qx p − qpx − spx + rqx + sx p − r x q,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 3 = px x + 1 p 3 + 1 pq 2 + 3 r p 2 + psq + 1 rq 2 + r x x ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
2 2 2 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ g3 = qx x + 21 q 3 + 21 qp 2 + 23 sq 2 + qr p + 21 sp 2 + sx x ;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 2 1 2
⎪e4 = (− p − r ) px x + (−q − s)qx x − pr x x − qsx x 2 px + px r x + 2 qx + qx sx
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − 38 ( p 2 + q 2 )( p 2 + 4 pr + q(q + 4s)),
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 4 = qx x x + sx x x + 21 (3 p 2 + 6 pr + 3q 2 + 6qs)qx + 21 (3 p 2 + 3q 2 )sx ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩
g4 = − px x x − r x x x + 21 (−3 p 2 − 6 pr − 3q 2 − 6qs) px + 21 (−3 p 2 − 3q 2 )r x ;

and ⎧ 
⎪
⎪e1 = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 1 = − p − αr − v,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ g1 = −q − αs − w;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪e = 21 p 2 + 21 q 2 + αr p + αsq + vp + wq + 21 αs 2 + 21 αr 2 ,
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 
⎪ f 2 = −qx − αsx − wx ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ g2 = px + αr x + vx ;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪e = qx p − qpx − αspx + αrqx + αsx p − r x q − wpx + vqx + wx p − αqr x
⎪ 3
⎪
⎪
⎪ − vx q + αsx r − αsr x ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  = p + 1 p 3 + 1 pq 2 + α 3 r p 2 + αpsq + α 1 rq 2 + r + α 3 pr 2 + αr sq
⎪
⎪
f 3 xx 2 2 2 2 xx 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 3 2 1 2 1 2
+ pqw + 2 vp + 2 vq + 2 αps + αr x x + vx x ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  1 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 2
⎪g3 = qx x + 2 q + 2 qp + α 2 sq + αqr p + α 2 sp + sx x + α 2 qs + αsr p
⎨
+ pvq + 23 wq 2 + 21 wp 2 + 21 αpr 2 + αsx x + wx x ;
⎪
⎪
⎪ 
⎪e = (−αr − p − v) px x + (−αs − q − w)qx x − α( p + r )r x x − α(q + s)sx x
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
4
⎪
⎪ − vx x p − wx x q + 21 px2 + (αr x + vx ) px
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ + 21 qx2 + (αsx + wx )qx + 21 αr x2 + 21 αsx2 − 38 p 4 + 23 (−αr − v) p 3
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ + 18 (−6q 2 + (−12αs − 12w)q − 18αr 2 − 6αs 2 ) p 2
⎪
⎪  
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − 23 q((αr + v)q + 2αr s) p − 23 q 2 41 q 2 + (αs + w)q + 21 α(r 2 + 3s 2 ) ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ f 4 = qx x x + αsx x x + wx x x + 21 (3 p 2 + (6αr + 6v) p + 3q 2 + (6αs + 6w)q
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ + 3αr 2 + 3αs 2 )qx + 21 (3αp 2 + 6αpr + 3αq 2 + 6αqs)sx
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ + 21 (3 p 2 + 3q 2 )wx ,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 
⎪g = − px x x − αr x x x − vx x x + 1 (−3 p 2 − (6αr + 6v) p − 3q 2 − (6αs + 6w)q
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − 3αr 2 − 3αs 2 ) p + 1 (−3αp 2 − 6αpr − 3αq 2 − 6αqs)r
⎪
⎪
x 2 x
⎩
− 21 (3 p 2 + 3q 2 )vx .

These functions are differential polynomials in the variables p, q, r, s, v, and w.

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

Similar to [35], for each integer m ≥ 0, we further introduce an enlarged Lax matrix

 
V̄ [m] = (λm W̄ )+ = M V [m] , V1[m] , V2[m] ∈ g̃(λ), (29)

where V [m] is defined by (11) and Vi[m] = (λm Wi )+ , i = 1, 2. The enlarged zero
curvature equation, 
Ūtm − V̄x[m] + Ū , V̄ [m] = 0, (30)

gives the following matrix equations:

⎧   
[m]
⎨U1,tm − V1,x + U, V1[m] + U1 , V [m] = 0,
    (31)
⎩U [m] [m]
+ U2 , V [m] + α U1 , V1[m] = 0,
2,tm − V2,x + U, V2

along with the system in (11). The above equations then present the additional systems

 
S1,m (u, u 1 )
v̄tm = Sm = Sm (v̄) = , m ≥ 0, (32)
S2,m (u, u 1 , u 2 )

where v̄ = (r, s, v, w)T and

 
−gm+1
S1,m (u, u 1 ) = ,
f m+1

and

  
−gm+1
S2,m (u, u 1 , u 2 ) =  .
f m+1

Then the enlarged zero curvature equation generates a hierarchy of bi-integrable cou-
plings, ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
p −cm+1
⎢q ⎥ ⎢ bm+1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢r ⎥ ⎢−gm+1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
ū tm = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ = K̄ m (ū), m ≥ 0, (33)
⎥
⎢s ⎥ ⎢ f m+1 ⎥
⎣v ⎦ ⎣−gm+1 ⎦


w t 
f m+1
m

for soliton hierarchy (12).

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Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

In particular, when m = 2, we have u t2 = K¯2 , i.e.,

⎡ ⎤
p
⎢q ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢s ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢v ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣w ⎦
t2
⎡ ⎤
−qx x − 21 p 2 q − 21 q 3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ px x + 21 p 3 + 21 pq 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −qx x − 2 q − 2 qp − 2 sq − qr p − 2 sp − sx x
1 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ p + 1 3
p + 1
pq 2 + 3 r p 2 + psq + 1 rq 2 + r ⎥
⎢ xx 2 2 2 2 xx ⎥
=⎢ ⎥.
⎢−qx x − 1 q 3 − 1 qp 2 − α 3 sq 2 − αqr p − α 1 sp 2 − sx x − α 3 qs 2 − αsr p ⎥
⎢ 2 2 2 2 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − pvq + 2 wq − 2 wp − 2 αps − αsx x − wx x
3 2 1 2 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ p + 1 p 3 + 1 pq 2 + α 3 r p 2 + αpsq + α 1 rq 2 + r + α 3 pr 2 + αr sq ⎥
⎣ xx 2 2 2 2 xx 2 ⎦
+ pqw + 23 vp 2 + 21 vq 2 + 21 αps 2 + αr x x + vx x
(34)

4 Hamiltonian Structures

We have a systematic approach for generating Hamiltonian structures for the bi-
integrable coupling in (33) using the variational identity over the enlarged matrix
loop algebra g̃(λ) [13,18]. The variational identity is as follows:

δ ∂ γ
W̄ , Ūλ dx = λ−γ λ W̄ , Ūū , γ = constant. (35)
δ ū ∂λ

As seen in [35], there is a convenient method to constructing a symmetric and ad-

invariant bilinear form on g̃(λ) by rewriting the semidirect sum g̃(λ) into a vector
form. First, we define a mapping

σ : g̃(λ) → R9 , A → (a1 , . . . , a9 )T , (36)

where
⎡ ⎤
0 a3i a3i−2
A = M(A1 , A2 , A3 ) ∈ g̃(λ), Ai = ⎣ −a3i 0 −a3i−1 ⎦ , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3.
−a3i−2 a3i−1 0
(37)

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

The map σ induces a Lie algebra structure on R9 isomorphic to the enlarged matrix
loop algebra g̃(λ). Thus, the corresponding Lie bracket [·, ·] on R9 is generated by
letting
[a, b]T = a T R(b), (38)

where a = (a1 , . . . , a9 )T , b = (b1 , . . . , b9 )T ∈ R9 and

R(b) = M(R1 , R2 , R3 ), (39)

with ⎡ ⎤
0 −b3i b3i−1
Ri = ⎣ b3i 0 −b3i−2 ⎦ , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3. (40)
−b3i−1 b3i−2 0

There is an Lie isomorphism, σ , between the Lie algebra (R9 , [·, ·]) with the enlarged
matrix loop algebra g̃(λ).
We may find a bilinear form on R9 by

a, b = a T Fb, (41)

where F is a constant matrix and the symmetric property of ·, · requires that

F T = F. (42)

The symmetric condition along with the ad-invariance property

a, [b, c] = [a, b], c,

provides the condition

F(R(b))T = −R(b)F, b ∈ R9 . (43)

Upon solving the derived system of equations from (43) for an arbitrary vector b ∈ R9 ,
we find ⎡ ⎤
η1 η2 η3
F = ⎣η2 αη3 0 ⎦ ⊗ F0 , (44)
η3 0 0

where ⎡ ⎤
1 0 0
F0 = ⎣0 1 0⎦ , (45)
0 0 1

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Bi-Integrable Couplings Associated with so(3, R)

and ηi , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3, are arbitrary constants. Thus, the bilinear form on the semidirect
sum g̃(λ) of the two Lie subalgebras g̃ and g̃c is defined as

A, Bg̃(λ) = σ (A), σ (B)R9

= (a1 , . . . , a9 )F(b1 , . . . , b9 )T
= (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )η1 + (a1 b4 + a2 b5 + a3 b6 + a4 b1 + a5 b2
+ a6 b3 )η2 + (αa4 b4 + αa5 b5 + αa6 b6 + a1 b7 + a2 b8 + a3 b9
+ a7 b1 + a8 b2 + a9 b3 )η3 , (46)

where A and B are two matrices in g̃(λ) presented by


A = σ −1 ((a1 , . . . , a9 )T ) ∈ g̃(λ),
(47)
B = σ −1 ((b1 , . . . , b9 )T ) ∈ g̃(λ).

Bilinear form (46) is symmetric and ad-invariant due to the isomorphism σ . A bilinear
form, defined by (46), is non-degenerate iff the determinant of F is not zero, i.e.,

det(F) = −η39 α 3 = 0. (48)

Therefore, we choose η3 = 0 to obtain a non-degenerate, symmetric, and ad-invariant

bilinear form over the enlarged matrix loop algebra g̃(λ).
Now, we compute
W̄ , Ūλ g̃(λ) = aη1 + eη2 + e η3 (49)
and ⎡ ⎤
bη1 + f η2 + f  η3
⎢ cη1 + gη2 + g  η3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ bη2 + α f η3 ⎥
W̄ , Ūū g̃(λ) =⎢
⎢ cη2 + αgη3 ⎥ .
⎥ (50)
⎢ ⎥
⎣ bη3 ⎦
cη3
In addition, the formula γ = − λ2 dλ
d
ln|tr(W 2 )| [19] yields that the constant γ = 0,
and thus, the corresponding variational identity is
⎡ ⎤
bm η1 + f m η2 + f m η3
⎢ cm η1 + gm η2 + g  η3 ⎥
  ⎢ m ⎥
δ −am+1 η1 − em+1 η2 − em+1 η3 ⎢ bm η2 + α f m η3 ⎥
dx = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ , m ≥ 1.
⎥
δ ū m ⎢ cm η2 + αgm η3 ⎥
⎣ bm η3 ⎦
cm η3
(51)
We consequently obtain a Hamiltonian structure for hierarchy (33) of bi-integrable
couplings,
δ H̄m
ū tm = J¯ , m ≥ 0, (52)
δ ū

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

with the Hamiltonian functionals,

 
−am+2 η1 − em+2 η2 − em+2 η3
H̄m = dx, (53)
m+1

and the Hamiltonian operator,

⎡ ⎤−1
0 η1 0 η2 0 η3
⎢−η1 0 −η2 0 −η3 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 η2 0 αη3 0 0⎥
J¯ = ⎢
⎢−η2
⎥ , (54)
⎢ 0 −αη3 0 0 0⎥ ⎥
⎣ 0 η3 0 0 0 0⎦
−η3 0 0 0 0 0

and note that det( J¯) = 0. In particular, when m = 2, the Hamiltonian functional is


1 
H̄2 = −a4 η1 − e4 η2 − e4 η3 dx, (55)
3

where

−a4 η1 − e4 η2 − e4 η3 = ((η1 + η2 + η3 ) p + (αη3 + η2 )r + η3 v) px x

+ ((η1 + η2 + η3 )q + (αη3 + η2 )sη3 w) qx x
+ ((αη3 + η2 ) p + η3 αr ) r x x ((αη3 + η2 )q + η3 αs) sx x
1
+ η3 pvx x η3 qwx x − (η1 + η2 + η3 ) px2
2
+ ((−αη3 − η2 )r x − η3 vx ) px − (η1 + η2 + η3 )qx2
1 1
+ ((−αη3 − η2 )sx − η3 wx ) qx − η3 αr x2 − η3 αsx2
2 2
3 43
+ (η1 + η2 + η3 ) p ((αη3 + η2 )r + η3 v) p 3
8 2

1
+ 6 (η1 + η2 + η3 ) q 2 + ((12αη3 + 12η2 )s + 12η3 w) q
8
  
1 2 3
+ 18η3 r + s α p 2 + (((αη3 + η2 )r + η3 v)q
2
3 2
3 2
+ 2η3 αr s) pq + q ((η1 + η2 + η3 )q 2 + ((4αη3
8
+ 4η2 )s + 4η3 w)q + 2αη3 (r 2 + 3s 2 )).
(56)

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5 Symmetries and Conserved Functionals

We may solve the recursion relation of symmetries

K̄ m = Φ̄ K̄ m−1 , m ≥ 0, (57)

for a recursion operator, Φ̄, to obtain

⎡ ⎤
Φ 0 0
Φ̄ = ⎣ Φ1 Φ 0 ⎦ , (58)
Φ2 αΦ1 Φ

where Φ is given by (13) and

 
q∂ −1r + s∂ −1 p q∂ −1 s + s∂ −1 q
Φ1 = , (59)
− p∂ −1r − r ∂ −1 p − p∂ −1 s − r ∂ −1 q

and
 
q∂ −1 v + w∂ −1 p + αs∂ −1r q∂ −1 w + w∂ −1 q + αs∂ −1 s
Φ2 = . (60)
− p∂ −1 v − v∂ −1 p − αr ∂ −1r − p∂ −1 w − v∂ −1 q − αr ∂ −1 s

It can be shown by a symbolic computation that Φ̄ is a hereditary operator [36,37].

Therefore,

Φ̄  (ū)[Φ̄ T̄1 ]T̄2 − Φ̄ Φ̄  (ū)[T̄1 ]T̄2

is symmetric with respect to T̄1 and T̄2 , and the two operators J¯ and M̄ = Φ̄ J¯ make a
Hamiltonian pair [38], i.e., J¯, M̄, and J¯ + M̄ are all Hamiltonian operators. Thus, the
hierarchy (33) of bi-integrable couplings possesses a bi-Hamiltonian structure [38,39]
and is Liouville integrable. It follows that there are infinitely many symmetries and
conserved functionals:
[ K̄ m , K̄ n ] = 0, m, n ≥ 0, (61)
and
{H̄m , H̄n } J¯ = {H̄m , H̄n } M̄ = 0, m, n ≥ 0. (62)

6 Concluding Remarks

We have obtained a new class of bi-integrable couplings (33) for the soliton hierarchy
(12) using on non-semisimple Lie algebra (16). We showed the resulting hierarchy
of bi-integrable couplings possesses a bi-Hamiltonian structure and is Liouville inte-
grable. It remains an open question how to generate a Hamiltonian structure for matrix
loop algebra (15) when α = 0 as the bilinear form presented in Sect. 4 is degenerate.

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 M. McAnally, W.-X. Ma

Some enlarged matrix loop algebras do not possess any non-degenerate, symmetric,
and ad-invariant bilinear forms required in the variational identity. In the following
example of a bi-integrable coupling,
⎧
⎪
⎨u t = K (u)
vt = K  (u)[v] (63)
⎪
⎩
wt = K  (u)[w].

where K  (u) denotes the Gateaux derivative, is there any Hamiltonian structure for
this specific bi-integrable coupling?

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