Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

Select/Special Topics in
‘Theory of Atomic Collisions and Spectroscopy’
P. C. Deshmukh
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 02
Unit 1: Quantum Theory of Collisions
Primary Reference:
Quantum Theory of
Collisions (Chapters-1,2,3,4)
by
Charles J Joachain
dθ (North-Holland Publishing Co.)
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 1
Detector
Incident beam of
Monoenergetic
particles
Target
A+BÆA+B (elastic scattering)

A + B Æ A* + B (inelastic scattering)
A + B Æ A* + B* * denotes new internal state
A + B Æ C + D Åreactive scattering - rearrangement when
colliding particles are composite objects.
“channel” : possible mode of fragmentation pathway
not too intense, nor too weak. Detector
Incident beam of
Monoenergetic
particles
Target
A S B
S = ‘effective’
cross-section area of the incident beam
nB : number of target particles B that intercept the incident beam
N A : Number of particles A reaching the target
per unit time Φ A = Flux of A w.r.t. target B
number of particles A x-ing per unit time per unit area
normal to incident beam (T )( L )
−1 −2

Detector
Incident beam of
Monoenergetic
particles
A
N A : Number of particles A reaching the target per unit time

N Int : Number of particles A which interact with the target
per unit time.
fraction of N P × N A = N Int → T −1
A
P : Probability that an incident particle interacts with the

target and thereby gets removed from the incident
flux by scattering Ptot 〈 1, perhaps 1, for thin target
4
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions
N Int = P × N A → T −1 (T )( L )
−1 −2
NA
incident flux, Φ A =
S
nB : number of target particles B that intercept the incident beam
How is N Int related to the target particles B?
N Int α nB
ΦA
N Int α Φ A nB
What should be the dimensions of the
proportionality? P× NA
N Int = σ tot × Φ A nB L2 σ tot = ( )
Φ A nB
Scattering cross section
“tendency” of particles
effective target area that interacts with A & B to interact
the incident beam and scatters it PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 5
cross-section =
number of events per unit time per unit scatterer
=
flux of the incident particles w.r.t. the target
↑x L
P × NA
↑ σ tot = ↑
Φ A nB dΩ L
effective target area that

l
interacts with the incident
“tendency” of particles
beam and scatters it
A & B to interact
6
effective target area that
interacts with the incident
beam and scatters it
P × NA
dθ
σ tot = 1 barn = 10−24 cm 2 ;
Φ A nB
cross-section = 1 Mega -barn = 1Mb = 10−18 cm 2
number of events per unit time per unit scatterer

=
flux of the incident particles w.r.t. the target
(
⎡ −i ∇
)
2
⎤
∂ψ (r , t )
êθ
⎢ ⎥
+ V (r ) ψ (r , t ) = i
⎢ 2m ⎥ ∂t eˆr
⎣ ⎦
solid êϕ δ S = r 2δ Ω
angl e
δΩ
ki eˆr × eˆθ = eˆϕ
θ

⎡ ik i r f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤
ψ ki (r ; r → ∞) → A ⎢e + e ⎥
⎣ r ⎦
kˆ = eˆz
ik i r ikr cosθ i ρμ
ψ inc (r ) = e =e =e
with ρ = kr & μ = cos θ
∞ +l ∞
e ik i r
=∑ ∑c Y (rˆ) jl ( ρ ) = ∑ al Pl ( cos θ ) jl ( ρ )
l ,m l
m
l =0 m =− l l =0
∞
eiρμ = ∑ al Pl ( μ ) jl ( ρ )
l =0
al = ?
9
∞
i ρμ
e = ∑ al Pl ( μ ) jl ( ρ )
l =0
+1
i ρμ ⎡
∞ +1
⎤
∫ e Pl ' ( μ ) d μ = ∑ al ⎢ ∫ Pl ( μ ) Pl ' ( μ ) d μ ⎥ jl ( ρ )
−1 l =0 ⎣ −1 ⎦
∞
⎡ 2 ⎤
= ∑ al ⎢ δ l 'l ⎥ jl ( ρ ) Orthogonality
l =0 ⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ of the
Legendre
⎡ 2 ⎤
= al ' ⎢ ⎥ jl ' ( ρ ) polynomials
⎣ 2l '+ 1 ⎦
+1
i ρμ ⎡ 2 ⎤
∫ e Pl ( μ ) d μ = al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ )
−1 ⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦

10
+1
i ρμ ⎡ 2 ⎤
∫ e Pl ( μ ) d μ = al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ )
−1 ⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦
d
+1 +1
1st 2nd function
Pl ( μ ) =
'
Pl ( μ )
∫ e i ρμ
Pl ( μ ) d μ = ∫ Pl ( μ ) eiρμ d μ dμ
−1 −1
Integral of a product ⎡ i ρμ ⎤ +1 +1
e ei ρμ
of two functions = ⎢ Pl ( μ ) ⎥ − ∫ Pl ( μ )
'
dμ
⎣ i ρ ⎦ −1 −1 i ρ
+1 iρ −i ρ
( μ = ) ( μ = − )
eiρμ Pl ( μ ) d μ = l
P 1 e P 1 e
∫
−1
iρ
− l
iρ
+1
Pl ( μ = 1) = 1 1
( ) i ρμ
− ∫ l μ dμ
'
P e
iρ
Pl ( μ = −1) = (−1)l Pl ( μ = 1) = (−1)l −1
iρ l −i ρ
+1
i ρμ
e Pl ( μ ) d μ =
e − ( −1 ) e 1
+1
i ρμ
∫ − ∫ l
P '
( μ ) e dμ
−1
iρ iρ −1 11
iρ
+1
− ( −1) e−i ρ 1 +1
l
e
∫ ei ρμ Pl ( μ ) d μ = − ∫ l
P '
( μ ) e i ρμ
dμ
−1
iρ iρ −1
+1
e iρ
− ( −1) e
l −i ρ Ο(ρ2 )
i ρμ
⇒ ∫ e Pl ( μ ) d μ =
−1
iρ ignorable
+1
i ρμ ⎡ 2 ⎤ as ρ → ∞
we had: ∫ e Pl ( μ ) d μ = al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ )
−1 ⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦
iρ −i ρ
− ( −1) e
l
⎡ 2 ⎤ e
al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) =
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ iρ = (e )
ilπ iπ l
e = (−1)l
⎡ 2 ⎤ eiρ − eilπ e−iρ

al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) =
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ iρ

12
iρ ilπ −i ρ
⎡ 2 ⎤ e −e e
al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) =
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ iρ
= (e )
ilπ iπ l
e = (−1)l
lπ lπ
⎡ iρ −i ρ ⎤ i i
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎢ e −e e e ⎥ = (i )
2 l
2 2
al ⎢ jl ( ρ ) = = i 2l
⎥
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ ⎢ iρ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ i
lπ
⎛ i2 ⎞π l
⎡ iρ − i l2π lπ
⎤
e 2
= ⎜ e ⎟ = il
2 −i ρ
⎝ ⎠
lπ i
⎡ 2 ⎤ i
⎢ e e − e e ⎥
al ⎢ j ( ρ ) = e 2
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢ iρ ⎥
l
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎡ i ⎛⎜ ρ − l2π ⎞⎟ − i ⎛⎜ ρ − lπ ⎞⎟ ⎤
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
⎢ 2 i sin ⎜ ρ − ⎟⎥
⎡ 2 ⎤ l ⎢e
⎝ ⎠
−e ⎝ 2⎠⎥ l ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥
al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) = i ⎢ ⎥ =i ⎢
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ iρ ⎢ iρ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

13
⎡ i ⎛⎜ ρ − l2π ⎞⎟ − i ⎛⎜ ρ − lπ ⎞⎟ ⎤
⎡ 2 ⎤ l ⎢e
⎝ ⎠
−e ⎝ 2⎠⎥
al ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) = i ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎦ iρ
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎡ lπ ⎞ ⎤
⎛
⎢ 2 i sin ⎜ ρ − ⎟⎥
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥
al ⎢ j ( ρ ) = i l
⎢
⎣ 2l + 1 ⎥⎦ iρ
l
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎛ lπ ⎞
sin ⎜ ρ − ⎟
⇒ a l = i ( 2 l + 1)
Now, jl ( ρ ) = ⎝ 2 ⎠ l
ρ →∞ ρ
i ρμ
∞ We got al from ρ → ∞, but it is
e = ∑ al Pl ( μ ) jl ( ρ )
l =0
valid for all ρ since al ≠ fn( ρ ).
∞
i ρμ
⇒ e = ∑ i l ( 2l + 1) Pl ( μ ) jl ( ρ )
l =0
∞
i.e. eikr cosθ = ∑ i l ( 2l + 1) Pl ( cos θ ) jl (kr )
l =0
14
( kˆ , rˆ )
∞
eikr cosθ = ∑ i l ( 2l + 1) Pl ( cos θ ) jl (kr ) θ = i
l =0
Spherical Z Z’ eˆ 'z ≡ (β, α ) ≡ uˆ

harmonics w.r.t. (X,Y,Z)
For a point
addition rˆ ≡ ( ϑ, ϕ ) ≡ vˆ
on Z' axis,
theorem r = r'
ϑ=β; ϕ=α rˆ ' ≡ ( θ ', ϕ ' ) ≡ vˆ
(Unit 2, β ϑ
STiAP X’ θ'=0
slide 94)
θ'
Y
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115106057/9
α
ϑ = ( eˆ z , rˆ )
Y’
P ( uˆ ivˆ ) = Y*m ( vˆ ) Y m ( uˆ )
4π
X 2 ∑
+ 1 m=−
⎡ ⎤
( eˆ )
∞
ikî irˆ
e = 4π ∑ i jl (kr ) ⎢
l
∑ Y *m ⎛⎜ kˆ i ⎞⎟ Y m ⎥
⎝ ⎠
r
l =0 ⎢⎣ m=− ⎥⎦
15
ψ ki (r ; r → ∞) → A ⎢e + e ⎥
⎣ r ⎦
lπ
sin( kr − )
ψ inc (r ; r → ∞) → ∑ i l (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ ) 2
l kr
⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞
i ⎜ kr − ⎟ − i ⎜ kr − ⎟
e ⎝ 2⎠
−e ⎝ 2⎠
ψ inc (r ) → ∑ i (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l
r →∞ 2ikr
l
lπ π l
i ⎛ i2 ⎞
e 2
= ⎜ e ⎟ = il
lπ lπ
⎝ ⎠ +i +i
eikr − e − ikr e 2
e 2
ψ inc (r ) → ∑ (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
r →∞ 2ikr
l
16
ψ ki (r ; r → ∞) → A ⎢e + e ⎥
⎣ r ⎦
lπ lπ
+i +i
eikr − e − ikr e 2
e 2
ψ inc (r ) → ∑ (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
r →∞ 2ikr
l
= (e ) = ( −1)
ilπ iπ l l
e
e − e ( −1) − ikr
ikr l
ψ inc (r ) → ∑ (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )

r →∞ 2ikr
ψ inc
l
1
∑ (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )e − Pl (cos θ ) ( −1) e ⎤
⎡ l − ikr
→ ikr
r →∞ 2ikr l ⎣ ⎦
ψ inc
1
→ ∑
r →∞ 2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
⎣ Pl (cos θ ) e ikr
− Pl ( − cos θ ) e − ikr
⎤⎦

17
e ikz
→ 1
∑
r →∞ 2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
⎤⎦
What will be the result of scattering by a potential?

ψ Tot ( r ) →
r →∞
1
∑
2ikr l
⎡
cl (2l + 1) ⎣ Pl (cos θ )e
i ( kr +δ l )
− Pl (− cos θ )e
− i ( kr +δ l )
⎤
⎦
th
δ l : phase shift of the partial wave
condition:
for potentials that fall
1
faster than the Coulomb potential, i.e. faster than as r → ∞.
r
PCD STiTACS
PCD Unit
STfTACS
1 Quantum
Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 18
Theory of Collisions
e ikz
→ 1
∑
r →∞ 2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
⎤⎦
ψ ki (r ; r → ∞) → A ⎢e + e ⎥
⎣ r ⎦
th
δ l : phase shift of the partial wave
ψ Tot ( r ) →
r →∞
1
∑
2ikr l
⎡
cl (2l + 1) ⎣ Pl (cos θ )e
i ( kr +δ l )
− i ( kr +δ l )
⎤
⎦
Please refer to details from :
PCD STiAP Unit 6 Probing the Atom
Lecture link: http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115106057/27 & /28 & /29 & /30
ψ Tot ( r ) →
r →∞
1
∑
2ikr l
⎡
cl (2l + 1) ⎣ Pl (cos θ )e
i ( kr +δ l )
− i ( kr +δ l )
⎤
⎦
choice of normalization
cl depends on the boundary conditions
± iδ l
PCD STiAP Unit 6 Probing the Atom cl = e
ψ Tot
+
( r , t ) ⎤⎦ → outgoing wave boundary conditions
ψ Tot
−
( r , t ) ⎤⎦ → ingoing wave boundary conditions

kî = eˆ z
⎡ iki i r f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤

ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
i →∞
A(k ) ⎢e
⎣
+
r
e ⎥
⎦
ˆ)=?
f (Ω [ L]
c = eiδ gives: scattering amplitude
1 ∞
f (k ,θ ) = ∑
2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎡⎣e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤⎦ Pl (cos θ )
Faxen-Holtzmark’s formalism
Each lth term gives the contribution of
th
the l partial wave to the scattering amplitude.
Reference: Quantum Theory of Collisions by Charles J Joachain

North-Holland Publishing Co. // Section 3.2 // see Eq.3.27, page 49
PCD STfTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 21
→ cl = e δ i l (k )
ψ Tot
+
( r , t ) ⎦⎤ r →∞ describes 'collisions'
+ i ( kr −ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
e + i( kz −ωt ) +
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎡⎣e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎭
− iδ l ( k )
cl = e
describes 'photoionization'
ψ −
Tot ( r , t ) ⎤⎦ r→
→∞
|ψ f 〉 → e −
e − ikr
ikz
r
∑ l
⎛ e − i 2δ l − 1 ⎞
(2l + 1) Pl (− cos θ ) ⎜
⎝ 2ik ⎠
⎟
+ i ( kr +ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
e + i ( kz +ωt )
+
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎤
⎭
PCD STiTACS
PCDUnit 1 Quantum
STfTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 22
Θ : operator for
ψ Tot
+
( r , t ) ⎤⎦ →
r →∞
TIME REVERSAL SYMMETRY
+ i ( kr −ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
e
+ i ( kz −ωt )
+
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
⎤
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎭
Θ[ collision
kî = eˆ z
]= photoionization
ψ Tot
−
( r , t ) ⎦⎤ r→
→∞
e (
ω)
+
+ i kz + t
+ i ( kr +ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1)⎣
⎡ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤
⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎭
cl = e δi l (k )
'collisions'
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥
i ⎣ r ⎦
1 ∞
f (k ,θ ) = ∑
2ik l =0
( 2l + 1)⎣
⎡ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤⎦ Pl (cos θ )
Contributions of Faxen-Holtzmark’s formalism

the partial waves to the scattering amplitude.
QUESTIONS ? Next class:
Write to:
[email protected] OPTICAL THEOREM
Reference: Quantum Theory of Collisions by Charles J Joachain
North-Holland Publishing Co. // Section 3.2 // see Eq.3.27, page 49
PCD STiTACS
PCD Unit
STfTACS
1 Quantum
Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 24
INTRODUCTORY lecture about this course on
Select/Special Topics from
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Unit 1 Lecture Number 03
Quantum Theory of Collisions
OPTICAL
THEOREM
dθ
hν '+ A *
U.Fano & A.R.P.Rau:
Theory of Atomic Collisions & Spectra
PHOTOIONIZATION & electron‐ion scattering have

same final state, but different initial states.
Θ : operator for
ψ Tot
+
( r , t ) ⎤⎦ →
r →∞
TIME REVERSAL SYMMETRY
+ i ( kr −ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
e
+ i ( kz −ωt )
+
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
⎤
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎭
Θ[ collision
kî = eˆ z
]= photoionization
ψ Tot
−
( r , t ) ⎦⎤ r→
→∞
e (
ω)
+
+ i kz + t
+ i ( kr +ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
r
⎨ ∑
⎩ 2ik l =0
( 2l + 1)⎣
⎡ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤
⎭
⎡ iki i r f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤ ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )⎤ → L
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
i ⎣ r ⎦ scattering amplitude
j (r ) = ⎡ψ * ( r ) ∇ψ ( r ) −ψ ( r ) ∇ψ * ( r ) ⎤ Probability
2mi ⎣ ⎦
⎧ ⎫ current density
= Re ⎨ ψ * ( r ) ∇ψ ( r ) ⎬ vector
⎩ mi ⎭
⎧ ⎫
incident
j ( r ) = Re ⎨
⎩ mi
* −iki z
A(k ) e
⎧ ∂
× ⎨eˆ x
⎩ ∂x
∂
∂y ∂
∂⎫
+ eˆ y +eˆ z ⎬ A(k )e
z ⎭
{
ikiz
⎬
⎭
}
2 ki
→ δ z ←
j ( r ) = A(k ) = A(k ) vi
incident 2
δ z
m
→ eˆz
→→ v i =
δt
δ Sδ z = δ V
2 δz 2 δV
j ( r ) ⋅ δ S = j ( r ) ⋅ δ Seˆz = A(k ) viδ S = A(k ) δ S = A(k )
incident 2
δt δt
current through area δ S 28
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥
i ⎣ r ⎦
ki
j ( r ) = A(k ) = A(k ) vi
incident 2 2
m
A(k ) = 1 → ⎡⎢ incidentψ = e i ⎤⎥
ik i r
⎣ ⎦ → δ z ←
δ z
Probability density → ψ *ψ = 1 vi =
→→ δt
ki
Current density: incident
j (r ) = = vi
m
δΦ through = incident j ( r ) ⋅ δ S = j ( r ) ⋅ δ Seˆz = v δ S = δ z δ S = δ V
incident
area δ S
i
δt δt
Density of particles: 1 particle per unit volume;
i.e. 1 particle x-sing unit area in unit time at velocity vi = vi eˆz
incident flux per unit area: iδΦ = vi

29
scattered ⎡
f (Ω) ikr
ˆ ⎤
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+ ⎡ iki i r f (Ω
A(k ) ⎢e +
ˆ ) ikr ⎤
e ⎥
part
ψ k+ (r ; r → ∞) r→
→∞
A(k ) ⎢ e ⎥
→∞ i ⎣ r ⎦
i ⎣ r ⎦
⎧ ⎫
j ( r ) = Re ⎨ ψ * ( r ) ∇ψ ( r ) ⎬
⎩ mi ⎭
scattered
⎪⎧ ⎡ f * (Ω
ˆ ) −ikr ⎤ ⎧ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ˆ ) ikr ⎤ ⎪⎫
∂ ⎫ ⎡ f (Ω
j ( r ) = Re ⎨ A(k )
part 2
⎢ e ⎥ ⎨eˆ r +eˆ θ +eˆ ϕ ⎬⎢ e ⎥⎬
⎩⎪ mi ⎣ r ⎦ ⎩ ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ϕ ⎭ ⎣ r ⎦ ⎭⎪
1 ∂ ⎡ f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤ ⎛1⎞

⎢ e ⎥ → Ο ⎜ 2⎟
r ∂θ ⎣ r ⎝r ⎠
⎦ ⎛1⎞
Ο⎜ 2 ⎟ → ⎛1⎞
ignore w.r.t. Ο ⎜ ⎟
1 ∂ ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ ) ikr ⎤
→ Ο
⎛1⎞ ⎝ r ⎠ r →∞ ⎝r⎠
⎢ e ⎥ ⎜ 2⎟
r sin θ ∂ϕ ⎣ r ⎦ ⎝r ⎠
scattered ⎧⎪ ⎡ f * (Ω
ˆ ) −ikr ⎤ ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ ) ikr ⎤ ⎫⎪
j ( r ) ≈ Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎥ eˆ r ( ik ) ⎢
part 2
⎢ e e ⎥ ⎬
⎩⎪2 mi ⎣ r ⎦ ⎣ r ⎦ ⎭⎪
k f (Ω)
ˆ
= A(k )
2
2
eˆ r
m r 30
2
incident flux scattered f (Ω
ˆ)
k
j ( r ) = A(k )
part 2
per unit area: δΦ = A(k ) vi
i 2
2
eˆ r
m r
δ S = r 2δΩ Scattered flux in the radial

outward direction through
elemental area δ S = r 2δΩ
2
scattered
k f (Ω
ˆ)
δΦ = j ( r ) ⋅ δ Seˆr ≈ A(k ) eˆ r ⋅ δ Seˆr
s part 2
2
m r
⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )⎤ → L 2
⎣ ⎦ f (Ω
ˆ ) → L2
scattering amplitude

ˆ )⎤ → L
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
incident flux per unit area: iδΦ = A(k ) vi

2
Scattered flux in the radial

outward direction
2
k f (Ω
ˆ)
δΦ = j ( r ) ⋅ δ Seˆr ≈ A(k ) eˆ r ⋅ r 2δΩeˆr
s scattered 2
m r2
s
δΦ 2 dσ δσ 2
= ˆ ) δΩ
Ω = lim = f (Ω
ˆ)
2
?f ( f (Ω
ˆ ) : L2
i
δΦ d Ω δΩ→0 δΩ
scattering x-sec per unit solid angle This definition
differential x-sec is independent of
the normalization
ˆ )⎤ → L
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
j (r ) = ⎡ψ * ( r ) ∇ψ ( r ) −ψ ( r ) ∇ψ * ( r ) ⎤
2mi ⎣ ⎦
Probability
⎧ ⎫ ψ : total
current = Re ⎨ ψ * ( r ) ∇ψ ( r ) ⎬
density vector ⎩ mi ⎭ wave function
Radial ⎧ ⎡ −iki i r f * (Ω ˆ ) −ikr ⎤ ⎫
component ⎪
*
A(k ) ⎢ e + e ⎥× ⎪
⎪ mi ⎣ r ⎦ ⎪
of the j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = Re ⎨ ⎬ ⋅ eˆr
probability ⎪⎧ ˆ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ ⎫ ⎧⎪ ⎡ iki i r f (Ω) ikr ⎤ ⎫⎪⎪
ˆ
⎪⎨ r ∂r
e + ˆ
e ˆ
+e ⎬⎨ A( k ) ⎢e + e ⎥ ⎬⎪
current θ
r ∂θ
ϕ
r sin θ ∂ϕ ⎭ ⎪⎩
density vector ⎩⎩ ⎣ r ⎦ ⎪⎭⎭
⎧⎪ 2 ⎛ −iki i r
ˆ )e−ikr
f * (Ω ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ik i r f (Ω
ˆ )eikr ⎞ ⎫⎪
j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎜ e + ⎟ ⎜e i + ⎟⎬
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎩⎪
mi ⎝ r ⎠ ∂r ⎝ r ⎠ ⎭⎪
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq.3.34, p 51
33
⎪⎧ 2 ⎛ −iki i r
ˆ )e−ikr
f * (Ω ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ik i r f (Ω
ˆ )eikr ⎞ ⎪⎫
j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎜ e + ⎟ ⎜e i + ⎟⎬
mi ⎜ r ⎟ ∂r ⎜ r ⎟
⎩⎪ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎭
j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr ≈ {jincident ( r ) + joutgoing ( r ) + jinterference ( r )} ⋅ eˆr

⎛1⎞
Ο⎜ 2 ⎟ → ⎛1⎞
ignored w.r.t. Ο ⎜ ⎟
Radial component ⎝ r ⎠ r →∞ ⎝r⎠
jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = of the probability current density vector
⎧⎪ ⎡ −ik i r ∂ ⎛ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr ˆ )e−ikr ∂ ⎛ ik i r
⎞ f * (Ω ⎤ ⎫⎪
⎞⎥
A(k ) ⎢e i ⎟+
2
Re ⎨ ⎜ ⎜ e i ⎟ ⎬
⎢⎣ ⎜
∂r ⎝ ⎟ ∂r ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎪⎩ mi r ⎠ r
⎭
⎧⎪ 2 ⎡ −iki i r
ˆ )e−ikr
ˆ )eikr f * (Ω
f (Ω iki i r ⎤ ⎫ ⎪
= Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢e ( )
ik + ( ik cos θ ) e ⎥⎬
⎩⎪
mi ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪

Radial component
jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = of the probability current density vector
⎧⎪ ⎡ −ik i r ∂ ⎛ f (Ω ˆ )e−ikr ∂ ⎛ ik i r ⎫
ˆ )eikr ⎞ f * (Ω ⎞ ⎤⎥ ⎪
A(k ) ⎢e i ⎟+
2
Re ⎨ ⎜ ⎜ e i ⎟ ⎬
⎪⎩ mi ⎢⎣ ∂r ⎜⎝ r ⎟
⎠ r ∂r ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎭
⎧⎪ 2 ⎡ −iki i r
ˆ )e−ikr
ˆ )eikr f * (Ω
f (Ω iki i r ⎤ ⎫ ⎪
= Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢e ( )
ik + ( ik cos θ ) e ⎥⎬
⎩⎪
mi ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
⎛1⎞
Ο⎜ 2 ⎟ → ⎛1⎞
ignored w.r.t. Ο ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ r →∞ ⎝r⎠
⎪⎧ ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr (1−cosθ ) ˆ )e−ikr (1−cosθ ) ⎤ ⎪⎫
f * (Ω
= Re ⎨ A(k ) ( ik ) ⎢ + cos θ
2
⎥⎬
⎪⎩ mi ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭

jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = Radial component
of the probability current density vector
⎧⎪ k ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr (1−cosθ ) ˆ )e−ikr (1−cosθ ) ⎤ ⎫⎪
f * (Ω
+ cos θ
2
Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢ ⎥⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
Incident energy has spread in magnitude of
some spread: Æ the wave vector k to k + Δk

k +Δk
e±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) ⎤
k +Δk
±ik 'r (1−cosθ )
QUESTIONS ?
k
∫ e dk ' = ⎥
±ir (1 − cos θ ) ⎥⎦
Write to: k
[email protected]
±i( k +Δk )r (1−cosθ )
− e±ikr (1−cosθ ) → Ο(1)
k +Δk numerator
±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) e
∫k
e dk ' =
±ir (1 − cos θ ) denominator: r → ∞
Interference term is of importance only when cos θ ≈ 1

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions θ ≈0 36
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
OPTICAL
THEOREM
dθ …. continued
jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = Radial component
of the probability current density vector
⎧⎪ k ⎡ f (Ω
f * (Ω
+ cos θ
2
Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢ ⎥⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
Incident energy has spread in magnitude of
some spread: Æ the wave vector k to k + Δk

k +Δk
e±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) ⎤
k +Δk
±ik 'r (1−cosθ )
∫k
e dk ' = ⎥
±ir (1 − cos θ ) ⎥⎦
k
±i( k +Δk )r (1−cosθ )

− e±ikr (1−cosθ ) → Ο(1)
k +Δk numerator
±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) e
∫k
e dk ' =
Interference term is of importance only when cos θ ≈ 1

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions θ ≈0 38
jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr =
⎧⎪ k ⎡ f (Ω
f * (Ω
+ cos θ
2
Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢ ⎥⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
k +Δk ±i( k +Δk )r (1−cosθ ) ±ikr (1−cosθ ) → Ο(1)
±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) e −e numerator
∫
k
e dk ' =
Interference term is of importance only when θ ≈ 0

considering the spread in magnitude of
the wave vector from k to k + Δk ⇒ only θ ≈ 0
is important with regard to
‘INTERFERENCE TERM’
k +Δk
∫ e±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) dk ' → 0, except near θ ∼ 0 ‘forward’

lim scattering
k
r →∞
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq.3.41, p 52 PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 39
j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr = {j incident ( r ) + joutgoing ( r ) + jinterference ( r )} ⋅ eˆr
δ S = r 2δ Ω j ( r ) ⋅ r 2 d Ωeˆr =
{ incident
j ( r ) + joutgoing ( r ) + jinterference ( r )} d Ωeˆr
⋅ r 2
θ ≈0
∫∫ j ( r ) ⋅ r 2 d Ωeˆr =
∫∫ { j ( ) + ( ) + ( )} ⋅ d Ωeˆr
2
= incident r joutgoing r jinterference r r
∫∫ j ( r ) ⋅ dS = θ ≈0
jincident ( r ) ⋅ dS + joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS + ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ dS
=0
= ∫∫ ∫∫ ∫∫
∂ρ
∫∫∫ dV {∇ • j (r )} = ∫∫ j (r ) ⋅ dS ; ∇ • j (r ) = −
∂t
0= ∫∫ jincident ( r ) ⋅ dS + ∫∫ joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS + ∫∫ ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ dS
0= ∫∫ joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS + ∫∫ ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ dS
2
k f (Ω
ˆ)
δΦ = j ( r ) ⋅ δ Seˆr ≈ A(k ) eˆ r ⋅ r 2δΩeˆr
s scattered 2
outgoing
m r2
2
k f (Ω
ˆ)
∫∫ joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS = ∫∫ eˆ r ⋅ r 2 d Ωeˆ r
2
A(k )
m r2
A(k ) σ total
k k
joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS =
2
∫∫ ∫∫ f (Ω) d Ω =
2 2
A(k ) ˆ
m m
θ = 0 +Δθ 2π dσ 2
= f (Ω
ˆ)
∫∫ ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ dS = ∫θ sin θ dθ ∫ dϕ jinterference ( r ) ⋅ dS dΩ
θ ≈0 =0 ϕ=0

Δθ = ? small : Δθ ≠ 0 41
0= ∫∫ joutgoing ( r ) ⋅ dS + ∫∫ ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ dS small
Δθ ≠ 0
A(k ) σ total +
k
= ∫∫ ji nterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr r 2 d Ω
2
m
θ = 0 +Δθ 2π
A(k ) σ total +
k
= ∫θ sin θ dθ ∫ dϕ jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr r 2
2
m =0 ϕ=0
jinterference ( r ) ⋅ eˆr =
⎧⎪ k ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr (1−cosθ ) f * (Ωˆ )e−ikr (1−cosθ ) ⎤ ⎫⎪
+ cos θ
2
Re ⎨ A(k ) ⎢ ⎥⎬
⎪⎩ m ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
A(k ) σ total +
k NOTE : A(k ) does not matter for subsequent analysis
0=
2
m
θ = 0 +Δθ ⎧⎪ k ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr (1−cosθ ) ˆ )e−ikr (1−cosθ ) ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2
f * (Ω
2π ∫ sin θ dθ Re ⎨ + cos θ
2
A(k ) ⎢ ⎥⎬ r
θ =0 ⎪⎩ m ⎢⎣ r r ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪

0 = σ total +
θ = 0 +Δθ ⎧⎪ ⎡ f (Ω
ˆ )eikr (1−cosθ ) ˆ )e−ikr (1−cosθ ) ⎤ ⎫⎪ 2
f * (Ω
2π ∫ sin θ dθ Re ⎨ ⎢
⎢⎣ r
+ cos θ
r
⎥⎬ r
⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
θ =0 ⎩⎪
θ = 0 +Δθ
⎧ − θ ⎫
∫
ikr sin θ dθ e ikr cos +⎪
⎪ f (0) r e
⎪ ⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨
θ =0
θ = 0 +Δθ ⎬
⎪ f * (0) r e−ikr +ikr cosθ ⎪
⎪
⎩
∫
θ =0
sin θ dθ e
⎪
⎭
cos θ = μ μ =1
⎧ − ⎫
∫
ikr d μe ikr μ
+⎪
− sin θ dθ = d μ ⎪ f (0) r e
⎪ ⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨
μ = cos Δθ
μ =1 ⎬
⎪ f * (0) r e−ikr ikr μ ⎪
⎪ ∫ d μ e ⎪
⎩ μ = cos Δθ ⎭
⎧⎪ μ =1 μ =1
ikr μ ⎫⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ f (0) r eikr
∫ d μ e −ikr μ
+ f *
(0) r e − ikr
∫ d μ e ⎬
⎩⎪ μ = cos Δθ μ = cos Δθ ⎭⎪
μ =1 μ =1
⎧ ⎡ − ikr μ ⎤ ⎡ ikr μ ⎤ ⎫
⎪ ⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ f (0) r eikr ⎢ + f * (0) r e −ikr ⎢
e e
⎥ ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ − ikr ⎥⎦ μ =cos Δθ ⎢⎣ ikr ⎥⎦ μ =cos Δθ ⎪⎭
⎧ ⎡ e −ikr − e−ikr cos Δθ ⎤ ⎫

⎪ f (0) r eikr ⎢ ⎥ +⎪
⎪⎪ ⎢⎣ −ikr ⎥⎦ ⎪⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ ⎬
⎪ * ⎡e − e
ikr ikr cos Δθ ⎤ ⎪
− ikr
⎪ f (0) r e ⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪ ⎢⎣ ikr ⎥⎦ ⎭⎪
⎧ ⎡ 1 eikr (1−cos Δθ ) ⎤ ⎫
⎪ f (0) ⎢ − ⎥ +⎪
⎪⎪ ⎢⎣ −ik −ik ⎥⎦ ⎪⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ ⎬
⎪ * ⎡ − ikr (1− cos Δθ ) ⎤
⎪
1 e
⎪f (0) ⎢ − ⎥ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ik ik ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎧ ⎡ 1 eikr (1−cos Δθ ) ⎤ ⎫
⎪ f (0) ⎢ − ⎥ +⎪
⎪⎪ ⎢⎣ −ik −ik ⎥⎦ ⎪⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ ⎬
⎪ * ⎡1 e − ikr (1− cos Δθ ) ⎤ ⎪
⎪ f (0) ⎢ − ⎥ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ ik ik ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
k +Δk ±i( k +Δk )r (1− cos Δθ ) ±ikr (1−cos Δθ )

±ik 'r (1−cos Δθ ) e −e
∫ e dk ' =
±ir (1 − cos Δθ )
k Δθ ≠ 0 however small
⎧ ⎡i ⎤ ⎫
⎪ f (0) ⎢ k + oscillatory terms ⎥ + ⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ → 0 as r → ∞ ⎬
⎪ f * (0) ⎡ −i + oscillatory terms ⎤ ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ k ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎭
⎧
The total scattering
⎡i⎤ ⎡ −i ⎤ ⎫
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨ f (0) ⎢ ⎥ + f * (0) ⎢⎣ k ⎥⎦ ⎬ x-sec is equal to
⎩ ⎣k ⎦ ⎭
4π/k times the
imaginary part of the
⎧ ⎛ ⎡ i ⎤ ⎞ ⎫ forward (complex)
0 = σ total + 2π Re ⎨2 Re ⎜ f (0) ⎢ ⎥ ⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝ ⎣ k ⎦ ⎠ ⎭ scattering amplitude
f (0) = a + ib
4π
0 = σ total + Re {Re ( i × f (0) )} i × f (0) = ia − b
k
Re [i × f (0) ] = −b
4π
0 = σ total + [ − Im f (0)] = − Im [ f (0) ]
k
( real number)
4π
σ total = [ Im f (0)] OPTICAL THEOREM
k Bohr-Peierls-Placzek relation
4π
σ total = [ Im f (0)] OPTICAL THEOREM
k Bohr-Peierls-Placzek relation
ORIGINS:
∂ρ
∫∫∫ dV {∇ • j (r )} = ∫∫ j (r ) ⋅ dS ; ∇ • j (r ) = −
∂t
dθ
independent
of A(k )
“Shadow” of the target in the

forward direction results from
scattering of the incident beam
by the target potential.
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions Fig. 3.3, p 53 47
Outgoing wave
boundary ψ + (r ; r → ∞) → A(k ) ⎡eiki i r + f (Ω) eikr ⎤
ˆ
i ⎢ ⎥
k r →∞
condition i ⎣ r ⎦
cl = e iδ l ( k ) We have employed this

boundary condition, inclusive of
describes 'collisions'
an l-dependent normalization.
A(k ) : energy dependent normalization of the incident wave
that scales the scattered part as well.
OPTICAL THEOREM: independent of A(k )
scattering x-sec dσ 2 This definition
per unit solid angle = f (Ω
ˆ) is independent of
differential x-sec dΩ the normalization
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(ki ) ⎢e + e ⎥
i ⎣ r ⎦
scattering x-sec dσ 2 This definition
per unit solid angle = f (Ω)
ˆ is independent of
differential x-sec dΩ the normalization
ψ Tot
+
( r , t )⎤⎦ →
r →∞
1 ⎡ + i( k .r −ωt ) e + i( kr −ωt ) ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫⎤
A(k ) ⎢e + ⎨ ∑ ( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬⎥
⎤
( 2π )
3/2
⎣ r ⎩ 2ik l =0 ⎭⎦
We employed
mono-energetic incident beam
Æ idealization
ψ Tot
+
( r , t )⎤⎦ →
r →∞ mono-energetic / idealization
1 ⎡ + i( k .r −ωt ) e + i( kr −ωt ) ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫⎤
A(k ) ⎢e + ⎨ ∑ ( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬⎥
⎤
( 2π )
3/2
⎣ r ⎩ 2ik l =0 ⎭⎦
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω ) ˆ → monoenergetic idealization of
dΩ
incident beam properties
+ i ( k ⋅r −ωt ) ⎤ Realistic
d k ⎡ A(k )e
1
Φ incident (r , t ) = ∫∫∫
3
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ incident
wave
( ( ) )⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e
1 + ⋅ −ω
∫∫∫
i k r k t
=
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ packet
which is
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ
dΩ
50
d k ⎡ A(k )e
1
3
( 2π )
wave
( ( ) )⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e
1 + ⋅ −ω
∫∫∫
i k r k t
=
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ packet
A ( k ) can be determined if the

wave-packet is known at t=0

1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ωt ) ⎤
3
d k A(k )e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Realistic 1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
= ∫∫∫
3
incident d k A(k )e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
wave packet
E(k ) 2 2
k2
ω (k ) =
k 1
= =
2m 2m
Group velocity ⎡ dω ( k ) ⎤ k
i
Particle velocity ⎢
⎣ dk ⎦ k
⎥ =
m = vi
i
⎡∇ k ω ( k ) ⎤ = v i
⎣ ⎦ ki

1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k )e ⎥⎦ A ( k ) can be
( 2π ) ⎣
3/ 2
Eq.3.57 / p55 / Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory

Realistic incident wave packet determined if the wave-packet
1
d 3k ⎡⎣ A(k )e + ik ⋅r ⎤⎦
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ incident (r , 0) = 3/2
is known at t=0
1 ⎡ ⎤ wave-function in
3/2 ∫∫∫
− ik ⋅r
A(k ) = d 3
r ⎣ Φ ( r , 0) e ⎦ the momentum
( 2π )
incident
(rather, ‘wave-
vector’) space
Each individual 1 + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t )
A(k )e known at t=0
wave ( 2π ) 3/2
travels at the phase velocity Phase

( k ) / 2m
2
ω (k ) E (k ) / k velocity is
vφ = = = =
k k k 2m half the group
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions velocity 53

+ i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
d 3 k ⎡⎢ A(k )e
1
Φ incident (r , t ) =
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
⎣ ⎥⎦
Realistic incident wave packet at t=0:
narrow spread
1
d 3 k ⎡⎣ A(k )e + ik ⋅r ⎤⎦ ← Δk
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ incident (r , 0) = 3/2 ki
1 'spread/packed'
A(k ) = ∫∫∫ d r ⎡⎣Φ incident (r , 0)e
3 − ik ⋅r
⎤
⎦
( 2π )
3/2 in the region
1
Δr
Δk
Normalization:
2 iα ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
∫∫∫ d r Φ incident (r , 0) = 1 = ∫∫∫ d k A(k )
2
Let A(k ) = A(k ) e
3 3
⎝ ⎠
1 ⎡ iα ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ + ik ⋅r − iω ( k )t
⎤
Φ incident (r , t ) = ∫∫∫ d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥
3
e e
( 2π )
3/2
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ incident (r , t ) = 3
d k ⎢ A(k )e ⎥⎦
3/2
⎣
Realistic incident wave packet at t=0:
iα ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
Let A(k ) = A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠
1 ⎡ iα ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ + ik ⋅r − iω ( k )t
⎤
Φ incident (r , t ) = ∫∫∫ d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥
3
e e
( 2π )
3/2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
( 2π ) ∫∫∫ 3/2
d 3 k A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠
( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
Eq.3.65, 3.66 / p56 / Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory

1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
⎡ iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟ ⎤
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
3
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( ) ( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k
Under what conditions is Φ incident (r , t ) the largest?

iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
e ⎝ ⎠
→ oscillates in response to k since β = β k ( )
oscillating parts cancel each other's
contributions to Φincident (r , t )
For Φ incident (r , t ) to be large, these oscillations must not happen
β must not vary very much with respect to k

The required condition is:
⎡∇ k β ( k ) ⎤ = 0
⎣ ⎦ k =k
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions i 56
⎡∇ k β ( k ) ⎤
⎣ ⎦ k =k = 0 ( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
( )
condition for i = kz − ω (k )t + α k
Φ incident (r , t ) to be the largest Eq.3.65, 3.66 / p56 / Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory
dβ (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dω (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dα ( k ) ⎤
1-dimensional 0= ⎥ = z−⎢ ⎥ t+⎢ ⎥
case Æ
dk ⎦ k ⎣ dk ⎦ ki ⎣ dk ⎦k
i i
⎡ dω (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dα ( k ) ⎤
i.e. z = ⎢ ⎥ t−⎢ ⎥
⎣ dk ⎦ ki ⎣ dk ⎦ k i
3-dimensional
r (t ) = ⎡⎣∇ k ω (k ) ⎤⎦ t − ⎡⎣∇ kα (k ) ⎤⎦
case Æ ki ki
Time origin: t0 r (t ) = vi ( t − t0 ) + r0
Æ
since vi = ⎡⎣∇ k ω (k ) ⎤⎦ & r0 = − ⎡⎣∇ kα (k ) ⎤⎦
ki ki
Collimator
d: transverse width of D Detector
the wave packet
d D
d
↕b Scattering region
↔
l: a
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Fig. 3.4, p 56
Longitudinal width
1 1
d Δr
Δk Δk
Schematic diagram of the characteristic lengths

describing the scattering of a wave packet by a potential
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
⎡ iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟ ⎤
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
3
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅r −ω ( k ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
( )⎦ k (
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + ⎡∇ k ω k ⎤ ⋅ k − ki + ...
⎣ )
i
(
= ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki + ... )
= ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − vi ⋅ ki + ...
QUESTIONS ? Write to: [email protected]

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Differential
scattering
cross-section
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ
dθ dΩ
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(ki ) ⎢e + e ⎥
i ⎣ r ⎦
scattering x-sec
per unit solid angle dσ 2
differential x-sec = f (Ω
ˆ)
dΩ
ψ Tot
+
( r , t )⎤⎦ →
r →∞
1 ⎡ + i( k .r −ωt ) e + i( kr −ωt ) ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫⎤
A(k ) ⎢e + ⎨ ∑ ( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬⎥
⎤
( 2π )
3/2
⎣ r ⎩ 2ik l =0 ⎭⎦
We employed
mono-energetic incident beam
Æ idealization
ψ Tot
+
( r , t )⎤⎦ →
r →∞ mono-energetic / idealization
1 ⎡ + i( k .r −ωt ) e + i( kr −ωt ) ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫⎤
A(k ) ⎢e + ⎨ ∑ ( 2l + 1) ⎣e
⎡ 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎦ Pl (cos θ ) ⎬⎥
⎤
( 2π )
3/2
⎣ r ⎩ 2ik l =0 ⎭⎦
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω ) ˆ → monoenergetic idealization of
dΩ
incident beam properties
d k ⎡ A(k )e
1
3
( 2π )
+ i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
wave
d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e
1
=
( 2π )
3/2 ∫∫∫ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ packet
which is
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ
dΩ
62
1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤ iα ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ incident (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e = ⎝ ⎠
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ A( k ) A( k ) e
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
⎡ iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟ ⎤
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
3
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
Under what conditions is Φ incident (r , t ) the largest?
iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟
e ⎝ ⎠
→ oscillates in response to k since β = β k ( )
oscillating parts cancel each other's
contributions to Φincident (r , t )
For Φ incident (r , t ) to be large, these oscillations must not happen
β must not vary very much with respect to k

The required condition is: ⎣⎡∇ k β ( k ) ⎦⎤ k =k = 0
i
63
⎡∇ k β ( k ) ⎤
⎣ ⎦ k =k = 0 ( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
( )
condition for i = kz − ω (k )t + α k
Φ incident (r , t ) to be the largest Eq.3.65, 3.66 / p56 / Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory
dβ (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dω (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dα ( k ) ⎤
1-dimensional 0= ⎥ = z−⎢ ⎥ t+⎢ ⎥
case Æ dk ⎦ k ⎣ dk ⎦ ki ⎣ dk ⎦k
i i
⎡ dω (k ) ⎤ ⎡ dα ( k ) ⎤
i.e. z = ⎢ ⎥ t−⎢ ⎥
⎣ dk ⎦ ki ⎣ dk ⎦k i
3-dimensional
r (t ) = ⎡⎣∇ k ω (k ) ⎤⎦ t − ⎡⎣∇ kα (k ) ⎤⎦
case Æ ki ki
Time origin: t0 r (t ) = vi ( t − t0 ) + r0
Æ
since vi = ⎡⎣∇ k ω (k ) ⎤⎦ & r0 = − ⎡⎣∇ kα (k ) ⎤⎦
ki ki
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
⎡ iβ ⎛⎜ k ⎞⎟ ⎤
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
3
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( )
β k = k ⋅ r − ω (k )t + α k ( )
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅r −ω ( k ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
vi = ⎡⎣∇ k ω (k ) ⎤⎦
( )⎦ k ( )
ki
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + ⎡∇ k ω k ⎤ ⋅ k − ki + ...
⎣ ⎡ ⎛ 2k 2 1 ⎞⎤
i Can we = ⎢∇ k ⎜ × ⎟⎥
(
= ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki + ... ) neglect
higher
⎣ ⎝ 2m ⎠⎦ k
i
order 2 2 ki 1 ki
= ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − vi ⋅ ki + ... terms? = × =
2
2m m
k
vi ⋅ ki = m = 2ω (ki )
since E(k ) 2 2
i k2
ω k = ( ) =
k 1
2m
=
2m
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − 2ω (ki ) + ... ω (k ) = −ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k + ..

65
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅r −ω ( k ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
ω (k ) ≈ −ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅r +ω ( ki ) t − vi ⋅kt +α ( k )} ⎤
∫∫∫
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
∫∫∫
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2

1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
( )
α (k ) = α (ki ) + ⎡⎣∇ kα (k ) ⎤⎦ ⋅ k − ki + ...
ki
α (k ) = α (ki ) + [ −r ] ⋅ ( k − ki ) + ... with ( −r ) = ⎣⎡∇ α (k ) ⎦⎤ k

0 0 k
i
Can we neglect higher order terms?
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( ki ) − r0 ⋅( k − ki )} ⎤
∫∫∫
3
d k ⎢ A(k ) e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( ki ) − r0 ⋅k + r0 ⋅ki } ⎤
= ∫∫∫
3
d k A(k ) e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( ki ) − r0 ⋅k + r0 ⋅ki } ⎤
= ∫∫∫
3
d k A(k ) e
( 2π )
3/ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
α (k ) = α (ki ) − r0 ⋅ k + r0 ⋅ ki
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t +α ( k )} ⎤
= ∫∫∫
3
d k A(k ) e
( 2π )
3/ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t} ⎤
3
d k A(k )e
( 2π )
3/ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎛ ⎞
iα k ⎜ ⎟
since A(k ) = A(k ) e ⎝ ⎠

1 ⎡ i{k ⋅( r − vi t ) +ω ( ki ) t} ⎤
3
d k A(k )e
( 2π )
3/ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
iω ( ki )( t −t0 ) 1 ⎡ ik ⋅( r − vit ) iω ( ki ) t0 ⎤
∫∫∫
3
e d k ⎢ A(k )e e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
1
Φ incident (r , 0) = ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡⎣ A(k )e + ik ⋅r ⎤⎦
( 2π )
3/2
Φ incident (r ( t ) − vi ( t − t0 ) , t0 )
iω ( ki )( t −t0 )
⇒ Φ incident (r , t ) = e
r (t ) = r0 + vi (t − t0 ); i.e. r (t ) − vi (t − t0 ) = r0
+ i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤ Realistic
d k ⎡ A(k )e
1
3
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ incident
( 2π )
3/2
wave packet
iω ( ki )( t −t0 ) 1 ⎡ ik ⋅( r − vit ) iω ( ki ) t0 ⎤
=e ∫∫∫
3
d k ⎢ A(k )e e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
1
Φ incident (r , 0) = ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡⎣ A(k )e + ik ⋅r ⎤⎦
( 2π )
3/2
Φ incident (r ( t ) − vi ( t − t0 ) , t0 )
iω ( ki )( t −t0 )
Φ incident (r , t ) = e
r (t ) = r0 + vi (t − t0 ); i.e. r (t ) − vi (t − t0 ) = r0
free wave packet centered around the point r0 at time t0
will have same shape as a wave packet
centered around the point r0 + vi (t − t0 ) at time t
70
Higher
( )⎦ k (
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + ⎡∇ k ω k ⎤ ⋅ k − ki + ...
⎣ ) order
i terms
( )
= ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki + ... ignored
Can we neglect higher order terms?

Under what
conditions
( )
α (k ) = α (ki ) + ⎣⎡∇ kα (k ) ⎦⎤ ⋅ k − ki + ... can we
ki
ignore
( )
α (k ) = α (ki ) + [ −r0 ] ⋅ k − ki + ... higher order
terms?
71
⎡ dω k ( ) ⎤⎥ ( )
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki + ..
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + ⎢
⎢ dk ⎥
( )
⋅ k − ki + ...
= −ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k + ..
⎣ ⎦k
i
condition to ignore higher order terms:
2
E (k ) k2 1 k2
( ) ⎤⎥
⎡ d 2ω k ω (k ) = = =
( k − ki ) 2m 2m
2
⎢ → small
⎢ dk 2 ⎥ dω (k ) 2 k k
= =
⎣ ⎦k dk 2m m
i
d 2ω (k )
=
( k − ki )
2
2 dk m
t 1
m
t ≤ ⎛⎜ 2 D ⎞⎟ Phase velocity;
half the group velocity
⎝ vi ⎠
⎛ 2D ⎞
( Δk ) ⎜ ⎟
2
1
m ⎝ vi ⎠
⎛ 2mD ⎞
( Δk ) ⎜ ( Δk )
2
⎟
2
1
m ⎝ k i ⎠ i.e. 2D 1
ki
( Δk )( Δr ) ∼ 1 ⇒ ( Δk ) ( Δr )
−1
recall :
∴ λi 2 D ( Δr )
2
i.e. λi 2 D ( Δr )
In most experiments: 10−3 cm 10−1 cm
Hence we can indeed ignore higher order terms.

Collimator
the wave packet
d b: impact
d D ↕b
Scattering region parameter
↔
l: a
Longitudinal width All particles described by

same b as detailed shape
of the wave
packet does not
matter
l:
↔
a
∼ Δr ( ) a
Longitudinal width PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 74
Detailed shape
of the wave
packet does not
matter
l:
↔
a
∼ ( Δr ) a
Longitudinal width C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Fig. 3.5, p 58

Free 1 ⎡ + i ( k ⋅r −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
3
d k ⎢ A(k )e ⎥⎦
particle ( 2π )
3/2
⎣
wave packet
(
ω (k ) = ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki + .. )
E(k ) 2 2
k2
ω (k ) =
k 1
= = = −ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k + ..
2m 2m
Free particle wave packet impacting at b : impact parameter

1 ⎡ + i{k ⋅( r − b ) −ω ( k )t} ⎤
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k ⎢ A(k )e ⎥⎦
3/2
⎣
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq. 3.86, p 58
1 ⎡ − iω ( k )t ⎤
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
− ik ⋅b + ik ⋅r
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ + iω ( ki )t
e − ik ⋅vit ⎤
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

⎡ + iω ( ki )t
e − ik ⋅vit ⎤
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
multiplying the integrand by:
{e
+ iki ⋅( r −b ) − ik ⋅v t
e i i
}{
× e
− iki ⋅( r −b ) + ik ⋅ v t
e i i =1 }
1 ( ) (
+ iω ki t + iki ⋅ r −b )
Φ b (r , t ) = e e e − iki ⋅vi t ×
( 2π )
3/2
( )( ) ( ) ⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k ) e
+ i k − ki ⋅ r −b − i k − ki ⋅vi t
∫∫∫ ⎢⎣
e
⎥⎦
1 ( )
+ iω ki t + iki ⋅ r −b ( )
Φ b (r , t ) = e e e − iki ⋅vit ×
( 2π )
3/2
⎡ + i ( k − ki )⋅( r −b ) − i ( k − ki )⋅vi t ⎤
∫∫∫
3
d k A(k ) e e
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 ( ) (
+ iω ki t + iki ⋅ r −b − vi t )
Φ b (r , t ) = e e ×
( 2π )
3/2
( )( )⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k ) e
+ i k − ki ⋅ r −b − vi t
∫∫∫ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
{ ) ( )}
Φ b (r , t ) = e
( + i ki ⋅ r −b − vi t +ω ki t
(
χ r − b − vi t )
(
χ r − b − vi t = ) 1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
d 3 k ⎡ A(k ) e
⎢⎣
( )(
+ i k − ki ⋅ r − b − vi t )⎤
⎥⎦
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq.3.88 / p.58 / Joachain’s QCT 78
{ ) ( )}
Φ b (r , t ) = e
( + i ki ⋅ r −b − vi t +ω ki t
(
χ r − b − vi t )
( )
χ r − b − vi t =
1
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
3/2
3⎡
d k A(k ) e
⎢⎣
+ i ( k − ki )⋅( r −b − vi t ) ⎤
⎥⎦
Recall that:
Normalization:
2
∫∫∫ d r Φ incident (r , 0) = 1 = ∫∫∫ d k A(k )
3 2 3
⇒ ∫∫∫ d s χ ( s ) = 1 3 2

Free particle wave packet interacting with the
scatterer at b : impact parameter
{ ) ( )}
Φ b (r , t ) =
( 2π )
1
3/2
e
(+ i ki ⋅ r −b − vi t +ω ki t
(
χ r − b − vi t )
1 ⎡ + i{k ⋅( r −b ) −ω ( k )t} ⎤
Φ b (r , t ) = ∫∫∫
3
d k ⎢ A(k )e ⎥⎦
( 2π ) ⎣
3/2
Free particle case

1 ⎡ − iω ( k )t ⎤
∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
wave packet for the complete scattering problem
( )⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e − ik ⋅b ψ k+ (r ) e
1 − iω k t
Ψ b+ (r , t ) =
( 2π )
3/2 ∫∫∫ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Collimator
the wave packet
d b: impact
d D ↕b
Scattering region parameter
↔
l: a
Hence the
Longitudinal width ( Δr ) D
packet does
not overlap the
∼ ( Δr ) a target when it is
far from the
↔
l: target
a C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Fig. 3.5, p 58
Longitudinal width PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 81
ψ k (r ; r → ∞) r→
+
→∞
A(k ) ⎢e + e ⎥
i ⎣ r ⎦

1 ⎡ − iω ( k )t ⎤
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
+
Ψ (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e − ik ⋅b
ψ k (r ) e
+
b 3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
+ i ( kz −ωt ) ˆ
e k i = eˆ z
In the next class, we complete the proof that:

is appropriate expression
dσ 2
= f ( ki , Ω
ˆ) even to describe scattering of
dΩ the wave packet.
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
i) Differential x-sec dσ = f (k , Ωˆ ) 2
(wave-packets) d Ω i
ii) Partial wave analysis Reference:

Quantum Collision Theory
– C.J.Joachain Chapters 3 & 4
Free particle wave packet interacting with the
scatterer at b : impact parameter
1 ⎡ − iω ( k )t ⎤
∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( )⎤
d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e − ik ⋅b ψ k+ (r ) e
1 − iω k t
∫∫∫
+
Ψ (r , t ) =
b
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Since the packet does not overlap the target

when it is far from the target, we may use the
⎡ iki i r f (Ω
ˆ ) ikr ⎤
asymptotic form: ψ (r ; r → ∞) → A(k ) ⎢e +
+ e ⎥
k r →∞ i ⎣ r ⎦
1 ⎡ f (Ωˆ ) ikr − iω ( k )t ⎤
∫∫∫
+ − ik ⋅b
Ψ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) + 3
d k ⎢ A(k )e e e ⎥
( 2π )
b r →∞ 3/2
⎣ r ⎦
incident wave packet scattered wave packet
1 ⎡ − iω ( k )t ⎤
∫∫∫
Φ b (r , t ) = 3
d k A(k )e e e
( 2π )
3/2 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ f (Ωˆ ) ikr − iω ( k )t ⎤
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
+ − ik ⋅b
Ψ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
b 3/2
3
d k ⎢ A(k )e e e ⎥
r →∞
⎣ r ⎦
incident wave packet scattered wave packet
⎡ i( kr −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
1 e
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
( 2π )
3/2 ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎢ A(k )e − ik ⋅b f (Ω
⎢
ˆ)
r
⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
→
t → −∞ Eef van Beveren
+
Ψ (r , t ) Φ (r , t )
b r →∞ b ÅÅÅ http://cft.fis.uc.pt/eef
→
t → +∞ C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq. 3.86, p 58
Ψ b+ (r , t )
r →∞
?
⎡ i( kr −ω ( k )t ) ⎤
1 e
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
+
Ψ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) + 3
⎢
d k A(k )e − ik ⋅b
f (Ω)
ˆ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
b r →∞ 3/2
r
⎣ ⎦
k k i + kî ⋅ ( k − k i ) ω (k ) ω (ki ) + vi ⋅ k − ki ( )
i( kr −ω ( k )t ) ( )
iki r iki ⋅ k − ki r − iω ( ki ) t − ivi ⋅ k − ki t
ˆ ( )
e =e e e e
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
⎡ iki r iki ⋅( k − ki ) r − iω ( ki ) t − ivi ⋅( k − ki )t ⎤

ˆ
1 ˆ)e e e e
( 2π ) ∫∫∫
+ d 3 k ⎢ A(k )e − ik ⋅b f (k , Ω ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
3/ 2
r
iΛ ( k ,Ω iΛ ( k , Ω
f ( k , Ω ) = f ( k , Ω) e f ( ki , Ω ) e
ˆ) ˆ)
ˆ ˆ ˆ
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
iki r − iω ( ki ) t
1 e e ⎡ − ik ⋅b iki ⋅( k − ki ) r − ivi ⋅( k − ki )t iΛ ( k ,Ω
ˆ) ⎤
ˆ
+ f ( ki , Ω
ˆ)
∫∫∫
3
d k A(k )e e e e
( 2π )
3/2
r ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
1 e e ⎡ − ik ⋅b iki ⋅( k − ki ) r − ivi ⋅( k − ki )t iΛ ( k ,Ω
ˆ) ⎤
ˆ
+ f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ
∫∫∫
3
d k A(k )e e e e
( 2π )
3/2
r ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Λ(k , Ω
ˆ)
i
ˆ ) + ⎡∇ Λ ( k , Ω
Λ(k , Ω
⎣ k i
ˆ )⎤
⎦k = k
⋅ k −k
i ( )
i
= Λ (k , Ω
i
ˆ ) + ρ (Ω
ˆ )⋅ k − k ;
i (
ρ ( Ωˆ ) Δr = )
+ ρ (Ωˆ ) = ⎡∇ Λ ( k , Ω
ˆ )⎤
Ψ b (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) + ⎣ k i ⎦k = k
r →∞ i
⎡ 1 e iki r − iω ( ki ) t
e ⎤
⎢ f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ × ⎥
( π )
3/ 2
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ ˆ ⋅( k − k ) r − iv ⋅( k − k )t ˆ )⋅( k − k ) ⎥
⎢ ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e − ik ⋅b e i i e i i eiΛ ( ki ,Ω ) e i ⎤
ρ Ω
⎥
ik ˆ i (
⎣ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
e ⎤
⎢ f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ × ⎥
( π )
3/ 2
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ ˆ ⋅( k − k ) r − iv ⋅( k − k )t ˆ )⋅( k − k ) ⎥
⎢ ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e − ik ⋅b e i i e i i eiΛ ( ki ,Ω ) e i ⎤
ρ Ω
⎥
ik ˆ i (
⎣ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
e Λ ˆ ) − ik ⋅b ⎤
Ω
⎢ f ( k , Ω
ˆ) e i ( ki ,
e i
×⎥
( π )
3/2 i
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ ( ) ˆ ) ⎤ ⋅( k − k ) ⎥
⎢ ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e ⎤ ⎥
− i k − k ⋅b i ⎡ ˆ −v t + ρ (Ω
rk
i
e⎣ i i ⎦ i
⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
e ˆ ) − ik ⋅b ⎤
i Λ ( ki , Ω
⎢ f ( k , Ω
ˆ ) e e i
×⎥
( π )
3/2 i
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ − i ( k − ki )⋅b i ⎡⎣ rkî − vi t + ρ ( Ωˆ ) ⎤ ⋅( k − k ) ⎥
3 ⎡ ⎤ ⎥
⎢ ∫∫∫ d k A(k )e e ⎦ i
⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) + f ( ki , Ω
ˆ)
r →∞
⎡ 1 ⎤
{ }
i Λ ( ki , Ω )
ˆ e e − iki ⋅b
⎢ f ( ki , Ω ) e
ˆ e ×⎥
( π )
3/2
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ ˆ ) ⎤ ⋅( k − k )
− i ( k − ki )⋅b i ⎡⎣ rkî − vi t + ρ ( Ω
⎥
3 ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ∫∫∫ d k A(k )e e ⎦ i
⎥
⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
e − ⋅
⎤
⎢ f ( ki , Ω
ˆ) e iki b
×⎥
( π )
3/2
⎢ 2 r ⎥
+
⎢ ˆ ) −b ⎤ ⋅( k − k ) ⎥
⎢ ∫∫∫ d 3 k ⎡ A(k )e ⎣ i i i ⎤
⎡ ˆ −v t + ρ (Ω
⎥
i rk
⎦
⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎦ ↓shape of the
↓wave packet
we had: ( 2π )
−3/2
∫∫∫ ⎡
3
d k A(k ) e
⎢⎣
+ i ( k − ki )⋅( r −b − vi t ) ⎤
⎥⎦ (
= χ r − b − vi t )
( )
ˆ ) −b ⎤ ⋅( k − k )
⇒ ( 2π )
−3/2 ⎡ i ⎡ rkî − vi t + ρ ( Ω i ⎤
∫∫∫ ⎣ ⎦
= χ rkî − vi t + ρ (Ω
ˆ )−b
3
d k A(k )e
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
{
i ki r −ω ( ki ) t }
+ f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ e
r
(
e − iki ⋅b χ rkî − vi t + ρ (Ω
ˆ )−b )
Ψ b+ (r , t ) → Φ b (r , t ) +
r →∞
{
i ki r −ω ( ki ) t }
+ f ( ki , Ω )
ˆ e
r
(
e − iki ⋅b χ rkî − vi t + ρ (Ω
ˆ )−b )
2
( )
+ scattered 2
1 2
Ψ b
part only
( r , t ) = f ( ki , Ω ) 2 χ ρ ( Ω
ˆ ˆ ) + kˆ r − v t − b
i i
r
Probability of scattering along the direction Ω̂
∞ ∞
( )
2
2 1
∫ ∫0 r 2 χ ρ (Ωˆ ) + kî r − vit − b
+ scattered 2
Pb (Ω
ˆ ) = r dr Ψ
2
b
( r , t ) = f ( ki , Ω
ˆ) r 2
dr
0
( )
2
ˆ ) + kˆ ( r − v t ) − b
2
∫
ˆ ) dr χ ρ (Ω
= f ( ki , Ω
0
i i since vi = kî vi

Probability of scattering along the direction Ω̂
∞
( )
2
ˆ ) + kˆ ( r − v t ) − b
2
Pb (Ω
ˆ ) = f (k , Ω
i
ˆ)
∫
0
dr χ ρ ( Ω i i
( )
2 2
Pb (Ω
ˆ ) = f (k , Ω
i
ˆ)
∫
−∞
dz χ ρ (Ω
ˆ ) + kˆ z − b
i z = r − vi t
∞
dσ
( )
2 2
= ∫∫ d bPb (Ω) = f (ki , Ω) ∫ dz ∫∫ d 2b χ ρ (Ω
2 ˆ ˆ ˆ ) + kˆ z − b
dΩ
i
−∞
Whole space integral
∫∫∫ d s χ (s )
2
=1
3
s = ρ (Ω
ˆ ) + kˆ z − b
i
dσ 2 ← Appropriate expression
= f ( ki , Ω
ˆ) even to describe scattering of
dΩ the wave packet.
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory of Collisions Eq. 3.107, p 61 PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 92
Having established that
dσ 2 is an appropriate
= f ( ki , Ω
ˆ) expression even to
dΩ describe scattering of
the wave packet,
we now proceed to study some
important and consequential aspects
of
PARTIAL WAVE ANAYLSIS

⎡ k i r f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤
ψ ki (r ; r → ∞) → A ⎢e + e ⎥
⎣ r ⎦
lπ
sin( kr − )
ψ inc (r ; r → ∞) → ∑ i l (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ ) 2
l kr
⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞
i ⎜ kr − ⎟ − i ⎜ kr − ⎟
e ⎝ 2⎠
−e ⎝ 2⎠
ψ inc (r ) → ∑ i (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l
r →∞ 2ikr
ψ inc
l
1
⎡ l − ikr
→ ikr
r →∞ 2ikr l ⎣ ⎦
ψ inc
1
→ ∑
r →∞ 2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
⎤⎦
94
in the presence of a
E > 0 continuum
scattering target potential
2 l (l + 1) 2μ
R ''+ R '− 2
R + 2 [ E − V (r )] R = 0
r r
yε l ( r )
R ε l (r ) = ; i.e. yε l ( r ) = rR ε l ( r )
r
⎡ 2
d2 ⎧ 1 l (l + 1) ⎫ ⎤
⎢ − 2m dr 2 + ⎨V (r ) + 2m r 2 ⎬ − E ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
⎣ ⎩ ⎭ ⎦
⎡ d2 l (l + 1) ⎤ 2mV (r )
⎢ dr 2 + k − U (r ) − r 2 ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0
2
U (r ) = 2
⎣ ⎦
M
When lim U (r ) = 1+ε ; M :constant and ε 〉 0
r →∞ r
rR ( k , r ) = y ( k , r ) → kr ⎡C
r →∞ ⎣
(1)
(k ) j (kr ) + C (2) (k )n (kr ) ⎤⎦ , r " range "
j (kr ) : spherical Bessel functions of the potential
‘V≠0’
n (kr ) : spherical Neumann functions
⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞
sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ − cos ⎜ kr − ⎟
jl (k , r ) → ⎝ ; nl (k , r ) →
2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
r →∞ kr r →∞ kr
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ cos ⎜ kr − ⎟
2 ⎠⎥
y (k , r ) → kr ⎢C (k ) ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝
(1)
− C (k )
(2)
⎥
r →∞ ⎢ kr kr ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤
y (k , r ) → ⎢C (1) (k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ − C (2) (k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
r →∞ ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
lπ
yl (k , r ) → Al (k ) sin ⎜ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎟ tan δ l (k ) = − (1)
⎛ ⎞ C (2) (k )
r →∞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ C (k )
∞
ikr cosθ
e = ∑ i l ( 2l + 1) Pl ( cos θ ) jl (kr )
l =0 ⎡ ⎤
( eˆ )
∞
ikî irˆ
e = 4π ∑ i jl (kr ) ⎢
l
∑ Y *m ⎛⎜ kˆ i ⎞⎟ Y m ⎥
⎝ ⎠
r
l =0 ⎢⎣ m=− ⎥⎦
+ i ( kz −ωt ) ˆ
e k i = eˆ z
ψ Tot →
r →∞
1
∑
2ikr l
cl (2l + 1) ⎡
⎣ Pl (cos θ ) e
i ( kr +δ l )
− Pl ( − cos θ ) e
− i ( kr +δ l )
⎤
⎦
ψ Tot
+
( r , t )⎦⎤ →
r →∞ cl = e δ i l (k )
describes 'collisions'
+ i ( kr −ωt )
e ⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
e
+ i ( kz −ωt )
+
r
⎨
⎩
∑
2ik l =0
( 2l + 1)⎣
⎡ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤
⎭
Lecture link: http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115106057/27 & /28 & /29 & /30 97
lπ
yl (k , r ) → Al (k ) sin ⎜ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎟ tan δ l (k ) = − (1)
⎛ ⎞ C (2) (k )
r →∞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ C (k )
⎡ (1) ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
y (k , r ) → ⎢C (k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ − C (k ) cos ⎜ kr −
(2)
⎟⎥
r →∞ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
Linear combination of Spherical Bessel & Neumann

We can also write the same as
Linear combination of spherical ingoing waves

&
spherical outgoing waves

⎡ lπ ⎤
sin ⎢ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎥
Rl (k , r ) → Al (k ) ⎣ ⎦
2
r →∞ r ⎡ lπ ⎤ ⎡ lπ ⎤
i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥ − i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−e ⎣ ⎦
→ A (k )
2 2
e
Rl (k , r )
r →∞ l
2ir
⎡ lπ ⎤ ⎡ lπ ⎤
i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥ − i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−e ⎣ ⎦
→
2 2
e
r R (k , r ) = y (k , r )
r →∞
A (k ) l
2i
lπ lπ
−i +i
eiδl ( k ) − e − ikr e e−iδl ( k )
→ A (k ) eikr e 2 2
y (k , r )
r →∞ l
2i
lπ
−i
− iδ l ( k )
y (k , r ) → A ( k )e l e 2
⎡⎣eikr ei 2δl ( k ) − e −ikr e + ilπ ⎤⎦
r →∞ 2i
lπ
−i
− iδ l ( k )
y (k , r ) → A ( k )e l e 2
⎡⎣eikr ei 2δl ( k ) − e − ikr e + ilπ ⎤⎦
r →∞ 2i
lπ π l
⎛ −i 2 ⎞
= (e )
−i
= ⎜ e ⎟ = ( −i ) = ( −1) i ; ilπ iπ l
= ( −1)l
l l l
2
e e
⎝ ⎠
A − iδ l ( k )
( −1)
l l
y (k , r ) →
r →∞
( k )e l i
⎡⎣eikr ei 2δl ( k ) − e − ikr (−1)l ⎤⎦
2i
y (k , r ) → Al (k ) ⎣e e
⎡ ikr i 2δ l ( k )
− e (−1) ⎤⎦
− ikr l
r →∞
Linear combination
A − iδ l ( k )
( )
− ll
of spherical ingoing ( k )e 1 i
& spherical outgoing
A (k ) =
l
l
2i
waves
QUESTIONS ? Write to: [email protected] PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 100
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 07
OPTICAL THEOREM –
-Unitarity of the Scattering
Operator
Primary Reference: ‘Quantum Mechanics
How many partial waves? – Nonrelativistic theory’
Is there an lmax? – by Landau & Lifshitz
101
⎡ lπ ⎤
sin ⎢ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎥
Rl (k , r ) → Al (k ) ⎣ ⎦
2
r →∞ r
+ i ( kr −ωt )
⎧ 1 ∞ ⎫
( r , t )⎤⎦ r→
e
ψ Tot
+
→∞
e + i( kz −ωt ) +
r
⎨
⎩ 2ik
∑
l =0
( 2l + 1)⎣
⎡ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤ P
⎦ l (cos θ ) ⎬
⎭
⎡ lπ ⎤ ⎡ lπ ⎤
i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥ − i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−e ⎣ ⎦
→
2 2
e
r R (k , r ) = y (k , r )
r →∞
A (k ) l
2i
y (k , r ) → Al (k ) ⎣e e
⎡ ikr i 2δ l ( k )
− e (−1) ⎤⎦
− ikr l
r →∞
Linear combination A ( k )e − iδ l ( k )
( −1) i l
l
of spherical ingoing A (k ) =
l
l
2i
& spherical outgoing −i
lπ
S l ( k ) = e i 2δ l ( k )
= ( −1) i l ;
l
2
waves e
S Matrix element
= (e )
ilπ iπ l
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions e = (−1) l
102
⎡ lπ ⎤ ⎡ lπ ⎤
i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥ − i ⎢ kr − +δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
−e ⎣ ⎦
→ A (k )
2 2
e
r R (k , r ) = y (k , r )
r →∞ l
2i
nature of r → 0 solution:
lim r 2V (r ) = 0 includes coulomb
r →0
1 d ⎛ 2 dR ⎞ l (l + 1) 2μ
2 [
⎜ r ⎟ − R + E − V (r )] R = 0
r dr ⎝ dr ⎠
2
r 2
d ⎛ 2 dR ⎞ 2μ 2
⎜r ⎟ − l (l + 1) R + 2 r [ E − V (r ) ] R = 0
dr ⎝ dr ⎠
d ⎛ 2 dR ⎞
⎜r ⎟ − l (l + 1) R(r ) = 0 ÅRegardless of E,m
dr ⎝ dr ⎠
∞ s = l or − (l + 1) :
R(r ) = r s
∑a r
i =0
i
i
R(r → 0) → r l (any E )
y (r → 0) → r l +1
103
1 ∞
f k (θ ) = ∑
2ik l =0
( 2l + 1) ⎡
⎣ e 2 iδ l ( k )
− 1⎤⎦ Pl (cos θ )
∞
f k (θ ) = ∑ ( 2l + 1) al (k ) Pl (cos θ ) → f k (θ ) : scattering amplitude
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎦⎤ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

al (k ) = = → al (k ) : partial wave amplitude
2ik 2ik
cos [ 2δ l (k ) ] + i sin [ 2δ l (k ) ] − 1
al (k ) =
2ik
a (k ) =
{1 − 2sin [δ (k ) ]} + i {2sin [δ (k ) ] cos [δ (k )]} − 1
2
l l
×
( −i ) l
l
2ik ( −i )
a (k ) =
{i sin [δ (k ) ]} + {sin [δ (k ) ] cos [δ (k )]} sin [δ (k ) ] e
2
l
=
l l l
iδ l ( k )
l
k k
∞
sin [δ l (k ) ] eiδl ( k )
f k (θ ) = ∑ ( 2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l =0 k
∞
f k (θ ) = ∑ ( 2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l =0 k
dσ
= f k* (θ ) f k (θ )
dΩ
⎧⎪ ∞ sin [δ l (k ) ] e − iδl ( k ) ⎫⎪
= ⎨∑ ( 2l + 1) Pl (cos θ ) ⎬
⎩⎪ l =0 k ⎭⎪
⎧⎪ ∞ sin [δ l ' (k ) ] eiδl ' ( k ) ⎫⎪
× ⎨∑ ( 2l '+ 1) P 'l (cos θ ) ⎬
⎩⎪ l '=0 k ⎭⎪
⎧∞ ∞
⎫
⎪∑ ∑ ( 2 l + 1 )( 2l '+ 1) × sin [ l' ] [ l ] ⎪
δ ( k ) sin δ ( k )
2π ⎪ l '=0 l =0 ⎪
σ Total = 2 ⎨ π ⎬
k ⎪ i[δl ' ( k ) −δl ( k )] ⎪
×e × ∫ sin θ dθ Pl (cos θ )P 'l (cos θ )
⎪⎩ 0
⎪⎭
⎧∞ ∞
⎫
⎪∑ ∑ ( 2l + 1)( 2l '+ 1) × sin [δ l ' (k ) ] sin [δ l (k ) ] ⎪
2π ⎪ l '=0 l =0 ⎪
σ Total = 2 ⎨ ⎬
k ⎪ i[δl ' ( k ) −δl ( k )] π ⎪
×e × ∫ sin θ dθ Pl (cos θ )P 'l (cos θ )
⎪⎩ 0
⎪⎭
⎧∞ ∞
⎫
⎪ ∑ ∑ ( 2l + 1)( 2l '+ 1) × sin [δ l ' (k ) ] sin [δ l (k ) ] ⎪⎪
2π ⎪
σ Total = 2 ⎨ l '= 0 l = 0 ⎬
k ⎪ i[δl ' ( k )−δl ( k )] 2 ⎪
×e × δ ll '
⎪⎩ 2l + 1 ⎭⎪
4π ∞
σ Total = 2 ∑ ( 2l + 1) sin 2
[δ l (k )]
k l =0

4π ∞
σ Total = 2 ∑ ( 2l + 1) sin 2
[δ l (k )]
∞ k l =0
σ Total = ∑ σ l (k )
l =0
4π
σ l (k ) = 2 ( 2l + 1) sin 2 [δ l (k ) ]
k
4π ⎛ 1⎞
σ l (k ) max = 2 ( 2l + 1) δ l (k ) = ⎜ n + ⎟ π
k ⎝ 2⎠
n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3,....
No contribution to scattering by
σ l (k ) min = 0 δ l (k ) = nπ that partial wave
∞
σ Total = ∑ σ l (k ) → usually, lmax ~ ka; not ∞
l =0
+ i ( kz −ωt ) ˆ
e k i = eˆ z
Y
Scattering of classical particles plane
δσ
bδϕ δ b
δσcl = bδ bδϕ
X
PLANE of the
δσcl = bδ bδϕ b δb
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory
of Collisions Fig. 4.2, p 74
IMPACT δσcl = δΩ
δb PARAMETER sinθ δθ
δσcl = b δ ( cosθ ) δϕ
δ ( cosθ ) dσ
cl = b db
δb dΩ sinθ dθ
δσcl = b {−sinθδθ} δϕ
{−sinθδθ} PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 108
+ i ( kz −ωt ) ˆ
e k i = eˆ z
dσ
Scattering of classical particles cl = b db
PLANE of the IMPACT
dΩ sinθ dθ
PARAMETER
What would be the angular momentum of a classical
particle at impact parameter l = ρ× p =b× p
b4.2, ?p 74
C.J.Joachain: Quantum Theory
of Collisions Fig.
lmax ∼ ap = a k for b ~ a :" range "

lmax ( lmax + 1) ∼ a k ⇒ lmax ∼ ak

partial waves: l ≤ ak
a :" range " of the potential
Often, just ‘few’ partial

waves suffice in the
partial wave expansion

PCD STiAP Unit 1, Lecture 5
Lecture linkÆ http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/115106057/6
Special further considerations: (1) Resonances etc.
(2) V(r) falls off extremely slowly in the asymptotic region.
(3) Electron correlations. PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 110
∞
f k (θ ) = ∑ ( 2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l =0 k
∞
sin 2 [δ l (k ) ]
Im ⎡⎣ f k (θ ) ⎤⎦ = ∑ ( 2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )
l =0 k
for every l , for θ = 0, cos(θ ) = 1, Pl (cos θ ) = 1
1 ∞
Im ⎡⎣ f k (θ = 0 ) ⎤⎦ = ∑ ( 2l + 1) sin 2 [δ l (k ) ]
k l =0
4π ∞
above slide 107 : σ Total = 2 ∑ ( 2l + 1) sin 2
[δ l (k )]
k l =0
4π
σ Total = Im ⎡⎣ f k (θ = 0 ) ⎤⎦ OPTICAL THEOREM
k
111
Incidence
n̂ direction
f ( nˆ , nˆ ') eikr
Scattering ψ (r ) → eikrn
ˆ.nˆ
r →∞
' +
nˆ ' direction r
Any LINEAR COMBINATION of functions of the above

form for different directions of incidence n̂ will also be a
solution to the scattering process.
f ( nˆ , nˆ ') eikr
F ( nˆ ) eikrnˆ.nˆ 'd Ο + ∫∫ F ( nˆ )
r →∞ ∫∫
Ψ (r ) → dΟ
r
d Ο : elemental solid angle NOTE: integration is over
different directions of incidence
eikr
F ( nˆ ) eikrnˆ.nˆ 'd Ο + ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο
r →∞ ∫∫
Ψ (r ) →
r
Ref.: Landau & Lifshitz, NR-QM §125, page 508 PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 112
eikr
F ( nˆ ) e ˆ ˆ d Ο +
ikrn.n '
∫∫ F ( nˆ ) f ( nˆ, nˆ ') d Ο
r →∞ ∫∫
Ψ (r ) →
r
ikrn
ˆ.nˆ ' oscillates rapidly at large r as
e incident direction n̂ changes
Integration is over
different directions
hence determined by nˆ = ± nˆ '
of incidence
∫∫ F ( ˆ
n ) eikrnˆ.nˆ 'd Ο where F ( nˆ ) ∼ F ( ± nˆ ')
π 2π n̂
Ψ (r ) → ∫ sin ϑ dϑ ∫φ dφ F ( nˆ ) eikrnˆ.nˆ '
r →∞ ϑ =0 =0 ϑ
eikr φ
+ ∫∫ F ( nˆ ) f ( nˆ, nˆ ') d Ο nˆ '
r

π 2π
Ψ (r ) → ∫ sin ϑ dϑ ∫φ dφ F ( nˆ ) eikrnˆ.nˆ ' n̂
r →∞ ϑ =0 =0
eikr ϑ
+ ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο φ
r
π ikr
nˆ '
sin ϑ dϑ F ( nˆ ) e + e
∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
ikrn
ˆ.nˆ '
Ψ (r ) → 2π
r →∞ ϑ
∫=0
r
cosϑ =−1
F ( nˆ ) eikr cosϑ eikr
Ψ (r ) → 2π
r →∞
+ ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
ikr r
cosϑ =1
⎡ F ( − nˆ ') e−ikr F ( nˆ ') eikr ⎤ eikr

Ψ (r ) → ⎢ −2π + 2π ⎥+ ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
r →∞ ⎢ ikr ikr ⎥ r
⎣ ⎦
2π i ⎡ F ( − nˆ ') e
−ikr F ( nˆ ') eikr ⎤ eikr
Ψ (r ) → ⎢ − ⎥+ ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
r →∞ k ⎢ r r ⎥ r
⎣ ⎦
2π i ⎡ F ( − nˆ ') e
−ikr F ( nˆ ') eikr ⎤ eikr
Ψ (r ) → ⎢ − ⎥+ ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
r →∞ k ⎢ r r ⎥ r
⎣ ⎦
⎡ −ikr F ( nˆ ') eikr ⎤

⎧ 2π i ⎫ ⎢ F ( −nˆ ') e k eikr
Ψ (r ) → ⎨
r →∞ ⎩ k ⎬⎭ ⎢
− + ∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο ⎥
r r 2π i r ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎧ 2π i ⎫
dropping the factor ⎨ ⎬
⎩ k ⎭
F ( −nˆ ') e−ikr F ( nˆ ') eikr k eikr
Ψ (r ) →
r →∞
− + ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ')F ( nˆ ) d Ο
r r 2π i r
ingoing outgoing
Spherical wave spherical wave
e−ikr eikr ⎡
F ( −nˆ ') −
k
( ) − ( ) ( ) ⎤
2π i ∫∫
Ψ (r ) → ⎢⎣ F ˆ
n ' f ˆ
n , ˆ
n ' F ˆ
n d Ο ⎥⎦
r →∞ r r
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr ⎡ F ( nˆ ') − k ⎤
f ( nˆ , nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο ⎥
Ψ (r ) →
r →∞ r r ⎢⎣ 2π i ∫∫ ⎦
∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο = 4π f F ( nˆ ') definition of the

1
f F ( nˆ ') = ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο operator f
4π
Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr ⎡ F ( nˆ ') − k ⎤
4π f F ( nˆ ') ⎥
r →∞ r r ⎢⎣ 2π i ⎦
Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr ⎡1 + 2ki f ⎤ F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r ⎣ ⎦

Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr ⎡1 + 2ki f ⎤ F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r ⎣ ⎦
1
f F ( nˆ ') = ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο
4π
Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr S F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
Scattering Operator (definition) S = ⎡⎣1 + 2ki f ⎤⎦
Ref.: Landau & Lifshitz, NR-QM §125,
Eq.125.3, page 509 Heisenberg (1943)

Scattering Operator (definition)
f F ( nˆ ' ) =
Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr S F ( nˆ ') 1
r →∞ r r
=
4π ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο
‘ingoing’ ‘outgoing’
S = ⎡⎣1 + 2ki f ⎤⎦
F ( −nˆ ') F ( −nˆ ')
→ measure of intensity of ingoing wave
r r
F ( nˆ ') † F ( nˆ ')
S S → measure of the intensity
r r
? of the outgoing wave
Conservation of ingoing ⇒ S S = 1 = SS† †
and outgoing flux

S : unitary
Ψ (r ) →
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − eikr S F ( nˆ ') S S =1
†
r →∞ r r
Scattering Operator (definition) S = ⎡⎣1 + 2ki f ⎤⎦
1
f F ( nˆ ') = ∫∫ f ( nˆ.nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο S † = ⎡⎣1 − 2ki f † ⎤⎦
4π
SS † = ⎡⎣1 + 2ki f ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣1 − 2ki f † ⎤⎦
SS † = 1 − 2ki f † + 2ki f + 4k 2 f f †
(
SS † = 1 + 2ki f − f † + 4k 2 f f † )
SS † = 1 ⇒ ( f − f ) = 2ki†
f f†
( f − f ) = 2ki
†
f f †
( )
⇒ f − f † F ( nˆ ') = 2ki f f † F ( nˆ ')
f F ( nˆ ') − ⎡⎣ f † F ( nˆ ') ⎤⎦ = 2ki f ⎡⎣ f † F ( nˆ ') ⎤⎦
1 Integration is over
f F ( nˆ ') = ∫∫ 2 f ( nˆ , nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο
4π nd index
Å unprimed variables
Integration is over 1
f F ( nˆ ') =
†
∫∫ f *
( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο "
double-primed Æ 4π
variables 1st index
1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
∫∫ f ( n, n ' ) F ( n ) d Ο − ⎢
ˆ ˆ ˆ ∫∫ f ( n ', n ") F ( n ") d Ο "⎥ =
*
ˆ ˆ ˆ
4π ⎣ 4π ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
= 2ki f ⎢ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο "⎥
⎣ 4π ⎦
∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο − ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο " =
= 2ki f ⎡ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο "⎤

⎣ ⎦
∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο − ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο " =
= 2ki f ⎡ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") F ( nˆ ") d Ο "⎤

⎣ ⎦
∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο − ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ) F ( nˆ ) d Ο =
= 2ki ⎡ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") f F ( nˆ ") d Ο "⎤

⎣ ⎦

∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο − ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ) F ( nˆ ) d Ο =
{
= 2ki ⎡ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") f F ( nˆ ") d Ο "⎤
⎣ ⎦ }
1 1
f F ( nˆ ') = ∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο f F ( nˆ ") = ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ") F ( nˆ ) d Ο
4π 4π
∫∫ ⎡⎣ f ( nˆ, nˆ ') − f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ) ⎤⎦ F ( nˆ ) d Ο =

⎡ ⎧ 1 ⎫ ⎤
= 2ki ⎢ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") ⎨ ∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ") F ( nˆ ) d Ο ⎬ d Ο "⎥
⎣ ⎩ 4π ⎭ ⎦
∫∫ ⎡⎣ f ( nˆ , nˆ ') − f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ) ⎤⎦ F ( nˆ ) d Ο =
⎧ ki ⎫
= ⎨ ⎬ ⎡⎣ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") ∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ") F ( nˆ ) d Οd Ο "⎤⎦
⎩ 2π ⎭
∫∫ ⎡⎣ f ( nˆ , nˆ ') − f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ) ⎤⎦ F ( nˆ ) d Ο =
ki ⎡
=
⎣ ∫ ∫ f *
( nˆ ', nˆ ") ∫∫ f ( nˆ, nˆ ") F ( nˆ ) d Οd Ο "⎤⎦
2π
∫∫ ⎣ ⎡ f ( ˆ
n , ˆ
n ' ) − f *
( nˆ ', nˆ ) ⎤⎦ F ( nˆ ) d Ο =
⎧ ki ⎫
= ∫∫ ⎨ ∫∫ f * ( nˆ ', nˆ ") f ( nˆ , nˆ ") d Ο "⎬ F ( nˆ ) d Ο
⎩ 2π ⎭
ki
f ( n, n ') − f ( n ', n ) =
ˆ ˆ *
ˆ ˆ ∫∫ f *
( nˆ ', nˆ ") f ( nˆ, nˆ ") d Ο "
for nˆ ' = nˆ 2π
ki
f ( nˆ , nˆ ) − f * ( nˆ , nˆ ) = ∫∫ f * ( nˆ, nˆ ") f ( nˆ, nˆ ") d Ο " S : unitary
2π
ki dσ
2i Im ⎡⎣ f ( n, n ) ⎤⎦ = ∫∫ f ( nˆ , nˆ ") d Ο " f ( nˆ , nˆ ") =
2 2
ˆ ˆ
2π dΟ"
4π optical
2i Im ⎡⎣ f ( n, n ) ⎤⎦ =
ˆ ˆ
ki
σ Total σ Total = Im ⎡⎣ f ( nˆ , nˆ ) ⎤⎦
2π k theorem
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions QUESTIONS ? Write to: [email protected] 123
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 08
RECIPROCITY THEOREM
- from Landau & Lifshitz’ NR-QM
Phase-shift analysis
- from Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory
124
f F ( nˆ ') =
1
∫∫ f ( nˆ.nˆ ') F ( nˆ ) d Ο S = ⎡⎣1 + 2ki f ⎤⎦
4π
Scattering Operator (definition)
Ψ (r ) →
r →∞ r r
Ψ (r , t ) →
e−ikr e−iωt F ( −nˆ ') − eikr e−iωt S F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
−i( kr +ωt ) +i( kr −ωt )

Ψ (r , t ) →
e F ( −nˆ ') −
e S F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r

−i( kr +ωt ) +i( kr −ωt )
Ψ (r , t ) →
e F ( −nˆ ') −
e S F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
+i( kr +ωt ) −i( kr −ωt )

Ψ* (r , t ) →
e F * ( −nˆ ') −
e S † F * ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
+i( kr −ωt ) −i( kr +ωt )

Ψ * (r , −t ) →
e F * ( −nˆ ') −
e S † F * ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r

Ψ (r ) →
r →∞ r r Original
−i( kr +ωt ) +i( kr −ωt ) function
Ψ (r , t ) →
e F ( −nˆ ') −
e S F ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
time reversed function:

+i( kr −ωt ) −i( kr +ωt )
Ψ * (r , −t ) →
e F * ( −nˆ ') −
e S * F * ( nˆ ')
r →∞ r r
space part of the time-reversed function:

e+ikr F ( −nˆ ') − e−ikr
*
S * F * ( nˆ ')
r r

*
S * F * ( nˆ ')
r r
let : S * F * ( nˆ ') = −Φ ( −nˆ ') → definition of − Φ ( −nˆ ')
( )
−1
F ( nˆ ') = S
* *
S * F * ( nˆ ')
( ) ( )
−1 −1
F ( nˆ ') = S
* *
⎡⎣ −Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦ =− S *
⎡⎣Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦
F ( nˆ ') = − S ( ) ⎡⎣Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦

†
⇒ F * ( nˆ ') = − S ⎡⎣Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦
* *
( )
†
Parity: since S *
=S
F * ( −nˆ ') = PF * ( nˆ ') F * ( −nˆ ') = − PS ⎡⎣ PΦ ( nˆ ') ⎤⎦

= − PS ⎡⎣Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦ = − PSP Φ ( nˆ ')
*
S * F * ( nˆ ')
r r F * ( −nˆ ') = − PS ⎡⎣ PΦ ( nˆ ') ⎤⎦
= − PSPΦ ( nˆ ')

e+ikr ⎡− PSPΦ ( nˆ ')⎤ − e−ikr S * F * ( nˆ ')
r ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ r
S * F * ( nˆ ') = −Φ ( −nˆ ') → definition of − Φ ( −nˆ ')

e+ikr ⎡− PSPΦ ( nˆ ')⎤ − e−ikr ⎡⎣ −Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦
r ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ r
e+ikr ⎡− PSPΦ ( nˆ ')⎤ − e−ikr ⎡⎣ −Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦
r ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ r
e−ikr ⎡⎣Φ ( −nˆ ') ⎤⎦ −

e+ikr ⎡ PSPΦ ( nˆ ')⎤
r r ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
original function:
e−ikr F ( −nˆ ') − e+ikr S F ( nˆ ')
r r
F ( nˆ ') or Φ ( nˆ ') .. matter only of notation ...
⇒ PSP = S
Interchanging n̂ & nˆ '
n̂
nˆ '
nˆ '
n̂
nˆ '
S (nˆ , nˆ ') = S (−nˆ ', −nˆ )
Reversing the signs of
n̂ n̂ & nˆ '
interchange incidence & scattered directions
& reverse signs S (nˆ , nˆ ') = S (−nˆ ', −nˆ )
scattering amplitudes: f (nˆ , nˆ ') = f (−nˆ ', −nˆ )

RECIPROCITY THEOREM
The scattering amplitudes for two scattering

processes which are time-reversed
processes of each other are the same.

S (nˆ , nˆ ') = S (−nˆ ', −nˆ )
Interchanging n̂ & nˆ '
n̂
nˆ '
nˆ '
n̂
Time-reversal
nˆ ' interchanges the initial
and final states, and
reverses the direction
n̂ of motion of particles in
Reversing the signs of those states.
n̂ & nˆ ' PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 133
e‐
hν =ħω
A A+
SCATTERING
PHOTIOIONIZATION
* FINAL
(A+ )+ e‐ STATE:
SAME

hν '+ A *
“HALF-SCATTERING”
SCATTERING
“Motion-Reversal”
U.Fano & A.R.P.Rau:
Theory of Atomic Collisions & Spectra

hν '+ A Low energy (~1eV)
*
Partial wave analysis
scattering of electrons
∞
by rare gas atoms
σ Total = ∑ σ l (k )
l =0
– Xe, Kr, Ar
4π
σ l (k ) = 2 ( 2l + 1) sin 2 [δ l (k ) ]
k
Consider s-wave
lmax ~ ka scattering
δ l =0 (k ) → nπ Ramsauer-
Electrons just go Townsend
through the target! effect
- no scattering!
Demonstration of Ramsauer Townsend Effect
in Xenon by Kukolich – Am. J. Phys. 1968 Vol.30, No.8
ψ inc
1
⎡ l − ikr
→ ikr
r →∞ 2ikr l ⎣ ⎦
ψ Tot ( r ) →
r →∞ { cl+ = eiδl ( k ) }
1
∑
2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
e i 2δ l ( k )
⎤⎦
Phase shifts play a central role in quantum

collision physics.

ψ inc
1
⎡ l − ikr
→ ikr
r →∞ 2ikr l ⎣ ⎦
ψ Tot ( r ) →
r →∞ { cl+ = eiδl ( k ) }
1
∑
2ikr l
(2l + 1) ⎡
⎣ Pl (cos θ ) e ikr i 2δ l ( k )
e − Pl ( − cos θ ) e − ikr
⎤⎦
Phase shifts are caused by the scattering potential,

so to study them we consider
two different scattering potentials.

yε l ( r ) ⎡ d 2 l (l + 1) ⎤ U (r ) =
2mV (r )
R ε l (r ) = ⎢ dr 2 + k − r 2 − U (r ) ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0
2
2
r ⎣ ⎦
⎡ d2 l (l + 1) ⎤
⎢ dr 2 + k − r 2 − U (r ) ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0 For two potentials
2
⎣ ⎦ 2mV (r )
U (r ) = 2
⎡ d2 l (l + 1) ⎤
⎢ dr 2 + k − r 2 − U (r ) ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0
2 2mV (r )
U (r ) =
⎣ ⎦ 2
Normalization
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) → sin kr −
r →∞ k ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) → ⎢ sin ⎜ kr −
r →∞ k ⎣ ⎝ ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ d2 l (l + 1) ⎤ × yl (k , r ) Eq.A
⎢ dr 2 + k − r 2 − U (r ) ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0
2
⎣ ⎦
⎡ d2 l (l + 1) ⎤
⎢ dr 2 + k − r 2 − U (r ) ⎥ yl (k , r ) = 0
2
× yl (k , r ) Eq.B
⎣ ⎦
Eq.A - Eq.B yl " yl − yl " yl − (U − U ) yl yl = 0

Wronskain of the two solutions yl (k , r ) and yl (k , r )
(definition):
W [ yl (k , r ), yl (k , r )] = yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )
prime → derivative with respect to r
− (U − U ) yl yl = 0
dW
−
= − (U − U ) yl yl
dW
dr
dr
= − (U − U ) yl yl
dW
dr
r =b r =b r =b
∫
dW
dr = − ∫ (U − U ) y y dr = − ∫ y (U − U ) y dr
l l l l
r =a dr r =a r =a
r =b
W [ yl (k , r ), yl (k , r )] a = − ∫ y (U − U ) y dr
b
l l
r =a
r =b
r =b
[ yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )] r =a
=− ∫ y (U − U ) y dr
l l
r =a
r →∞
r →∞
[ yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )] r =0
=− ∫ yl (U − U ) yl dr
r =0
r →∞
r →∞
[ yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )] r =0
=− ∫ yl (U − U ) yl dr
r =0
r →∞
[ yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )] r →∞ = − ∫ yl (U − U ) yl dr
r =0
l +1
yl (k , r → 0) → r → →0
r →0
l +1
yl (k , r → 0) → r → →0
r →0
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) → ⎢ sin ⎜ kr −
r →∞ k ⎣ ⎝ ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) → ⎢ sin ⎜ kr −
r →∞ k ⎣ ⎝ ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
Evaluation in the asymptotic region r →∞
r =0
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) → − + δ l ( ) −
r →∞ k ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥
sin kr tan k cos kr
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl (k , r ) →
r →∞ k ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝
sin kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤
yl '(k , r ) → ⎢cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ − tan δ ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟
1st derivative r →∞ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
l
2 ⎠ ⎝
w.r.t. r ⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤
yl '(k , r ) → ⎢cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( )
k sin ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥
r →∞ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
[ yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r ) − yl (k , r ) yl '(k , r )] r →∞ =
⎧1 ⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎫ ⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎜
sin kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ×
⎟⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎜s in kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥ ×⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎝
k 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪ ⎪ ⎣ ⎝
k 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬
⎡ ⎛
⎪ cos kr − lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛
⎪ ⎪ cos kr − lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎪
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

r =0
⎧1 ⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎫ ⎧ 1 ⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎫
⎪ ⎢ ⎜
sin kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ×
⎟⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎜s in kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥ ×⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎝
k 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪ ⎪ ⎣ ⎝
k 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬−⎨ ⎬
⎡ ⎛
⎪ cos kr − lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛
⎪ ⎪ cos kr − lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤ ⎪
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪ ⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎧⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤ ⎫ ⎧⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤ ⎫
⎪⎢ ⎜sin kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ×
⎟⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎜
sin kr − ⎟ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥ ×⎪
1 ⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪ 1 ⎪⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎪
= ⎨ ⎬ − ⎨ ⎬
k ⎪⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤ ⎪ k ⎪⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞⎤ ⎪
⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝
cos kr − ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎢ ⎜
cos kr − ⎟ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟⎥ ⎪
⎩ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎭ ⎩⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎭

r =0
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ 2⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ ⎜
sin kr − ⎟ cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ − sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ tan δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎢ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎥
1⎢ 2⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎥
= ⎢ + tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟
k⎢ ⎝ 2⎠
⎥
1 ⎡ − tan δ l ( k ) ⎤
⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎥ k ⎢⎣ + tan δ l ( k ) ⎥⎦
⎢ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ 2⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎤
⎢sin ⎜ kr − 2 ⎟ cos ⎜ kr − 2 ⎟ − sin ⎜ kr − 2 ⎟ tan δ l ( k ) ⎥
⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
1⎢ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎥
− ⎢ + tan δ l ( k ) cos 2 ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
k⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎢ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎛ lπ ⎞ ⎥
⎢ − tan δ l ( k ) sin ⎜ kr − ⎟ tan δ l ( k ) cos ⎜ kr − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
r =0
r →∞
⎡⎣ − tan δ l ( k ) + tan δ l ( k ) ⎤⎦ = − ∫ yl (U − U ) yl dr
1
k r =0
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) − tan δ l ( k ) = −k ∫ yl (k , r ) (U (r ) − U (r ) ) yl (k , r )dr
r =0
when U (r ) = 0 (free particle!)
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) = −k {rjl (k , r )} U (r ) {rRlV ≠ 0 (k , r )} dr
V =0
∫
r =0
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) = −k ∫ jl (k , r )U (r ) RlV ≠ 0 (k , r )r 2 dr
Normalization : r =0
RlV ≠ 0l (k , r ) → jl (k , r ) − tan δ l (k )nl (k , r )

r →∞
r →∞
r =0
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) = − ∫ {( kr ) j (k , r )}U (r ) {rR (k , r )} dr
V ≠0
l l
r =0
r →∞ ⎛ π⎞
(V = 0 )
rRkl (r → ∞) → 2 {( kr ) jl (kr )} → ≈ 2sin ⎜ kr − l ⎟
asymptotic
behavior
⎝ 2⎠
E > 0 continuum for V = 0
⎡ lπ ⎤
rRl (k , r ) → sin ⎢ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎥
V ≠0 Examine
r →∞ ⎣ 2 ⎦ their
⎡ lπ ⎤ nodal
rRl (k , r ) → sin ⎢ kr − ⎥
V =0
r →∞ ⎣ 2⎦ behavior
⎡ lπ ⎤ lπ
rRVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) →
sin ⎢ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎥ has nodes at kr − + δ l (k ) = nπ
r →∞
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2
⎡ lπ ⎤ lπ
rRl (k , r ) → sin ⎢ kr − ⎥ has nodes at kr − = nπ
V =0
r →∞ ⎣ 2⎦ 2
n = 0,1, 2,3, 4,.....
⎡ lπ ⎤ 1⎡ lπ ⎤
rRVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) →
sin ⎢ kr − + δ l (k ) ⎥ → nodes @ r = ⎢ nπ + − δ l (k ) ⎥
r →∞ ⎣ 2 ⎦ k⎣ 2 ⎦
⎡ lπ ⎤ 1⎡ lπ ⎤
rRVl =0 (k , r ) → sin ⎢ kr − ⎥ → nodes @ r = ⎢ nπ + ⎥
r →∞ ⎣ 2⎦ k⎣ 2⎦
n = 0,1, 2,3, 4,.....
V ≠0 δ l (k )
nodes of Rl (k , r ) are pulled/pushed by
k
with respect to those of RVl =0 (k , r ) depending on
δ l (k ) 〉 0 or δ l (k ) 〈 0.
rRVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) →
V (r ) = 0
1⎡ lπ ⎤
nodes @ r = nπ + − δ ( k )
k ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
l
V ≠0
2
QUESTIONS ?
Write to:
[email protected]
δ l (k )
nodes of RVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) are pushed/pulled by
k
with respect to those of RVl =0 ( k , r ) depending on
δ l (k ) 〈 0 or δ l (k ) 〉 0 .
Repulsive Attractive
V =0 Potential Potential
V (r ) ≠ 0
Reference: Joachain: Quantum Collision Theory / page 80

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 09
More on:
Phase-shift analysis
- from Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory

150
rRVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) →
V (r ) = 0
1⎡ lπ ⎤
Repulsive nodes @ r = nπ + − δ ( k )
k ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
l
Potential V ≠0
2
δ l (k )
nodes of RVl ≠ 0 (k , r ) are pushed/pulled by
k
with respect to those of RVl =0 ( k , r ) depending on
δ l (k ) 〈 0 or δ l (k ) 〉 0 .
Repulsive Attractive
Attractive
V =0 Potential Potential
Potential
V (r ) ≠ 0
Reference: Joachain: Quantum Collision Theory / page 80

r →∞
r =0 U ( r ) = U (λ , r )
U ( r ) = U (λ , r ) λ : coupling strength parameter
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) − tan δ l ( k ) = −k ∫ yl (k , r ) (U (r ) − U (r ) ) yl (k , r )dr
r =0
tan δ l ( k ) − tan δ l ( k ) r →∞
(U (r ) − U (r ) )
δλ
= −k ∫ y (k , r )
l
δλ
y (k , r )dr l
r =0
r →∞
∂U (λ , r )
d
dλ
( tan δ l ( k ) ) = −k ∫ yl (k , r )
∂λ
yl (k , r )dr
r =0
r →∞
1 dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
cos δ l ( k ) d λ
2
= − k ∫ yl ( k , r )
∂λ
yl (k , r )dr
r =0
r →∞
r =0 U ( r ) = U (λ , r )
U ( r ) = U (λ , r ) λ : coupling strength parameter
r →∞
1 dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
cos δ l ( k ) d λ
2
= − k ∫ yl ( k , r )
∂λ
yl (k , r )dr
r =0
r →∞
dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
= −k {cos δ l ( k )} ∫ yl (k , r )
2
yl (k , r )dr
dλ r =0 ∂λ
r →∞
dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
≈ − k {1} ∫ yl (k , r ) yl (k , r )dr
dλ r =0 ∂λ

r →∞
dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r ) U ( r ) = U (λ , r )
≈ − k ∫ yl (k , r ) yl (k , r )dr
dλ ∂λ
r =0
λ : coupling strength parameter
r →∞
dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
≈ −k ∫ yl (k , r ) ⎡⎣ yl (k , r ) {1 + ...}⎤⎦ dr
dλ r =0 ∂λ
r →∞
dδ l ( k ) ∂U (λ , r )
≈ −k ∫ [ yl (k , r )]
2
dr
dλ r =0 ∂λ
⎡ ∂U (λ , r ) ⎤ ⎡ dδ l (k ) ⎤
if the sign of ⎢ then ⎢ ∂λ ⎥ has
⎣ ∂λ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
does not change in the opposite sign
region 0 ≤ r 〈∞

⎡ ∂U (λ , r ) ⎤ ⎡ dδ l (k ) ⎤
if the sign of ⎢ then ⎢ ∂λ ⎥ has
⎣ ∂λ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
does not change in the opposite sign
region 0 ≤ r 〈∞
δ l (k ) → hitherto defined modulo π

can now be defined as an absolute angle
by setting δ l (k ) = 0 for U = 0, and
let δ l (k ) evolve continuously with
the control parameter λ to get :
r →∞
tan δ l ( k ) = − k ∫ jl (k , r )U (r ) Rl (k , r )r 2 dr
r =0 PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 155
Strict finite range
V (r )
V (r 〉 a) = 0
r
r=a R (k , r )]exterior =
l
r 〈 a r 〉 a =Aˆ (k ) [ j (kr ) − tan δ (k )n (kr )] Prime:

l l l l
derivative
dRl (k , r ) w.r.t. kr
Rl (k , r ) and are continuous at r = a.
dr at r = a
⎡ ⎧ dRl (k , r ) ⎫ ⎤ ⎡ ⎧ dRl (k , r ) ⎫ ⎤ ˆl (k )k ⎡ j ' (kr ) − tan δ l (k )n' (kr ) ⎤ ⎤
⎨
⎢ dr ⎬ ⎥ ⎨
⎢ dr ⎬ ⎥ =
A ⎣ l l ⎦ ⎥
γ l (k ) = ⎢ ⎩ ⎭⎥ = ⎢⎩ ⎭⎥ ⎥
⎢ Rl (k , r ) ⎥ ⎢ Rl (k , r ) ⎥ Aˆl (k ) [ jl (kr ) − tan δ l (k )nl (kr )] ⎥⎦ r =a
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎦
interior ⎣ exterior
Logarithmic derivative of the radial wave function at r = a
Prime:
k ⎣ jl (ka ) − tan δ l (k )nl (ka ) ⎤⎦
⎡ ' ' derivative
w.r.t. kr
γ l (k ) =
[ jl (ka) − tan δ l (k )nl (ka)]
evaluated
at r = a
Logarithmic derivative of the radial wave function at r = a
Prime:
k ⎣ jl (ka ) − tan δ l (k )nl (ka ) ⎤⎦
⎡ ' ' derivative
γ l (k ) = w.r.t. kr
[ jl (ka) − tan δ l (k )nl (ka)]

⎡⎣ kjl' (ka ) − γ l (k ) jl (ka ) ⎤⎦
tanδ l (k ) = V ( r〉a ) = 0
⎡⎣ knl' (ka ) − γ l (k )nl (ka ) ⎤⎦
V (r ) V (r 〉 d ) : negligible
r
r = a r = d 〉a even if not zero
⎡⎣ kj l' (kd ) − γ l (k ) jl (kd ) ⎤⎦ We shall

tanδ l (k ) = consider
⎡⎣ knl' (kd ) − γ l (k )nl (kd ) ⎤⎦ V ( r〉a ) = 0

⎡⎣ kjl (ka ) − γ l (k ) jl (ka) ⎤⎦
' kjl' ( ka ) / jl ( ka )
tanδ l (k ) = ql (k ) =
⎡⎣ knl' (ka) − γ l (k )nl (ka ) ⎤⎦ γ l (k )
↑ definition : dimensionless
⎡ ⎧ kjl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤ kjl' ( ka )
⎢ ⎪⎪
⎢ kj l (ka ) − ⎨
jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ ⎥
⎬ jl (ka ) ⎥
jl ( ka )
↑ γ l (k ) =
'
⎢ ⎪ ql ( k ) ⎪ ⎥
⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎥ ql (k )
tanδ l (k ) = ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎧ kjl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤
⎢ ⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ ⎥
⎢ kn ( ka) − ⎨ ⎡ ⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤
⎬ nl (ka ) ⎥
'
⎢ l
ql (k ) ⎥ ⎢ ⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ jl (ka ) − ⎨ ⎬ jl (ka ) ⎥
'
⎢ ⎩⎪ ⎭⎪ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ql (k ) ⎥
⎪ ⎪
⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎥
tanδ l (k ) = ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤
⎢ ⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ ⎥
⎢ n (ka ) − ⎨
'
⎬ nl (ka ) ⎥
⎢ l
⎪ ql (k ) ⎪ ⎥
⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪
jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ jl' (ka ) − ⎨
jl (ka ) − ⎨
'
⎬ jl (ka ) ⎬ jl (ka )
q ( k ) ⎪ q ( k ) ⎪
⎪ ⎪
l
l
⎩⎪ ⎭⎪ tanδ l (k ) = ⎩⎪ ⎭⎪
tanδ l (k ) = ⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫
⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫ ⎪⎪
⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪
jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪ nl (ka ) − ⎨
'
⎬ nl (ka)
nl (ka ) − ⎨
'
⎬ nl (ka ) ⎪ q l ( k ) ⎪
⎪ q ( k ) ⎪
l
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
⎧ 1 ⎫
jl' (ka ) ⎨1 − ⎬
tan δ l (k ) = ⎩ q l ( k ) ⎭
⎧ jl' ( ka ) ⎫
⎪⎪ jl ( ka ) ⎪⎪
nl (ka ) − ⎨
'
⎬ nl (ka)
⎪ ql (k ) ⎪
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭
jl' (ka ) jl ( ka ){ql (k ) − 1}

tan δ l (k ) =
ql (k )nl' (ka) jl ( ka ) − jl' ( ka ) nl (ka)
jl (ka ) jl ( ka ){ql (k ) − 1}
' low energy
tan δ l (k ) =
ql (k )nl (ka ) jl ( ka ) − j ( ka ) nl (ka )
' ' → ?
l k →0
⎡ 1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎤
⎢ ⎥
2
l z ⎜ z ⎟
jl ( z ) =
z ⎢1 − 2 + ⎝ 2 ⎠ − ....⎥
z = ka ( 2l + 1)!! ⎢ 1!( 2l + 3) 2!( 2l + 3)( 2l + 5) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
( 2l + 1)!! = 1× 3 ×⎣5 × 7 × ..... × (2l + 1) ⎦
nl ( z ) = ( 2l − 1)!! = 1× 3 × 5 × 7 × ..... × (2l − 1)
⎡ 1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎤
⎢ ⎥
2
( − ) z ⎜ z ⎟
=−
2l 1 !! ⎢1 − 2 + ⎝ 2 ⎠ − ....⎥
l +1
⎢ 1!(1 − 2l ) 2!(1 − 2l )( 3 − 2l ) ⎥
z
⎢ ⎥ 〉0
⎣ ⎦
jl ( z ) →
zl
nl ( z ) → −
( 2l − 1) !!
z →0 ( 2l + 1) !! z →0 z l +1
Dl = D + D − = ( 2l + 1) !! ( 2l − 1)!! Dl =0 = 1
1 1 1 1
= = ×
Dl ( 2l + 1) !!( 2l − 1) !! 1× 3 × 5 × .. × ( 2l + 1) 1× 3 × 5 × .. × ( 2l − 1)
1 2 × 4 × 6 × .. × ( 2l ) 2 × 4 × 6 × .. × ( 2l − 2 )
= ×
Dl 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × .. × ( 2l + 1) 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × .. × ( 2l − 1)
1
=
2 l
× 1 × 2 × 3 × .. × ( l ) ×
2 l −1
×1× 2 × 3 × .. × ( l − 1)
Dl 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × .. × ( 2l + 1) 1× 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × .. × ( 2l − 1)
1 22l −1 × l ! ( l − 1) ! ( 2l + 1) !( 2l − 1) !
= × Dl = 2l −1
Dl ( 2l + 1) ! ( 2l − 1) ! 2 l !( l − 1) !
jl (ka ) jl ( ka ){ql (k ) − 1}
' low energy
tan δ l (k ) =
' ' → ?
l k →0
z = ka 〉0 zl D−
jl ( z ) → nl ( z ) → − l +1
z →0 D+ z →0 z
D+ = ( 2l + 1) !! D− = ( 2l − 1) !!
jl' ( z ) →
lz l −1
; nl ( z ) →
'
−
( 2l − 1) !!{−(l + 1)}
z →0 ( 2l + 1) !! z →0 zl +2
jl ( z ) →
' lz l −1
; nl ( z ) →
'
=
( 2l − 1) !!(l + 1)
z →0 ( 2l + 1) !! z →0 zl +2
jl' (ka ) jl ( ka ){ql (k ) − 1}
low energy
tan δ l (k ) =
' ' → ?
l k →0
z = ka 〉0 zl D−
jl ( z ) →
z →0 D+
and nl ( z ) → − l +1
z →0 z
lz l −1 D− (l + 1)
jl ( z ) →
'
; nl ( z ) → =
'
z →0 D+ z →0 zl +2 ⎛ lz l −1 ⎞ ⎛ z l ⎞
low
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ {ql (k ) − 1}
⎝ D+ ⎠ ⎝ D+ ⎠
energy
tan δ l (k ) →
⎛ D− (l + 1) ⎞ ⎛ z ⎞ ⎛ lz ⎞ ⎛ D− ⎞
k →0 l l −1
ql (k ) ⎜ l +2 ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − l +1 ⎟
⎝ z ⎠⎝ + ⎠ ⎝ + ⎠⎝ z ⎠
D D
{ql (k ) − 1}
low
−
energy
lz × z
l 1 l
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ql (k ) ( l + 1) z −2 + lz −2
low
energy
ql (k ) − 1 z 2l +1
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D−
ql (k )
( l + 1)
+1
l 163
low
ql (k ) − 1
energy
z 2l +1 kjl' (ka )
tan δ l (k ) → γ lV =0 (k ) =
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) jl (ka )
〉0 ql (k )
l
+1
kjl' ( ka ) / jl ( ka ) γ lV =0 (k ) low
energy
ql (k ) = = γ lV =0 (k ) →→→ ?
definition γ l (k ) γ l (k ) k →0
⎡ ρ l ⎤ ρ =ka ⎡ ( ka )l ⎤ ⎡ l ρ l −1 ⎤ ρ =ka ⎡ l ( ka )l −1 ⎤
jl ( ρ ) → ⎢ ⎥ → ⎢ ⎥ jl ( ρ ) → ⎢
'
⎥ → ⎢ ⎥
ρ →0 ⎣ D+ ⎦ ⎢⎣ D+ ⎥⎦ ρ →0 ⎣ D+ ⎦ ⎢⎣ D+ ⎥⎦
kl ( ka )
l −1
kl l l
γ V =0
(k ) → = = ql (k → 0) =
l
k →0 (ka )l ka a aγ l (k )
⎛ l ⎞
low⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝ aγ l (k ) ⎠
energy
z 2l +1
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ⎛ l ⎞ ⎛ l +1⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ aγ l (k ) ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠ PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 164
⎛ l ⎞
low ⎜ ⎟ −1 z = ka
γ 2 l +1
tan δ l (k ) → ⎝ l ⎠
energy a ( k ) z
k →0 D+ D− ⎛ l ⎞ ⎛ l +1 ⎞ 〉0
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ aγ l (k ) ⎠ ⎝ l ⎠
low
energy
l − aγ l (k ) z 2l +1
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγ l (k )
γˆl (k ) = lim γ l (k )
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl (k ) k →0
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl (k )
if aγˆl = − ( l + 1)
low
energy
( ka )
2 l +1
tanδ l (k ) →
k →0 ' zero energy resonance '

low
energy ( ka )2l +1
tanδ l (k ) →
[l − aγˆl ] ⎛ low
energy ⎞
where γˆl ⎜⎜ → ⎟⎟ γ l ( k )
k →0 Dl ( l + 1) + aγˆl ⎜ k →0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Dl = D + D − = ( 2l + 1) !!( 2l − 1) !! for l 〉 0
=1 for l = 0
RECALL:
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎦⎤ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
low
energy
For small δ l (k ), δ l (k ) ≈ tanδ l (k ) → k 2l +1
k →0

Sl ( k ) = e 2 iδ l ( k )
→ S matrix element
Sl (k ) = cos ( 2δ l ) + i sin ( 2δ l )
≈ 1 + ( 2iδ l ) for small δ l
low
Sl (k ) ≈ 1 + ( 2icl k 2l +1 ) since δ l → k 2l +1
energy
k →0
Partial wave
a (k ) =
[ Sl (k ) − 1]
=
( l )
2ic k 2 l +1
= cl k 2l
amplitude l
2ik 2ik
Contribution to Falls rapidly for
al (k ) → k
2 4l
partial wave cross- small k, except for
section l=0
‘scattering length’ Æ especially useful to
describe low energy ‘s-wave only’ scattering
Scattering length l=0 Low energy ‘s wave’ scattering
tanδ 0 ( k )
definition α = − lim
k →0
Dimension: L
k
Partial wave [ Sl (k ) − 1] ⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ cos 2δ + i sin 2δ − 1
al (k ) = = = l l
amplitude 2ik 2ik 2ik

cos 2δ 0 ( k ) + i sin 2δ 0 ( k ) − 1
lim a0 (k ) = lim
k →0 k →0 2ik
= lim
( cos 2 δ 0 ( k ) − sin 2 δ 0 ( k ) ) + ( 2i sin δ 0 ( k ) cos δ 0 ( k ) ) − 1
k →0 2ik
= lim
(1 − 2sin 2 δ 0 ( k ) ) + ( 2i sin δ 0 ( k ) cos δ 0 ( k ) ) − 1
k →0 2ik
lim a0 (k ) = lim
( − sin δ ( k ) ) + ( i sin δ ( k ) cos δ ( k ) )
2
0 0 0
δ 0 : small
k →0 k →0 ik
i sin δ 0 ( k ) i tan δ 0 ( k ) tan δ 0 ( k )
lim a0 (k ) ≈ lim lim lim = −α
k →0 k →0 ik k →0 ik k →0 k
tan δ 0 ( k )
lim a0 (k ) lim = −α
k →0 k →0 k
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
Low energy ‘s-wave only’ scattering Pl =0 (cos θ ) = 1
f k (θ ) = a0 (k ) ≈ − α f k →0 (θ ) = α 2
2
⇒
k →0
∫∫ f k (θ ) d Ω = 4πα 2
2
σ total =

⎡⎣ kjl' (ka) − γ l (k ) jl (ka) ⎤⎦
tanδ l (k ) = for all l.
⎡⎣ knl (ka ) − γ l (k )nl (ka ) ⎤⎦
'
⎡⎣ kjl'=0 (ka ) − γ l =0 (k ) jl =0 (ka ) ⎤⎦

tanδ l =0 (k ) = for
forl =0 = 0
⎣⎡ knl =0 (ka ) − γ l =0 (k ) nl =0 (ka) ⎦⎤
'
sin z cos z
j0 ( z ) = ; n0 ( z ) = −
z z
cos z sin z ' sin z cos z
j0 ( z ) =
'
− 2
; n0 ( z ) = +
z z z z2
z = ka

⎡⎣ kjl'=0 (ka) − γ l =0 (k ) jl =0 (ka ) ⎤⎦
tanδ l =0 (k ) =
⎡⎣ knl'=0 (ka ) − γ l =0 (k )nl =0 (ka ) ⎤⎦
sin z cos z
j0 ( z ) = ; n0 ( z ) = −
kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka )
z
cos z sin z '
z
sin z cos z
γ 0 (k ) =
j 0' ( z ) = − ; n ( z ) = + q0 (k )
z z2 0
z z2
⎡ ' ⎧ kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤
⎢ kjl =0 (ka ) − ⎨ ⎬ j0 (ka ) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎩ q0 (k ) ⎭ ⎥⎦
tanδ l =0 (k ) =
⎡ ' ⎧ kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka ) ⎫ ⎤
⎢ knl =0 (ka ) − ⎨ ⎬ n0 (ka ) ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎩ q0 (k ) ⎭ ⎥⎦
⎡⎣ kjl'=0 (ka )q0 (k ) − kj0' ( ka ) ⎤⎦
tanδ l =0 (k ) =
⎡ ' ⎧⎪ n0 (ka ) ⎫⎪⎤
⎢ knl =0 (ka )q0 (k ) − kj0 ( ka ) ⎨ ⎬⎥
'
⎣⎢ ⎩⎪ 0 ( ) ⎭⎪⎦⎥
j ka
⎡⎣ kjl'=0 (ka )q0 (k ) − kj0' ( ka ) ⎤⎦
tanδ l =0 (k ) =
⎡ ' ⎧⎪ n0 (ka ) ⎫⎪⎤
⎢ knl =0 (ka )q0 (k ) − kj0 ( ka ) ⎨ ⎬⎥
'
⎢⎣ ⎪⎩ j0 ( ka ) ⎪⎭⎥⎦
tanδ l =0 (k ) =
kjl'=0 (ka ) [ q0 (k ) − 1]
k ⎡ ' ⎧⎪ n0 (ka) ⎫⎪⎤
⎢ nl =0 (ka )q0 (k ) − j0 ( ka ) ⎨ ⎬⎥
'
⎢⎣ ⎩⎪ j0 ( ka ) ⎭⎪⎥⎦
sin z cos z
j0 ( z ) = ; n0 ( z ) = −
z z
cos z sin z ' sin z cos z
j 0' ( z ) = − ; n ( z ) = +
z z2 0
z z2
tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ⎜
⎛ cos ka
−
sin ka ⎞
⎟
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
k →0 ⎜ ⎟ ⎡⎛
( ) cos ka ⎞ ⎛ cos ka sin ka ⎞ ⎤
2
⎝ ka ka ⎠ ⎢ sin ka
2 ⎟{
⎜ + q (k ) − ⎜
2 ⎟ 0
− − cot ( ka )}⎥
⎜
⎢⎣⎝ ka ( ka ) ⎠⎟ ⎜ ( ka ) ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ka

tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ⎜
⎛ cos ka
−
sin ka ⎞
⎟
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
k →0 ⎜ ⎟ ⎡⎛
( ) cos ka ⎞ ⎛ cos ka sin ka ⎞ ⎤
2
⎝ ka ka ⎠ ⎢ sin ka
2 ⎟{
⎜ + q (k ) − ⎜
2 ⎟ 0
− − cot ( ka )}⎥
⎜
⎢⎣⎝ ka ( ka ) ⎠⎟ ⎜ ( ka ) ⎠⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ ka
( ka )
2
×
( ka )
2
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka cos ka − sin ka )

[ q0 (k ) − 1]
k →0 ⎡⎣( ka sin ka + cos ka ) q0 ( k ) − ( ka cos ka − sin ka ) {− cot ( ka )}⎤⎦
θ2 θ4 θ3 θ5
cos θ = 1 − + − ..... θ cos θ = θ − + − .....
2! 4! 2! 4!
θ3 θ5 θ4 θ6
sin θ = θ − + − ..... θ sin θ = θ − 2
+ − .....
3! 5! 3! 5!
θ3 ⎛1 1⎞ θ3 θ3
θ cos θ − sin θ = θ − + .. − θ + .. ≈ θ ⎜ − ⎟ 3
−
2! 3! ⎝6 2⎠ 3
θ2 θ2
θ sin θ + cos θ = θ − .. + 1 −
2
.. 1 +
2! 2

tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka cos ka − sin ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
k →0 ⎡⎣( ka sin ka + cos ka ) q0 ( k ) − ( ka cos ka − sin ka ) {− cot ( ka )}⎤⎦
θ3 ⎛1 1⎞ θ3 θ3
θ cos θ − sin θ = θ − + .. − θ + .. ≈ θ ⎜ − ⎟ 3
−
2! 3! ⎝6 2⎠ 3
θ2 θ2
θ sin θ + cos θ = θ − .. + 1 −
2
.. 1 +
2! 2
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ⎨−
⎧⎪ ( ka )3 ⎫⎪ [ q0 (k ) − 1]
⎬
⎭⎪ ⎡ ⎧⎪ ( ka ) ⎫⎪ ( ka ) ⎤
k →0 3 2 3
⎩⎪
⎢ ⎨1 + ⎬ q0 (k ) − {cot ( ka )}⎥
⎢⎣ ⎪⎩ 2 ⎪⎭ 3 ⎥⎦
θ3 ( ) ⎪ 1 − 1 ka − ( ) ..⎫⎪
⎧
3 3
1 1 ka ka
cot θ ≈ − θ − .. 1
( )
2
θ 3 45 ⎨ ⎬ ka
3 ⎪⎩ ka 3 45 ⎪⎭ 3
⎧⎪ ( ka )3 ⎫⎪ [ q0 (k ) − 1]
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ⎨− ⎬
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
⎭⎪ ⎡ q (k ) − ( ka ) ⎤
k →0 2
⎩⎪ 3
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
k →0 ⎡ −3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 + 1⎤
QUESTIONS ? ⎣ ⎦
Write to: [email protected] PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 174
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 10
aγˆl = − ( l + 1)
→ resonant condition
th
in the partial wave
zero energy resonance
175
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl (k )
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl (k )
low
energy
( ka )
2 l +1
tanδ l (k ) →
k →0
Sl (k ) = cos ( 2δ l ) + i sin ( 2δ l ) ≈ 1 + ( 2iδ l ) for small δ l
low
Sl (k ) ≈ 1 + ( 2icl k 2l +1 ) since δ l → k 2l +1
energy
k →0
Phase shift tends to

zero (modulo π)
al (k ) =
[ Sl (k ) − 1] =
( 2ic k )
l
2 l +1
=ck 2l
l
2ik 2ik
al (k ) → k 4l
2
Falls rapidly for small k, except for =0 l
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl (k )
tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl (k )
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
k →0 ⎡ −3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 + 1⎤
⎣ ⎦
if aγˆl = − ( l + 1)
' zero energy resonance '

tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1] kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka )
with q0 (k ) =
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )
⎣ ⎦
θ2 θ4
cos θ = 1 − + − .....
sin z cos z sin z 2! 4!
j0 ( z ) = ; j 0' ( z ) = − 2
z z z θ3 θ5
sin θ = θ − + − .....
3! 5!
sin θ θ 2
θ 4 cos θ 1 θ θ3
= 1− + − ..... = − + − .....
θ 3! 5! θ θ 2! 4!
sin θ 1 θ θ3
= − + − .....
2 4 2 θ2 θ 3! 5!
+ − ..... ≈ 1 − + Ο ( z 4 )
z z z
j0 ( z ) = 1 −
3! 5! 6
⎛ 1 z z3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 z z3 ⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
j 0 ( z ) = ⎜ − + − ... ⎟ .... ⎜ − + − − ... ⎟
'
≈ z ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ z 3 ...
⎝ z 2! 4! ⎠ ⎝ z 3! 5! ⎠ ⎝ 6 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4! 5! ⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3
i.e. j0 ( z) ⎜ − ⎟ z + ⎜ −
'
⎟z
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 24 120 ⎠
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1] kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka )
with q0 (k ) =
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )
⎣ ⎦
z2
j0 ( z ) 1 − + Ο ( z 4 )
6
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3 ⎡ ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 3⎫⎤
⎢ ⎨⎜ − 3 ⎟ ( ka ) + ⎜ 24 − 120 ⎟ ( ka ) ⎬ ⎥
j 0' ( z ) ⎜ − ⎟ z + ⎜ − ⎟z
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 24 120 ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
z = ka k ⎢⎩ ⎭⎥
⎢ ( ka ) ⎥
( )
2
1− + Ο ( ka )
4
⎢ ⎥
q0 (k → 0) → ⎣ ⎦
6
γ 0 (k )
ka
×
ka ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞
k ⎨⎜ − ⎟ ( ka ) + ⎜
2 ⎛ 4 ⎞
( )
4⎫
⎬
⎟ ka
⎩⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 120 ⎠ ⎭
q0 (k → 0) →
⎧⎪ ( ka )2 ⎫
γ 0 (k )ka ⎨1 −
⎪⎩ 6
(
+ Ο ( ka ) ⎬ )
4 ⎪
⎪⎭
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1] kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka )
with q0 (k ) =
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
⎟( ) ⎜ ⎟( )
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ −
2
+
4
− ( ) + ( ) ⎜
2 4
⎜ ⎟ ka ⎜ ⎟ ka ka ka
⎝
→⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3⎠ ⎝ 120 ⎠ 3 120
q0 (k → 0) →
⎧⎪ ( ka )2 ⎫⎪ γ 0 (k )a
γ 0 (k )a ⎨1 −
6
+ Ο ( ka ) (4
)⎬⎪
⎩⎪ ⎭
⎛ 1⎞
− ( ) + Ο ( )
2 4
⎜ ⎟ ka ka
q0 (k → 0) → ⎝ 3⎠
γ 0 (k )a
⎛ 1⎞
− ⎟( )
2
⎜ ka
q0 (k → 0) → ⎝ ⎠
3
γ 0 (k )a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
......... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ 2⎫
⎪ ⎜ − ⎟ ( ka ) ⎪
q0 (k → 0) → ⎨ ⎝
3⎠ ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ 2⎫ ⎩ γ 0 (k )a ⎭
⎪⎜ − ⎟ ( ka ) ⎪
⎨⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎬ −1
[ q0 (k ) − 1] →
⎪ γ (k )a ⎪
⎩ 0 ⎭
⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞
− ⎟ ( ) − γ 0 (k )a
2
⎜ ka
→ ⎝
3⎠
⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )a
⎣ ⎦
[ q0 (k ) − 1] →
−γ 0 (k )a
⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ ignoring ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )a
⎣ ⎦ weaker ⎣ ⎦
terms
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
......... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
[ q0 (k ) − 1] →
−γ 0 (k )a
terms
−γ 0 (k )a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka ) ⎤ γ 0 (k )a
−2
⎣ ⎦

−γ 0 (k )a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka ) ⎤ γ 0 (k )a
−2
⎣ ⎦
−1
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )
k →0 −2
⎛ 1⎞
− ( )
2
kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka ) ⎜ ⎟ ka
q0 (k → 0) → ⎝ ⎠
3
q0 (k ) = ;
γ 0 (k ) γˆ0 a
where: γˆl = lim γ l (k ) for l ≥ 0
−1
tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2⎤
⎢⎜ 3 ⎟( ) ⎥
− ka
1− 3 ⎢⎝ ⎠ ⎥ ( ka )
−2
⎢⎣ γˆ0 a ⎥⎦
−1
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 2⎤
⎢ ⎜ − 3 ⎟ ( ka ) ⎥
1− 3 ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥ ( ka )
−2
⎢⎣ γˆ0 a ⎥⎦
−1
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡ 1 ⎤
1+ ⎢ ⎥
γˆ
⎣ 0 ⎦a
−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 [1 + γˆ0 a ]
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl
tan δ l ( k ) → .. for l 〉 0
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl
−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 [1 + γˆ0 a ]
Both cases:
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl
tan δ l (k ) → .. for l ≥ 0
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl
what if: aγˆl = − ( l + 1) → resonant condition
in the th partial wave
We shall first consider such resonant conditions for l ≥ 1.
The case l = 0 will be considered later.
Consider the ‘next’ term in the low
first, energy approximation and compare its
importance with that of the
≥1 consequence of the resonant condition:
⎡ 1 2 ⎛1 2⎞
2
⎤
⎢ z ⎜ z ⎟ ⎥
zl ⎢1 − ⎝ 2 ⎠
jl ( z ) = 2 + − ....⎥
( 2l + 1)!! ⎢ 1!( 2l + 3) 2!( 2l + 3)( 2l + 5 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
aγˆl = − ( l + 1) → resonant condition in the th

partial wave
zl
jl ( z ) → + Ο ( zl +2 ) Corrections : Ο ( z l + 2 )
z →0 ( 2l + 1) !!

first, ≥ 1 Corrections : Ο ( z l + 2 )
kj l' (ka) z = ka
γ V =0
l (k ) =
jl (ka )
l
kl ( ka )
l −1
kl l ql (k → 0) = a
γ V =0
l (k ) → = = γ l (k )
k →0 (ka )l ka a
l
ql (k → 0) =
γ lV =0 (k ) aγ l (k )
ql (k ) =
definition γ ( k )
l
Next order modifications:

l + Ο ( k 2a2 ) l + Ο ( k 2a2 )
γ lV =0 (k ) → ; ql (k → 0) =
k →0 a aγ l (k )

first, ≥ 1 low
ql (k ) − 1
energy
( ka )
2 l +1
recall: tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D−
q (k )
( l + 1) + 1
l
l
l + Ο ( k 2a2 )
Use next order term: ql (k → 0) =
aγ l (k )
aγˆl (k → 0) = − ( l + 1) → resonant condition in the th

partial wave
l + Ο ( k 2a2 )
⇒ ql (k → 0) =
⎡⎣ − ( l + 1) ⎤⎦
⇒ ⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬ −1
⎪⎩ ⎣ (
⎡ − + )⎦ ⎪⎭
⎤ ( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy l 1
tan δ l (k ) → ×
k →0 D+ D− ⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪ ( l + 1)
⎨ ⎬ +1
⎩⎪ ⎣ ( )⎦ ⎭⎪
⎡ − l + 1 ⎤ l
⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪
≥1 low
⇒ tan δ l (k ) → ⎩
energy
⎨
⎪ ⎣ ⎡ − ( l + 1 ) ⎤
⎬ −1
⎦ ⎭⎪ ( ka )
2 l +1
k →0 D+ D− ⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪ ( l + 1)
⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪ ⎨ ⎬ +1
⎪ ⎡⎣ − ( l + 1) ⎤⎦ ⎪ l
⎨ ⎬ − 1 ⎩ ⎭
⎪ ⎣⎡ − ( l + 1) ⎦⎤ ⎭⎪ ( ka )
low 2 l +1
⎩
energy
⇒ tan δ l (k ) →
k →0 D+ D− Ο ( k 2a2 )
−1 + +1
l
⎧⎪ l + Ο ( k 2 a 2 ) ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ l2 ⎫⎪
l⎨ ⎬ −1 ⎨ ⎬ −1
( ) ⎪⎣ ( )⎦ ⎪⎭ 2l −1
( ka )
low
2l −1 ⎡ − + ⎤
( ka )
⎡ − + ⎤
low
⎪ ⎣ l 1 ⎦ ⎭⎪ l 1
⇒ tan δ l (k ) → ⎩
energy
⇒ tan δ l (k ) → ⎩
energy
k →0 D+ D− k →0 D+ D−
≥1 low
2l −1
( ka )
energy
⇒ tan δ l (k ) →
k →0

≥1 low Sl (k ) = e 2iδl = cos ( 2δ l ) + i sin ( 2δ l )
2l −1
( ka )
energy
tan δ l (k ) → ≈ 1 + ( 2iδ l ) for small δ l
k →0
low
Sl (k ) ≈ 1 + ( 2idl k ) since δ
energy
2 l −1 2 l −1
l → k
k →0
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎦⎤ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
≥1 ⎡1 + ( 2idl k 2l −1 ) − 1⎤
al (k ) = ⎣ ⎦ = d k 2l − 2
l
2ik
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
≥1 ⎡1 + ( 2idl k 2l −1 ) − 1⎤
al (k ) = ⎣ ⎦ = d k 2l − 2
l
2ik
for = 1: k 2l − 2 = k 0 = 1
for = 1, al =1 (k ) = dl =1 ÅWhat is the contribution of

Åthis term to the scattering amplitude?
⎡⎣( 2l + 1) al =1 (k ) Pl =1 (cos θ ) ⎤⎦ l =1 = 3dl =1 cos θ = β cos θ

∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
We have, for l=1:

⎡⎣( 2l + 1) al =1 (k ) Pl =1 (cos θ ) ⎤⎦ l =1 = β cos θ
We have, for l=0: ⎡⎣( 2l + 1) al =0 (k ) Pl =0 (cos θ ) ⎤⎦ l = 0 = −α
scattering amplitude → f k (θ ) = −α + β cos θ

when aγˆl =1 (k ) = ⎡⎣ − ( l + 1) ⎤⎦ l =1 = − 2
resonant condition in the partial wave for = 1.
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
⎡1 + ( 2idl k 2l −1 ) − 1⎤
al (k ) = ⎣
2ik
⎦ = d k 2l − 2
l ≥1
Thus the utility of
if = 2, al = 2 (k ) = dl = 2 k 2
→ 0 s-waves
k →0
‘scattering
if ≥ 2, al = 2 (k ) → 0 length’
k →0 formalism.
scattering amplitude → f k (θ ) = −α + β cos θ
when aγˆl =1 (k ) = ⎣⎡ − ( l + 1) ⎦⎤ l =1 = − 2
resonant condition in the partial wave for = 1.
( ka )
low 2 l +1
energy
l − aγˆl
tan δ l (k ) → .. for l ≥ 0
k →0 D+ D− ( l + 1) + aγˆl
if/when: aγˆl = − ( l + 1)
→ resonant condition in the th
partial wave
Above,
we first considered resonant conditions for l ≥ 1.
NOW, we consider the case for l = 0.
For l = 0, aγˆl = − ( l + 1) = −1

tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
......... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞
− ( ) + Ο ( )
2 4
⎜ ⎟ ka ka
q0 (k → 0) → ⎝ 3⎠
γ 0 (k )a
⎛ 1⎞
− ⎟( ) + Ο ( )
2 4
⎜ ka ka
⎝ 3⎠ − 1 ⎛⎜ − ⎞⎟ ( ka )2 + Ο ( ka )4 − γ 0 (k )a
1
[ q0 (k ) − 1] → γ 0 (k )a
=⎝
3⎠
⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k )a
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
[ q0 (k ) − 1] →
−γ 0 (k )a
terms

tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
[ q0 (k ) − 1]
......... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦
[ q0 (k ) − 1] →
−γ 0 (k )a
⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ leading ⎡1 − 3q0 (k ) ( ka )−2 ⎤ γ 0 (k ) a
⎣ ⎦ terms ⎣ ⎦
−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 ( k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡γˆ0 a − 3 ( γˆ0 a ) q0 (k ) ( ka ) ⎤
−2
⎣ ⎦
γˆ0 = lim γ 0 (k )
k →0

−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) .... for l = 0
k →0 ⎡γˆ0 a − 3 ( γˆ0 a ) q0 (k ) ( ka ) ⎤
−2
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 1⎞
− ( ) + Ο ( )
2 4
kj0' ( ka ) / j0 ( ka ) ⎜ ⎟ ka ka
q0 (k → 0) → ⎝ ⎠
3
q0 (k ) = ;
γ 0 (k ) γˆ0 a
when aγˆ0 ≠ −1 (non-resonant), For l = 0, when aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1

resonant part
we had ignored ( ka ) we consider next order term in ( ka )
4 4
−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka )
k →0 ⎡ ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ 4⎫ ⎤
⎪⎪ ⎜ 3 ⎟ ( )
− + Ο ( ) ⎪ −2 ⎥
2
⎢ ka ka
⎪
⎢γˆ0 a − 3 ( γˆ0 a ) ⎨ ⎝ ⎠
⎬ ( ka ) ⎥
⎢ ⎪ γˆ0 a ⎪ ⎥
⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
For l = 0, when aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1
resonant part
we consider next order term in ( ka )
4
−γˆ0 a
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) ×
k →0 ⎡ ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ 4⎫ ⎤
⎪⎪ ⎜ − 3 ⎟ ( ka ) + Ο ( ka ) ⎪⎪
2
⎢ ⎥
⎢γˆ0 a − 3 ( γˆ0 a ) ⎨ ⎝ ⎠
⎬ ( ka ) ⎥
−2
⎢ ⎪ γˆ0 a ⎪ ⎥
⎢ ⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
1
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) ×
k →0 ⎡ ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ 2 ⎫⎤
⎢ −
⎪⎪ ⎜ 3 ⎟ + Ο ( ) ⎪⎥
ka
aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1 ⎢( −1) − 3 ( −1) ⎨ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪⎥
⎬
⎢ ⎪ ( )
− 1 ⎪⎥
⎢ ⎩⎪ ⎭⎪⎥⎦
⎣
1 1
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ( ka ) × →
−3 ( ka )
⎡ ⎛ 1⎞
{ 2 ⎤
}
k →0
⎢( ) ⎜ 3 ⎟
−1 − 3 − − 3 × Ο ( ) ⎥
ka
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
For l = 0, aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1
resonant part
considering the next order term in ( ka )
4
1
tanδ l =0 (k ) →
k → 0 −3 ( ka )
tan δ 0 ( k )
k →0 k →0 k
definition : scattering length
1
lim α → 2 as k → 0,
k →0 k
1
scattering length diverges as 2
tanδ l =0 (k ) → blows up k
k →0
π
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ±∞ when δ l =0 (k ) → ±
2
π
Just below θ = ,
2
both sin θ and cos θ
sin θ are positive.
π
Just above θ = ,
2
π sin θ > 0 and cos θ < 0.
0.0 3
π π
2
2
tan θ reverses + ∞ to − ∞
cos θ π 3π 5π
sign at θ = , , ,...
2 2 2
θ in radians PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 200

tan θ tan θ reverses + ∞ to − ∞
π 3π 5π
sign at θ = , , ,...
2 2 2
low
1 3 2 5 17 7 energy
tan θ = θ + θ + θ + θ + ... tanδ l (k ) k→
→0
k 2l +1
3 15 315 non − resonant
π δ l (k ) → 0 modulo π
−π π θ
3π π π 3π
− −
2 2 2 2
1 For l = 0, aγˆl =0 = −1
tanδ l =0 (k ) →
k → 0 −3 ( ka ) resonant part
Zero energy resonance
π
tanδ l =0 (k → 0) → −∞, and δ l =0 (k ) → ( modulo π )
2
π
as k → 0, δ l =0 (k ) → ( modulo π )
2
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
S0 (k ) − 1 ⎡ cos 2δ 0 + i sin 2δ 0 − 1 ⎤
a0 (k → 0) = →⎢ ⎥⎦ π
2ik ⎣ 2ik δ0 =
2
⎡ cos π + i sin π − 1 ⎤ −1 − 1 −2 −1 i
a0 (k → 0) → ⎢ ⎥ = = = =
⎣ 2ik ⎦ 2δ0 =π 2ik 2ik ik k

⎡ cos π + i sin π − 1 ⎤ i
a0 (k → 0) → ⎢ ⎥⎦ =
⎣ 2ik δ π
= k
0 2
For l = 0
resonant part
aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1 Zero energy resonance
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik ⇒
4π i
2
σ total ( k → 0 ) = f k (θ ) d Ω =
i ⎡⎣ f k →0 (θ ) ⎤⎦ l =0 =
∫∫ ∫∫
2
dΩ = 2
k k k
1 ⎛ ⎞ “Zero energy
x − sec blows up as 2 ⎜ i.e. as ⎟ as k → 0
1
k ⎝ E⎠ resonance”
π 3π 5π QUESTIONS ?
δ l =0 ( k → 0 ) = , , ,.....
2 2 2 Write to: [email protected]

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 11
Levinson’s Number of
theorem bound states Scattering
of an attractive phase shifts
1949 potential
204
For l = 0, aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1
resonant part
considering the next order term in ( ka )
4
1
tanδ l =0 (k ) →
k → 0 −3 ( ka )
tan δ 0 ( k )
k →0 k →0 k
definition : scattering length
1
lim α → 2 as k → 0,
k →0 k
1
scattering length diverges as 2
tanδ l =0 (k ) → blows up k
k →0
π
tanδ l =0 (k ) → ±∞ when δ l =0 (k ) → ±
2
tan θ tan θ reverses + ∞ to − ∞
π 3π 5π
sign at θ = , , ,...
2 2 2
low
1 3 2 5 17 7 energy
tan θ = θ + θ + θ + θ + ... tanδ l (k ) k→
→0
k 2l +1
3 15 315 non − resonant
π δ l (k ) → 0 modulo π
−π π θ
3π π π 3π
− −
2 2 2 2
1 For l = 0 resonant part
tanδ l =0 (k ) →
k → 0 −3 ( ka ) aγˆ Zero energy
l = 0 = − ( l + 1) = −1
resonance
π
tanδ l =0 (k → 0) → −∞, and δ l =0 (k ) → ( modulo π )
2
For l = 0 when aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1 resonant part
Zero energy resonance
π
as k → 0, δ l =0 (k ) → ( modulo π )
2
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik
S0 (k ) − 1 ⎡ cos 2δ 0 + i sin 2δ 0 − 1 ⎤
a0 (k → 0) = →⎢ ⎥⎦ π
2ik ⎣ 2ik δ0 =
2
⎡ cos π + i sin π − 1 ⎤ −1 − 1 −2 −1 i
a0 (k → 0) → ⎢ ⎥ = = = =
⎣ 2ik ⎦ 2δ0 =π 2ik 2ik ik k

⎡ cos π + i sin π − 1 ⎤ i
a0 (k → 0) → ⎢ ⎥⎦ =
⎣ 2ik δ π
= k
0 2
For l = 0
resonant part
aγˆl =0 = − ( l + 1) = −1 Zero energy resonance
∞
l =0
⎡⎣e 2iδl ( k ) − 1⎤⎦ [ Sl (k ) − 1]

2ik 2ik ⇒
4π i
2
σ total ( k → 0 ) = f k (θ ) d Ω =
i ⎡⎣ f k →0 (θ ) ⎤⎦ l =0 =
∫∫ ∫∫
2
dΩ = 2
k k k
1 ⎛ ⎞ “Zero energy
x − sec blows up as 2 ⎜ i.e. as ⎟ as k → 0
1
k ⎝ E⎠ resonance”
π 3π 5π
δ l =0 ( k → 0 ) = , , ,.....
2 2 2
LEVINSON’s THEOREM Kgl. Danske Videnskab.
reference Salskab. Mat. Fys.
zero of δ l ( k ) : δ l ( k → ∞ ) = 0 Medd.25 9 (1949)
....... for l = 0 :
δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = n0 π “half-bound” state
⎛ 1⎞
or δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = ⎜ n0 + ⎟ π if there is a (resonant)
⎝ 2⎠
“zero energy resonance” bound state solution
blows 1 π at zero energy.
σ total ( k → 0 ) → when λ0 a = U 0 a =
up 2
k 2
π
δ 0 (k → 0) →
2 δ l ( k → 0 ) = nl π ....... for l ≥ 1

Square well attractive potential
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a
U (r ) r=a
r = 0 for r > a
yε l ( r ) = rR ε l (r )
−β 2
⎡ 2
d2 ⎧ 2
l (l + 1) ⎫ ⎤
⎢− 2
+ ⎨V (r ) + 2 ⎬ − E ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
⎛ 2m ⎞ ⎣ 2m dr ⎩ 2m r ⎭ ⎦
⎜ − 2 ⎟×
⎝ ⎠
⎡d 2
2m ⎤
=0
U (r ) =
2m
V (r ) ⎢ dr 2 + {−U (r )} + 2 E ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
2 ⎣ ⎦
2mE
= −γ 2 ⎡ d2 2⎤
⎢ dr 2 {
+ −U ( r )} ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
− γ
2
discrete bound state ⎣ ⎦

Bound states of the SPHERICAL well attractive
= 0 y = r R ( r )
potential
U (r ) r = a εl (r ) εl
r ⎡ d2 2⎤
E = −γ ⎢ dr 2 + {−U (r )} − γ ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
2
⎣ ⎦
−β 2 discrete
bound state U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a
= 0 for r > a
⎡ d2
⎢ dr 2 + β 2
− γ 2⎤
⎥ εl
y ( r ) = 0 for r < a yεl ( r ) = A sin r β 2
− γ 2
( )
⎣ ⎦
⎡ d2 2⎤
⎢ dr 2 − γ ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0 for r > 0 yε l (r ) = B e −γ r
⎣ ⎦
Continuity at r = a ⇒ tan ( a β 2 − γ 2 )
β 2 −γ 2
=−
γ
tan θ properties..... 211
DISCRETE BOUND STATES of a SPHERICAL
square well attractive potential
U (r ) r = a =0
r continuity at r = a ⇒
E = −γ 2
−β 2 discrete (
tan a β − γ
2 2
) =−
β 2 −γ 2
γ
bound state
2m
U (r ) = 2
V (r )
ξ = a β 2 − γ 2 & η = aγ
ξ Bound state discrete energy levels

tan ξ = − are given by the intersection of the
η curves described by these two
equations.
ξ 2 + η 2 = a 2 ( β 2 − γ 2 ) + a 2γ 2 = a 2 β 2 = U 0 a 2
( ) β 2 −γ 2
U (r) r = a
r tan a β 2 − γ 2 =−
tanθ tanθ γ
1
−β 2 3
discrete Discrete
bound bound states
state
3π −π π 3π −π π 5π 3π 7π
− π −3π 2π
−
2
−
2 22 22 2 2 4 θ = aβ
r<a 2
(
yε l (r ) = A sin r β 2 − γ 2 ) discrete
discrete
bound states
bound states
r>0 ξ Etc.
−γ
π 3π tan ξ = −
yε l (r ) = B e r < aβ < η
2 2 ξ = a β 2 −γ 2 & η = aγ
U (r ) r = a
r
−β 2
V ( x)
V0__
x
−a 0 a
V ( x)
⎡− 2 d2 ⎤
V0__ ⎢ 2m dx 2 + V ( x) ⎥ψ ( x) = Eψ ( x)
⎣ ⎦
⎡− 2 d2 ⎤ ⎫
⎢ 2m dx 2 + V0⎥ ψ ( x ) = Eψ ( x ) ⎬
⎣ ⎦ ⎭I
x
−a 0 a ⎡− 2 d2 ⎤ ⎫
⎢ 2m dx 2 ⎥ ψ ( x ) = Eψ ( x ) ⎬ E>0
I II III ⎣ ⎦ ⎭II
⎡− 2 d2 ⎤ ⎫
V0 0 V0 ⎢ 2m dx 2 + V0⎥ ψ ( x ) = Eψ ( x ) ⎬
⎣ ⎦ ⎭III
2mE
ψ ( x)}I = Fe −β x
+ De βx
= De βx α =+ 2
ψ ( x)}II = A sin α x + B cos α x β =+

2m (V0 − E )
2
ψ ( x)}III = Ce − β x + Ge β x = Ce − β x V0 > E (bound states)

V ( x) ψ ( x)}I = De β x
V0__
ψ ( x)}II = A sin α x + B cos α x
ψ ( x)}III = Ce − β x
x
−a 0 a @x = a:
I II III A sin α a + B cos α a = Ce − β a
V0 0 V0 Aα cos α a − Bα sin α a = − β Ce − β a
2mE @ x = −a :
α =+
− A sin α a + B cos α a = De − β a
2
2m (V0 − E )
β =+ 2 Aα cos α a + Bα sin α a = β De − β a
V0 > E (bound states)
V ( x) @ x = a : A sin α a + B cos α a = Ce − β a
V0__ Aα cos α a − Bα sin α a = − β Ce − β a
@ x = −a : − A sin α a + B cos α a = De − β a
x Aα cos α a + Bα sin α a = β De − β a
−a 0 a
I II III
2 A sin α a = ( C − D ) e − β a
V0 0 V0
2 Aα cos α a = β ( D − C ) e − β a
α =+
2mE
2
2 B cos α a = ( C + D ) e − β a
2m (V0 − E ) 2 Bα sin α a = β ( C + D ) e − β a
β =+ 2
V0 > E (bound states)

V ( x) 2 A sin α a = ( C − D ) e − β a
V0__
2 Aα cos α a = β ( D − C ) e − β a
2 B cos α a = ( C + D ) e − β a
x
−a 0 a 2 Bα sin α a = β ( C + D ) e − β a
2mE
α =+ 2 A = 0 and C = D whence
2m (V0 − E ) 2 B cos α a = 2Ce − β a ⇒
β =+ 2
−β a α tan α a = β
V0 > E (bound states) 2α B sin α a = 2C β e
B = 0 and C = − D whence 1 1
⇒ tan α a = −
−β a α β
2 A sin α a = 2Ce
i.e. α cot α a = − β
2α A cos α a = −2C β e − β a PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 218
V ( x) α tan α a = β α cot α a = − β
V0__ A = 0 and C = D B = 0 and C = − D
⎡1 1⎤
⎢ α tan α a = − β ⎥ × [α tan α a = β ]
x ⎣ ⎦
−a 0 a ⇒ tan 2 α a = −1
α =+
2mE α : imaginary → β < 0 : contradiction
2
β =+
2m (V0 − E )
2
either or
V0 > E (bound states) 2mV0
put : ξ = α a ξ +η = a
2 2 2
α tan α a = β 2
& η = βa
A = 0 and C = D 2m V0 a 2
=
both ξ & η 2
ξ tan ξ = η
are positive PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 219
Schiff/QM/page 41/Fig.8 radius of the circle
ξ tan ξ = η is determined by the
ξ tan ξ = η π 3π "strength" V0 a 2
π <ξ <
0≤ξ < 2 2
tanθ
2
2
V0 a = 12
2
π π 3π
2m 2 2
12 = 3.4641..
2
⎛ 2m ⎞
V0 a =
2 ξ 2 +η 2 = ⎜ ⎟ V0 a
2
2m ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
circles
V0 a = 4
2
2m 2
V0 a = 12
2
2m
12 = 3.4641..
π 3
ξ= ξ =π ξ= π
2 2
Schiff/QM/page 41/Fig.8
ξ tan ξ = η ξ & η are positive
ξ tan ξ = η π 3π
π <ξ <
0≤ξ < 2 2
tanθ
2 Intersections of ξ tan ξ
2m
and circles of radius 2
V0 a 2
π π 3π
2 2
give the bound state energies
⎛ 2m ⎞
ξ + η = ⎜ 2 ⎟ V0 a 2
2 2 2
V0 a 2 = ⎝ ⎠
2m 2
circles
V0 a 2 = 4
2m 2
V0 a = 12
2
2m
12 = 3.4641..
π 3
ξ= ξ =π ξ= π
2 2
Schiff/QM/page 42/Fig.9
α cot α a = − β
B = 0 and C = − D
−ξ cot ξ = η
2
V0 a =
2
2m
NO solution

U (r ) r = a
r
−β 2
V ( x)
V0__
x
−a 0 a
DISCRETE BOUND STATES of a SPHERICAL
square well attractive potential
U (r ) r = a =0
r continuity at r = a ⇒
E = −γ 2
−β 2 discrete (
tan a β − γ
2 2
) =−
β 2 −γ 2
γ
2m bound state
U (r ) = 2
V (r )
ξ = a β 2 − γ 2 & η = aγ
ξ Bound state discrete energy levels

tan ξ = − are given by the intersection of the
η curves described by these two
equations.
ξ 2 + η 2 = a 2 ( β 2 − γ 2 ) + a 2γ 2 = a 2 β 2 = U 0 a 2
ξ
tan ξ = − ξ 2 + η 2 = a 2 ( β 2 − γ 2 ) + a 2γ 2
η
ξ = a 2 β 2 aβ = a U
η =− 0
tan ξ
6 = U 0a 2
Each circle 5
Calculations and graphs
represents a by Sayantan Auddy
particular potential 4 π 3π and Pranav Manangath
< aβ <
of a given strength. 2 2
3π 5π
The number of 3 1.57 < a β < 4.71 < aβ <
times it crosses the n =1 2 2
curve η = − ξ
2 4.71 < a β < 7.85
gives tan ξ
→ξ
the number n=2
of bound states the
potential
↑
holds.
π
= 1.57
2

U (r) r = a
r
(
tan a β 2 − γ 2 ) =−
β 2 −γ 2
γ
tanθ tanθ
1 3
−β 2
ξ 2 + η 2 = a 2 ( β 2 − γ 2 ) + a 2γ 2 discrete Discrete
= a2β 2 bound bound states
= U 0a2 state
3π −π π 3π π−π π 5π 3π 7π
−π 3π
− 2π
−
2
−
2 22 ~ 3.14 2 2
~ 6.28 2 2 4 θ = aβ
r<a ~1.57 ~ 4.71
2
(
yε l (r ) = A sin r β 2 − γ 2 ) discrete
discrete
bound states
bound states
r>0 ξ Etc.
−γ
π 3π tan ξ = −
yε l (r ) = B e r < aβ < η
2 2 ξ = a β 2 − γ 2 & η = aγ
We considered the bound states of a SPHERICAL
= 0 well attractive potential
U (r ) r = a
r Now, we consider
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a scattering ; continuum
−β 2 = 0 for r > a states 2 2
k
E= >0
yε l ( r ) = rR ε l (r ) 2m
2m ⎡ 2
d2 ⎧ 2
l (l + 1) ⎫ ⎤
U (r ) = V (r ) ⎢− 2
+ ⎨V (r ) + 2 ⎬ − E ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
2
⎣ 2m dr ⎩ 2m r ⎭ ⎦
⎡ d2 2m ⎤
=0 ⎢ dr 2 + {−U (r )} + 2 E ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
⎣ ⎦
2mE ⎡ d2 2⎤
=k ⎢ dr 2 + {−U (r )} + k ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
2
2
⎣ ⎦
U (r ) r=a =0 2mE
2
= k2 > 0
r
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a
yε l ( r ) = rR ε l (r )
= 0 for r > a
−β 2 ⎡ d2 2⎤
⎢ dr 2 + {−U (r )} + k ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
U (r ) =
2m
V (r ) ⎣ ⎦
2
⎡ d2 2⎤
⎢ dr 2 + β + k ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0
2
r<a (
yε l (r ) = C sin r β 2 + k 2 )
⎣ ⎦
⎡ d2 2⎤
⎢ dr 2 + k ⎥ yε l (r ) = 0 r>a yε l (r ) = D sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) )
⎣ ⎦
Continuity at r=a ⇒
( )
C sin a β 2 + k 2 = D sin ( ka + δ 0 (k ) )
( )
C β 2 + k 2 cos a β 2 + k 2 = Dk cos ( ka + δ 0 (k ) )
( )
C sin a β 2 + k 2 = D sin ( ka + δ 0 (k ) )
( )
C β 2 + k 2 cos a β 2 + k 2 = Dk cos ( ka + δ 0 (k ) )
1
(
tan a β 2 + k 2 = ) 1
tan ( ka + δ 0 (k ) )
β 2 + k2 k
1 tan(ka ) + tan (δ 0 (k ) )
= ×
k 1 − tan ( ka ) tan (δ 0 (k ) )
k
(
tan a β 2 + k 2 −) k
( )
tan a β 2 + k 2 tan ( ka ) tan (δ 0 (k ) ) =
β +k
2 2
β +k
2 2
= tan( ka) + tan (δ 0 ( k ) )
⎧
− tan (δ 0 (k ) ) ⎨1 +
k
( ) ⎫
tan a β 2 + k 2 tan ( ka ) ⎬ = tan(ka ) −
k
tan a β 2 + k 2 ( )
⎩ β 2 + k2 ⎭ β 2 + k2

tan(ka ) −
k
(
tan a β 2 + k 2 )
β +k
2 2
− tan (δ 0 (k ) ) =
1+
k
( )
tan a β 2 + k 2 tan ( ka )
β +k2 2
tan (δ 0 (k ) ) =
( )
k tan a β 2 + k 2 − β 2 + k 2 tan(ka)
β 2 + k2 + k tan ( a )
β 2 + k 2 tan ( ka )
tan (δ 0 (k ) ) (
tan a β + k − 2
k
2
)
tan(ka )
β 2 + k2
=
k (
β 2 + k 2 + k tan a β 2 + k 2 tan ( ka ) )
tanδ 0 ( k ) a tan ( aβ ) − β a
α = − lim −α =
k →0 k βa
scattering length tan ( aβ )
α =a−
β
Reference: ‘Quantum Theory of Scattering’
U (r ) r=a by Ta-You Wu and Takashi Ohmura
r (Prentice Hall, 1962) page 73
n βa k cot δ = x α δ
−β 2
π
0 0 ≤ βa < ∞>x>0 0 ≥ α > −∞ 0
n = number of 2
bound states π π
* 0 −∞ → +∞
tan δ 0 ( k ) 2 2
α = − lim
k →0 k π
1 1 < βa < π 0 > x > −∞ ∞ >α > 0 π
− = lim k cot δ 0 ( k ) 2
α k →0
3π
tan ( a β ) 1 π < βa < ∞>x>0 0 > α > −∞ π
α =a− 2
β 3π 3π
1+ * 0 −∞ → +∞
tan ( a β ) 2 2
lim α = a −
β →0 β 3π
aβ 2 < β a < 2π 0 > x > −∞ ∞ >α > 0 2π
a− →0 2
β
5π
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
2 2π < β a < ∞>x>0 0 > α > −∞ 2π
Collisions 2 231
n βa cot δ = x Theorem
k Levinson’s α δ
−β 2
π
0 0 ≤ βa < ∞ > (xk> →
δ0 0 00)≥=α0>×−∞ π 0
n = number of 2
bound states π ⎛ →1+∞ ⎞ π
* δ 0 ( k0 → 0 ) =−∞
⎜ 0 + ⎟ π
tan δ 0 ( k ) 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
α = − lim
π
0 > x(>k−∞
δ0 → 0∞)>=α > 0 π
k →0 k
1 1 < βa < π π
− = lim k cot δ 0 ( k ) 2
α k →0
3π
tan ( a β ) 1 π < βa < ∞ > x( >
δ0 k 0→00>)α => −∞ π π
α =a− 2
β 3π ⎛ 1⎞ 3π
1+ * ( )
δ 0 0k → 0 =−∞
⎜ 1→ ⎟ π
+ +∞
tan ( a β ) 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
lim α = a −
3π
0 > x(>k−∞
→ ∞0 )> α= >20
β
δ0 π
β →0
aβ 2 < β a < 2π 2π
a− →0 2
β
5π
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
2 2π < β a < ∞ > (x k
δ0 > 0→00>)α=> −∞
2 π 2π
Collisions 2
232
Salskab. Mat. Fys.
....... for l = 0 :
( ) ⎛ 1⎞
or δ 0 k → 0 = ⎜ n0 + ⎟ π if there is a (resonant)
⎝ 2⎠
up k 2
2
π
δ 0 (k → 0) →
2 δ l ( k → 0 ) = nl π ....... for l ≥ 1
QUESTIONS ? Write to:
[email protected]
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Lecture Number 12
Scattering Low energy
length scattering
Levinson’s
Effective range Ultra-Cold
theorem
1949 atoms
234
Salskab. Mat. Fys.
....... for l = 0 :
⎛ 1⎞
or δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = ⎜ n0 + ⎟ π if there is a (resonant)
⎝ 2⎠
up 2
k 2
π
δ 0 (k → 0) →
2 δ l ( k → 0 ) = nl π ....... for l ≥ 1

n βa cot δ = x Theorem
kLevinson’s α δ
−β 2
π
0 0 ≤ βa < ∞ > (xk> →
δ0 0 00)≥=α0>×−∞ π 0
n = number of 2
bound states π ⎛ →1+∞ ⎞ π
* δ 0 ( k0 → 0 ) =−∞
⎜ 0 + ⎟ π
tan δ 0 ( k ) 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
α = − lim
π
0 > x(>k−∞
δ0 → 0∞)>=α > 0 π
k →0 k
1 1 < βa < π π
− = lim k cot δ 0 ( k ) 2
α k →0
3π
α =a−
tan ( a β ) 1 π < βa <
2 δ∞ 0>(xk> 0→ 00>)α=>π−∞ π
β 3π ⎛ 1⎞ 3π
1+ * ( )
δ 0 0k → 0 =−∞
⎜ 1→ ⎟ π
+ +∞
tan ( a β ) 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
lim α = a −
3π
0 > x(>k−∞
→ 0∞)>=α >20
β
δ0 π
β →0
aβ 2 < β a < 2π 2π
a− →0 2
β
5π
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
2 2π < β a < ∞ > (x k
δ0 > 0→00>)α=> −∞
2 π 2π
Collisions 2 236
n βa k cot δ = x α δ
−β 2
π
0 0 ≤ βa < ∞>x>0 0 ≥ α > −∞ 0
n = number of 2
bound states π π
* 0 −∞ → +∞
tan δ 0 ( k ) 2 2
α = − lim
k →0 k π
1 1 < βa < π 0 > x > −∞ ∞ >α > 0 π
− = lim k cot δ 0 ( k ) 2
α k →0
3π
tan ( a β ) 1 π < βa < ∞>x>0 0 > α > −∞ π
α =a− 2
β 3π 3π
1+ * 0 −∞ → +∞
⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞
2 2
α = a ⎜1 − ⎟ 3π
aβ ⎠
⎝ 2 < β a < 2π 0 > x > −∞ ∞ >α > 0 2π
2
5π
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
2 2π < β a < ∞>x>0 0 > α > −∞ 2π
Collisions 2 237
U (r ) r=a
r
A new
n βa cot δ = x
kbound α δ
−β 2
π state gets
0 0 ≤ βa < α > −∞
∞ > x > 0 0 ≥negative 0
n = numberαof
Positive 2 formed
bound statesa
indicates π when π
* 0 −∞−∞ to
→ +∞
+∞ 2
repulsive
α = − lim
tan δ ( k )
0
2 the sign
π
potential. 0of
> xthe
k →0 k
1 1 < βa < π >α > 0
> −∞ ∞ positive π
− = lim k cot δ ( k )
α k →0
0 2 scattering
3π length
Negative α
tan ( a β ) 1 π < β a < ∞ > x > 0is 0 >negative
α > −∞ π
αindicates
=a− 2 about to
β 3π 3π
an 1+ * change
0 −∞−∞ to +∞
→ +∞
2 2
attractive from
3π
potential. 2 > x > −∞ ∞ positive
< β a < 2π 0negative >α > 0 2π
2
5π to
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
2 2π < β a < ∞
positive. α > −∞
> x > 0 0 >negative 2π
Collisions 2 238
U (r ) r=a
r
δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = n0π 3π
−β 2
n0 = number of
8
How the bound states 2π
s-wave 6
phase shift 5π
≈ 7.85 ↑
changes 4 π 2 ↓
with the 2 3π
≈ 4.71 ↑
strength 2 ↓
of the β
2 4 6 8
potential π
≈ 1.57 ↑
2
PCD STiTACS Unit 1

Quantum Theory of
Collisions 239
tan ( aβ )
U (r ) r=a α =a−
β
r
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a ⇒
= 0 for r > a a tan ( a β )
−β 2 α =a−
aβ
tan ( a β ) ⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞
when > 1, α is negative α = a ⎜1 −
( aβ ) ⎝ aβ ⎠
⎟
when does α get to be MOST negative?

π
when ( a β ) < → 1st bound state
2
3π
when ( a β ) <
2
→ 2nd bound state
↓
5π
when ( a β ) < → 3rd bound state
2

Scattering length Æ tan ( aβ )
U (r ) r=a α =a−
β
r
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a ⇒
= 0 for r > a a tan ( a β )
−β 2 α =a−
aβ
tan ( a β ) ⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞
when > 1, α is negative α = a ⎜1 −
( aβ ) ⎝ aβ ⎠
⎟
when does α get to be MOST negative? when

π
when ( a β ) < → 1st bound state tan ( a β )
2 0< < 1,
when does α go to zero?
( aβ )
π α is positive
< ( aβ ) < π + ε α >0
2
at ( a β ) = π + ε : α changes sign + to −
3π
when π + ε < ( a β ) < α <0
2 PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 241
π
< ( aβ ) < π + ε α >0 Fig.3.6/p118/Burke &
2 Scattering
at ( a β ) = π + ε : α changes sign
+ to − Joachain/ Theory of
α <0 α
Electron-Atom Collisions
when π + ε < ( a β ) < length
3π
2 α↑ +ve
α +ve 3π 5π
Repulsive potential π
2 2 2 Potential
⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞ -ve -ve strength
α = a ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ aβ ⎠ π +ε 2π + ε '
ε '<ε
scattering length α -ve
for an attractive Attractive potential
potential with a
finite range ‘a’ ↑
↑ change of sign
⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞
α = a ⎜1 − ⎟ of scattering length α
⎝ aβ ⎠
r=a
α↑
U (r )
r
U (r ) = − β for r < a
2
= 0 for r > a
−β 2
π 3π 5π
tan ( a β )
when > 1, α is negative 2 2 2
( aβ )
3π
when π + ε < ( a β ) < , π +ε 2π + ε '
⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞ 2 ε '<ε
α = a ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ aβ ⎠ α is negative
→ (effective) attractive potential..
but not strong enough to bind
the next bound state
tan ( aβ )
β >02
α =a−
β
− β 2 < 0 : repulsive ⇒
U (r ) r=a a tan ( a β )
α =a−
r aβ
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a ⎛ tan ( a β ) ⎞
α = a ⎜1 − ⎟
aβ ⎠
−β 2 = 0 for r > a ⎝
− β 2 < 0 : attractive
when α is positive
→ (effective) repulsive potential.

uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r )
ul =0 (k , r → ∞) = Al =0 (k ) sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) )
asymptote r → ∞
Low energy k →0
u (k , r → ∞) = lim Al =0 (k ) sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) )
limit l =0
k →0
k cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) =
−1 tan (δ 0 ( k ) ) ≈ −αk
k →0 α k →0
u lk=→ 0
(k , r → ∞) = lim A ( kr − kα ) = lim Ak ( r − α )
0 k →0 k →0
⎡ d2 ⎤
k →0 ⎢ dr 2 + k − U (r ) ⎥ uε ,l =0 (r ) = 0
2
Linear
⎣ ⎦
relation.
⎡d 2
⎤ 0 ⎡d ⎤2
⎢ dr 2 − U ( r ) ⎥ u ( r
l =0
) = 0 → ⎢ dr 2 ⎥ u 0
(r ) = 0 α Æ intercept
l =0
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ r ≥a
u l0=0 (r ) = mr + C .... r a

u l0=0 (r ) = mr + C = lim Ak ( r − α ) asymptotic
k →0
....... r a behavior
α > 0 : repulsive potential

at r = 0 : u l0=0 (r ) = −mkα
at r = α : u l0=0 (r ) = 0
r
α
Geometrical meaning of the scattering length α
Fig.11.11/page288/C.J.Joachain – ‘Quantum Theory of Collisions’
Attractive potential
α < 0 but bound uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r ) supporting 1 bound
state not asymptote r → ∞ state
possible
α:
intersection
of the
asymptote 1st bound state: zero
with r-axis
energy resonance
α→-∞ (most negative)
u lk=→ 0
(k , r → ∞) = lim Al =0 (k ) sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) )
0 k →0 Positive α indicates no
= lim A ( kr − kα ) = lim Ak ( r − α ) more bound state
k →0 k →0
“repulsive”
Scattering length α for potential.
various attractive potentials

possible
α:
intersection
of the
with r-axis
energy resonance
u lk=→ 0
(k , r → ∞) = lim Al =0 (k ) sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) )
0 k →0 Positive α indicates no
k →0 k →0
“repulsive” potential.
Scattering length α for various attractive potentials
possible
α:
intersection
of the
with r-axis
energy resonance
u lk=→ 0
(k , r → ∞) = lim Al =0 (k ) sin ( kr + δ 0 (k ) ) Positive α indicates no
0 k →0

k →0 k →0
“repulsive” potential.
Scattering length α for various attractive potentials
The scattering length has in it vital
information about the physical
properties of the potential,
but it does not include details about the

structure of the potential.
PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum 250

‘SLOW’ collisions
h
λ= : de Broglie wavelength → large
mv
Detailed ‘structure’ of the scattering potential :
IMPORTANT?
Essential focus is then on symmetry (s wave scattering)

and a parameter Æ
Æ scattering length α.
Negative
Positive
Charge distributions
U (r ) r=a =0 “EFFECTIVE RANGE”
r 2mE
2m U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a
U (r ) = 2
V (r ) 2
= k2 > 0
= 0 for r > a
−β 2 uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r )
Neutron-Proton scattering
ÆSpin dependent
et al.
Bose atoms: quantum statistics leads to BEC phase
2 Fermionic cold atoms:

* BCS pairing –“Cooper pair”
* Bosonic bound-state molecule - BEC
In single-component Fermi gas, s-wave scattering is

inhibited by Pauli exclusion principle.
Evaporative cooling requires collisions.

Sympathetic cooling:
Evaporate Bose atoms
and
cool Fermi atoms by enabling
collisions between Bose and
Fermi atoms.
scattering length
α >0 repulsive interaction
α <0 attractive interaction
Application: Bose Einstein Condensation of

Fermionic atoms

BCS
BEC

scattering length α
energy
α <0
α >0 “open channel”

S=1
“closed”
Ultracold, Eatoms S=0 BCS
low energy α =0
s-wave BEC B0
In between,
magnetic field
scattering scattering length

of diverges
two
Fermionic
atoms
U (r ) r=a =0 “EFFECTIVE RANGE”
r 2mE
2m U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a = k2 > 0
U (r ) = 2
V (r ) 2
= 0 for r > a
−β 2
⎡ d2 ⎤
⎢ dr 2 + k − U (r ) ⎥ uε ,l =0 (r ) = 0
2
uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r ) ⎣ ⎦
2
k12
@ E = E1 = , the solution is u1 (k1 , r )
2m
u1′′ + k12u1 − U (r )u1 = 0

2 2
k2
@ E = E2 = , the solution is u2 (k2 , r )
2m
u2′′ + k22u2 − U (r )u2 = 0
u2u1′′ + k12u1u2 − U (r )u1u2 = 0

u1u2′′ + k22u2u1 − U (r )u2u1 = 0
2mE
U (r ) r=a 2
= k2 > 0 uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r )
r
U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a u2u1′′ + k12u1u2 − U (r )u1u2 = 0
= 0 for r > a
−β 2 u1u2′′ + k22u2u1 − U (r )u2u1 = 0
u2u1′′ − u1u2′′ + ( k12 − k22 ) u1u2 = 0
⎡ R
⎤ ⎡ R
⎤ R
( u u ′ )
⎢ 2 1 0 ∫ 2 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 2 0 ∫ 1 2 ⎥
R
− u ′ u ′dr − ( u u ′ )
R
− u ′u ′ dr + ( k1
2
− k 2 ) ∫ u1u2 dr = 0
2
⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦ 0
R If R → ∞
[u2 (r )u1′(r ) − u1 (r )u2′ (r )] 0 = ( k ) ∫ u1u2 dr
R 2
2 −k 1
2
' orthogonality '
0
R
u1 (r = 0) = 0
u2 ( R)u1′( R) − u1 ( R)u2′ ( R) = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ u1u2 dr
u2 (r = 0) = 0 0

U (r ) = − β 2 for r < a
uε ,l (r ) = rR ε ,l (r )
= 0 for r > a
R
u2 ( R)u1′( R) − u1 ( R)u2′ ( R) = − ( k12 − k22 ) ∫ u1u2 dr
0
Introduce functions ψ 1 (k1 , r ) and ψ 2 (k2 , r ) as

REFERENCE funtions for comparison such that
u1 (k1 , r → ∞) = ψ 1 (k1 , r ) ψ 1 (k1 , r ) and ψ 2 (k2 , r ) describe
u2 ( k 2 , r → ∞ ) = ψ 2 ( k 2 , r ) the asymptotic r → ∞
behavior of u1 (k1 , r ) and u2 (k2 , r ).
Choice of normalization
ψ 1 (k1 , r ) = u1 (k1 , r → ∞) = A1 sin ( k1r − δ 0 ( k1 ) ) = sin ( k1r − δ 0 ( k1 ) )
1
sin (δ 0 ( k1 ) )
ψ 2 (k2 , r ) = u2 (k2 , r → ∞) = A2 sin ( k2 r − δ 0 ( k2 ) ) = sin ( k2 r − δ 0 ( k2 ) )

1
sin (δ 0 ( k2 ) )
ψ 1,2 (k1 , r = 0) = 1
R
[u2 (r )u1′(r ) − u1 (r )u2′ (r )] 0 = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ u1u2 dr

R
Eq.1
0
R
u1 (r = 0) = 0
⇒ u2 ( R)u1′( R) − u1 ( R)u2′ ( R) = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ u1u2 dr Eq.2
u2 (r = 0) = 0 0
[ 2 1
ψ ( r )ψ ′ ( r ) − ψ 1 ( r )ψ ′
2 ( r ) ]0
R
= ( k 2
2 − k1 ) ∫ψ 1ψ 2 dr
2
Eq.3
0
R
Eq.4
[ψ 2 ( R)ψ 1′( R) −ψ 1 ( R)ψ 2′ ( R)] − [ψ 2 (0)ψ 1′(0) −ψ 1 (0)ψ 2′ (0)] = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ψ 1ψ 2 dr
0
ψ1,2 (k1 , r = 0) = 1 Eq.5
[ψ 2 ( R)ψ 1′( R) −ψ 1 ( R)ψ 2′ ( R)] − [ψ 1′(0) −ψ 2′ (0)] = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ψ 1ψ 2 dr Eq.6

0
Subtract Eq.2 from 6

R
u2 ( R)u1′( R) − u1 ( R)u2′ ( R) = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ u1u2 dr Eq.2
0
R
[ψ 2 ( R)ψ 1′( R) −ψ 1 ( R)ψ 2′ ( R)] − [ψ 1′(0) −ψ 2′ (0)] = ( k 2

2 −k 1
2
) ∫ψ 1ψ 2 dr Eq.6
0
Subtract Eq.2 from 6 R

ψ 2′ (0) − ψ 1′ (0) = ( k − k 2
2 1
2
) ∫ (ψ 1ψ 2 − u1u 2 )dr
0
sin ( k1r − δ 0 ( k1 ) )
1
ψ1 (k1 , r ) =
sin (δ 0 ( k1 ) )
sin ( k2 r − δ 0 ( k2 ) )
1
ψ 2 (k2 , r ) =
sin (δ 0 ( k2 ) )
⎡ ⎤
cos ( k1r − δ 0 ( k1 ) ) ⎥ = k1 cot (δ 0 ( k1 ) )
k
ψ1′(k1 , r ) r =0 = ⎢ 1
⎣ sin ( δ 0 ( k1 ) ) ⎦ r =0
⎡ ⎤
sin ( k2 r − δ 0 ( k2 ) ) ⎥ = k2 cot (δ 0 ( k2 ) )
1
ψ 2′ (k2 , r ) r =0 = ⎢
⎣ sin (δ 0 ( k2 ) ) ⎦ r =0
consider now
R
k2 cot (δ 0 ( k2 ) ) − k1 cot (δ 0 ( k1 ) ) = ( k22 − k12 ) ∫ (ψ 1ψ 2 − u1u2 )dr
0 lim R → ∞
261
∞
k2 cot (δ 0 ( k2 ) ) − k1 cot (δ 0 ( k1 ) ) = ( k − k 2
2 1
2
) ∫ (ψ 1 (r , k1 )ψ 2 (r , k2 ) − u1 (r , k1 )u2 (r , k2 ) )dr
0
∞
1
define ρ : ρ ( E1 , E2 ) = ∫ (ψ 1 (r , k1 )ψ 2 (r , k2 ) − u1 (r , k1 )u2 (r , k2 ) )dr
2 0
k2 cot (δ 0 ( k2 ) ) = k1 cot (δ 0 ( k1 ) ) + ( k22 − k12 ) ρ ( E1 , E2 )

1
2
lim k → 0 scattering length (Fermi & Marshall)

tan δ 0 ( k ) 1
α = − lim i.e. − = lim k cot δ 0 ( k )
k →0 k α k →0
Caution! Our
ρ (0, E )
k cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) = −
1
+ k 2 + Ο( k 4 ) notation employs
α 2 a symbol for
∞
1 scattering length
ρ (0, E ) = ∫ (ψ 0 (r , 0)ψ E (r , E ) − u0 (r , 0)uE (r , E ) )dr that Bethe has
2 0
used for its
inverse!
262
ρ (0, E )
k cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) = −
1
+ k 2 + Ο( k 4 )
U (r ) r=a α 2
r
∞
1
ρ (0, E ) = ∫ (ψ 0 (r , 0)ψ E (r , E ) − u0 (r , 0)uE (r , E ) )dr
2
−β 2 0
sin ( k1r − δ 0 ( k1 ) )
1
ψ1 (k1 , r ) = u1 (k1 , r → ∞) =
sin (δ 0 ( k1 ) ) ψ ' s and u ' s differ only in the
ψ 2 (k2 , r ) = u2 (k2 , r → ∞) =
1
sin ( k2 r − δ 0 ( k2 ) )
range of the scattering potential.
sin (δ 0 ( k2 ) )
In small-r region, wave-

(ψ 0 (r , 0)ψ E (r , E ) − u0 (r , 0)uE (r , E ) ) ≈/ 0 functions are (nearly)
ONLY in the small r region of the scattering
INDEPENDENT of
potential. energy.
⎡ d2 ⎤ small − r
⎢ dr 2 + k − U (r ) ⎥ uε ,l =0 (r ) = 0
2
⎣ ⎦ k2 U (r )
small − r
In small-r region, wave-functions are
(nearly) INDEPENDENT of energy. k2 U (r )
(ψ 0 (r , 0)ψ E (r , E ) − u0 (r , 0)uE (r , E ) ) ≈ ψ 0 (r , E = 0)2 − u0 (r , E = 0)2
in the small r region
Short range atomic properties are (nearly)
INDEPENDENT of energy.
∞
1 1 1
ρ (0, E ) ≈ ρ (0, 0) = r0 = ∫ ⎡⎣ψ 0 (r , E = 0) 2 − u0 (r , E = 0) 2 ⎤⎦ dr
2 2 2 0
ρ (0, 0) : effective range of the potential

→ independent of energy
Caution! Our notation
k cot (δ 0 k ) = −
r0 2 1
( ) + k + Ο( k 4 ) employs a symbol for
k →0 α 2 scattering length that
Bethe has used for its
inverse!
−1 r0 2 −1 r0
k cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) = + k cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) = + k
k →0 α 2 k →0 kα 2
a (k ) =
[ S0 (k ) − 1] cos ( 2δ 0 ) + i sin ( 2δ 0 ) − 1
= Partial
0
2ik 2ik wave
cos ( 2δ 0 ) + i 2sin (δ 0 ) cos (δ 0 ) − 1 sin (δ 0 ) amplitude
=
2ik k
sin 2 δ 0 tan 2 δ 0
⇒ f k →0 (θ )
2
=
k2 k2
sin 2 δ 0 sin 2 δ 0 1
⇒ σ = 4π 4π 2 = 4π 2
k2 k ( sin δ 0 + cos δ 0 )
2 2
( k + k 2 cot 2 δ 0 )
−1 r0 4π
cot (δ 0 ( k ) ) = + k and σ=
k →0 kα 2 k 2 (1 + cot 2 δ 0 )
4π 4π
⇒σ = ⇒σ =
⎛ 2 ⎛ −1 r ⎞
2
⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎛ 2 2⎞
−2 + α r0 k ⎞
⎜k + k ⎜ + k⎟ ⎟ ⎜k + k2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
2 0
⎝ ⎝ kα 2 ⎠ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2kα ⎠ ⎠
4π 4π
⇒σ = =
⎛ 2 ⎛ 4 − 4α r0 k 2 + α 2 r02 k 4 ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 4k 2α 2 + 4 − 4α r0 k 2 + α 2 r02 k 4 ⎞
⎜k +⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 4 α 2
⎠⎠ ⎝ 4α 2 ⎠
4π
⇒σ =
1 Bethe ' s α is inverse of
k 2 + α −2 − k 2α −1r0 + r02 k 4
4 the scattering length
4πα 2 Wu & Ohmura

⇒σ = 2 Quantum Theory of Scattering
⎛1 ⎞
1 + k α (α − r0 ) + ⎜ α r0 ⎟ k 4
2
Page 75
⎝2 ⎠
δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = n0π
α↑
3π
n0 = number of
8
bound states 2π
6
5π
≈ 7.85 ↑
4 π 2 ↓
2 3π
≈ 4.71 ↑
π +ε 2π + ε ' 2 ↓
ε '<ε
β
2 4 6 8
π
π 3π 5π 2
≈ 1.57 ↑ δ 0 ( k → 0 ) = n0 π
↑ ↑ ↑
2 2 2
( ) ⎛ 1⎞
or δ 0 k → 0 = ⎜ n0 + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
k cot (δ 0 ( k ) )
r0 21
= − + k + Ο( k 4 ) l ≥ 1:
k →0 α 2
δ l ( k → 0 ) = nl π
PCD STiTACS Unit 1
Quantum Theory of
Collisions 267

Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

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Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

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Select/Special Topics in

A+BÆA+B (elastic scattering)

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 3

N A : Number of particles A reaching the target per unit time

P : Probability that an incident particle interacts with the

How is N Int related to the target particles B?

Scattering cross section

effective target area that

Scattering cross section

number of events per unit time per unit scatterer

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 8

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

⎡ 2 ⎤ eiρ − eilπ e−iρ

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

Spherical Z Z’ eˆ 'z ≡ (β, α ) ≡ uˆ

ψ inc (r ) → ∑ (2l + 1) Pl (cos θ )

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

What will be the result of scattering by a potential?

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 20

⎡ iki i r f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤

Reference: Quantum Theory of Collisions by Charles J Joachain

Contributions of Faxen-Holtzmark’s formalism

Please refer to details from :

incident flux per unit area: iδΦ = vi

1 ∂ ⎡ f (Ωˆ ) ikr ⎤ ⎛1⎞

δ S = r 2δΩ Scattered flux in the radial

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 31

incident flux per unit area: iδΦ = A(k ) vi

Scattered flux in the radial

j ( r ) ⋅ eˆr ≈ {jincident ( r ) + joutgoing ( r ) + jinterference ( r )} ⋅ eˆr

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 34

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 35

Incident energy has spread in magnitude of

some spread: Æ the wave vector k to k + Δk

Interference term is of importance only when cos θ ≈ 1

Incident energy has spread in magnitude of

some spread: Æ the wave vector k to k + Δk

±i( k +Δk )r (1−cosθ )

Interference term is of importance only when cos θ ≈ 1

Interference term is of importance only when θ ≈ 0

∫ e±ik 'r (1−cosθ ) dk ' → 0, except near θ ∼ 0 ‘forward’

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 42

⎧ ⎡ e −ikr − e−ikr cos Δθ ⎤ ⎫

k +Δk ±i( k +Δk )r (1− cos Δθ ) ±ikr (1−cos Δθ )

“Shadow” of the target in the

cl = e iδ l ( k ) We have employed this

A ( k ) can be determined if the

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 51

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 52

Eq.3.57 / p55 / Joachain’s Quantum Collision Theory

travels at the phase velocity Phase

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions velocity 53

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 55

Under what conditions is Φ incident (r , t ) the largest?

β must not vary very much with respect to k

Schematic diagram of the characteristic lengths

PCD STiTACS Unit 1 Quantum Theory of Collisions 59