Terry Lee Advanced Mathematics

Practice
Questions
Volumes
1
(a) (i) By slicing method: The solid consists of two parts: The upper part V1 (for y ≥ ) and
2
1
the lower part V2 (for 0 ≤ y ≤ ) .
2

( − x, y )

( x, y )

−1

For the upper part, it might be easier to shift the curve so that it is rotated about the line x
1
= −1 and its new equation is y = 2 .
x +1
Consider a cross section, which is a ring, of radii x + 1 and − x + 1 .
( )
The area of the ring = π ( (1 + x) 2 − (1 − x) 2 ) = π (1 + 2 x + x 2 ) − (1 − 2 x + x 2 ) = 4π x
The volume of the slice = ∂V1 = 4π x∂y.
1
∴V1 = 4π
∫ x dy.
1
2

1 −2 x
Let's change dy into dx : y = ,∴ dy = dx.
1+ x 2
(1 + x 2 ) 2
Terry Lee Advanced Mathematics
1
When y = , x = 1; When y = 1, x = 0.
2
0
−2 x 2 1
x2
∴V1 = 4π
1 (1 + x )∫
2 2
dx = 8π
0 (1 + x )
2 2
dx.
∫
Let x = tan θ , dx = sec 2 θ dθ .
π
When x = 0,θ = 0; When x = 1,θ = .
4
π π π
tan 2 θ tan 2 θ
∫ ∫ ∫
4 4 4
∴V1 = 8π sec 2 θ dθ = 8π dθ = 8π sin 2 θ dθ
0 sec θ
4
0 sec 2 θ 0
π π
⎡ sin 2θ ⎤ 4 ⎛π 1⎞
∫
4
= 4π (1 − cos 2θ ) dθ = 4π ⎢θ − ⎥ = 4π ⎜ − ⎟
0 ⎣ 2 ⎦0 ⎝ 4 2⎠
= π − 2π
2

1 1
The lower part is a cylinder, with radius = 2, height = ,∴V2 = π .22. = 2π .
2 2
∴The total volume = π 2 − 2π + 2π = π 2 units3 . .

(ii) By the shells method: Consider a hollow shell of radii x and x + ∂x , height y.

The volume of the shell ∂V = π ( ( x + ∂x) 2 − x 2 ) y  2π xy∂x .

2 2
x
V = 2π
∫ 0 ∫
xy dx = 2π
0 ( x − 1) 2 + 1
dx

x −1
2
1 2
= 2π
∫ ( x −1) + 1
0
dx + 2π
∫ ( x − 1) + 1 dx
2
0
2

2
= π ⎡⎢ln ( ( x − 1)2 + 1) ⎤⎥ + 2π ⎡ tan −1 ( x − 1) ⎤
2

⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦0
⎛π π ⎞
= π ( ln 2 − ln 2 ) + 2π ⎜ + ⎟ = π 2 units3 .
⎝4 4⎠
Terry Lee Advanced Mathematics
(b) (i) The slice is a triangular prism, of base 2x, height 3a, and thickness ∂h .
1
The area of the slice = .2 x.3a = 3ax, where x = a 2 − h 2 .
2

3a

x
h a

The volume of the slice ∂V = 3ax.∂h = 3a a 2 − h 2 .∂h

a
1
∴V = 3a × 2 ∫ 0
a 2 − h 2 dh = 6a ×
4
the area of a circle of radius a

1 3π a 3
= 6a × π a 2 = units3 .
4 2

(ii) The slice is an elliptical prism, whose thickness = ∂h , semi-major axis = a, and semi-
x h h
minor axis = x, where = , by similar triangles, ∴ x = .
a 3a 3

3a
h

x
a

π ah
The area of the slice is .
3
π ah
The volume of the slice ∂V = .∂h
3
3a
πa 3a
π a ⎡ h2 ⎤ π a 9a 2 3π a 3
∴V =
3 ∫
0
h dh =
3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 0
=
3 2
=
2
units3 .