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CH 16

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58 views18 pages

CH 16

wawsa

Uploaded by

poitfvhjnjnjnjj j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 16

Superposition and Standing Waves


Topics:

•  Superposition
•  Constructive and
destructive interference
•  Standing waves
•  Resonant modes of
systems
•  Beats

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Principle of Superposition

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


An example of superposition

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An example of destructive interference

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Checking Understanding
Two waves on a string are moving toward each other. A picture
at t = 0 s appears as follows:

How does the string appear at t = 2 s?

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Answer
Two waves on a string are moving toward each other. A picture
at t = 0 s appears as follows:

How does the string appear at t = 2 s?

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Standing waves

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Standing waves on a string

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Standing Wave Modes on a string: wavelengths
In this case we have one anti-node (max
amplitude), and two nodes. The wavelength is
= 2L

Here we have two-antinodes (and three


nodes). The wavelength is L (=2L/2)

And here three anti-nodes (and four nodes).


The wavelength is 2L/3

In general, if we have m anti-nodes, the


wavelength is 2L/m.
Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
•  The case m=1 is called the fundamental mode, or first harmonic
(with fundamental or primary frequency and wavelength).

•  The case m=2 is called the second harmonic.


•  And so on.
•  ‘m’ is called the mode number.

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


Imagine that the string where we have a standing wave is that one of a guitar
or violin.

The standing wave produces vibrations in the air surrounding the string,
creating a sound wave.

Does the pitch of the tone become higher or lower as go to higher


harmonics?

Notice that here v is the speed of propagation of waves on the string, not
the speed of sound in air. Why?

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.


String instruments

Recall that the velocity of sound


in a string is given by:
T= tension;
m = linear mass density

For a fixed speed, the frequency (pitch) gets higher with shorter strings.

For a fixed length, the higher the velocity the higher the frequency (pitch).
In that case, the pitch changes with:
1) Mass density m: The heavier the string the lower the note/pitch.
2) Tension T: the tighter the string, the higher the note/pitch. For a fixed
length, the higher the velocity the higher the frequency (pitch).
Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Standing Sound Waves

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Physics of Speech and Hearing

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Interference of Spherical Waves

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Beats

fbeat = |f1 - f2|

Copyright © 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.

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