C H A P T E R 3

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . 265

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . 273

Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations . . . . . . . . . 289

Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models . . . . . . . . . . 303

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

C H A P T E R 3
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs

■ You should know that a function of the form f x
a x, where a > 0, a  1, is called an exponential
function with base a.
■ You should be able to graph exponential functions.
■ You should know formulas for compound interest.

.
r nt
(a) For n compoundings per year: A
P 1 
n
(b) For continuous compoundings: A
Pert.

Vocabulary Check
1. algebraic 2. transcendental 3. natural exponential; natural


nt
r
4. A
P 1  5. A
Pert
n

1. f 5.6
3.45.6  946.852 2. f x
2.3x
2.332  3.488 3. f  
5  0.006

4. f x
23 
23 

5x 50.3
 0.544 5. gx
50002x
500021.5 6. f x
2001.212x
 1767.767
2001.212  24
 1.274  1025

7. f x
2x 8. f x
2x  1 rises to the right. 9. f x
2x

Increasing Asymptote: y
1 Decreasing
Asymptote: y
0 Intercept: 0, 2 Asymptote: y
0
Intercept: 0, 1 Matches graph (c). Intercept: 0, 1
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a).

11. f x
12 

x
10. f x
2x2 rises to the right. y

Asymptote: y
0 5

x 2 1 0 1 2 4
Intercept: 0, 4 
1
3
f x 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
Matches graph (b). 2

Asymptote: y
0 1

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

265
266 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

12. f x
12 

x

2x 13. f x
6x

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 f x 36 6 1 0.167 0.028

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

14. f x
6x 15. f x
2x1

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.028 0.167 1 6 36 f x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

16. f x
4x3  3 y

x 1 0 1 2 3 6
5
f x 3.004 3.016 3.063 3.25 4 4

Asymptote: y
3 2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

17. f x
3x, gx
3x4 18. f x
4x, gx
4x  1

Because gx
f x  4, the graph of g can be obtained Because gx
f x  1, the graph of g can be obtained
by shifting the graph of f four units to the right. by shifting the graph of f one unit upward.

19. f x
2x, gx
5  2x 20. f x
10x, gx
10x3

Because gx
5  f x, the graph of g can be obtained Because gx
f x  3, the graph of g can be
by shifting the graph of f five units upward. obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the y-axis and
shifting f three units to the right. (Note: This is equivalent
to shifting f three units to the left and then reflecting the
graph in the y-axis.)
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 267

21. f x
72  , gx
 72 

x x6
22. f x
0.3x, gx
0.3x  5
Because gx
f x  6, the graph of g can be gx
f x  5, hence the graph of g can be obtained
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and shifting the
y-axis and shifting f six units to the right. (Note: This is resulting graph five units upward.
equivalent to shifting f six units to the left and then
reflecting the graph in the x-axis and y-axis.)

23. y
2x 24. y
3x

2
25. f x
3x2  1 26. y
4x1  2
3 3 4 3

−6 3

−3 3 −3 3

−1 5
−1 −1 0 −3

27. f 4 
e34  0.472

3
28. f x
ex
e3.2  24.533 29. f 10
2e510  3.857  1022

30. f x
1.5e12x 31. f 6
5000e0.066  7166.647 32. f x
250e0.05x

1.5e120  1.956  1052
250e0.0520  679.570

33. f x
e x 34. f x
ex

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2

f x 0.135 0.368 1 2.718 7.389 f x 7.389 2.718 1 0.368 0.135

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −1

35. f x
3e x4 36. f x
2e0.5x

x 8 7 6 5 4 x 2 1 0 1 2
f x 0.055 0.149 0.406 1.104 3 f x 5.437 3.297 2 1.213 0.736

Asymptote: y
0 Asymptote: y
0
y y

8 6
7
5
6
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
x x
− 8 − 7 − 6 − 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1 1 − 3 − 2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
268 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

37. f x
2e x2  4 38. f x
2  ex5

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 0 2 4 5 6
f x 4.037 4.100 4.271 4.736 6 f x 2.007 2.050 2.368 3 4.718

Asymptote: y
4 Asymptote: y
2
y y

9 8
8 7
7
6
6
5
5
4

3 3
2
1 1
x x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

39. y
1.085x 40. y
1.085x 41. st
2e0.12t

7 6 22

−4 8
−7 5
−10 23
−1 −2 0

42. st
3e0.2t 43. gx
1  ex 44. hx
ex2

20 4 4

− 16 17
−3 3 −2 4
−2 0 0

1
45. 3x1
27 46. 2x3
16 47. 2x2
32
3x1
33 2x3
24 2x2
25
x1
3 x3
4 x  2
5
x
2 x
7 x
3

48. 15 x1
125 49. e3x2
e3 50. e2x1
e4

15 x1
53 3x  2
3 2x  1
4
15 x1
15 3 3x
1 2x
5
x  1
3 x

1
3 x
52

x
4

2 3 2 6
51. ex
e2x 52. ex
e5x
x 2  3
2x x 2  6
5x
x 2  2x  3
0 x 2  5x  6
0
x  3x  1
0 x  3x  2
0
x
3 or x
1 x
3 or x
2
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 269

53. P
$2500, r
2.5%, t
10 years



10n
r nt 0.025
Compounded n times per year: A
P 1 
2500 1 
n n
Compounded continuously: A
Pert
2500e0.02510

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $3200.21 $3205.09 $3207.57 $3209.23 $3210.04 $3210.06

54. P
$1000, r
4%, t
10 years


0.04 10n
Compounded n times per year: A
1000 1 
n
Compounded continuously: A
1000e0.0410

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $1480.24 $1485.95 $1488.86 $1490.83 $1491.79 $1491.82

55. P
$2500, r
3%, t
20 years



20n
r nt 0.03
Compounded n times per year: A
P 1 
2500 1 
n n
Compounded continuously: A
Pert
2500e0.0320

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $4515.28 $4535.05 $4545.11 $4551.89 $4555.18 $4555.30

56. P
$1000, r
6%, t
40 years


0.06 40n
Compounded n times per year: A
1000 1 
n
Compounded continuously: A
1000e0.0640

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $10,285.72 $10,640.89 $10,828.46 $10,957.45 $11,021.00 $11,023.18

57. A
Pert
12,000e0.04t

t 10 20 30 40 50

A $17,901.90 $26,706.49 $39,841.40 $59,436.39 $88,668.67

58. A
Pert
12,000e0.06t

t 10 20 30 40 50
A $21,865.43 $39,841.40 $72,595.77 $132,278.12 $241,026.44
270 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

59. A
Pert
12,000e0.065t

t 10 20 30 40 50
A $22,986.49 $44,031.56 $84,344.25 $161,564.86 $309,484.08

60. A
Pert
12,000e0.035t

t 10 20 30 40 50

A $17,028.81 $24,165.03 $34,291.81 $48,662.40 $69,055.23

61. A
25,000e0.087525 62. A
5000e0.07550 63. C10
23.951.0410  $35.45

 $222,822.57  $212,605.41


4
64. p
5000 1  65. Vt
100e4.6052t
4  e0.002x
(a) V1  10,000.298 computers
(a) 1200

(b) V1.5  10,004.472 computers

(c) V2  1,000,059.63 computers

0 2000
0

(b) When x
500:


4
p
5000 1   $421.12
4  e0.002500
(c) Since 600, 350.13 is on the graph in part (a), it
appears that the greatest price that will still yield a
demand of at least 600 units is about $350.

67. Q
2512 
t1599
66. (a) P
152.26e0.0039t
Since the growth rate is negative, 0.0039
0.39%, (a) Q0
25 grams
the population is decreasing.
(b) Q1000  16.21 grams
(b) In 1998, t
8 and the population is given by
(c) 30
P8
152.26e0.00398
147.58 million.
In 2000, t
10 and the population is given by
P10
152.26e0.003910
146.44 million.
0 5000
(c) In 2010, t
20 and the population is given by 0
P20
152.26e0.003920
140.84 million.

68. Q
1012 
t5715

(a) When t
0: Q
1012 

05715
(c) Q

101
10 grams
Mass of 14C (in grams)

12
10
(b) When t
2000: Q
102  1 20005715
8
6
 7.85 grams 4
2
t
4000 8000
Time (in years)
 Section 3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 271

100
69. y

1  7e0.069x
(a) 110 (b) (c) When x
36:
x Sample Data Model
100
0 12 12.5 y
 63.14%.
1  7e0.06936
25 44 44.5
0 120 2 100
0
50 81 81.82 (d) 100
when
3 1  7e0.069x
75 96 96.19 x  38 masses.
100 99 99.3

70. (a) P (b) p
107,428e0.150h

120,000

107,428e0.1508
Atmospheric pressure

100,000
(in pascals)

80,000
32,357 pascals

60,000
40,000
20,000
h
5 10 15 20 25
Altitude (in km)

271,801
71. True. The line y
2 is a horizontal asymptote for the 72. False, e  99,990 . e is an irrational number.
graph of f x
10x  2.

73. f x
3x2 74. gx
22x6

3x32
22x  26

6422x

3 
1

3x 2

6422x
1
644x

3x
9

hx

hx
Thus, gx
hx but gx  f x.
Thus, f x  gx, but f x
hx.

75. f x
164x and f x
164x 76. f x
5x  3

424x
1622x gx
53x
53  5x

42x
1622x hx
5x3
 5x  53
2x

14 
hx Thus, none are equal.

4  1 x2

gx
Thus, f x
gx
hx.
272 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

77. y
3x and y
4x
y
x 2 1 0 1 2
3
y = 3x 1 1
y = 4x 3x 1 3 9
9 3
2
1 1
4x 16 4 1 4 16
1

x
−2 −1 1 2 (a) 4x < 3x when x < 0.
−1
(b) 4x > 3x when x > 0.

78. (a) f x
x2ex (b) gx
x23x

5 6

−2 10
−2 7

−1 −2

Decreasing:  , 0, 2,  Decreasing: 1.44, 

Increasing: 0, 2 Increasing:  , 1.44
Relative maximum: 2, 4e2 Relative maximum: 1.44, 4.25
Relative minimum: 0, 0

 and gx
e
x
0.5
79. f x
1  0.5
(Horizontal line) 80. The functions (c) 3x and (d) 2x are exponential.
x
4

g
−3 3
0

As x → , f x → gx.
As x →  , f x → gx.

81. x2  y2
25 
82. x  y
2
y2
25  x2 x2
y 
y
± 25  x2 y
x  2 and y
 x  2, x ≥ 2

2
83. f x
y
9x
12
Vertical asymptote: x
9 9

6
Horizontal asymptote: y
0
3
x
x 11 10 8 7 −18 − 15 −6 −3
−3
3

f x 1 2 2 1 −6

−9
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 273

84. f x
7  x y
85. Answers will vary.
Domain:  , 7 6

x 9 2 3 6 7 2

x
y −4 −2 2 4 6 8
4 3 2 1 0 −2

−4

−6

Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs

■ You should know that a function of the form y
loga x, where a > 0, a  1, and x > 0, is called
a logarithm of x to base a.
■ You should be able to convert from logarithmic form to exponential form and vice versa.
y
loga x ⇔ ay
x
■ You should know the following properties of logarithms.
(a) loga 1
0 since a0
1.
(b) loga a
1 since a1
a.
(c) loga ax
x since ax
ax .
(d) aloga x
x Inverse Property
(e) If loga x
loga y, then x
y.
■ You should know the definition of the natural logarithmic function.
loge x
ln x, x > 0
■ You should know the properties of the natural logarithmic function.
(a) ln 1
0 since e0
1.
(b) ln e
1 since e1
e.
(c) ln ex
x since ex
ex .
(d) eln x
x Inverse Property
(e) If ln x
ln y, then x
y.
■ You should be able to graph logarithmic functions.

Vocabulary Check
1. logarithmic 2. 10 3. natural; e
4. aloga x
x 5. x
y

1
1. log4 64
3 ⇒ 43
64 2. log3 81
4 ⇒ 34
81 3. log7 49
2 ⇒ 72
491

1 1 2
4. log 1000
3 ⇒ 103
1000 5. log32 4
5 ⇒ 322
5
4 6. log16 8
34 ⇒ 163
4
8

1
7. log36 6
2 ⇒ 36 1
2
6 8. log8 4
23 ⇒ 82
3
4 9. 53
125 ⇒ log5 125
3

1 3
10. 82
64 ⇒ log8 64
2 11. 811
4
3 ⇒ log81 3
4 12. 93
2
27 ⇒ log9 27
2
274 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1 1 1 1
13. 62
36 ⇒ log6 36
2 14. 43
64 ⇒ log4 64
3 15. 70
1 ⇒ log7 1
0

16. 103
0.001 ⇒ log10 0.001
3 17. f x
log2 x 18. f x
log16 x

f 16
log2 16
4 since 24
16 f 4
log16 4
12 since 161
2
4

19. f x
log7 x 20. f x
log x 21. gx
loga x

f 1
log7 1
0 since 70
1 f 10
log 10
1 since 101
10 ga2
loga a2

2 by the Inverse Property

22. gx
logb x 23. f x
log x 24. f x
log x

gb3 
logb b3
3 since f 4
5 
log   0.097
4
5 f 500
1

log 5001  2.699
b3
b3

25. f x
log x 26. f x
log x 27. log3 34
4 since 34
34

f 12.5  1.097 f 75.25  1.877

28. log1.5 1 29. log 
1 since 1
. 30. 9log9 15

Since 1.50
1, log1.5 1
0. Since aloga x
x, 9log9 15
15.

31. f x
log4 x 32. gx
log6 x y

Domain: x > 0 ⇒ The domain is 0, . Domain: 0,  2

x-intercept: 1, 0 y
x-intercept: 1, 0 1

Vertical asymptote: x
0 2 Vertical asymptote: x
0 −1 1 2 3

x

y
log4 x ⇒ 4 y
x 1 y
log6 x ⇒ 6 y
x −1

x −2
1 −1 1 2 3 1
x 4 1 4 2 x 6 1 6 6
−1
f x 1
1 0 1 2 y 1 0 1
2 1
−2

33. y
log3 x  2 y 34. hx
log4x  3

Domain: 0,  6 Domain: x  3 > 0 ⇒ x > 3
4
x-intercept: The domain is 3, . y
2
log3 x  2
0 x x-intercept: 6
2 4 6 8 10 12
4
2
log3 x −2
log4x  3
0
−4 2
32
x −6
40
x  3 x
2 4 6 8 10
9
x 1
x3 −2

The x-intercept is 9, 0. 4
x −4

Vertical asymptote: x
0 The x-intercept is 4, 0.

y
log3 x  2 Vertical asymptote: x  3
0 ⇒ x
3
log3 x
2  y ⇒ 32y
x y
log4x  3 ⇒ 4 y  3
x

1 1
x 27 9 3 1 3 x 34 4 7 19
y 1 0 1 2 3 y 1 0 1 2
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 275

35. f x
log6x  2 36. y
log5x  1  4

Domain: x  2 > 0 ⇒ x > 2 Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
The domain is 2, . y
The domain is 1, . y

x-intercept: 4
x-intercept: 6

0
log6x  2 5
2
log5x  1  4
0 4
0
log6x  2
log5x  1
4
x
6 3

60
x  2 −2 2
54
x  1
1
x2 −4 1
1

625
x1 x
1
x 626
2 3 4 5 6

625
x
The x-intercept is 1, 0.
The x-intercept is 625, 0.
626
Vertical asymptote: x  2
0 ⇒ x
2
Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
 y
log6x  2
y
log6x  2 y
log5x  1  4 ⇒ 5y4  1
x

6y  2
x
x 1.00032 1.0016 1.008 1.04 1.2
x 4 1 156 135
36 y 1 0 1 2 3
f x 1 0 1 2

5
x
37. y
log x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

y 0.70 0.40 0.22 0.10 0 0.08 0.15

x
Domain: > 0 ⇒ x > 0
5
The domain is 0, . y

x-intercept: 4

5
0
x 2
log
x
4 6 8
x

100 −2
5
−4
x

1 ⇒ x
5
5
The x-intercept is 5, 0.
x
Vertical asymptote:
0 ⇒ x
0
5
The vertical asymptote is the y-axis.

38. y
logx 1 1
x  100  10 1 10
Domain: x > 0 ⇒ x < 0
y 2 1 0 1
The domain is  , 0.
x-intercept: logx
0 y

100
x 2

1
x 1

The x-intercept is 1, 0. −3 −2 −1 1

x

Vertical asymptote: x
0 −1

y
logx ⇒ 10y
x −2
276 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

39. f x
log3 x  2 40. f x
log3 x

Asymptote: x
0 Asymptote: x
0
Point on graph: 1, 2 Point on graph: 1, 0
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (f).
The graph of f x is obtained by shifting the graph of gx f x reflects gx in the x-axis.
upward two units.

41. f x
log3x  2 42. f x
log3x  1

Asymptote: x
2 Asymptote: x
1
Point on graph: 1, 0 Point on graph: 2, 0
Matches graph (d). Matches graph (e).
The graph of f x is obtained by reflecting the graph of f x shifts gx one unit to the right.
gx about the x-axis and shifting the graph two units to
the left.

43. f x
log31  x
log3 x  1 44. f x
log3x

Asymptote: x
1 Asymptote: x
0
Point on graph: 0, 0 Point on graph: 1, 0
Matches graph (b). Matches graph (a).
The graph of f x is obtained by reflecting the graph of f x reflects gx in the x-axis then reflects that graph in
gx about the y-axis and shifting the graph one unit to the y-axis.
the right.

45. ln 12
0.693 . . . ⇒ e0.693 . . .
12 46. ln 25
0.916 . . . ⇒ e0.916 . . .
25

47. ln 4
1.386 . . . ⇒ e1.386 . . .
4 48. ln 10
2.302 . . . ⇒ e2.302 . . .
10

49. ln 250
5.521 . . . ⇒ e5.521 . . .
250 50. ln 679
6.520 . . . ⇒ e6.520 . . .
679

51. ln 1
0 ⇒ e0
1 52. ln e
1 ⇒ e1
e

53. e3
20.0855 . . . ⇒ ln 20.0855 . . .
3 54. e2
7.3890 . . . ⇒ ln 7.3890 . . .
2

1
55. e12
1.6487 . . . ⇒ ln 1.6487 . . .
12 56. e1
3
1.3956 . . . ⇒ ln 1.3956 . . .
3

57. e0.5
0.6065 . . . ⇒ ln 0.6065 . . .
0.5 58. e4.1
0.0165 . . . ⇒ ln 0.0165 . . .
4.1

59. ex
4 ⇒ ln 4
x 60. e2x
3 ⇒ ln 3
2x

61. f x
ln x 62. f x
3 ln x

f 18.42
ln 18.42  2.913 f 0.32
3 ln 0.32  3.418

63. gx
2 ln x 64. gx
ln x

g0.75
2 ln 0.75  0.575 g12 
ln 12  0.693

 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 277

65. gx
ln x 66. gx
ln x

ge3
ln e3
3 by the Inverse Property ge2
ln e2
2

67. gx
ln x 68. gx
ln x

ge2
3
ln e2
3
 23 by the Inverse Property ge5
2
ln e5
2
 52

69. f x
lnx  1 70. hx
lnx  1

Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1 Domain: x  1 > 0 ⇒ x > 1
The domain is 1, . y
The domain is 1, . y

3
x-intercept: x-intercept: 6
2
4
0
lnx  1 1 lnx  1
0
2
e0
x  1 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
e0
x  1
x
−1 −2 2 4 6 8
2
x 1
x1
−2

The x-intercept is 2, 0. −3 0
x

Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1 The x-intercept is 0, 0.
Vertical asymptote: x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
x 1.5 2 3 4
y
lnx  1 ⇒ ey  1
x
f x 0.69 0 0.69 1.10
x 0.39 0 1.72 6.39 19.09

y  12 0 1 2 3

71. gx
lnx 72. f x
ln3  x

Domain: x > 0 ⇒ x < 0 y Domain: 3  x > 0 ⇒ x < 3
The domain is  , 0. 2 The domain is  , 3. y

3
x-intercept: 1 x-intercept:
2
0
lnx −3 −2 −1 1
x
ln3  x
0
e0
x e0
3  x −2 −1 1 2 4
x

−1
1
x −2 1
3x
−2

The x-intercept is 1, 0. 2
x −3

Vertical asymptote: x
0 ⇒ x
0 The x-intercept is 2, 0.

x 0.5 1 2 3 Vertical asymptote: 3  x
0 ⇒ x
3

y
ln3  x ⇒ 3  ey
x
gx 0.69 0 0.69 1.10

x 2.95 2.86 2.63 2 0.28

y 3 2 1 0 1

73. y1
logx  1 74. f x
logx  1 75. y1
lnx  1

2 2 3

−1 5 −1 5 0 9

−2 −2 −3
278 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

76. f x
lnx  2 77. y
ln x  2 78. f x
3 ln x  1

3 5 4

−5 10
−4 5

0 9

−3 −1 −6

79. log2x  1
log2 4 80. log2x  3
log2 9

x1
4 x3
9
x
3 x
12

81. log2x  1
log 15 82. log5x  3
log 12

2x  1
15 5x  3
12
x
7 5x
9
9
x
5

83. lnx  2
ln 6 84. lnx  4
ln 2

x2
6 x4
2
x
4 x
6

85. lnx 2  2
ln 23 86. lnx 2  x
ln 6

x 2  2
23 x2  x
6
x 2
25 x2  x  6
0
x
±5 x  3x  2
0
x
2 or x
3

x  x1000, x > 1000

ln K
87. t
12.542 ln 88. t

0.095
(a) When x
$1100.65: (a)
K 1 2 4 6 8 10 12
t
12.542 ln 1100.65
1100.65  1000 
 30 years t 0 7.3 14.6 18.9 21.9 24.2 26.2

When x
$1254.68: The number of years required to multiply the original

investment by K increases with K. However, the larger
t
12.542 ln 1254.68  1000 
1254.68
 20 years the value of K, the fewer the years required to increase
the value of the investment by an additional multiple
(b) Total amounts: 1100.651230
$396,234.00 of the original investment.
1254.681220
$301,123.20 (b) t

(c) Interest charges: 396,234  150,000
$246,234 25

20
301,123.20  150,000
$151,123.20
15
(d) The vertical asymptote is x
1000. The closer the pay- 10
ment is to $1000 per month, the longer the length of the
5
mortgage will be. Also, the monthly payment must be
greater than $1000. K
2 4 6 8 10 12
 Section 3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 279

89. f t
80  17 logt  1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 90. 
10 log 10I 

12

(a) 100

(a) 
10 log 101 
10 log10

12
12
120 decibels

2

0
0
12
(b) 
10 log 1010 
10 log10
12
10 
100 decibels

(c) No, the difference is due to the logarithmic

(b) f 0
80  17 log 1
80.0 relationship between intensity and number of
(c) f 4
80  17 log 5  68.1 decibels.

(d) f 10
80  17 log 11  62.3

91. False. Reflecting gx about the line y
x will determine 92. True, log3 27
3 ⇒ 33
27.
the graph of f x.

93. f x
3x, gx
log3 x 94. f x
5x, gx
log5 x 95 . f x
ex, gx
ln x
y y y

2 2 2
f f f
1 1 1
g g g
x x x
−2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −1 −1

−2 −2 −2

f and g are inverses. Their graphs f and g are inverses. Their graphs f and g are inverses. Their graphs
are reflected about the line y
x. are reflected about the line y
x. are reflected about the line y
x.

96. f x
10x, gx
log10 x 97. (a) f x
ln x, gx
x 40

y The natural log function g

grows at a slower rate

2
than the square root f
f
1 function. 0
0
1000
g
x
−2 −1 1 2 (b) f x
ln x, gx

4 x 15

−1 g
The natural log function
−2 grows at a slower rate than f

the fourth root function.

0 20,000
f and g are inverses. Their graphs are reflected 0
about the line y
x.

ln x
98. f x

x
(a) (b) As x → , f  x  → 0.
x 1 5 10 102 104 106
(c) 0.5
f x 0 0.322 0.230 0.046 0.00092 0.0000138

0 100
0
280 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

99. (a) False. If y were an exponential function of x, then (b) True. y
loga x
y
ax, but a1
a, not 0. Because one point is
For a
2, y
log2 x.
1, 0, y is not an exponential function of x.
x
1, log2 1
0
(c) True. x
ay
x
2, log2 2
1
For a
2, x
2y.
x
8, log2 8
3
y
0, 20
1
(d) False. If y were a linear function of x, the slope
y
1, 21
2
between 1, 0 and 2, 1 and the slope between
y
3, 23
8 2, 1 and 8, 3 would be the same. However,
10 31 2 1
m1

1 and m2


.
21 82 6 3
Therefore, y is not a linear function of x.

100. y
loga x ⇒ ay
x, so, for example, if a
2, there is no value of y for which 2y
4. If a
1, then every power
of a is equal to 1, so x could only be 1. So, loga x is defined only for 0 < a < 1 and a > 1.

101. f x
ln x

102. (a) hx
lnx2  1 (b) Increasing on 0, 
Decreasing on  , 0
(a) 4 (b) Increasing on 1,  8

Decreasing on 0, 1 (c) Relative minimum:

0, 0
(c) Relative minimum:
−1 8 −9 9
1, 0
−2 −4

For Exercises 103–108, use f x
3x  2 and gx
x3  1.

103.  f  g2
f 2  g2 104. f x  gx
3x  2  x3  1

32  2  23  1
3x  2  x3  1

87
3x  x3  3

15 Therefore,
 f  g1
31  13  3

3  1  3

1.

f x 3x  2
105.  fg6
f 6g6 106.
3
gx x 1

36  2 63  1 3 02

20215
Therefore,
f
g 
0
3
0 1

2.

4300

107.  f
g7
f g7 108. g
f (x
g f x
g3x  2
3x  23  1

f 73  1 Therefore,

f 342 g
f 3
3 3  23  1

3342  2
73  1
344.

1028
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 281

Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms

■ You should know the following properties of logarithms.

logb x log10 x ln x
(a) loga x
loga x
loga x

logb a log10 a ln a
(b) logauv
loga u  loga v lnuv
ln u  ln v

 v 
log  v 
ln u  ln v
u u
(c) loga a u  loga v ln

(d) loga un
n loga u ln un
n ln u

■ You should be able to rewrite logarithmic expressions using these properties.

Vocabulary Check
log x ln x
1. change-of-base 2.

log a ln a
3. logauv
loga u  loga v 4. ln un
n ln u
This is the Product Property. Matches (c). This is the Power Property. Matches (a).
u
5. loga
loga u  loga v
v
This is the Quotient Property. Matches (b).

log x log x log x

1. (a) log5 x
2. (a) log3 x
3. (a) log1
5 x

log 5 log 3 log1
5
ln x ln x ln x
(b) log5 x
(b) log3 x
(b) log1
5 x

ln 5 ln 3 ln1
5

log x 3 log3
10 3 log3
4

4. (a) log1
3 x
5. (a) logx
6. (a) logx

log1
3 10 log x 4 log x
ln x 3 ln3
10 3 ln3
4
(b) log1
3 x
(b) logx
(b) logx

ln1
3 10 ln x 4 ln x

log x log x log 7 ln 7

7. (a) log2.6 x
8. (a) log7.1 x
9. log3 7

 1.771
log 2.6 log 7.1 log 3 ln 3
ln x ln x
(b) log2.6 x
(b) log7.1 x

ln 2.6 ln 7.1

log 4 ln 4 log 4 ln 4
10. log7 4

 0.712 11. log1
2 4


2.000
log 7 ln 7 log1
2 ln1
2

log 5 ln 5 log 0.4 ln 0.4

12. log1
4 5

 1.161 13. log90.4

 0.417
log1
4 ln1
4 log 9 ln 9

log 0.125 ln 0.125 log 1250 ln 1250

14. log20 0.125

 0.694 15. log15 1250

 2.633
log 20 ln 20 log 15 ln 15

log 0.015 ln 0.015 log2 8 log2 23 3

16. log3 0.015

 3.823 17. log4 8



log 3 ln 3 log2 4 log2 22 2
282 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

18. log242  34
log2 42  log2 34
log5125  12 

1 1 9 3
19. log5 250 20. log 300
log 100
1

2 log2 4  4 log2 3
log5 125  log5 12
log 3  log 100

2 log2 22  4 log2 3
log5 53  log5 21
log 3  log 102

4 log2 2  4 log2 3
3  log5 2
log 3  2 log 10

4  4 log2 3
log 3  2

6
21. ln5e6
ln 5  ln e6 22. ln
ln 6  ln e2 23. log3 9
2 log3 3
2
e2

ln 5  6

ln 6  2 ln e

6  ln 5

ln 6  2

4 8
1 log 23
3 log 2
3 1
3

24. log5 125
log5 53
3 log5 5
31
3
1
25. log2  4 2 4 2 4 4

3 6
log 61
3
1 log 6
1 1
1

26. log6  6 3 6 3 3 27. log4 161.2
1.2log4 16
1.2 log4 42
1.22
2.4

28. log3 810.2
0.2 log3 81 29. log39 is undefined. 9 is not in the domain of log3 x.

0.2 log3 3 4

0.24
0.8

30. log216 is undefined because 31. ln e4.5
4.5 32. 3 ln e4
34 ln e

16 is not in the domain of

121
log2 x.

12

1 4 e3
ln e3
4
33. ln
ln 1  lne 34. ln  35. ln e2  ln e5
2  5
7
e
3
1
ln e

0 ln e 4
2
3
1
1

0  1 4
2
3
1


 4
2

36. 2 ln e6  ln e5
ln e12  ln e5 75
37. log5 75  log5 3
log5
3
e12

ln
e5
log5 25

ln e7
log5 52

7
2 log5 5

2

38. log4 2  log4 32
log4 41
2  log4 45
2 39. log4 5x
log4 5  log4 x
1 5

log4 4  log4 4
2 2

121  521

3
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 283

y
40. log3 10z
log3 10  log3 z 41. log8 x4
4 log8 x 42. log
log y  log 2
2

5 1
43. log5
log5 5  log5 x 44. log6 z3
3 log6 z 45. lnz
ln z1
2
ln z
x 2

1  log5 x

3 t
ln t1
3
1 ln t
46. ln  3 47. ln xyz2
ln x  ln y  ln z2 48. log 4x2y
log 4  log x2  log y

ln x  ln y  2 ln z
log 4  2 log x  log y

x2  1
49. ln zz  12
ln z  lnz  12 50. ln  x3 

lnx2  1  ln x3

ln z  2 lnz  1, z > 1
lnx  1x  1  ln x3

lnx  1  lnx  1  3 ln x

a  1 6
51. log2
log2a  1  log2 9 52. ln
ln 6  lnx2  1
9 x2  1

1
ln 6  lnx2  11
2

log2a  1  log2 32
2
1

ln 6  lnx2  1
1 2

log2a  1  2 log2 3, a > 1
2

xy
31 ln yx xy y   
2 x2 1
2 1 x2
53. ln 3
54. ln 3

ln 3

ln 3
2 y
1 1

ln x  ln y
ln x2  ln y3
3 2
1 1

ln x  ln y 1
3 3
2 ln x  3 ln y
2
3

ln x  ln y
2

x z y 
ln x
4 x y4
55. ln 4y  ln z5 56. log2
log2 x y4  log2 z4
5 z4

ln x4  ln y  ln z5
log2 x  log2 y4  log2 z4
1 1

4 ln x  ln y  5 ln z
log2 x  4 log2 y  4 log2 z
2 2

yxz 
log x  log y z

2 xy4
57. log5 5
2
5
2 3 58. log
log xy4  log z5
2 3 z5

log5 x2  log5 y2  log5 z3
log x  log y4  log z5

2 log5 x  2 log5 y  3 log5 z
log x  4 log y  5 log z

59. ln  x x  3
14 ln x3x2  3
4 3 2
60. lnx2x  2
lnx2x  2 1
2
4 ln x  lnx2  3
1

3

lnxx  21
2

14 3 ln x  lnx2  3
ln x  lnx  21
2

34 ln x  14 lnx2  3
ln x  12 lnx  2
284 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

z
61. ln x  ln 3
ln 3x 62. ln y  ln t
ln yt
ln ty 63. log4 z  log4 y
log4
y

8 2
64. log5 8  log5 t
log5 65. 2 log2x  4
log2x  42 66. log7z  2
log7z  22
3
t 3

1 1
67. log3 5x
log35x1
4
log3 
4 5x 68. 4 log6 2x
log62x4
log6
4 16x 4

69. ln x  3 lnx  1
ln x  lnx  13 70. 2 ln 8  5 lnz  4
ln 82  lnz  45

x
ln 64  lnz  45

ln
x  13
ln 64z  45

71. log x  2 log y  3 log z
log x  log y2  log z3 72. 3 log3 x  4 log3 y  4 log3 z
log3 x3  log3 y4  log3 z4
x xz3
log3 x3y4  log3 z4

log  log z3
log 2
y2 y
x3y4

log3
z4

73. ln x  4lnx  2  lnx  2
ln x  4 lnx  2x  2

ln x  4 lnx2  4

ln x  lnx2  44
x

ln
x2  44

74. 4ln z  lnz  5  2 lnz  5
4ln zz  5  lnz  52

lnzz  5 4  lnz  52
z4z  54

ln
z  52

1 1
75. 2 lnx  3  ln x  lnx2  1
lnx  32  ln x  lnx2  1
3 3
1

ln xx  32  lnx2  1
3
1 xx  32

ln 2
3 x 1

xxx  31
2

ln 3
2

76. 23 ln x  lnx  1  lnx  1
2ln x3  lnx  1  lnx  1

2ln x3  lnx  1  lnx  1

2ln x3  lnx  1x  1
x3

2 ln
x2 1

x 
x3 2

ln 2 1
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 285

1 1
77. log8 y  2 log 8 y  4  log 8 y  1
log 8 y  log 8 y  42  log 8 y  1
3 3
1

log 8 y y  42  log 8 y  1
3

log 8 
3
y  y  42  log 8 y  1

  y  y  42

3

log 8
y1

78. 12log4x  1  2 log4x  1  6 log4 x
12log4x  1  log4x  12  log4 x6

12log4x  1x  12  log4 x6

log4x  1x  1  log4 x6

log4x6x  1x  1

32 log2 32
79. log2
log2 32  log2 4 
4 log2 4
The second and third expressions are equal by Property 2.

80. log770

1
2
1
log7 70
log7 7  log7 10
2
81. 
10 log 10I 
12

1
10log I  log 1012

1  log7 10
2

10log I  12
1 1

 log7 10
120  10 log I
2 2
When I
106 :
1

 log7 10 by Property 1 and Property 3
2 
120  10 log 106

120  106

60 decibels

82. 
10 log 10I 

12
83. 
120  10 log2I 

5 7

120  10log 2  log I 
Difference
10 log 3.1610 10   10 log1.2610 10 
12 12
120  10 log I   10 log 2

10log3.16  107  log1.26  105 With both stereos playing, the music is 10 log 2  3
decibels louder.
 3.16
1.26  10 
 10 7

10 log 5

10log2.5079  102

10log250.79

24 dB
286 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

84. f t
90  15 logt  1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 12

(a) f t
90  logt  115 (f) The average score will be 75 when t
9 months. See
graph in (e).
(b) f 0
90
(g) 75
90  15 logt  1
(c) f 4
90  15  log4  1
79.5
15
15 logt  1
(d) f 12
90  15  log12  1
73.3
1
logt  1
(e) 95

101
t  1
t
9 months
0 12
70

85. By using the regression feature on a graphing calculator we obtain y  256.24  20.8 ln x.

86. (a) 80 (c)

t (in minutes) T C T  21 C lnT  21 1
T  21

0 30
0 78 57 4.043 0.0175
0
5 66 45 3.807 0.0222
(b) T  21
54.40.964 t
10 57.5 36.5 3.597 0.0274
T
54.40.964 t  21
15 51.2 30.2 3.408 0.0331
See graph in (a).
20 46.3 25.3 3.231 0.0395
1
(d)
0.0012t  0.016
T  21 25 42.5 21.5 3.068 0.0465
1 30 39.6 18.6 2.923 0.0538
T
 21
0.0012t  0.016
5
0.07 80

0 30
0 30 0 30 0
0 0

lnT  21
0.037t  4

(e) Since the scatter plot of the original data is so
nicely exponential, there is no need to do the T
e0.037t4  21
transformations unless one desires to deal with
This graph is identical to T in (b).
smaller numbers. The transformations did not
make the problem simpler.
Taking logs of temperatures led to a linear scatter
plot because the log function increases very slowly
as the x-values increase. Taking the reciprocals of
the temperatures led to a linear scatter plot because
of the asymptotic nature of the reciprocal function.

87. f x
ln x 88. f ax
f a  f x, a > 0, x > 0

False, f 0  0 since 0 is not in the domain of f x. True, because f ax
ln ax
ln a  ln x
f a  f x.
f 1
ln 1
0
 Section 3.3 Properties of Logarithms 287

x 1
89. False. f x  f 2
ln x  ln 2
ln  lnx  2 90. f x
f x; false
2 2
f x
ln x can’t be simplified further.

1 1
f x 
lnx
ln x1
2
ln x
f  x 
2 2

91. False. 92. If f x < 0, then 0 < x < 1.

f u
2f v ⇒ ln u
2 ln v ⇒ ln u
ln v2 ⇒ u
v2 True

93. Let x
logb u and y
logb v, then bx
u and by
v. 94. Let x
logb u, then u
bx and un
bnx.
u bx logb un
logb bnx
nx
n logb u

y
bxy
v b
Then logbu
v
logbb xy
x  y
logb u  logb v.

log x ln x log x ln x
95. f x
log2 x

96. f x
log4 x

97. f x
log1
2 x
log 2 ln 2 log 4 ln 4
log x ln x
3 2


log1
2 ln1
2
3
−3 6 −1 5

−3 6
−3 −2

−3

98. f x
log1
4 x 99. f x
log11.8 x 100. f x
log12.4 x

log x ln x log x ln x log x ln x







log1
4 ln1
4 log 11.8 ln 11.8 log 12.4 ln 12.4
2 2 2

−1 5 −1 5 −1 5

−2 −2 −2

y
x ln x
101. f x
ln , gx
, hx
ln x  ln 2
2 ln 2 2

f x
hx by Property 2 1 g f=h

x
1 2 3 4

−1

−2
288 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

102. ln 2  0.6931, ln 3  1.0986, ln 5  1.6094

ln 2  0.6931
ln 3  1.0986
ln 4
ln2  2
ln 2  ln 2  0.6931  0.6931
1.3862
ln 5  1.6094
ln 6
ln2  3
ln 2  ln 3  0.6931  1.0986
1.7917
ln 8
ln 23
3 ln 2  30.6931
2.0793
ln 9
ln 32
2 ln 3  21.0986
2.1972
ln 10
ln5  2
ln 5  ln 2  1.6094  0.6931
2.3025
ln 12
ln22  3
ln 22  ln 3
2 ln 2  ln 3  20.6931  1.0986
2.4848
ln 15
ln5  3
ln 5  ln 3  1.6094  1.0986
2.7080
ln 16
ln 24
4 ln 2  40.6931
2.7724
ln 18
ln32  2
ln 32  ln 2
2 ln 3  ln 2  21.0986  0.6931
2.8903
ln 20
ln5  22
ln 5  ln 22
ln 5  2 ln 2  1.6094  20.6931
2.9956

24xy2 24xx3 3x4 3

3y3
 3y  2x 
2x2 3y 3
27y3
103.

,x0 104.



16x3y 16yy2 2y3 2
2x 
2 3
8x 6

18x3y43 xy
105. 18x3y4318x3y43

1 if x  0, y  0. 106. xyx1  y11

18x3y43 x1  y1
xy


1
x  1
y
xy xy2



 y  x
xy x  y

107. 3x2  2x  1
0 108. 4x2  5x  1
0

3x  1x  1
0 4x  1x  1
0
3x  1
0 ⇒ x
1
3 4x  1
0 ⇒ x
14
x  1
0 ⇒ x
1 x1
0 ⇒ x
1
The zeros are x
14, 1.

2 x 5 2x
109.
110.

3x  1 4 x1 3
3x  1x
24 53
2xx  1
3x  x  8
0
2
15
2x2  2x
1 ± 12  438 0
2x2  2x  15
x

23
 2 ± 22  4215

x
1 ± 97 22


6
2 ± 124

x
4
1 ± 31

x
2
1 ± 31
The zeros are .
2
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 289

Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

■ To solve an exponential equation, isolate the exponential expression, then take the logarithm of both sides.
Then solve for the variable.
1. loga ax
x 2. ln ex
x
■ To solve a logarithmic equation, rewrite it in exponential form. Then solve for the variable.
1. aloga x
x 2. eln x
x
■ If a > 0 and a  1 we have the following:
1. loga x
loga y ⇔ x
y
2. ax
ay ⇔ x
y

■ Check for extraneous solutions.

Vocabulary Check
1. solve 2. (a) x
y (b) x
y 3. extraneous
(c) x (d) x

1. 42x7
64 2. 23x1
32
(a) x
5 (a) x
1
42
5 7
43
64 23
1 1
22
14
Yes, x
5 is a solution. No, x
1 is not a solution.
(b) x
2 (b) x
2
1
42
2 7
43
64  64 23
2 1
27
128
No, x
2 is not a solution. No, x
2 is not a solution.

3. 3ex2
75 4. 2e5x2
12
(a) x
2  e25 1
(a) x

2  ln 6

2e25 2 25 5
3e
3ee  75
2e5
15
2ln 6 2
2e2ln 62
No, x
2  e25 is not a solution.

2eln 6
2  6
12
(b) x
2  ln 25
1
3e
2ln 25 2
3eln 25
3
25
75 Yes, x

2  ln 6 is a solution.
5
Yes, x
2  ln 25 is a solution.
ln 6
(c) x  1.219 (b) x

5 ln 2
3e1.2192
3e3.219  75 2e5[ln 6
5 ln 2 2
2e
ln 6ln 2 2
Yes, x  1.219 is a solution.  2e2.5852
 2  97.9995
195.999
ln 6
No, x
is not a solution.
5 ln 2
(c) x
0.0416
2e5
0.0416 2
2e1.792  2
6.00144  12
Yes, x
0.0416 is an approximate solution.
290 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

5. log4
3x
3 ⇒ 3x
43 ⇒ 3x
64 6. log2
x  3
10
(a) x  21.333 (a) x
1021
3
21.333  64 log2
1021  3
log2
1024
Yes, 21.333 is an approximate solution. Since 210
1024, x
1021 is a solution.
(b) x
4 (b) x
17
3
4
12  64 log2
17  3
log2
20
No, x
4 is not a solution. Since 210  20, x
17 is not a solution.
(c) x
64
3 (c) x
102  3
97
3
64
3 
64 log2
97  3
log2
100
64
Yes, x
3 is a solution. Since 210  100, 102  3 is not a solution.

7. ln
2x  3
5.8 8. ln
x  1
3.8

2
3  ln 5.8
1
(a) x
(a) x
1  e3.8
ln2

3  ln 5.8  3
ln
ln 5.8  5.8
1
2 ln
1  e3.8  1
ln e3.8
3.8
No, x
12
3  ln 5.8 is not a solution. Yes, x
1  e3.8 is a solution.
(b) x
12
3  e5.8 (b) x  45.701
ln2

3  e5.8  3
ln
e5.8
5.8
1
2 ln
45.701  1
ln
44.701  3.8
Yes, x
12
3  e5.8 is a solution. Yes, x  45.701 is an approximate solution.
(c) x  163.650 (c) x
1  ln 3.8
ln2
163.650  3
ln 330.3  5.8 ln
1  ln 3.8  1
ln
ln 3.8  0.289
Yes, x  163.650 is an approximate solution. No, x
1  ln 3.8 is not a solution.

9. 4x
16 10. 3x
243 11.
12 x
32 12.
14 x
64

4x
42 3x
35 2x
25 4x
43
x
2 x
5 x
5 x
3
x
5 x
3

13. ln x  ln 2
0 14. ln x  ln 5
0 15. ex
2 16. ex
4

ln x
ln 2 ln x
ln 5 ln ex
ln 2 ln e x
ln 4
x
2 x
5 x
ln 2 x
ln 4
x  0.693 x  1.386

17. ln x
1 18. ln x
7 19. log4 x
3 20. log5 x
3

eln x

e 1
eln x

e 7
4log4 x
43 x
53
x
e1 x
e7 x
43 1
x
125 or 0.008
x  0.368 x  0.000912 x
64
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 291

21. f
x
g
x 22. f
x
g
x 23. f
x
g
x 24. f
x
g
x
2
8
x
27
9
x
log3 x
2 ln
x  4
0
2x
23 27x
2723 x
32 eln
x4
e0
x
3 x
2
3 x
9 x4
1
Point of intersection: Point of intersection: Point of intersection: x
5

3, 8
23, 9
9, 2 Point of intersection:
5, 0

2 2 2 8 2 3
25. e x
ex 26. e2 x
ex 27. ex
ex2
x
x2  2 2x
x 2  8 x2  3
x  2
0
x2  x  2 x 2  2x  8
0 x2  x  1
0
0

x  1
x  2
x  4
x  2
0 By the Quadratic Formula
x  1.618 or x  0.618.
x
1 or x
2 x
2, x
4

28. ex
ex
2 2 2x
29. 4
3x
20 30. 2
5x
32
x 2
x 2  2x 3x
5 5x
16
2x 2  2x
0 log3 3x
log3 5 x
log516
2x
x  1
0 log 5 ln 5 ln 16
x
log3 5
or x

log 3 ln 3 ln 5
x
0, x
1
x  1.465 x  1.723

31. 2ex
10 32. 4ex
91 33. ex  9
19

ex
5 ex
91
4 ex
28
ln ex
ln 5 ln ex
ln 91
4 ln ex
ln 28
x
ln 5  1.609 x
ln 91
4  3.125
x
ln 28  3.332

34. 6x  10
47 35. 32x
80 36. 65x
3000

6x
37 ln 32x
ln 80 ln 65x
ln 3000

x
log6 37 2x ln 3
ln 80

5x ln 6
ln 3000
ln 3000
ln 37 ln 80 5x

x
x
 1.994 ln 6
ln 6 2 ln 3
ln 3000
x  2.015 x
 0.894
5 ln 6

37. 5t2
0.20 38. 43t
0.10 39. 3x1
27

1 ln 43t
ln 0.10 3x1
33
5t2

5
3t ln 4
ln 0.10 x1
3
5t2
51 ln 0.10 x
4
3t

t ln 4

1
2 ln 0.10
t
  0.554
t
2 3 ln 4

40. 2x3
32
x  3
log2 32
x3
5
x
8
292 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

41. 23x
565 42. 82x
431

ln 23x
ln 565 ln 82x
ln 431

3  x ln 2
ln 565
2  x ln 8
ln 431
3 ln 2  x ln 2
ln 565 2 ln 8  x ln 8
ln 431
x ln 2
ln 565  3 ln 2 x ln 8
ln 431  ln 82
x ln 2
3 ln 2  ln 565 x ln 8
ln 431  ln 64
3 ln 2  ln 565 ln 431  ln 64
x
x
 4.917
ln 2 ln 8

ln 565

3  6.142
ln 2

43. 8
103x
12 44. 5
10x6
7 45. 3
5x1
21

12 7 5x1
7
103x
10 x6

8 5
ln 5x1
ln 7

32
7
log 103x
log log 10 x6
log
x  1 ln 5
ln 7
5
ln 7
x1


3 7
3x
log x  6
log ln 5
2 5
ln 7
7 x
1  2.209

1 3 x
6  log ln 5
x
log 5
3 2
 0.059  6.146

46. 8
36x
40 47. e3x
12 48. e2x
50

36x
5 3x
ln 12 ln e2x
ln 50
ln 36x
ln 5 ln 12 2x
ln 50
x
 0.828

6  x ln 3
ln 5 3 ln 50
x
 1.956
2
ln 5
6x

ln 3
ln 5
x
6
ln 3
ln 5
x
6  4.535
ln 3

49. 500ex
300 50. 1000e4x
75 51. 7  2ex
5 52. 14  3ex
11
ex
35 3
e4x
40 2ex
2 3ex
25
x
ln 35 3
ln e4x
ln 40 ex
1 ex
25
3

x
ln 35 3
4x
ln 40 x
ln 1
0 ln ex
ln 25
3

ln 53  0.511 x
 14 ln 40
3
x
ln 25
3

 0.648  2.120
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 293

53. 6
23x1  7
9 54. 8
462x  13
41

6
23x1
16 8
462x
28
8 462x
3.5
23x1

3
6  2x
log4 3.5
log2 23x1
log2
8
3  6  2x

ln 3.5
ln 4
3x  1
log2 83
loglog
832  or lnln
832  2x
6 
ln 3.5
ln 4
1 log
83
x

3
log 2
 1  0.805
x
3
ln 3.5
2 ln 4
 2.548

55. e2x  4ex  5
0 56. e2x  5ex  6
0

ex  1
ex  5
0
ex  2
ex  3
0
ex
1 or ex
5 ex
2 or ex
3
(No solution) x
ln 5  1.609 x
ln 2  0.693 or x
ln 3  1.099

57. e2x  3ex  4
0 58. e2x  9ex  36
0

ex  1
ex  4
0
ex2 9ex  36
0

ex  1
0 ⇒ ex
1 Because the discriminant is 92  4
1
36
63, there
is no solution.
Not possible since ex > 0 for all x.
ex  4
0 ⇒ ex
4 ⇒ x
ln 4  1.386

500 400 3000

59.
20 60.
350 61.
2
100  e x2 1  ex 2  e2x
500
20
100  e x2 400
350
1  ex 3000
2
2  e2x
25
100  e x2 8 1500
2  e2x

1  ex
7
e x2
75 1498
e2x
8
x  1
ex ln 1498
2x

ln 75 7
2
ln 1498
1 x
 3.656
x
2 ln 75  8.635
ex 2
7
1
ln
ln ex
7
1
x
ln
7
x
ln 71
x
ln 7
x
ln 7  1.946
294 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

119
1  0.065
365 
365t
62.
7 63.
4
e  14
6x

119
7
e 6x  14

 
365t
0.065
ln 1 
ln 4
365
17
e 6x  14

 
0.065
31
e6x 365t ln 1 
ln 4
365
ln 31
ln e 6x
ln 4
ln 31
6x t
 21.330
365 ln
1  0.065
365 
ln 31
x
 0.572
6

4  2.471
40  1  0.10
12 
9t 12t
64.
21 65.
2

3.9382259t
21
 
0.10 12t
ln 1 
ln 2
12
ln 3.9382259t
ln 21
9t ln 3.938225
ln 21 
12t ln 1 
0.10
12 

ln 2
ln 21
t
 0.247 ln 2
9 ln 3.938225 t
 6.960
12 ln
1  0.10
12 

16  0.878
26 
3t
66.
30 67. g
x
6e1x  25 6

−6 15
Algebraically:
 
0.878 3t
ln 16 
ln 30
26 6e1x
25

3t ln 16  0.878
26 

ln 30 e1x

25
6
−30

256
ln 30
t
 0.409 1  x
ln
3 ln
16  0.878
26 

x
1  ln 256
x  0.427
The zero is x  0.427.

68. f
x
4ex1  15 20 69. f
x
3e3x2  962 300

0
4ex1  15 Algebraically: −6 9

−5 5
15
4ex1 3e3x2
962
3.75
ex1 962 −1200
− 20
e3x2

ln 3.75
x  1 3
1  ln 3.75
x
1  ln 3.75
x
3x
2

ln
962
3  
2.322  x
The zero is 2.322.
x

2
3
ln  
962
3
x  3.847
The zero is x  3.847.
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 295

70. g
x
8e2x3  11 5 71. g
t
e0.09t  3 8

8e2x3
11 −3 7 Algebraically:
e2x3
1.375 e0.09t
3 − 20 40

2x −15 0.09t
ln 3

ln 1.375 −4
3
ln 3
t

x
1.5 ln 1.375 0.09
x  0.478 t  12.207
The zero is 0.478. The zero is t  12.207.

72. f
x
e1.8x  7 73. h
t
e0.125t  8 74. f
x
e2.724x  29

e1.8x  7
0 Algebraically: e2.724x
29
e1.8x
7 e0.125t  8
0 2.724x
ln 29
e1.8x
7 e0.125t
8 ln 29
x

2.724
1.8x
ln 7 0.125t
ln 8
x  1.236
ln 7 ln 8
x
t

1.8 0.125 The zero is 1.236.
x  1.081 t  16.636 10

The zero is 1.081. The zero is t  16.636. −5 5

13 2

−40 40
−35

−5 5

−7 −10

75. ln x
3 76. ln x
2 77. ln 2x
2.4 78. ln 4x
1

x
e3  0.050 eln x
e2 2x
e2.4 eln 4x
e1
x
e2  7.389 e2.4 4x
e
x
 5.512
2
e
x
 0.680
4

79. log x
6 80. log 3z
2 81. 3 ln 5x
10 82. 2 ln x
7

x
106 10log 3z
102 10 7
ln 5x
ln x

3 2

1,000,000.000 3z
100
5x
e103 eln x
e72
100
z
 33.333 e103
3 x
 5.606 x
e72  33.115
5

83. ln x  2
1 84. lnx  8
5 85. 7  3 ln x
5 86. 2  6 ln x
10

x  2
e1 elnx8
e5 3 ln x
2 6 ln x
8
x2
e2 x  8
e5 ln x
 23 ln x
 43
x
e2  2 x  8
e10 x
e23 eln x
e43
 5.389 x
e10  8  0.513 x
e43
 22,034.466  0.264
296 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

87. 6 log3
0.5x
11 88. 5 log10
x  2
11

log3
0.5x
11
6 log10
x  2
11
5

3log3
0.5x
3116 10log10
x2
10115

0.5x
3116 x  2
10115
x
2
3116  14.988 x
10115  2  160.489

89. ln x  ln
x  1
2 90. ln x  ln
x  1
1

lnx
x  1
1
x  1
2
x
ln
elnx
x1
e1
x x
x  1
e1

e2
x1
x2  x  e
0
x
e2
x  1
1 ± 1  4e
x
e2x  e2 x

2
x  e2x
e2
1  1  4e
x
1  e2
e2 The only solution is x
 1.223.
2
e2
x
 1.157
1  e2
This negative value is extraneous. The equation has
no solution.

91. ln x  ln
x  2
1 92. ln x  ln
x  3
1

lnx
x  2
1 lnx
x  3
1
x
x  2
e1 elnx
x3
e1
x2  2x  e
0 x
x  3
e1
2 ± 4  4e x2  3x  e
0
x

2 3 ± 9  4e
x

2 ± 21  e 2


1 ± 1  e
2
3  9  4e
The negative value is extraneous. The only solution is The only solution is x
 0.729.
2
x
1  1  e  2.928.

93. ln
x  5
ln
x  1  ln
x  1 94. ln
x  1  ln
x  2
ln x

x1 x1
ln
x  5
ln x  1 ln x  2
ln x
x1 x1
x5

x
x1 x2

x  5
x  1
x  1 x  1
x2  2x
x2  6x  5
x  1 0
x2  3x  1
x2  5x  6
0 
3 ± 
32  4
1
1

x

x  2
x  3
0 2
1

x
2 or x
3 3 ± 13

x
2
Both of these solutions are extraneous, so the equation
has no solution. 3.303  x
(The negative apparent solution is extraneous.)

95. log2
2x  3
log2
x  4

2x  3
x  4
x
7
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 297

96. log
x  6
log
2x  1

x  6
2x  1
7
x
The apparent solution x
7 is extraneous, because the domain of the logarithm function is positive numbers,
and 7  6 and 2
7  1 are negative. There is no solution.

97. log
x  4  log x
log
x  2 98. log2 x  log2
x  2
log2
x  6

x4 log2x
x  2
log2
x  6
log  x 

log
x  2
x
x  2
x  6
x4 x2 x6
0

x2
x
x  3
x  2
0
x  4
x2  2x x
3 or x
2
0
x2 x4 The value x
3 is extraneous. The only solution is
1 ± 17 x
2.
x
Quadratic Formula
2
Choosing the positive value of x (the negative value is
extraneous), we have
1  17
x
 1.562.
2

1
99. log4 x  log4
x  1
100. log3 x  log3
x  8
2
2
log3x
x  8
2
log4
x
x1 


1
2  3log3
x
2 8x

32
4log4x
x1
412 x2  8x
9
x x2  8x  9
0

412
x1
x  9
x  1
0
x
2
x  1
x
9 or x
1
x
2x  2
The value x
1 is extraneous. The only solution is
x
2 x
9.
x
2

101. log 8x  log
1  x
2

8x
log
2
1  x
8x

102
1  x
8x
100
1  x 
2x
25
1  x 
25  25x
2x  25
25x

2x  252

25x
2

4x2  100x  625
625x

4x2  725x  625
0
725 ± 7252  4
4
625 725 ± 515,625 25
29 ± 533
x



2
4 8 8
x  0.866 (extraneous) or x  180.384
25
29  533
The only solution is x
 180.384.
8
298 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

102. log 4x  log
12  x 
2

log 12 4xx
2

10log
4x (12 x 
102
4x

100
12  x
4x
100
12  x 
4x
1200  100x
4x  1200
100x
x  300
25x

x  3002

25x 
2

x2  600x  90,000
625x

x2  1225x  90,000
0
1225 ± 
12252  4
1
90,000
x

2
1225 ± 1,140,625
x

2
1225 ± 12573
x

2
x  78.500
extraneous or x  1146.500
1225  12573
The only solution is x
 1146.500.
2

103. y1
7 10 104. 500
1500ex2 800

y2
2x 1

ex2
3
From the graph we have
−8 10 −2 10
x  2.807 when y
7. 1 x
Algebraically: −2 ln
 − 200
3 2
2x
7 1
2 ln
x
ln 2x
ln 7 3

x ln 2
ln 7 2.197  x

ln 7 The solution is x  2.197.

x
 2.807
ln 2

105. y1
3 5 106. 10  4 ln
x  2
0 18

y2
ln x 4 ln
x  2
10
From the graph we have ln
x  2
2.5
−5
x  20.086 when y
3.
30 −5 30

−1 eln
x2
e2.5 −3
Algebraically:
x  2
e2.5
3  ln x
0
x
e2.5  2
ln x
3
x  14.182
x
e 3  20.086
The solution is x  14.182.
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 299

107. (a) A
Pert (b) A
Pert 108. (a) r
0.12 (b) r
0.12
5000
2500e0.085t 7500
2500e 0.085t A
Pe rt
A
Pert
2
e0.085t 3
e0.085t 5000
2500e0.12t 7500
2500e0.12t

ln 2
0.085t ln 3
0.085t 2
e0.12t 3
e0.12t

ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
ln e0.12t ln 3
ln e0.12t

t
t
0.085 0.085 ln 2
0.12t ln 3
0.12t
t  8.2 years t  12.9 years ln 2 ln 3

t
t
0.12 0.12
t  5.8 years t
9.2 years

109. p
500  0.5
e0.004x

(a) p
350 (b) p
300
350
500  0.5
e0.004x 300
500  0.5
e0.004x
300
e0.004x 400
e0.004x
0.004x
ln 300 0.004x
ln 400
x  1426 units x  1498 units

 
4
110. p
5000 1 
4  e0.002x
(a) When p
$600: (b) When p
$400:

   
4 4
600
5000 1  400
5000 1 
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4 4
0.12
1  0.08
1 
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4 4

0.88
0.92
4  e0.002x 4  e0.002x
4
3.52  0.88e0.002x 4
3.68  0.92e0.002x
0.48
0.88e0.002x 0.32
0.92e0.002x
6 8

e0.002x
e0.002x
11 23
6 8
ln
ln e0.002x ln
ln e0.002x
11 23
6 8
ln
0.002x ln
0.002x
11 23
ln
611 ln
823
x
  303 units x
  528 units
0.002 0.002

111. V
6.7e48.1t , t ≥ 0
(a) 10 (b) As t → , V → 6.7. (c) 1.3
6.7e48.1t
Horizontal asymptote: V
6.7 1.3

e48.1t
6.7
The yield will approach
48.1
67

6.7 million cubic feet per acre. 13
0 1500 ln
0 t
48.1
t
 29.3 years
ln
1367
300 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

112. N
68
100.04x 113. y
7312  630.0 ln t, 5 ≤ t ≤ 12

When N
21: 7312  630.0 ln t
5800
21
68
10 0.04x
 630.0 ln t
1512
21 ln t
2.4

100.04x
68
t
e2.4  11
21
log10
0.04x t  11 corresponds to the year 2001.
68
log10
2168
x
  12.76 inches
0.04

114. y
4381  1883.6 ln t, 5 ≤ t ≤ 13

9000
4381  1883.6 ln t
4619
1883.6 ln t
4619
ln t

2.45222
1883.6
t
e2.45222
11.6
Since t
5 represents 1995, t
11.6 indicates that the number of daily fee golf facilities in the U.S.
reached 9000 in 2001.

115. (a) From the graph shown in the textbook, we see horizontal asymptotes at y
0 and y
100.
These represent the lower and upper percent bounds; the range falls between 0% and 100%.
(b) Males Females
100 100
50
50

1  e0.6114
x69.71 1  e0.66607
x64.51
1  e0.6114
x69.71
2 1  e0.66607
x64.51
2
e0.6114
x69.71
1 e0.6667
x64.51
1
0.6114
x  69.71
ln 1 0.66607
x  64.51
ln 1
0.6114
x  69.71
0 0.66607
x  64.51
0
x
69.71 inches x
64.51 inches

0.83
116. P

1  e0.2n
(a) 1.0 (c) When P
60% or P
0.60:
0.83
0.60

1  e0.2n
0.83
0
0
40
1  e0.2n

0.60
(b) Horizontal asymptotes: P
0, P
0.83 0.83
e0.2n
1
The upper asymptote, P
0.83, indicates that the 0.60
proportion of correct responses will approach 0.83
0.60  1
0.83
as the number of trials increases. ln e0.2n
ln

0.60  1
0.83
0.2n
ln

0.60  1
0.83
ln
n
  5 trials
0.2
 Section 3.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 301

36.94
117. y
3.00  11.88 ln x  118. T
201  7
2h
x
(a) From the graph in the textbook we see a horizontal
(a) asymptote at T
20. This represents the room
x 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
temperature.
y 162.6 78.5 52.5 40.5 33.9
(b) 100
201  7
2h
(b) 200
5
1  7
2h
4
7
2h
4

2h
0
0
1.2 7

7
ln 2
4 h
The model seems to fit the data well. ln
(c) When y
30:
7
h ln 2
4
ln
36.94
30
3.00  11.88 ln x 
x
ln
47

h
Add the graph of y
30 to the graph in part (a) and ln 2
estimate the point of intersection of the two graphs.
We find that x  1.20 meters. h  0.81 hour

(d) No, it is probably not practical to lower the number

of gs experienced during impact to less than 23
because the required distance traveled at y
23 is
x  2.27 meters. It is probably not practical to
design a car allowing a passenger to move forward
2.27 meters (or 7.45 feet) during an impact.

119. loga
uv
loga u  loga v 120. loga
u  v

loga u
loga v

True by Property 1 in Section 3.3. False.
2.04  log10
10  100 
log10 10
log10 100
2

121. loga
u  v
loga u  loga v 122. loga uv
log

a u  loga v 123. Yes, a logarithmic equation can
have more than one extraneous
False.
True by Property 2 in Section 3.3. solution. See Exercise 93.
1.95  log
100  10
 log 100  log 10
1

124. A
Pert 125. Yes.

(a) A

2P ert
2
Pert  This doubles your money. Time to Double Time to Quadruple
(b) A
Pe
2rt
Pertert


ert 
Pert 2P
Pe rt 4P
Pert
(c) A
Per
2t
Pertert
ert
Pert 2
ert 4
ert
Doubling the interest rate yields the same result as ln 2
rt ln 4
rt
doubling the number of years.
ln 2 2 ln 2

t
t
If 2 > ert (i.e., rt < ln 2), then doubling your r r
investment would yield the most money. If
rt > ln 2, then doubling either the interest rate Thus, the time to quadruple is twice as long as the
or the number of years would yield more money. time to double.
302 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

126. (a) When solving an exponential equation, rewrite the (b) When solving a logarithmic equation, rewrite the
original equation in a form that allows you to use the original equation in a form that allows you to use the
One-to-One Property ax
ay if and only if x
y or One-to-One Property loga x
loga y if and only if
rewrite the original equation in logarithmic form and x
y or rewrite the original equation in exponential
use the Inverse Property loga ax
x. form and use the Inverse Property aloga x
x.

127. 48x2y5
16x2y43y 128. 32  225
16  2  2
5 129. 

3
25
3
15

3
375



4 x y 23y
42  10

3
125  3
5
3
3

3 3 10  2
130.
10  2


10  2
 10  2 131. f
x
x  9 y

14
Domain: all real numbers x
3
10  2 12


10  4 y-intercept:
0, 9
8

3
10  2 y-axis symmetry 6

4
6 2
x 0 ±1 ±2 ±3
10  2
x
−8 −6 − 4 − 2

y −2
2 4 6 8
2 9 10 11 12
1

10  1
2

132.
8
y
133. g
x
2x,
x  4,
2
x < 0
x ≥ 0
5
y

6
Domain: all real numbers x 4
4 3
2 x-intercept:
2, 0 2
x 1
−6 − 4 − 2
−2
2 4 6 8
y-intercept:
0, 4 x
−4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 3 4
−4
−6
−3

x 3 2 1 0.5 0 1 2 3
y 6 4 2 1 4 3 2 5

y
134.
6

x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2

−6

log10 9 ln 9 log10 4 ln 4
135. log6 9

 1.226 136. log3 4

 1.262
log10 6 ln 6 log10 3 ln 3

log10 5 ln 5 log10 22 ln 22
137. log34 5

 5.595 138. log8 22

 1.486
log10
34 ln
34 log10 8 ln 8
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 303

Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models

■ You should be able to solve growth and decay problems.

(a) Exponential growth if b > 0 and y
aebx.
(b) Exponential decay if b > 0 and y
aebx.
■ You should be able to use the Gaussian model
y
ae
xb c.
2

■ You should be able to use the logistic growth model

a
y
.
1  berx
■ You should be able to use the logarithmic models
y
a  b ln x, y
a  b log x.

Vocabulary Check
1. y
aebx; y
aebx 2. y
a  b ln x; y
a  b log x 3. normally distributed
4. bell; average value 5. sigmoidal

1. y
2ex4 2. y
6ex4 3. y
6  log
x  2

This is an exponential growth This is an exponential decay This is a logarithmic function
model. Matches graph (c). model. Matches graph (e). shifted up six units and left two
units. Matches graph (b).

4
4. y
3e
x2 5
2
5. y
ln
x  1 6. y

1  e2x
This is a Gaussian model. This is a logarithmic model shifted
This is a logistic growth model.
Matches graph (a). left one unit. Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (f).

7. Since A
1000e0.035t, the time to double is given by 8. Since A
750e0.105t, the time to double is given by
2000
1000e0.035t and we have 1500
750e0.105t, and we have
2
e0.035t 1500
750e0.105t
ln 2
ln e0.035t 2
e0.105t
ln 2
0.035t ln 2
ln e0.105t
ln 2 ln 2
0.105t
t
 19.8 years.
0.035
ln 2
t
 6.60 years.
Amount after 10 years: A
1000e0.35  $1419.07 0.105
Amount after 10 years: A
750e0.105
10  $2143.24
304 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

9. Since A
750ert and A
1500 when t
7.75, we have 10. Since A
10,000ert and A
20,000 when t
12,
the following. we have
1500
750e7.75r 20,000
10,000e12r
2
e7.75r 2
e12r
ln 2
ln e7.75r ln 2
ln e12r
ln 2
7.75r ln 2
12r
ln 2 ln 2
r
 0.089438
8.9438% r
 0.057762
5.7762%.
7.75 12
Amount after 10 years: A
750e0.089438
10  $1834.37 Amount after 10 years:
A
10,000e0.057762
10  $17,817.97

11. Since A
500ert and A
$1505.00 when 12. Since A
600ert and A
19,205 when t
10, we have
t
10, we have the following.
19,205
600e10r
1505.00
500e10r
19,205
ln
1505.00500
e10r
r
 0.110
11.0% 600
10
The time to double is given by ln 19,205
600 

ln e 10r

1000
500e0.110t
ln 2
ln 19,205
600 

10r
t
 6.3 years.
0.110 ln
19,205600
r
 0.3466 or 34.66%.
10
The time to double is given by
1200
600e0.3466t
ln 2
t
 2 years.
0.3466

13. Since A
Pe0.045t and A
10,000.00 when t
10, 14. Since A
Pe0.02t and A
2000 when t
10, we have
we have the following.
2000
Pe0.02
10
10,000.00
Pe0.045
10
2000
P

$1637.46.
10,000.00 e0.02
10

P  $6376.28
e0.045
10 ln 2
The time to double is given by t

34.7 years.
ln 2 0.02
The time to double is given by t
 15.40 years.
0.045

   
0.075 12
20 r nt
15. 500,000
P 1  16. A
P 1
12 n

 
0.12 12(40)
500,000
P
500,000
P 1 
 
0.075 12
20 12
1
12 P
$4214.16
500,000

 $112,087.09
1.00625240
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 305

17. P
1000, r
11%

(a) n
1 (b) n
12

1  0.11t
2
1  0.11
12 
12t

2
t ln 1.11
ln 2

t

ln 2
 6.642 years 
12t ln 1 
0.11
12 

ln 2
ln 1.11
ln 2
(c) n
365 t
 6.330 years
12 ln
1  0.11
12 

1  0.11
365 
365t

2 (d) Compounded continuously
e0.11t
2

365t ln 1 
0.11
365 

ln 2
0.11t
ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.302 years t
 6.301 years
365 ln
1  
0.11
365
0.11

18. P
1000, r
10.5%
0.105

(a) n
1 (b) n
12
ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.94 years t
 6.63 years
ln
1  0.105 12 ln
1  0.105
12 

(c) n
365 (d) Compounded continuously

ln 2 ln 2
t
 6.602 years t
 6.601 years
365 ln
1  0.105
365 
0.105

19. 3P
Pert
r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3
ert
ln 3
ln 3
rt t
(years) 54.93 27.47 18.31 13.73 10.99 9.16
r
ln 3

t
r

20. 60

0 0.16
0

Using the power regression feature of a graphing utility, t
1.099r1.

21. 3P
P
1  rt

r 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
3

1  rt
ln 3
t
(years) 55.48 28.01 18.85 14.27 11.53 9.69
ln 3
ln
1  rt ln
1  r
ln 3
t ln
1  r
ln 3

t
ln
1  r
306 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

22. 60 23. Continuous compounding results in faster growth.

A
1  0.075 t  and A
e0.07t
A

0 0.16 2.00 A = e0.07t

Amount (in dollars)

0
1.75

Using the power regression feature of a graphing utility, 1.50

t
1.222r1. 1.25

1.00 A = 1 + 0.075 [[ t [[
t
2 4 6 8 10
Time (in years)

1 1
24. 25. C
Cek
1599 26. C
Cek
1599
2
(
A = 1 + 365 )
0.055 [[365t [[
2 2
0.5
ek
1599 1

ek
1599
2
ln 0.5
ln ek
1599
1
0 10 ln 0.5
k
1599 ln
ln ek
1599
0
A = 1 + 0.06 [[ t [[ 2
ln 0.5
k
1
From the graph, compounded512%
1599 ln
k
1599
2
daily grows faster than 6% simple Given C
10 grams after
interest. ln
12
1000 years, we have k

1599
y
10e
ln 0.51599

1000
Given y
1.5 grams after 1000
 6.48 grams. years, we have
1.5
Ce ln
121599

1000
C  2.31 grams.

1 1 1
27. C
Cek
5715 28. C
Cek
5715 29. C
Cek
24,100
2 2 2
0.5
ek
5715 1 0.5
ek
24,100

ek
5715
2
ln 0.5
ln ek
5715 ln 0.5
ln ek
24,100
1
ln 0.5
k
5715 ln
ln ek
5715 ln 0.5
k
24,100
2
ln 0.5 ln 0.5
k
1 k

5715 ln
k
5715 24,100
2
Given y
2 grams after 1000 Given y
2.1 grams after 1000
ln
12
years, we have k
years, we have
5715
2
Ce
ln 0.55715

1000 2.1
Ce
ln 0.524,100

1000
Given C
3 grams, after 1000
C  2.26 grams. years we have C  2.16 grams.
y
3e ln
125715

1000
y  2.66 grams.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 307

1
30. C
Cek
24,100 31. y
aebx 32. y
aebx
2
1 1
aeb
0 ⇒ 1
a 1 1

ek
24,100
aeb
0 ⇒ a

2 2
2 10
eb
3
1 1
ln
ln ek
24,100 ln 10
3b 5
eb
4
2 2
ln 10
1
b ⇒ b  0.7675 10
e4b
ln
k
24,100 3
2
ln 10
ln e4b
ln
12 Thus, y
e0.7675x .
k
ln 10
4b
24,100
Given y
0.4 grams after 1000 ln 10

b ⇒ b  0.5756
years, we have 4
0.4
Ce ln
1224,100

1000 Thus, y
12e0.5756x.
C  0.41 grams.

33. y
aebx 34. y
aebx

5
aeb
0 ⇒ 5
a 1
aeb
0 ⇒ 1
a

1
5eb
4 1

eb
3
4
1

e4b
5 ln 14
ln e 3b

ln 15
4b ln 4
3b
1

ln
15

b ⇒ b  0.4024 ln
14
4
b ⇒ b  0.4621
3
Thus, y
5e0.4024x. Thus, y
e0.4621x .

35. P
2430e0.0029t
(a) Since the exponent is negative, this is an exponential (c) 2.3 million
2300 thousand
decay model. The population is decreasing. 2300
2430e0.0029t
(b) For 2000, let t
0: P
2430 thousand people 2300

e0.0029t
For 2003, let t
3: P  2408.95 thousand people 2430

ln 2300
2430 

0.0029t

ln
23002430
t
 18.96
0.0029
The population will reach 2.3 million (according to
the model) during the later part of the year 2018.

36.
Country 2000 2010
Bulgaria 7.8 7.1
Canada 31.3 34.3
China 1268.9 1347.6
United Kingdom 59.5 61.2
United States 282.3 309.2

—CONTINUED—
308 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

36. —CONTINUED—
(a) Bulgaria: Canada:
a
7.8 a
31.3
7.1
7.8eb
10 34.3
31.3eb
10
7.1 34.3
ln
10b ⇒ b
0.0094 ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00915
7.8 31.3

For 2030, use t
30. For 2030, use t
30.

y
7.8e0.0094
30
5.88 million y
31.3e0.00915
30  41.2 million

China: United States:

a
1268.9 a
282.3

1347.6
1268.9eb
10 309.2
282.3eb
10

1347.6 309.2
ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00602 ln
10b ⇒ b  0.0091
1268.9 282.3

For 2030, use t
30. For 2030, use t
30.

y
1268.9e0.00602
30  1520.06 million y
282.3e0.0091
30  370.9 million

United Kingdom:
a
59.5
61.2
59.5eb
10
61.2
ln
10b ⇒ b  0.00282
59.5
For 2030, use t
30.
y
59.5e0.00282
30  64.7 million
(b) The constant b determines the growth rates. The greater the rate of growth, the greater the value of b.
(c) The constant b determines whether the population is increasing
b > 0 or decreasing
b < 0.

37. y
4080ekt 38. y
10ekt

When t
3, y
10,000: 65
10ek
14
10,000
4080ek
3
10,000
ln 65
10 

14k ⇒ k
0.1337

e3k
4080 For 2010, t
20:
y
10e
0.1337
20
$144.98 million
ln 10,000
4080 

3k

ln
10,0004080
k
 0.2988
3
When t
24: y
4080e0.2988
24  5,309,734 hits
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 309

39. N
100ekt 40. N
250ekt

300
100e5k 280
250ek
10
3
e5k 1.12
e10k

ln 3
ln e5k ln 1.12
k

10
ln 3
5k
N
250e
ln 1.1210
t
ln 3
k
 0.2197 500
250e
ln 1.1210
t
5
2
e
ln 1.1210
t
N
100e0.2197t
200
100e0.2197t ln 2
ln 101.12t
ln 2
t
 3.15 hours t

ln 2
 61.16 hours
0.2197
ln 1.1210

1 t8223
41. R
e 42. y
Cekt
1012
1
1 C
Ce5715k
(a) R
2
814
1 t8223 1 1
e
14 ln
5715k
1012 8 2

1012 ln
12
et8223
k

814 5715


t
8223  
1012

ln 14
8
The ancient charcoal has only 15% as much radioactive
carbon.
0.15C
Ce
ln 0.55715
t
108   12,180 years old
12
t
8223 ln 14
ln 0.5
ln 0.15
t
1 t8223 1 5715
(b) e
11
1012 13
5715 ln 0.15
1012 t
 15,642 years
et8223
11 ln 0.5
13


t
8223

ln  
1012
1311

10
13 
12
t
8223 ln 11
 4797 years old

43.
0, 30,788,
2, 18,000

18,000  30,788
(a) m

6394 (b) a
30,788 (c) 32,000
20
18,000
30,788ek
2
b
30,788
4500
Linear model:
e2k
7697 0 4
V
6394t  30,788 0

ln 4500
7697 

2k The exponential model
depreciates faster in the
first two years.
k

1
2
ln 
4500
7697 
 0.268

—CONTINUED— Exponential model: V
30,788e0.268t

310 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

43. —CONTINUED—
(d) (e) The linear model gives a higher value for the car for the
t 1 3 first two years, then the exponential model yields a higher
V
6394t  30,788 $24,394 $11,606 value. If the car is less than two years old, the seller would
most likely want to use the linear model and the buyer the
V
30,788e 0.268t
$23,550 $13,779 exponential model. If it is more than two years old, the
opposite is true.

44.
0, 1150,
2, 550

550  1150
(a) m

300 (b) 550
1150ek
2
20
V
300t  1150 ln 1150
550

2k ⇒ k  0.369
(c) 1200
V
1150e0.369t
(d)
t 1 3
0 4 V
300t  1100 $850 $250
0

The exponential model depreciates faster in the V
1150e0.369t $795 $380

first two years.
(e) The slope of the linear model means that the comput-
er depreciates $300 per year, then loses all value in
the third year. The exponential model depreciates
faster in the first two years but maintains value longer.

45. S
t
100
1  ekt

(a) 15
100
1  ek
1 (b) S
(in thousands of units)

85
100ek 120

90
85

ek
Sales

100
60

0.85
ek 30

ln 0.85
ln ek 5 10 15 20 25 30
t

Time (in years)

k
ln 0.85
k  0.1625 (c) S
5
100
1  e0.1625
5  55.625
55,625 units
S
t
100
1  e0.1625t

46. N
30
1  ekt

(a) N
19, t
20 (b) N
25
19
30
1  e20k 25
30
1  e0.050t
30e20k
11 5

e0.050t
30
11
e20k

30
ln 305 
ln e 0.050t

ln e20k
ln
11
 
30
ln 305 
0.050t
20k
ln 11
30  ln
530
t

36 days
0.050
k
0.050
So, N
30
1  e0.050.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 311

47. y
0.0266e
x100 450, 70 ≤ x ≤ 116

2
48. (a) 0.9

(a) 0.04

4 7
0

70 115
0 (b) The average number of hours per week a student uses
the tutor center is 5.4.
(b) The average IQ score of an adult student is 100.

1000 500,000
49. p
t
50. S

1  9e0.1656t 1  0.6ekt
500,000
1000 (a) 300,000

(a) p
5
 203 animals 1  0.6e4k
1  9e0.1656
5
5
1000 1  0.6e4k

(b) 500
3
1  9e0.1656t
2
1  9e0.1656t
2 0.6e4k

3
9e0.1656t
1
10
1 e4k

e0.1656t
9
9
9
10
ln
19 4k
ln
t
  13 months
0.1656
 
1 10
(c) 1200 k
ln  0.0263
4 9
500,000
So, S
.
1  0.6e0.0263t
0
0
40
(b) When t
8:
500,000
The horizontal asymptotes are p
0 and p
1000. S
 287,273 units sold.
The asymptote with the larger p-value, p
1000, 1  0.6e0.0263
8
indicates that the population size will approach 1000
as time increases.

I I
51. R
log
log I since I0
1. 52. R
log
log I since I0
1.
I0 I0
(a) 7.9
log I ⇒ I
107.9  79,432,823 (a) R
log 80,500,000
7.91
(b) 8.3
log I ⇒ I
108.3  199,526,231 (b) R
log 48,275,000
7.68
(c) 4.2
log I ⇒ I
104.2  15,849 (c) R
log 251,200
5.40

I
53. 
10 log where I0
1012 wattm2.
I0
1010 105
(a) 
10 log
10 log 102
20 decibels (b) 
10 log
10 log 107
70 decibels
1012 1012
108 1
(c) 
10 log
10 log 104
40 decibels (d) 
10 log
10 log 1012
120 decibels
1012 1012
312 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

I
54. 
I
10 log where I0
1012 wattm2
I0
1011 102
(a) 
1011
10 log
10 log 101
10 decibels (b) 
102
10 log
10 log 1014
140 decibels
1012 1012
104 102
(c) 
104
10 log
10 log 108
80 decibels (d) 
102
10 log
10 log 1010
100 decibels
1012 1012

I I
55. 
10 log 56. 
10 log10
I0 I0
 I I

log 1010

10 I0 I0
10 10
10log II0 I
I01010
I I0108.8  I0107.2
1010
% decrease
 100  97%
I0 I0108.8
I
I010 10
I0109.3  I0108.0
% decrease
 100  95%
I0109.3

57. pH
log H
58. pH
log H

log
2.3  105  4.64 log 11.3  106

 4.95

59. 5.8
log H

60. 3.2
log H

5.8
log H
103.2
H

105.8
10log H H
 6.3  104 mole per liter
105.8
H

H
 1.58  106 mole per liter

61. 2.9
log H

62. pH  1
log H

2.9
log H

pH  1
log H

H

102.9 for the apple juice 10
pH1
H

8.0
log H
10pH1
H

8.0
log H
10pH  10
H

H

108 for the drinking water The hydrogen ion concentration is increased by
a factor of 10.
102.9

105.1 times the hydrogen ion
108
concentration of drinking water

T  70
63. t
10 ln
98.6  70
At 9:00 A.M. we have:
85.7  70
t
10 ln  6 hours
98.6  70
From this you can conclude that the person died at 3:00 A.M.
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 313

 1  12
12t
Pr r
64. Interest: u
M  M 
12

 1  12
12t
Pr r
Principal: v
M 
12
(a) P
120,000, t
35, r
0.075, M
809.39 (c) P
120,000, t
20, r
0.075, M
966.71
800 800
u
u

v
v
0 35 0 20
0 0

(b) In the early years of the mortgage, the majority of the The interest is still the majority of the monthly payment
monthly payment goes toward interest. The principal in the early years. Now the principal and interest are
and interest are nearly equal when t  26 years. nearly equal when t  10.729  11 years.

 
0.075t
65. u
120,000 1
 1

12t
1
1  0.07512
(a) 150,000 (b) From the graph, u
$120,000 when t  21 years. It
would take approximately 37.6 years to pay $240,000 in
interest. Yes, it is possible to pay twice as much in interest
charges as the size of the mortgage. It is especially likely
0 24
when the interest rates are higher.
0

66. t1
40.757  0.556s  15.817 ln s

t2
1.2259  0.0023s2
(a) Linear model: t3
0.2729s  6.0143 (c)
s 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Exponential model: t4
1.5385e0.02913s or
t1 3.6 4.6 6.7 9.4 12.5 15.9 19.6
t4
1.5385
1.0296s
(b) t2 3.3 4.9 7.0 9.5 12.5 15.9 19.9
t2
25
t4 t3 2.2 4.9 7.6 10.4 13.1 15.8 18.5
t1
t3
t4 3.7 4.9 6.6 8.8 11.8 15.8 21.2

20 100 Note: Table values will vary slightly depending on the

0
model used for t4.

(d) Model t1: S1
3.4  3.6  5  4.6  7  6.7  9.3  9.4  12  12.5 

15.8  15.9  20  19.6
2.0
Model t2: S2
3.4  3.3  5  4.9  7  7  9.3  9.5  12  12.5 
15.8  15.9  20  19.9
1.1
Model t3: S3
3.4  2.2  5  4.9  7  7.6  9.3  10.4  12  13.1 
15.8  15.8  20  18.5
5.6
Model t4: S4
3.4  3.7  5  4.9  7  6.6  9.3  8.9  12  11.9 
15.8  15.9  20  21.2
2.6
The quadratic model, t2, best fits the data.
314 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

67. False. The domain can be the set of real numbers for a 68. False. A logistic growth function never has an x-intercept.
logistic growth function.

69. False. The graph of f
x is the graph of g
x shifted 70. True. Powers of e are always positive, so if a > 0, a
upward five units. Gaussian model will always be greater than 0, and if
a < 0, a Gaussian model will always be less than 0.

71. (a) Logarithmic 72. Answers will vary.

(b) Logistic
(c) Exponential (decay)
(d) Linear
(e) None of the above (appears to be a combination
of a linear and a quadratic)
(f) Exponential (growth)

73.
1, 2,
0, 5 74.
4, 3,
6, 1

y y
(a) (a)
5 (0, 5) 6

3 (− 6, 1) 2

2 x
(− 1, 2) −6 −4 2 4 6
1 −2

x −4 (4, −3)
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −6

(b) d

0 
12 
5  22
12  32
10 (b) d

6  42 
1 
32

(c) Midpoint: 12 0, 2 2 5
 21, 72
100  16
116
229

(d) m

52 3


3
(c) Midpoint: 62 4, 32 1

1, 1
0 
1 1
3  1 4 2
(d) m



4 
6 10 5

75.
3, 3,
14, 2 76.
10, 4,
7, 0

y y
(a) (a)
8 6
6 (10, 4)
4
4 (3, 3)
2 2
(7, 0)
x x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 14 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
−2
−4
(14, − 2)
−4
−6
−8 −6

(b) d

14  32 
2  32 (b) d

10  72 
4  02

112 
52
146
9  16
25
5

(c) Midpoint: 3 2 14, 3  2
2
172, 12 (c) Midpoint: 7 2 10, 0 2 4
172, 2
2  3 5 40 4
(d) m

 (d) m


14  3 11 10  7 3
 Section 3.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 315

77. 12,  41, 34, 0 78. 73, 16,  32,  31

y y
(a) (a)
1 2

1
1
2 ( 73 , 16 (
( (
3
4
,0
−1 1 2 3
x
x
−1
2
1 (− 2, − 1
3 3 (
−1
2
( 1
2
, −1
4 ( −2

34  21  0   41  32  37   31  61

2 2 2 2
(b) d
(b) d

    


3   
9.25
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 
4 4 8 2

(c) Midpoint: 
12 2
34,
142  0
58,  81 (c) Midpoint:

0 
14 14 
232
73,
132
16
56,  121 

(d) m


1

34 
12 14

13 
16 12 1
(d) m




23 
73 3 6

79. y
10  3x y
80. y
4x  1 y

3
Line Line
10 2
Slope: m
3 8 Slope: m
4
6
y-intercept:
0, 10 4
y-intercept:
0, 1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x

−1
2
x −2
−2 2 6 8 10 12
−2 −3

81. y
2x2  3 y 82. y
2x2  7x  30 y

y
2
x  02  3 2


2x  5
x  6 −4 2 4 8
x
x −5

2
x  4  
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 7 2 289
Parabola −2 8

Vertex:
0, 3 Parabola

Vertex:
74,  2898 
x-intercepts:
 2, 0,
6, 0
5 − 30
− 35

83. 3x2  4y
0 y 84. x2  8y
0 y

7
3x2
4y 6
x2
8y 2

x
4
x2
3y
5
Parabola −6 −4 4 6
4 −2

Parabola 3 Vertex:
0, 0 −4

2
Vertex:
0, 0 1 Focus:
0, 2 −6

−8
Focus:
0, 3 
x
1 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2 3 4 Directrix: y
2
− 10
1
Directrix: y
 3
316 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

4 x2 4
85. y
86. y

x  2 
1  3x x  2 x  2
1 Vertical asymptote: x
2
Vertical asymptote: x

3
Slant asymptote: y
x  2
Horizontal asymptote: y
0 y
y
10
3
8

6
1
4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 2
−1
x
−2 −8 −6 −4 4

−3

87. x2 
y  82
25 y 88.
x  42 
y  7
4

Circle
14

x  42
y  7  4
12

Center:
0, 8 10

x  42

y  3
8

Radius: 5 6 Parabola y

4
2 Vertex:
4, 3 −2 2 4 6 8
x

x −2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 P
 14
−4
Focus:
4, 3.25
−6

Directrix: y
2.75 −8

− 10

89. f
x
2x1  5 90. f
x
2x1  1

Horizontal asymptote: y
5 Horizontal asymptote: y
1

x 5 3 1 0 1 3 5 x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x  32  54 9
f
x 5.02 5.06 5.3 5.5 6 9 21 3 2 8

y y

14 2
12
x
10 −2
8
6 −4
4
−6
2
−8
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
− 10

91. f
x
3x  4 y

5
Horizontal asymptote: y
4 4
3
2
x 4 2 1 0 1 2 1
x
f
x 3.99 3.89 3.67 3 1 5 − 6 − 5 − 4 − 3 − 2 −1 2 3 4
−2
−3

−5
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 317

92. f
x
3x  4 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
4 5

x 2 1 0 1 2 2
1

f
x 389 323 3 1 5 − 5 − 4 −3 −2 − 1 1 2 3 4 5

x

−2
−3
−4
−5

93. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. f
x
6.1x 2. f
x
30x 3. f
x
20.5x

f
2.4
6.12.4  76.699 f
3 
303
361.784 f

20.5
  0.337

4. f
x
1278x5 5. f
x
7
0.2x 6. f
x
14
5x

f
1
127815
4.181 f
 11 
7
0.211  f
0.8
14
50.8
3.863
 1456.529

7. f
x
4x 8. f
x
4x 9. f
x
4x

Intercept:
0, 1 Intercept:
0,1 Intercept:
0, 1
Horizontal asymptote: x-axis Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: x-axis
Increasing on:
 ,  Decreasing on:
 ,  Decreasing on:
 , 
Matches graph (c). Matches graph (d). Matches graph (a).

10. f
x
4x  1 11. f
x
5x 12. f
x
4x, g
x
4x  3

Intercept:
0, 2 g
x
5x1 Because g
x
f
x  3, the
graph of g can be obtained by
Horizontal asymptote: y
1 Since g
x
f
x  1, the graph
shifting the graph of f three units
of g can be obtained by shifting
Increasing on:
 ,  downward.
the graph of f one unit to the right.
Matches graph (b).

13. f
x

2  14. f
x

3  , g
x
8 
3 

1 x 2 x 2 x

g
x

12 
x2
Because g
x
f
x  8, the graph of g can be
obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
Since g
x
f
x  2, the graph of g can be obtained
shifting the graph of f eight units upward.
by reflecting the graph of f about the x-axis and shifting
f two units to the left.

15. f
x
4x  4 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
4 8

x 1 0 1 2 3

f
x 8 5 4.25 4.063 4.016

2

x
−4 −2 2 4
318 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

16. f
x
4x  3 17. f
x
2.65x1

Horizontal asymptote: y
3 Horizontal asymptote: y
0

x 2 1 0 1 2
x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 3.063 3.25 4 7 19 f
x 0.377 1 2.65 7.023 18.61

y
y
x
1 −6 −3 3 6 9
x −3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

−2 −6

−3
−9
−4
−5 − 12
−6
−7 − 15
−8

18. f
x
2.65x1 19. f
x
5x2  4

Horizontal asymptote: y
0 Horizontal asymptote: y
4

x 3 1 0 1 3 x 1 0 1 2 3

f
x 0.020 0.142 0.377 1 7.023 f
x 4.008 4.04 4.2 5 9

y
y

8
5

4 6
3

1 2

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−4 −2 2 4
−1

21. f
x

2 
x
20. f
x
2x6  5 1
 3
2x  3
Horizontal asymptote: y
5 Horizontal asymptote: y
3

x 0 5 6 7 8 9 x 2 1 0 1 2
f
x 4.984 4.5 4 3 1 3 f
x 3.25 3.5 4 5 7
y y

6 8

4
6
2
x
−2 2 4 6 10
−2
2
−4

−6
x
−4 −2 2 4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 319

22. f
x

18 

x2
5 y

Horizontal asymptote: y
5 2

x
−4
x 3 2 1 0 2 2 4

−2
f
x 3 4 4.875 4.984 5
−4

−6

23. 3x2
19 24.
13 x2
81 25. e5x7
e15 26. e82x
e3
3x2
32
13 x2
34 5x  7
15 8  2x
3
x  2
2
13 x2

13 4 5x
22 2x
11
11
x
4 x  2
4 x

22
5 x
2

x
2

27. e8  2980.958 28. e58  1.868 29. e1.7  0.183 30. e0.278
1.320

31. h
x
ex2 32. h
x
2  ex2

x 2 1 0 1 2 x 2 1 0 1 2

h
x 2.72 1.65 1 0.61 0.37 y 0.72 0.35 1 1.39 1.63

y y

7 3
6
5
4 x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
3
2 −2
−3
x −4
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−5

33. f
x
e x2 34. s
t
4e2t, t > 0

x 3 2 1 0 1 t 1
2 1 2 3 4
f
x 0.37 1 2.72 7.39 20.09 y 0.07 0.54 1.47 2.05 2.43
y
y
7
6 5

3
2
2
1
x 1
− 6 − 5 − 4 −3 − 2 − 1 1 2
t
1 2 3 4 5
320 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 
10n
0.065
35. A
3500 1  or A
3500e
0.065
10
n

Continuous
n 1 2 4 12 365 Compounding

A $6569.98 $6635.43 $6669.46 $6692.64 $6704.00 $6704.39

 
0.05 30n
36. A
2000 1  or A
2000e
0.05
30
n

n 1 2 4 12 365 Continuous
A $8643.88 $8799.58 $8880.43 $8935.49 $8962.46 $8963.38

37. F
t)
1  et3

(a) F
12  0.154 (b) F
2  0.487 (c) F
5  0.811

38. V
t
14,000
4

t
3
39. (a) A
50,000e
0.0875
35  $1,069,047.14
(a) 15,000 ln 2
(b) The doubling time is  7.9 years.
0.0875

0 10
0

(b) V
2
14,000
34 
$7875

2

(c) According to the model, the car depreciates most

rapidly at the beginning. Yes, this is realistic.

40. Q
100
12 
t14.4

(a) For t
0: Q
100
12 
100 grams (b) For t
10: Q
100
12 

014.4 1014.4
 61.79 grams
(c) Q
Mass of 241Pu (in grams)

100

80

60

40

20

t
20 40 60 80 100
Time (in years)

41. 43
64 42. 2532
125 43. e0.8
2.2255 . . .

log4 64
3 3
log25 125
2 ln 2.2255 . . .
0.8

44. e0
1 45. f
x
log x 46. log9 3
log9 912
21

ln 1
0 f
1000
log 1000

log 103
3
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 321

47. g
x
log2 x 48. f
x
log4 x 49. log4
x  7
log4 14

g

1
8 


log2 23
3
log2 18 f
1
4 
log4 14
1 x  7
14
x
7

50. log8
3x  10
log8 5 51. ln
x  9
ln 4 52. ln
2x  1
ln
11

3x  10
5 x9
4 2x  1
11
3x
15 x
5 2x
12
x
5 x
6

53. g
x
log7 x ⇒ x
7y y 54. g
x
log5 x ⇒ 5y
x y

Domain:
0,  4
Domain:
0,  3

3 2
x-intercept:
1, 0 2
log5 x
0 1

Vertical asymptote: x
0 1 x
50 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x

x −1
1 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
1
x 7 1 7 49 −1 −2

x-intercept:
1, 0 −3
g
x 1 0 1 2 −2

Vertical asymptote: x
0

1 1
x 25 5 1 5 25

g
x 2 1 0 1 2

55. f
x
log 3x  ⇒ 3x
10 y

⇒ x
3
10 y 56. f
x
6  log x y

Domain:
0, 
10
Domain:
0,  y
8
6  log x
0
x-intercept:
3, 0 3 6
2
log x
6 4
Vertical asymptote: 1 2
x
0 x
x
106
x
−1 2 3 4 5 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−1 x
0.000001 −2
x 0.03 0.3 3 30 −2
x-intercept:
0.000001, 0
f
x 2 1 0 1 −3
Vertical asymptote: x
0

x 1 2 4 6 8 10

f
x 6 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.9 7

57. f
x
4  log
x  5 y

x 4 3 2 1 0 1
Domain:
5, 
7
f
x 4 3.70 3.52 3.40 3.30 3.22 6

x-intercept:
9995, 0 5
4
Since 4  log
x  5
0 ⇒ log
x  5
4 3
2
x  5
104 1
x
x
10  5
9995.
4 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2

Vertical asymptote: x
5
322 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

58. f
x
log
x  3  1 y

5
Domain:
3,  4
x 4 5 6 7 8 3
log
x  3  1
0 2
f
x 1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1
log
x  3
1 x
−1 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9

x3
101 −2
−3
−4
x
3.1 −5

x-intercept:
3.1, 0
Vertical asymptote: x
3

59. ln 22.6  3.118 60. ln 0.98  0.020 61. ln e12
12

 83   1.530

62. ln e7
7 63. ln
7  5  2.034 64. ln

65. f
x
ln x  3 y 66. f
x
ln
x  3 y

Domain:
0,  6
Domain:
3,  4
5
x-intercept: ln x  3
0 4
ln
x  3
0 2

ln x
3 3 x  3
e0 2 4 6 8
x

2
x
e3 x
4 −2
1

e3, 0 x x-intercept:
4, 0 −4

−1 1 2 3 4 5
Vertical asymptote: x
0 Vertical asymptote: x
3

1 1
x 1 2 3 2 4 x 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
f
x 3 3.69 4.10 2.31 1.61 y 0.69 0 0.41 0.69 0.92


y
67. h
x
ln
x2
2 ln x y 68. f
x
14 ln x
4 3
Domain:
 , 0

0, 3
Domain:
0, 
2

x-intercepts:
± 1, 0 2 1
4 ln x
0 1
1
x
Vertical asymptote: x
0 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x ln x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
x
e0 −2
−3
−4 x
1 −3

x-intercept:
1, 0
x ± 0.5 ±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 Vertical asymptote: x
0
y 1.39 0 1.39 2.20 2.77 1 3 5
x 2 1 2 2 2 3

y 0.17 0 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.27

13 ln
1012 log 9
69. h
116 log
a  40  176 70. s
25  71. log4 9
 1.585
ln 3 log 4
h
55
116 log
55  40  176
 27.16 miles ln 9
log4 9
 1.585
 53.4 inches ln 4
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 323

log 200 log 5 log 0.28

72. log12 200
 2.132 73. log12 5
 2.322 74. log3 0.28
 1.159
log 12 log
12 log 3
ln 200 ln 5 ln 0.28
log12 200
 2.132 log12 5
 2.322 log3 0.28
 1.159
ln 12 ln
12 ln 3

1
75. log 18
log
2  32 76. log2
12

log2 1  log2 12
0  log
22  3

log 2  2 log 3 log 3

2 log2 22  log2 3
2 
 1.255 log 2
 3.585

77. ln 20
ln
22  5 78. ln 3e4
ln 3  ln e4 79. log5 5x2
log5 5  log5 x2

2 ln 2  ln 5  2.996
ln 3  4
1  2 log5 x
 2.90

6 x
80. log10 7x 4
log 7  log x 4 81. log3 3

log3 6  log3 
3 x
82. log7
log7 x  log7 4
x 4

log 7  4 log x

log3
3  2  log3 x13
log7 x12  log7 4
1 1

log3 3  log3 2  log3 x
log7 x  log7 4
3 2
1

1  log3 2  log3 x
3

83. ln x2y 2z
ln x2  ln y 2  ln z 84. ln 3xy2
ln 3  ln x  ln y 2

2 ln x  2 ln y  ln z
ln 3  ln x  2 ln y

x xy 3
ln
x  3  ln xy y 4 1 y 4 1
2
85. ln 86. ln
2 ln

ln
x  3  ln x  ln y

2 ln
y  1  2 ln 4

ln
x  3  ln x  ln y
2 ln
y  1  ln 16, y > 1

87. log2 5  log2 x
log2 5x 88. log6 y  2 log6 z
log6 y  log6 z2

y

log6
z2

89. ln x 
1
4
ln y
ln x  ln 
4 y
ln
 
4

x
y
90. 3 ln x  2 ln
x  1
ln x3  ln
x  12

ln x3
x  12

1
91. log8
x  4  7 log8 y
log8 
3 x  4  log y7
8 92. 2 log x  5 log
x  6
log x2  log
x  65
3
x2

log8
y7 
3
x  4
log

x  65
1

log
x2
x  65
324 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1
93. ln
2x  1  2 ln
x  1
ln2x  1  ln
x  12
2
2x  1

ln

x  12

94. 5 ln
x  2  ln
x  2  3 ln x
ln
x  25  ln
x  2  ln x3

ln
x  25  ln
x  2  ln x3

ln
x  25  ln x3
x  2

x  25

ln
x3
x  2

18,000
95. t
50 log
18,000  h
(a) Domain: 0 ≤ h < 18,000 (c) As the plane approaches its absolute ceiling, it climbs at
a slower rate, so the time required increases.
(b) 100

18,000
(d) 50 log  5.46 minutes
18,000  4000

0 20,000
0

Vertical asymptote: h
18,000

1
96. Using a calculator gives 97. 8x
512 98. 6x
216 99. ex
3
s
84.66 
11 ln t. 8x
83 6x
63 x
ln 3
x
3 x
3

100. ex
6 101. log4 x
2 102. log6 x
1 103. ln x
4

ln ex
ln 6 x
4
16
2 6log6 x
61 x
e4
x
ln 6  1.792 x
16

2 3
104. ln x
3 105. ex
12 106. e3x
25 107. e4x
ex
x
e3  0.0498 ln ex
ln12 ln e3x
ln 25 4x
x 2  3
x
ln 12  2.485 3x
ln 25 0
x 2  4x  3
ln 25 0

x  1
x  3
x
 1.073
3
x
1 or x
3

108. 14e3x2
560 109. 2x  13
35 110. 6x  28
8

e3x2
40 2x
22 6x
20
ln e3x2
ln 40 x
log2 22 log6 6x
log6 20
3x  2
ln 40 log 22 ln 22 x
log6 20

or
log 2 ln 2

ln 40  2 ln 20
x
 0.563 x
 1.672
3 x  4.459 ln 6
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 325

111. 4
5x
68 112. 2
12x
190

5x
17 12x
95
ln 5x
ln 17 ln 12x
ln 95
x ln 5
ln 17 x ln 12
ln 95
ln 17 ln 95
x
 1.760 x
 1.833
ln 5 ln 12

113. e2x  7e x  10
0 114. e2x  6ex  8
0

e x  2
e x  5
0
ex  2
ex  4
0
ex
2 or ex
5 ex
2 or ex
4
ln e x
ln 2 ln e x
ln 5 x
ln 2 x
ln 4
x
ln 2  0.693 x
ln 5  1.609 x  0.693 x  1.386

115. 20.6x  3x
0 10 116. 40.2x  x
0 9

Graph y1
20.6x  3x. Graph y1
40.2x  x.

−10 10
The x-intercepts are at The x-intercepts are at −12 6
x  0.392 and at x  7.480. x  7.038 and at
−10 x  1.527. −3

117. 25e0.3x
12 16 118. 4e1.2x
9 12

Graph y1
25e0.3x and Graph y1
4e1.2x and y2
9.

y2
12.
The graphs intersect at
−6
The graphs intersect at −6 18 x  0.676. 6

x  2.447. −2 −2

119. ln 3x
8.2 120. ln 5x
7.2 121. 2 ln 4x
15

eln 3x
e8.2 5x
e7.2 15
ln 4x

3x
e8.2 e 7.2 2
x
 267.886
e8.2
5 eln 4x
e7.5
x
 1213.650
3 4x
e7.5
1
x
e7.5  452.011
4

122. 4 ln 3x
15 123. ln x  ln 3
2 124. lnx  8
3

15 x 1
ln 3x
ln
2 ln
x  8
3
4 3 2
3x
e154 eln
x3
e2 ln
x  8
6
e154 x x  8
e6
x
 14.174
e2
3 3 x
e6  8  395.429
x
3e  22.167
2
326 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

125. lnx  1
2 126. ln x  ln 5
4

1 x
ln
x  1
2 ln
4
2 5
ln
x  1
4 x

e4
5
eln
x1
e4
x
5e4  272.991
x  1
e4
x
e4  1  53.598

127. log8
x  1
log8
x  2  log8
x  2 128. log6
x  2  log6 x
log6
x  5

log8
x  1
log8
x2
x  2 log6 x x 2
log
x  5
6

x2 x2
x1

x5
x2 x

x  1
x  2
x  2 x  2
x2  5x

x2  x  2
x  2 0
x2  4x  2

x2
0 x
2 ± 6, Quadratic Formula

x
0 Only x
2  6  0.449 is a valid solution.

Since x
0 is not in the domain of log8
x  1 or of

log8
x  2, it is an extraneous solution. The equation
has no solution.

129. log
1  x
1 130. log
x  4
2

1  x
10 1
x  4
102
1
1  10
x x
100  4
x
0.900 x
104

131. 2 ln
x  3  3x
8 132. 6 log
x 2  1  x
0

Graph y1
2 ln
x  3  3x and y2
8. Graph y1
6 log
x 2  1  x.
10 12

(1.64, 8)

−8 16
−9 9

−2 −4

The graphs intersect at approximately
1.643, 8. The x-intercepts are at x
0, x  0.416, and x  13.627.
The solution of the equation is x  1.643.

133. 4 ln
x  5  x
10
Graph y1
4 ln
x  5  x and y2
10.
11

−6 12
−1

The graphs do not intersect. The equation has no solution.

 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 327

134. x  2 log
x  4
0 135. 3
7550
7550e0.0725t

Let y1
x  2 log
x  4. 3
e0.0725t
12 ln 3
ln e0.0725t
ln 3
0.0725t
−8 ln 3
t
 15.2 years
16

0.0725
−4

The x-intercepts are at x  3.990 and x  1.477.

136. S
93 log
d  65 137. y
3e2x3

283
93 log
d  65 Exponential decay model
218
93 log
d Matches graph (e).
218
log
d

93
d
10
21893  220.8 miles

138. y
4e2x3 139. y
ln
x  3

Exponential growth model Logarithmic model
Matches graph (b). Vertical asymptote: x
3
Graph includes
2, 0
Matches graph (f).

6
141. y
2e
x4 3
2
140. y
7  log
x  3 142. y

1  2e2x
Logarithmic model Gaussian model
Logistics growth model
Vertical asymptote: x
3 Matches graph (a).
Matches graph (c).
Matches graph (d).

143. y
aebx 144. y
aebx

2
aeb
0 ⇒ a
2 1 1

aeb
0 ⇒ a

2 2
3
2eb
4
1
1.5
e4b 5
eb
5
2
ln 1.5
4b ⇒ b  0.1014
10
e5b
Thus, y  2e0.1014x.
ln 10
5b
ln 10

b
5
b  0.4605
1
y
e0.4605x
2
328 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

145. P
3499e0.0135t 146. y
Cekt

4.5 million
4500 thousand 1
C
Ce
250,000k
2
4500
3499e0.0135t
1
4500 ln
ln e
250,000k

e0.0135t 2
3499
1

250,000k
ln 4500
3499 

0.0135t
ln
2
ln
12
ln
45003499 k

t
 18.6 years 250,000
0.0135
When t
5000, we have
According to this model, the population of South
Carolina will reach 4.5 million during the year 2008. y
Ce ln
12250,000

5000  0.986C
98.6%C.
After 5000 years, approximately 98.6% of the
radioactive uranium II will remain.

147. (a) 20,000
10,000er
5 149. y
0.0499e
x71 128,

2
148. N0
2000 and N3
1400 so
N
2000ekt and:
2
e5r 40 ≤ x ≤ 100
1400
2000e3k
ln 2
5r (a) Graph y1
0.0499e
x71 128.
2

7
ln 2
e3k 0.05

r 10
5
r  0.138629 3k
ln 107 

13.8629%
ln
710 40 100
k

0.11889 0
(b) A
10,000e0.138629 3
(b) The average test score is 71.
 $11,486.98 The population one year ago:
N
4
2000e0.11889
4

1243 bats

157
150. N

1  5.4e0.12t
(a) When N
50: (b) When N
75:
157 157
50
75

1  5.4e0.12t 1  5.4e0.12t
157 157
1  5.4e0.12t
1  5.4e0.12t

50 75
107 82
5.4e0.12t
5.4e0.12t

50 75
107 82
e0.12t
e0.12t

270 405
107 82
0.12t
ln 0.12t
ln
270 405
ln
107270 ln
82405
t
 7.7 weeks t
 13.3 weeks
0.12 0.12
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 329

10 
I
151. 
10 log 16
152. R
log I since I0
1.
(a) log I
8.4
 
I
125
10 log I
108.4  251,188,643
1016
(b) log I
6.85
10 
I
12.5
log 16
I
106.85  7,079,458

1012.5

I (c) log I
9.1
1016
I
109.1  1,258,925,412
I
103.5 watt
cm2

153. True. By the inverse properties, logb b2x
2x. 154. False. ln x  ln y
lnxy  lnx  y

155. Since graphs (b) and (d) represent exponential decay, b and d are negative.
Since graph (a) and (c) represent exponential growth, a and c are positive.

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

1. y
ax y 2. y1
ex 24

7 y1
y1
0.5x 6
y3 y2
x2 y3 y2
y4
y2
1.2x 5
y4 y3
x3 y5
4
y3
2.0x 3 y2 y4
x
0
0
6

2
y4
x y1
x
y5
x 
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 The function that increases at the fastest rate for “large”
values of x is y1
ex. (Note: One of the intersection
The curves y
0.5x and y
1.2x cross the line y
x. points of y
ex and y
x3 is approximately 4.536, 93
From checking the graphs it appears that y
x will cross and past this point ex > x3. This is not shown on the
y
ax for 0 ≤ a ≤ 1.44. graph above.)

3. The exponential function, y
ex, increases at a faster rate 4. It usually implies rapid growth.
than the polynomial function y
xn.

 ex  ex
e   e 
x 2 x 2
5. (a) f u  v
auv 6. f x
2  g x
2

2 2

au  av  2  e2x e2x  2  e2x
e   
2x



f u  f v 4 4
(b) f 2x
a2x 4


4

ax2

1

f x
2

7. (a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 6

y = ex y1 y = ex y = ex

y2
−6 6 −6 6 −6 6
y3
−2 −2 −2
330 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

x x2 x3 x4
8. y4
1     9. f x
e x  ex y
1! 2! 3! 4!
4
6
y
e x  ex 3
2
y4
x
ey  ey 1
y = ex
e2y  1 − 4 − 3 − 2 −1
x
−6 6 x
1 2 3 4
ey
−2
xe y
e2y  1
−4
As more terms are added, the polynomial approaches ex. e 2y  xe y  1
0
x x2 x3 x4 x5 x ± x2  4
ex
1      . . . ey
Quadratic Formula
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 2
Choosing the positive quantity for e y we have

y
ln  x  x2  4
2 
. Thus, f 1x
ln
x  x2  4
2
.  
ax  1
11. Answer (c). y
61  ex
2
2
10. f x
, a > 0, a  1
ax  1
The graph passes through 0, 0 and neither (a) nor (b) pass
ay  1
x
through the origin. Also, the graph has y-axis symmetry and
ay  1 a horizontal asymptote at y
6.
xay  1
ay  1
xay  ay
x  1
ayx  1
x  1
x1
ay

x1

x1
ln xx  11
y
loga
x1
 ln a

f 1x

12. (a) The steeper curve represents the investment earning compound interest, A Compounded Interest

because compound interest earns more than simple interest. With simple
Growth of investment

4000
interest there is no compounding so the growth is linear.
(in dollars)

3000

(b) Compound interest formula: A
5001  0.07

1 
1t

5001.07t 2000

Simple interest formula: A
Prt  P
5000.07t  500 1000

Simple Interest
t
(c) One should choose compound interest since the earnings would be higher. 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (in years)

12 12
t
k1 t
k2
13. y1
c1 and y2
c2 14. B
B0akt through 0, 500 and 2, 200
B0
500
 
1 t
k1 1 t
k2
c1
c2 200
500ak2
2 2
t
k2 t
k1 2
c1
c2


1
2  5

a2k

lncc 
kt  kt  ln12

1

2 2 1
loga 25
2k
ln c1  ln c2
t k1  k1  ln12
2 1
1
2
loga
2
5 

k

25
t
2
ln c1  ln c2 B
500a 1
2 loga 2
5
t
500 a log a 2
5
t
2
500
t

1
k2  1
k1
ln1
2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 331

15. (a) y  252.6061.0310t 16. Let loga x
m and loga
b x
n. Then x
am and
(b) y  400.88t  1464.6t  291,782
2 x
a
bn.

ab
n
(c) 2,900,000
am

y2
a
y1 am
n

b
0 85
200,000 1
am
n1

b
(d) Both models appear to be “good fits” for the data, but
neither would be reliable to predict the population of 1 m
loga
1
the United States in 2010. The exponential model b n
approaches infinity rapidly.
1 m
1  loga

b n
1 loga x
1  loga

b loga
b x

17. ln x2
ln x2

ln x2  2 ln x
0
ln xln x  2
0
ln x
0 or ln x
2
x
1 or x
e2

18. y
ln x
y1
x  1
y2
x  1  12x  12
y3
x  1  12x  12  13x  13
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 4
y1
y = ln x y = ln x y3 y = ln x

−3 9 −3 9 −3 9
y2

−4 −4 −4

19. y 4
x  1  12x  12  13x  13  14x  14 4

y = ln x
The pattern implies that
−3 9
ln x
x  1  12x  12  13x  13  14x  14  . . . . y4

−4

20. y
abx y
axb 21. y
80.4  11 ln x

ln y
lnabx ln y
lnax b 30

ln y
ln a  ln bx ln y
ln a  ln x b
ln y
ln a  x ln b ln y
ln a  b ln x
ln y
ln bx  ln a
100 1500
ln y
b ln x  ln a 0

Slope: m
ln b Slope: m
b y300
80.4  11 ln 300  17.7 ft3min

y-intercept: 0, ln a y-intercept: 0, ln a
332 Chapter 3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

450
22. (a)
15 cubic feet per minute (c) Total air space required: 38230
11,460 cubic feet
30
Let x
floor space in square feet and h
30 feet.
(b) 15
80.4  11 ln x
V
xh
11 ln x
65.4
11,460
x30
65.4
ln x

11 x
382
x
e65.4
11 If the ceiling height is 30 feet, the minimum number of
square feet of floor space required is 382 square feet.
x  382 cubic feet of air space per child.

23. (a) 9
24. (a) 36

0 9 0 9
0 0

(b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic (b) The data could best be modeled by an exponential
model. model.
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more logarithmic (c) The data scatter plot looks exponential.
than linear or exponential.
(d) y  3.1141.341x
(d) y  2.1518  2.7044 ln x 36

0 9
0
0 9
0
(e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data.

25. (a) 9
26. (a) 10

0 9 0 9
0 0

(b) The data could best be modeled by a linear model. (b) The data could best be modeled by a logarithmic
model.
(c) The shape of the curve looks much more linear than
exponential or logarithmic. (c) The data scatter plot looks logarithmic.
(d) y  0.7884x  8.2566 (d) y  5.099  1.92 lnx
9 10

0 9 0 9
0 0

(e) The model is a good fit to the actual data. (e) The model graph hits every point of the scatter plot.
 Practice Test for Chapter 3 333

Chapter 3 Practice Test

1. Solve for x: x3
5
8.

1
2. Solve for x: 3x1
81.

3. Graph f x
2x.

4. Graph gx
ex  1.

5. If $5000 is invested at 9% interest, find the amount after three years if the interest is compounded
(a) monthly. (b) quarterly. (c) continuously.

1
6. Write the equation in logarithmic form: 72
49.

1
7. Solve for x: x  4
log2 64.

8. Given logb 2
0.3562 and logb 5
0.8271, evaluate logb 

4 825.

1
9. Write 5 ln x  2 ln y  6 ln z as a single logarithm.

10. Using your calculator and the change of base formula, evaluate log9 28.

11. Use your calculator to solve for N: log10 N
0.6646

12. Graph y
log4 x.

13. Determine the domain of f x
log3x2  9.

14. Graph y
lnx  2.

ln x
15. True or false:
lnx  y
ln y

16. Solve for x: 5x
41

1
17. Solve for x: x  x2
log5 25

18. Solve for x: log2 x  log2x  3
2

ex  ex
19. Solve for x:
4
3

20. Six thousand dollars is deposited into a fund at an annual interest rate of 13%. Find the time required
for the investment to double if the interest is compounded continuously.