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    Physics 721: Problem Set No.1

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    Mohamed Ayman Moshtohry
    This physics problem set contains 4 multi-part problems related to differential equations, thermodynamics, and elasticity. Problem 1 involves calculating line integrals of a potential function along curves and finding an integrating factor. Problem 2 calculates the efficiency of an engine given a diagram. Problem 3 expresses thermodynamic quantities like compressibility and thermal expansion in terms of variables like pressure and temperature. Problem 4 deals with small deformations of a body, defining strain and stress tensors and relating them to changes in distance, volume, and work done.

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    Physics 721: Problem Set No.1

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Ayman Moshtohry
    46 views2 pages
    This physics problem set contains 4 multi-part problems related to differential equations, thermodynamics, and elasticity. Problem 1 involves calculating line integrals of a potential function along curves and finding an integrating factor. Problem 2 calculates the efficiency of an engine given a diagram. Problem 3 expresses thermodynamic quantities like compressibility and thermal expansion in terms of variables like pressure and temperature. Problem 4 deals with small deformations of a body, defining strain and stress tensors and relating them to changes in distance, volume, and work done.

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    HW 1

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    HW1

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    This physics problem set contains 4 multi-part problems related to differential equations, thermodynamics, and elasticity. Problem 1 involves calculating line integrals of a potential function along curves and finding an integrating factor. Problem 2 calculates the efficiency of an engine given a diagram. Problem 3 expresses thermodynamic quantities like compressibility and thermal expansion in terms of variables like pressure and temperature. Problem 4 deals with small deformations of a body, defining strain and stress tensors and relating them to changes in distance, volume, and work done.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views2 pages

    Physics 721: Problem Set No.1

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Ayman Moshtohry
    This physics problem set contains 4 multi-part problems related to differential equations, thermodynamics, and elasticity. Problem 1 involves calculating line integrals of a potential function along curves and finding an integrating factor. Problem 2 calculates the efficiency of an engine given a diagram. Problem 3 expresses thermodynamic quantities like compressibility and thermal expansion in terms of variables like pressure and temperature. Problem 4 deals with small deformations of a body, defining strain and stress tensors and relating them to changes in distance, volume, and work done.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Physics 721: Problem Set No.

    1
    Show all your intermediate steps for each problem.

    1. A function is given by F·dr = (x2 − y) dx + x dy.


    1a. Is this an exact differential? Justify your answer.
    R
    1b. Calculate F·dr along each of the three curves, C1 , C2 , C3 in Figure 1.
    1c. Find an integrating factor. Hint: Assume it is only a function of x.

    2. Calculate the efficiency of the engine given in diagram A in Figure 2 for an ideal
    monoatomic gas. Express your final results in terms of the r and rc parameters.

    3. The adiabatic compressibility κS and adiabatic thermal expansion αS are given by:
    1 ∂V 1 ∂V
       
    κS = − αS =
    V ∂P S V ∂T S

    Assuming that there are two independent variables in each of these expressions (Which
    ones are they?),
    3a. Express κS in terms of P, T as independent variables.
    3b. Express αS in terms of V, P as independent variables.
    When possible, use in your final expressions the heat capacities CP and/or CV .

    4. When a body is deformed, the distances between its points changes. Assume small
    deformations, such that the radius vector joining the points before the deformation is dxi
    (i = 1, 2, 3), and the vector joining the same points after the deformation is dx′i = dxi +dui .
    The strain tensor µik is defined as

    1 ∂ui ∂uk ∂ul ∂ul


     
    µik = + + .
    2 ∂xk ∂xi ∂xi ∂xk
    Notice that this a symmetric tensor. The stress tensor σik is also a tensor of rank 2, related
    to the force fi per unit volume in the direction i by

    ∂σik
    fi = ,
    ∂xk
    and it can be shown that σik is symmetric.
    4a. Find the (scalar) distance element between the points after the deformation in terms
    ′ ′ ′ ′
    of µik . Hints: (i) This distance element is defined by dl 2 = dx12 + dx22 + dx32 , or simply
    ′ ′
    dl 2 = dxi2 using Einstein’s notation (i.e., sumation over repeated indices, in this cases
    index i). (ii) The displacement dui is an exact differential in terms of the cartesian
    coordinates.
    4b. When the strain is a simple extension or compression, the strain tensor can be diagonal-
    ized along its principal axes. Find an expression for the relative extension (dx′i − dxi )/dxi
    along the ith principal axis. Consider the case where the strain components µii << 1.
    What is the new volume element dV ′ in this case? Hint: dV ′ = dx′1 dx′2 dx′3 .
    4c. Find an expression in terms of µik and σik for the work per unit volume produced by
    a small deformation. Assume there is no stress on the surface of the elastic element that
    undergoes deformation. Hint: Notice that fi is force per unit volume, and first compute
    the total work on the element volume. Assume µik << 1 and therefore ignore the third,
    higher-order term that appears in its definition.
     
     

    Figure  1  
     
     
     
     
     
     

                                         Figure  2  
     
     
     
     
     
     

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