Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: AN4849

Rev. 3.0, 11/2014

Application Note

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive

Featuring the MC33816

1 Introduction Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
This typical application covers an example of a four cylinder 2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
internal combustion engine (ICE) injector drive. The high-voltage 3 Application Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
is provided by a boost converter managed by the 33816.
4 Application Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Freescale analog ICs are manufactured using the SMARTMOS 5 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
process, a combinational BiCMOS manufacturing flow that 5.1 Current Profile Management for Injection . . . . . . . . . . . 5
integrates precision analog, power functions and dense CMOS 5.2 DC-DC Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
logic together on a single cost-effective die. 5.3 Fuel Pump Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 PCB Layout Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
6.1 Ground Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2 Sense Resistors Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.3 Drain and Source Signal Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
8 Application Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
8.1 Injection Banks Management Source Code. . . . . . . . . 25
8.2 DC-DC Management Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.3 Fuel Pump Drive Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
10 Revision History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2014. All rights reserved.

Overview

2 Overview
This overview presents a typical hardware topology and related software example to drive four injectors managed in two
banks, a single low pressure pump drive, and a variable frequency modulation (VFM) DC/DC converter.
The 33816 is supplied by a battery voltage between 9.0 V and 16 V. A protection circuitry against overvoltage and reverse
battery must be considered on the VBAT supply line.
An external 5.0 V must be supplied to the VCC5 pin and the VCCIO pin, to internally supply the I/O buffers.
In this example, the VCCP voltage is internally generated to enable the drivers.
The boost converter topology is defined to manage a VFM. A Pi filter prevents circuitry disturbance propagation from the
boost regulation area to battery line.
The two banks can manage two injectors each. In this configuration, injection overlaps are not possible inside a bank. The
Diodes D12, D13, D14, and D15 are required to allow current recirculation when the respective low-side MOSFETs are
switched off. The diodes D10_2 and D11_2 provide a current recirculation path to ground when the respective high-side
MOSFET is off.

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Figure 1. Typical Four Injector Two Bank Application Schematic

3
Application Schematic
Application Instructions

4 Application Instructions
This topology can be used on the evaluation board KIT33816FRDMEVM. Register settings and microcode downloads can
be acheived by using the KL25Z embedded on the KIT33816FRDMEVM.
This topology allows managing two banks of two cylinders. Injector actuations are limited to one injection per bank at the
same time. Each bank is individually managed by one microcore of the digital channel 1 as described next:
• The bank # 1 is managed by the digital microcore Uc0Ch1
• The bank # 2 is managed by the digital microcore Uc1Ch1.
The two microcores of the second channel (Channel 2) drive the VFM and the fuel pump as described next:
• The VFM (Variable Frequency Modulation) is managed by the digital microcore Uc0Ch2
• The fuel pump is managed by the digital microcore Uc1Ch2.
The following is the start-up sequence:
• Apply a battery voltage between 9.0 V and 16 V.
• Download the registers Channel Configuration, then Main Configuration, IO Configuration, and Diagnostic
Configuration.
• Download the dedicated microcode in the Logic Channel 1 and Logic Channel 2 Data RAMs.
• Set to ‘1’ to the pre-flash enable bit and the en_dual_seq bit in the Flash_enable register of channel 1 (0x100) and
channel 2 (0x120).
The registers configuration and the microcodes are detailed into the following chapters.
Once the DC/DC converter output has reached its nominal voltage, the injector drivers can be actuated with the STARTx
pins. Each STARTx pin will individually trigger each injector pin rising edge and will stop actuation on the falling edge.
• START1 drives INJECTOR 1
• START2 drives INJECTOR 2
• START3 drives INJECTOR 3
• START4 drives INJECTOR 4
• START5 drives FUEL PUMP 1
Boost regulation is stopped during the injection boost phase.

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 Software Requirements

5 Software Requirements
5.1 Current Profile Management for Injection
The current profile is managed so to generate an initial high current through the injector. This high current slew rate will
minimize the opening delay. This high current is maintained during a given time to ensure injector opening, then is decreased
to maintain the injector open, up to the End Of Injection (EOI).
The code dedicated to the injection is loaded into the Code RAM 1. This code is executed independently by the microcores
Uc0Ch1 and Uc1Ch1. Each one of the microcore generates a current profile, as described through the injector per the
STARTx pin state by the following.

Figure 2. Typical Peak and Hold Current Profile

When a rising edge is detected on a STARTx pin, the injection starts with the injection Boost phase.
This profile can be stopped at any time by detecting a falling edge on the STARTx pin. In this case, the End Of Injection
phase is executed.
During the Boost phase, the corresponding low-side driver is simultaneously switched on with the high-side switch
connected to the VBOOST voltage. If the boost current target IBOOST is reached, the high-side driver is switched off and the
current recirculates for a fixed time (tPEAK_OFF) through the diode connected to ground, then the Peak phase starts.

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Software Requirements

During the Peak phase, the high-side switch connected to VBAT voltage is turned on. If the peak current target IPEAK is met,
the high-side driver is switched off and the current recirculates through the diode connected ground for the fixed time
(tPEAK_OFF). The high-side driver is then switched on again. This cycle repeats until that the internal counter reaches its
terminal value (tPEAK_TOT), then the Bypass phase begins.
During the Bypass phase, all the low-side and high-side switches are turned off. The current decays through the injector, the
diode connected to ground, and the diode connected to VBOOST for a fixed time (tBYPASS). The Hold phase then starts.
During the Hold phase, the low-side driver is simultaneously switched on with the high-side switch connected to the VBAT
voltage. If the hold current target IHOLD is reached, the high-side driver is switched off and the current recirculates through
the diode connected to ground for a fixed time (tHOLD_OFF). The high-side driver is switched on again, and the cycle repeats
until the STARTx pin goes low or the internal counter reaches its terminal value (tHOLD_TOT (time out)). The End Of Injection
is forced if no falling edge is detected on the STARTx pin.
All the current thresholds and timings are accessed in the Data RAM. The typical values are in Table 1, but must be defined
according to the injector used and the injection profile expected.

Table 1. Example of Injection Current Profile Key Parameters (RSENSE= 10 mOhms)

Parameter Name Description Value

IBOOST Current threshold in Boost phase 16.72 A

IPEAK Current threshold in Peak phase 16.72 A

IHOLD Current threshold in Hold phase 8.92 A

tPEAK_OFF Fixed time for high-side switch off in Peak phase 10 s

tPEAK_TOT Fixed time for end of Peak phase 200 s

tBYPASS Fixed time for Bypass phase 30 s

tHOLD_OFF Fixed time for high-side switch off in Hold phase 10 s

tHOLD_TOT Fixed time for end of Hold phase (timeout) 10 ms

In the present case, most of the code branches (jump) are managed according to the counters end of count and the current
threshold, by the mean of the wait table. The wait table rows are affected, as shown in Table 2 and are changed according
to the injection phase.

Table 2. Example of Wait Table Definition

Phase Boost Phase Peak Phase Bypass Phase Hold Phase EOI Phase
If startx goes low then If startx goes low, then If startx goes low, then If startx goes low, then
Row 1 -
jump to EOI phase jump to EOI phase jump to EOI phase jump to EOI phase
If the injection current If tPEAK_TOT is If tBYPASS is reached, If tHOLD_TOT is
Row 2 reaches IBOOST then reached, then jump to then jump to Hold reached, then jump to -
jump to Peak phase Bypass phase phase EOI phase
if tPEAK_OFF is if tHOLD_OFF is
Row3 - reached, jump to Peak - reached, jump to Hold -
On phase (sub phase) On phase (sub phase)
if IPEAK is reached, if IHOLD is reached,
Row 4 - jump to Hold Off - jump to Hold Off -
phase (sub phase) phase (sub phase)
Row 5 - - - - -

A rising edge issues an injection start. A falling edge triggers the end of injection. In case of an overlap between two STARTx
pins on the same bank, it is manage by the Smart Start function of the device. In this case, the first STARTx rising edge is
considered. The second STARTx pin high-state is consider when the first actuation is finished. The action of the injection
corresponding to the second STARTx pin is stopped when the second STARTx pin falling edge occurs.

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 Software Requirements

Figure 3. Actuation Driven by STARTx Pins Without Overlap

5.1.1 General Registers Setup

The 33816 registers are setup according their default states, unless defined by the following.

5.1.1.1 Main Configuration Registers

To run two microcores per channel, the Ck_per register (0x1C0) must be setup with a ck_per value of 3 or more.

Table 3. Ck_per Register (0x1C0)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved ck_per
Value - 000011

5.1.2 Injection Banks Management Registers Setup

The 33816 registers are setup according their default states, unless defined by the following.

5.1.2.1 IO Configuration Registers

The microcore Uc0Ch1 must have access to the pre-drivers HS1, HS2, LS1, and LS2.

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Software Requirements

Table 4. Out_acc_uc0_ch1 Register (0x184)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_| acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_
Name Reserved
ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_
ls7 ls6 ls5 ls4 ls3 ls2 ls1 hs5 hs4 hs3 hs2 hs1
Value 0000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

In the same way, the Uc1Ch1 must have access to the pre-drivers HS3, HS4, LS3, and LS4.

Table 5. Out_acc_uc1_ch1 Register (0x185)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_| acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_
Name Reserved
ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_
ls7 ls6 ls5 ls4 ls3 ls2 ls1 hs5 hs4 hs3 hs2 hs1
Value 0000 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

The microcore Uc0Ch1 has default access to the current sense block # 1, and to microcore Uc1Ch1 to the current sense
block # 2. The corresponding registers content doesn’t need to be changed.

Table 6. Cur_block_access_1 Register (0x188)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_
uc1_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ uc0_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
ch1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ ch1_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_
Name Reserved
curr_ ch1 ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ curr_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_
4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1 4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1
4neg 4neg
Value 000000 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

5.1.2.2 Channel 1 Configuration Registers

The banks 1 and 2 are driven according to the logic level of their respective STARTx pin. A high level on STARTx will trigger
the activation of the corresponding injector. A low level on the STARTx pin will automatically stop the actuation, whatever the
injection phase.
The microcore Uc0Ch1 must be enabled by the START1 and START2 pins, while the microcore Uc1Ch1 must be enabled
by the START3 and START4 pins.
Consequently, the Start_config_reg register of the channel 1 (0x104) must be setup, as shown in Table 7.
.

Table 7. Start_config_reg Registers (0x124)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
smart smart
start6 start5 start4 start3 start2 start1 start6 start5 start4 start3 start2 start1
_start _start
Name reserved _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens
_ _
_uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0
uc1 uc0
Value 00 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

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 Software Requirements

The Code_width register and the two checksum value registers must be set so as to permanently verify the code integrity.
The checksum is recalculated in the 33816 at run time each time a microcode line is executed and compared to the
checksum register value. In case of a mismatch, an error is reported.

Table 8. Code_width Registers (0x107)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved code_width
Value - 0001011000

Table 9. Checksum_h Registers (0x108)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name checksum_high
Reset 1000111001100010

Table 10. Checksum_l Registers (0x109)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name checksum_low
Reset 0111101100100011

The code entry point of Uc0Ch1 is 0 as the first line executed, is the first Code RAM line of the channel 1.

Table 11. Uc0_entry_point Registers (0x10A) of Channel 1

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved entry_point_address
Reset 000000 0000000000

The code entry point of Uc1Ch1 is the forty fourth Code RAM line of the channel 1.

Table 12. Uc1_entry_point Registers (0x10B) of Channel 1

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved entry_point_address
Reset 000000 0000101100

The microcore Uc0Ch1 must be setup so as to run the two microcores of the channel as each microcore drives an injection
bank.
Both microcores are enabled by setting the pre_flash enable bit and the en_dual_uc bit to ‘1’.

Table 13. Flash_enable Register (0x100) of Channel 1

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
checks pre_ en_ dual_ chksu chksu
flash_
Name Reserved um_ flash_ dual_ uc_ m_ m_
enable
disable enable uc failure irq_en failure
Value 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

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Software Requirements

5.1.2.3 Diagnosis Configuration Registers

The high-side and low-side drivers must be directly controlled by the microcores. Consequently the output_routing fields of
the high-side and low-side driver’s output configuration register must be set to the value 15.

Table 14. Hsx_output_config Registers (0x155, 0x158, 0x15B, 0x15E)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved dead_time output_routing inv
Reset 000000000 0000 1111 0

Table 15. Lsx_output_config Registers (0x142, 0x145, 0x148, 0x14B)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved output_routing inv
Value 00000000000 1111 0

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 Software Requirements

5.1.3 Injection Banks Management Algorithm

Initialization Phase
Current sense operational amplifier gain setting
Load the eoinj line label Code RAM address into the register jr1
Load the idle line label Code RAM address into the register jr2
Define wait table entry # 1: Jump to End Of Injection Phase if the start signal goes low

Shortcut definition

Idle Phase Driver shortcut affectation

Yes Shortcut # 1 <= HS1 (VBAT)
Start 1 signal is high? Shortcut # 2 <= HS2 (VBOOST)
Shortcut # 3 <= LS1
Jump to Boost Phase

Driver shortcut affectation

Yes Shortcut # 1 <= HS1 (VBAT)
Start 2 signal is high? Shortcut # 2 <= HS2 (VBOOST)
Shortcut # 3 <= LS2
Jump to Boost Phase

No

Boost Phase
Load the boost phase current threshold in the current DAC
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to Peak Phase when current is over threshold
Set flag0 to low (set the VFM in Idle Phase while the Injection Boost Phase is ongoing)
Vboost MOSFET (HS2) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vbat MOSFET (HS1) turn off
Wait for wait table entry 1 or 2 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Wait entry # 1 satisfied

Peak Phase
Load the total length of the peak phase in counter 1
Load the peak current threshold in the current DAC
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to Bypass Phase when tc1 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 3: Jump to Peak On Phase when tc2 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 4: Jump to Peak Off Phase when current is over threshold
Set flag0 to high (VFM can go out of Idle Phase)

Peak On Phase
Vbat MOSFET (HS1) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vboost MOSFET (HS2) turn off
Wait entry # 3 satisfied

Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 4 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 4 satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Peak Off Phase
Load in the counter 2 the length of the peak off phase
LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vboost MOSFET and Vbat MOSFET (HS2) turn off
Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 3 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Bypass Phase
Load in the counter 3 the length of the bypass phase
Vboost MOSFET, Vbat MOSFET (HS2) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn off
Define wait table entry # 4: Jump to hold when tc3 reaches end of count
Wait for wait table entry 4 or 5 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 4 satisfied

Hold Phase
Load the total length of the hold phase in counter 2
Load the hold current threshold in the DAC
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to End Of Injection Phase when tc2 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 3: Jump to Hold On Phase when tc1 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 4: Jump to Hold Off Phase when current is over threshold

Hold On Phase
Vbat MOSFET (HS2) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vboost MOSFET turn off
Wait entry # 4 satisfied

Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 3 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 3 satisfied

Wait entry # 5 satisfied

Hold Off Phase

Load in the counter 1 the length of the hold_ off phase
LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vboost MOSFET and Vbat MOSFET (HS2) turn off
Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 4 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

End Of Injection Phase

Vboost MOSFET, Vbat MOSFET (HS2) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn off
Jump back to Idle Phase

Figure 4. Algorithm Example for a Bank of Two Injectors

Refer to Injection Banks Management Source Code

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Software Requirements

5.2 DC-DC Management

In Variable Frequency Mode, on/off switching is triggered by the sense current rising above an upper current threshold and
falling below a lower current threshold. This mode uses a hysteretic current control loop within a hysteretic voltage control
loop. Once the current thresholds are programmed, hardware controls the current regulation loop, while software (µcode)
controls the voltage regulation loop. Duty cycle and frequency vary with operating conditions.
The code dedicated to the boost converter regulation loop is loaded into the Code RAM 2. This code is executed
independently by the microcores Uc0Ch2.

Figure 1. Simplified DC-DC Converter Topology for VFM

At boost startup, the current through the inductor oscillates. This current is maintained between a current lower to the
inductor saturation current and a positive current close to annulation by turning the low-side switch on/off. When this switch
is on, the current grows through the sense resistor and the low-side switch. When the switch is open, the current decays
through the diode and loads the output capacitor. It increases the voltage until the VBOOST voltage reaches the VBOOST_HIGH
threshold. This phase uses the asynchronous mode and the current modulation is managed by an independent circuitry
enabled by the microcore.

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Figure 5. VFM Startup Sequence

When the VBOOST_HIGH threshold is reached, the synchronous mode is enabled. In this case, the microcore takes the direct
control of the low-side switch. The low-side switch is turned off until the boost voltage goes below the VBOOST_LOW
threshold.
Each time the VBOOST_HIGH threshold is reached, the VBOOST_LOW threshold is setup, and the synchronous mode is
activated after a tBOOST_FILTER filter time required by the voltage comparator circuitry enablement.
Each time the boost voltage falls below the VBOOST_LOW threshold the VBOOST_HIGH threshold is setup, and the
asynchronous mode is activated after a tBOOST_FILTER filter time.

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Software Requirements












 

 





 

 



   

Figure 6. VFM Voltage and Current Diagram

Table 16. Example of VFM DC-DC Converter key parameters

Parameter Name Description Value
VBOOST_HIGH VBOOST voltage high threshold 65.31 V
VBOOST_LOW VBOOST voltage low threshold 64.69 V
ISENSE4_HIGH High current threshold 3.44 A
ISENSE4_LOW Low current threshold 0.41 A

In the present case, most of the code branches (jump) are managed according to the VBOOST voltage and the flag0 state by
means of the wait table. The wait table rows are affected as shown in Table 17 and are changed according to the actuation
phase.

Table 17. Example of Wait Table Definition for the Fuel Pump Drive
Phase Async Phase (dcdc_on) Sync Phase (dcdc_off) Idle Phase
If flag0 is low, then jump to If flag0 is low, then jump to
Row 1 -
Idle phase Idle phase
If VBOOST < VBOOST_LOW,
Row 2 - -
then jump to Async Phase

Row3 If VBOOST > VBOOST_HIGH, -

-
then jump to Sync phase

Row 4 - - -

Row 5 - - -

To avoid regulation disturbances, the boost voltage regulation is stopped by the mean of the internal flag 0 when an injection
phase starts.

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 Software Requirements

The tBOOST_FILTER time is defined in the Boost_filter register (0x19D). This filter time and type can be adjusted to improve
the VBOOST voltage stability.

Table 18. Boost_filter Register (0x19D)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
filter_t
Name Reserved boost_fbk_filter
ype
Value 000 0 000000000000

5.2.1 DC-DC Management Registers Setup

The 33816 registers are setup according their default states, unless defined by the following.

5.2.1.1 IO Configuration Registers

The Uc0Ch2 must have access to the pre-driver LS7 only.

Table 19. Out_acc_uc0_ch2 Register (0x186)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_| acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_
Name Reserved
ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_ ch1_
ls7 ls6 ls5 ls4 ls3 ls2 ls1 hs5 hs4 hs3 hs2 hs1
Value 0000 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The Uc0Ch2 must have access to the current sense feedback # 4L and 4H

Table 20. Cur_block_access_2 Register (0x189)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_
uc1_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ uc0_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
ch2_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ ch2_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_
Name Reserved
curr_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ curr_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_
4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1 4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1
4neg 4neg
Value 000000 0 0 x 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

5.2.1.2 Diagnosis Configuration Registers

The low-side driver 7 must be directly controlled by the microcore Uc0Ch2. Consequently, the output_routing fields of its
output configuration register must be set to the value 15.

Table 21. Ls7_output_config Register (0x152)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
fast_
Name Reserved dcdc_ output_routing inv
en
Value 0000000000 0 1111 0

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Software Requirements

5.2.2 DC-DC Management Algorithm

Initialization Phase
Current sense operational amplifier gain setting
Load the min current threshold in DAC 4L
Load the max current threshold in DAC 4H
Set the DAC mode to set Vboost voltage

Boost Phase
Define wait table entry # 1: Jump to Idle Phase when flag0 is low (boost injection phase ongoing)
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to Asynchrous Phase when Vboost voltage is below Vboost_min
Define wait table entry # 3: Jump to Synchrous Phase when Vboost voltage is above Vboost_max

Asynchronous Phase
Load the Vboost_max threshold in vboost_dac register
Enable the Asynchronous mode
Wait for wait table entry 1 or 2 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Wait entry # 1 satisfied

Synchronous Phase
Load the Vboost_min threshold in vboost_dac register
Enable the Synchronous mode (LS7 driver off)
Wait for wait table entry 1 or 3 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 3 satisfied

Idle Phase
Enable the Synchronous mode (LS7 driver off)
Jump to previous line while flag0 is low
Unconditional jump to Asynchrous Phase

Figure 7. Algorithm Example for VFM

Refer to DC-DC Management Source Code

5.3 Fuel Pump Drive

The current profile is managed to generate an initial high current peak. The current is maintained while the START5 pin keeps
the pump running to the End Of Actuation (EOA).
The code dedicated to the pump driving is loaded into the Code RAM 2. This code is executed by the microcore Uc1Ch2.
The microcore generates a current profile, as described by the following, per the START5 pin state.

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

16 Freescale Semiconductor
 Software Requirements







 


 


 !!






 






Figure 8. Typical Fuel Pump Current Profile

When a rising edge is detected on a START5 pin, the pump actuation starts with the Peak phase.
This profile can be stopped at any time by a falling edge detected on the START5 pin, where the End Of Actuation phase is
executed.
During the Peak phase the corresponding low-side driver is simultaneously switched on with the high-side switch connected
to the VBAT voltage. If the peak current target IPEAK is reached, the Hold phase begins.
During the Hold phase, the low-side driver is simultaneously switched on with the high-side switch connected to the VBAT
voltage. If the hold current target IHOLD is reached, the high-side driver is switched off and the current recirculates through
the diodes connected to VBAT and ground for the fixed time tHOLD_OFF. The high-side driver is then switched on again. This
cycle repeats until the SATR5 pin goes low or the internal counter reaches its terminal value (tHOLD_TOT (time out)). The End
Of Actuation is forced if no falling edge is detected on the START5 pin.
All the current thresholds and timings are accessed in the Data RAM. The typical values are the following, but must be
defined according to the current profile expected.

Table 22. Example of Fuel Pump Drive Key Parameters

Parameter Name Description Value
IPEAK Current threshold in Peak phase 4.79 A
IHOLD Current threshold in Hold phase 3.27 A
tHOLD_OFF Fixed time for high-side switch off in Hold phase 10 s
tHOLD_TOT Fixed time for end of Hold phase (timeout) 10 ms

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 17
Software Requirements

In this case, most of the code branches (jump) are managed according to the counters end of count and the current threshold
by the means of the wait table. The wait table rows are affected, as shown in Table 23, and are changed according to the
actuation phase.

Table 23. Example of Wait Table Definition for the Fuel Pump Drive
Phase Peak Phase Hold Phase EOA Phase
If startx goes low, then If startx goes low, then
Row 1 -
jump to EOA Phase jump to EOA Phase
If the current reaches If tHOLD_TOT is
Row 2 IPEAK, then jump to reached, then jump to -
Hold phase EOA phase
if tHOLD_OFF is
reached, then jump to
Row3 - -
Hold On phase (sub
phase)
if IHOLD is reached,
Row 4 - then jump to Hold Off -
phase (sub phase)
Row 5 - - -

5.3.1 Fuel Pump Drive Registers Setup

The Uc1Ch2 must have access to the pre-drivers HS5 and LS5.

5.3.2 IO Configuration Registers

Table 24. Out_acc_uc1_ch2 Register (0x187)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_| acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_
Name Reserved
ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_
ls7 ls6 ls5 ls4 ls3 ls2 ls1 hs5 hs4 hs3 hs2 hs1
Value 0000 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

The Uc1Ch2 must have access to the current sense feedback # 3

Table 25. Cur_block_access_2 Register (0x189)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
acc_ acc_
uc1_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_ uc0_ acc_ acc_ acc_ acc_
ch2_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ uc1_ ch2_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_ uc0_
Name Reserved
curr_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ curr_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_ ch2_
4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1 4h_ curr4l curr3 curr2 curr1
4neg 4neg
Value 000000 0 0 1 0 0 x x 0 0 0

5.3.2.1 Channel 2 Configuration Registers

The pump is driven according the logic level of the START5 pin. A high level on START5 will drive the pump on, while a low
level will stop the pump. The microcore Uc1Ch2 must be enabled by the START5 pin. Consequently, the Start_config_reg
register of channel 2 (0x124) must be setup.

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

18 Freescale Semiconductor
 Software Requirements

Table 26. Start_config_reg Registers (0x124)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
smart smart
start6 start5 start4 start3 start2 start1 start6 start5 start4 start3 start2 start1
_start _start
Name reserved _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens _sens
_ _
_uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc1 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0 _uc0
uc1 uc0
Value 00 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The Code_width register and the two checksum value registers must be set to permanently verify the code integrity. The
checksum is recalculated in the 33816 at run time, each time a microcode line is executed. The code width and checksum
values are provided for a DC/DC converter regulation code and a pump drive code.

Table 27. Code_width Registers (0x127)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved code_width
Value - 0000100111

Table 28. Checksum_h Registers (0x128)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name checksum_high
Reset 0100000100010100

Table 29. Checksum_l Registers (0x129)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name checksum_low
Reset 1010101110100001

The code entry point of Uc0Ch2 is 0 the first line executed, is the first Code RAM line of the channel 2.

Table 30. Uc0_entry_point Registers (0x12A) of Channel 2

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved entry_point_address
Reset 000000 0000000000

The code entry point of Uc1Ch2 is at the sixteenth Code RAM line of the channel 2

Table 31. Uc1_entry_point Registers (0x12B) of Channel 2

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved entry_point_address
Reset 000000 0000010000

The registers must be setup to run the two microcores of the channel 2 as the first microcode drives the DC/DC converter,
and the second microcore drives the fuel pump.
Both microcores are enabled by setting the pre_flash enable bit and the en_dual_uc bit to ‘1’.

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 19
Software Requirements

Table 32. Flash_enable Register (0x120) of Channel 2

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
check pre_
flash_ en_ dual_ chksu chksu
sum_ flash_
Name Reserved enabl dual_ uc_ m_ m_
disabl enabl
e uc failure irq_en failure
e e
Value 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

5.3.2.2 Diagnosis Configuration Registers

The high-side and low-side drivers must be directly controlled by the microcore Uc1Ch2. Consequently, the output_routing
fields of the high-side and low-side drivers output configuration register must be set to the value 15.

Table 33. Hs5_output_config Registers (0x161)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved dead_time output_routing inv
Reset 000000000 0000 1111 0

Table 34. Lsx_output_config Registers (0x14E, 0x151)

Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Name Reserved output_routing inv
Value 00000000000 1111 0

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

20 Freescale Semiconductor
 Software Requirements

5.3.3 Fuel Pump Drive Algorithm

Initialization Phase
Current sense operational amplifier gain setting
Load the eoact line label Code RAM address into the register jr1
Load the idle line label Code RAM address into the register jr2
Define wait table entry # 1: Jump to End Of Actuation Phase if the start signal goes low

Shortcut definition

Idle Phase Driver shortcut affectation

Yes Shortcut # 1 <= HS5 (VBAT)
Start 5 signal is high? Shortcut # 2 <= LS5
Jump to Boost Phase

No

Peak Phase
Load the peak phase current threshold in the current DAC
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to Hold Phase when current is over threshold
Vbat MOSFET (HS5) and LS MOSFET (LS5) turn on
Wait for wait table entry 1 or 2 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Wait entry # 1 satisfied

Hold Phase
Load the total length of the hold phase in counter 1
Load the hold current threshold in the DAC
Define wait table entry # 2: Jump to End Of Actuation Phase when tc1 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 3: Jump to Hold On Phase when tc2 reaches end of count
Define wait table entry # 4: Jump to Hold Off Phase when current is over threshold

Hold On Phase
Vbat MOSFET (HS5) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on
Wait entry # 3 satisfied

Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 4 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 4 satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

Hold Off Phase
Load in the counter 1 the length of the hold_ off phase and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn on, Vbat MOSFET (HS5) turn off
Wait for wait table entry 1, 2 or 3 to be satisfied

Wait entry # 2 satisfied

End Of Injection Phase

Vbat MOSFET (HS2) and LS MOSFET (LSx) turn off
Jump back to Idle Phase

Figure 9. Algorithm Example for Fuel Pump Drive

Refer to Fuel Pump Drive Source Code

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 21
PCB Layout Recommendations

6 PCB Layout Recommendations

6.1 Ground Connections
The 33816 exposed pad must be connected to the PCB ground. All the grounds (AGND, DGND, and PGND) must be ‘in
star' or considering a unique ground layer, such as to minimize the introduction of offset and noise mainly in the signal return
lines.

6.2 Sense Resistors Connection

The sense resistor’s layout must be considered with special care, to sense the voltage as close as possible to the resistor
terminations.
Balanced series resistance, induced by the layout, between the sense resistor positive termination to the VSENSEPx and
the sense resistor negative termination to the VSENSENx pin is recommended. The balance can be achieved by
implementing similar line lengths.

Figure 10. Example of Force and Sense Connection Layout

It is highly recommended to place the sense resistor as close as possible to its corresponding low-side MOSFET transistor.

6.3 Drain and Source Signal Connection

The high-side source signals (S_HSx) must be connected as close as possible to its corresponding high-side MOSFET
transistor source pin.
The low-side drain signals (G_LSx) must be connected as close as possible to its corresponding high-side MOSFET
transistor source pin.

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

22 Freescale Semiconductor
 Bill of Materials

7 Bill of Materials
Table 35 lists the typical external components required to enable the application.

Table 35. 33816 Typical Application Bill Of Materials

Item Qty Component Value / Rating Manufacturer Part Number Package
1 1 - - Freescale MC33816AE LQFP-64

POWER SUPPLIES

2 1 C9 1.0 F / 25 V CAPAX TECHNOLOGIES INC. 0603X105K250SNT C0603

3 4 C8,C10,C11,C13 0.1 F / 50 V MURATA GRM188R71H104KA93D C0603
4 1 C12 4.7 F / 10 V TAIYO YUDEN LMK107BJ475KA-T C0603
5 2 C14,C15 1000 F / 80 V PANASONIC ECOS1KP102BA RADIAL
6 2 C16,C17 0.22 F / 100 V TDK C2012X7S2A224M/SOFT C0805
7 1 D9 - FAIRCHILD FFD10UP20S TO252
WURTH ELEKTRONIK EISOS
8 1 L1 6.0 H 744710610 -
GMBH & CO. KG

BOOST CONVERTER

9 2 C21,C22 390 F / 100 V NICHICON UHE2A391MHD RADIAL

10 2 C23,C24 330 pF / 100 V AVX 08051A331JAT2A C0805
11 2 C25,C27 0.22 F / 100 V TDK C2012X7S2A224M/SOFT C0805
12 1 C26 470 pF / 100 V FENGHUA 0603CG471J101NT C0603
13 1 C28 330 pF / 25 V AVX 06033A331FAT2A C0603
14 1 L2 10 H BOURNS SRP1250-100M -
15 1 Q2 BUK9230-100B NXP SEMICONDUCTORS BUK9230-100B,118 DPAK
16 2 R9,R10 5.1 ohm KOA SPEER RK73B1JTTD5R1J R0603
VISHAY
17 1 R11 10 ohm CRCW060310R0JNEA R0603
INTERTECHNOLOGY
VISHAY
18 1 R12 0.010 ohm WSK2512R0100FEA R2512
INTERTECHNOLOGY

INJECTION BANKS

C35,C36,C37,C38,
19 8 1000 pF / 100 V KEMET C0603C102K1RACTU C0603
C55,C56,C57,C58
20 2 C59,C60 330 pF / 25 V AVX 06033A331FAT2A C0603
21 4 C39,C40,C41,C42 0.33 F / 25 V MULTICOMP MCCA001173 C0603
C43,C44,C45,C46,
22 8 4700 pF / 100 V KEMET C0805C472J1GACTU C0805
C47,C48,C49,C50
D10 (D10_1,
23 2 D10_2),D11 - DIODES INC SBR10200CTL-13 DPAK
(D11_1, D11_2)
24 4 D12,D13,D14,D15 - ST MICROELECTRONICS STPS2H100UY SMB
Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6,Q7,Q
25 8 BUK9230-100B NXP SEMICONDUCTORS BUK9230-100B,118 DPAK
8,Q9,Q10
R13,R14,R15,R16, VISHAY
26 8 10 ohm CRCW060310R0JNEA R0603
R17,R18,R19,R20 INTERTECHNOLOGY
VISHAY
27 2 R21,R22 0.015 ohm WSK2512R0150FEA R2512
INTERTECHNOLOGY

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 23
Bill of Materials

Table 35. 33816 Typical Application Bill Of Materials (continued)

Item Qty Component Value / Rating Manufacturer Part Number Package

FUEL PUMP BANK

28 2 C63,C71 1000 pF / 100 V KEMET C0603C102K1RACTU C0603

29 1 C64 0.33 F / 25 V MULTICOMP MCCA001173 C0603
30 2 ,C65,C67 4700 pF / 100 V KEMET C0805C472J1GACTU C0805
31 1 C73 330 pF / 25 V AVX 06033A331FAT2A C0603
32 2 D16,D17 - ST MICROELECTRONICS STPS2H100UY SMB
33 2 Q11,Q12 - NXP SEMICONDUCTORS BUK9230-100B,118 DPAK
VISHAY
34 2 R23,R24 10 ohm CRCW060310R0JNEA R0603
INTERTECHNOLOGY
VISHAY
35 1 R26 0.015 ohm WSK2512R0150FEA R2512
INTERTECHNOLOGY

Freescale does not assume liability, endorse, or warrant components from external manufacturers that are referenced in
circuit drawings or tables. While Freescale offers component recommendations in this configuration, it is the customer’s
responsibility to validate their application.

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

24 Freescale Semiconductor
 Application Source Code

8 Application Source Code

8.1 Injection Banks Management Source Code
* ### Channel 1 - uCore0 controls the injectors 1 and 2 ###

* ### Variables declaration ###

* Note: The data are stored into the dataRAM of the channel 1.
#define Iboost 0; * The boost phase current value is stored in the Data RAM address 0
#define Ipeak 1; * The peak phase current value is stored in the Data RAM address 1
#define Ihold 2; The hold phase current value is stored in the Data RAM address 2
#define Tpeak_off 3; * The peak off phase time is stored in the Data RAM address 3
#define Tpeak_tot 4; * The peak phase duration is stored in the Data RAM address 4
#define Tbypass 5; * The bypass phase time is stored in the Data RAM address 5
#define Thold_off 6; * The peak phase duration is stored in the Data RAM address 6
#define Thold_tot 7; * The peak phase duration is stored in the Data RAM address 7
* Note: The Thold_tot variable defines the current profile time out. The active STARTx pin is expected to toggle in is low state before this time out.

* ### Initialization phase ###

init0: stgn gain12.6 sssc; * Set the gain of the opamp of the current measure block 1
ldjr1 eoinj0; * Load the eoinj line label Code RAM address into the register jr1
ldjr2 idle0; * Load the idle line label Code RAM address into the register jr2
cwef jr1 _start row1; * If the start signal goes low, go to eoinj phase

* ### Idle phase- the uPC loops here until start signal is present ###
idle0: joslr inj1_start start1; * Perform an actuation on inj1 if start 1 (only) is active
joslr inj2_start start2; * Perform an actuation on inj2 if start 2 (only) is active
jmpf jr1; * If more than 1 start active at the same time(or none), no actuation

* ### Shortcuts definition per the injector to be actuated ###

inj1_start:dfsct hs1 hs2 ls1; * Set the 3 shortcuts : VBAT, VBOOST, LS
jmpr boost0; * Jump to launch phase

inj2_start:dfsct hs1 hs2 ls2; * Set the 3 shortcuts : VBAT, VBOOST, LS

jmpr boost0; * Jump to launch phase

* ### Launch phase enable boost ###

boost0:load Iboost dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the boost phase current threshold in the current DAC
cwer peak0 ocur row2; * Jump to peak phase when current is over threshold
stf low b0; * set flag0 low to force the DC-DC converter in idle mode
stos off on on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST on, LS on
wait row12; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Peak phase continue on Vbat ###

peak0: ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Tpeak_tot c1; * Load the length of the total peak phase in counter 1
load Ipeak dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the peak current threshold in the current DAC
cwer bypass0 tc1 row2; * Jump to bypass phase when tc1 reaches end of count
cwer peak_on0 tc2 row3; * Jump to peak_on when tc2 reaches end of count
cwer peak_off0 ocur row4; * Jump to peak_off when current is over threshold
stf high b0; * set flag0 high to release the DC-DC converter idle mode

peak_on0:stos on off on; * Turn VBAT on, BOOST off, LS on

wait row124; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

peak_off0:ldcd rst ofs keep keep Tpeak_off c2;* Load in the counter 2 the length of the peak_off phase
stos off off on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS on
wait row123; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Bypass phase ###

bypass0:ldcd rst ofs keep keep Tbypass c3;* Load in the counter 3 the length of the off_phase phase
stos off off off; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS off
cwer hold0 tc3 row4; * Jump to hold when tc3 reaches end of count
wait row14; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 25
Application Source Code

* ### Hold phase on Vbat ###

hold0: ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Thold_tot c1; * Load the length of the total hold phase in counter 2
load Ihold dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the hold current threshold in the DAC
cwer eoinj0 tc1 row2; * Jump to eoinj phase when tc1 reaches end of count
cwer hold_on0 tc2 row3; * Jump to hold_on when tc2 reaches end of count
cwer hold_off0 ocur row4; * Jump to hold_off when current is over threshold

hold_on0:stos on off on; * Turn VBAT on, BOOST off, LS on

wait row124; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

hold_off0:ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Thold_off c2;* Load the length of the hold_off phase in counter 1
stos off off on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS on
wait row123; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### End of injection phase ###

eoinj0:stos off off off; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS off
stf high b0; * set flag0 to high to release the DC-DC converter idle mode
jmpf jr2; * Jump back to idle phase

* ### End of Channel 1 - uCore0 code ###

*********************************************************************************

* ### Channel 1 - uCore1 controls the injectors 3 and 4 ###

* ### Variables declaration ###

* Note: The data that defines the profiles are shared between the two microcores.

* ### Initialization phase ###

init1: stgn gain12.6 sssc; * Set the gain of the opamp of the current measure block 2
ldjr1 eoinj1; * Load the eoinj line label Code RAM address into the register jr1
ldjr2 idle1; * Load the idle line label Code RAM address into the register jr2
cwef jr1 _start row1; * If the start signal goes low, go to eoinj phase

* ### Idle phase- the uPC loops here until start signal is present ###
idle1: joslr inj3_start start3; * Perform an actuation on inj3 if start 3 (only) is active
joslr inj4_start start4; * Perform an actuation on inj4 if start 4 (only) is active
jmpf jr1; * If more than 1 start active at the same time(or none), no actuation

* ### Shortcuts definition per the injector to be actuated ###

inj3_start:dfsct hs3 hs4 ls3; * Set the 3 shorcuts : VBAT, VBOOST, LS
jmpr boost1; * Jump to launch phase

inj4_start:dfsct hs3 hs4 ls4; * Set the 3 shorcuts : VBAT, VBOOST, LS

jmpr boost1; * Jump to launch phase

* ### Launch phase enable boost ###

boost1:load Iboost dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the boost phase current threshold in the current DAC
cwer peak1 ocur row2; * Jump to peak phase when current is over threshold
stf low b0; * set flag0 low to force the DC-DC converter in idle mode
stos off on on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST on, LS on
wait row12; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Peak phase continue on Vbat ###

peak1: ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Tpeak_tot c1; * Load the length of the total peak phase in counter 1
load Ipeak dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the peak current threshold in the current DAC
cwer bypass1 tc1 row2; * Jump to bypass phase when tc1 reaches end of count
cwer peak_on1 tc2 row3; * Jump to peak_on when tc2 reaches end of count
cwer peak_off1 ocur row4; * Jump to peak_off when current is over threshold
stf high b0; * set flag0 high to release the DC-DC converter idle mode

peak_on1:stos on off on; * Turn VBAT on, BOOST off, LS on

wait row124; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

26 Freescale Semiconductor
 Application Source Code

peak_off1:ldcd rst ofs keep keep Tpeak_off c2;* Load in the counter 2 the length of the peak_off phase
stos off off on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS on
wait row123; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Bypass phase ###

bypass1:ldcd rst ofs keep keep Tbypass c3;* Load in the counter 3 the length of the off_phase phase
stos off off off; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS off
cwer hold1 tc3 row4; * Jump to hold when tc3 reaches end of count
wait row14; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Hold phase on Vbat ###

hold1: ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Thold_tot c1; * Load the length of the total hold phase in counter 2
load Ihold dac_sssc _ofs; * Load the hold current threshold in the DAC
cwer eoinj1 tc1 row2; * Jump to eoinj phase when tc1 reaches end of count
cwer hold_on1 tc2 row3; * Jump to hold_on when tc2 reaches end of count
cwer hold_off1 ocur row4; * Jump to hold_off when current is over threshold

hold_on1:stos on off on; * Turn VBAT on, BOOST off, LS on

wait row124; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

hold_off1:ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Thold_off c2;* Load the length of the hold_off phase in counter 1
stos off off on; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS on
wait row123; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### End of injection phase #

eoinj1:stos off off off; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST off, LS off
stf high b0; * set flag0 to high to release the DC-DC converter idle mode
jmpf jr2; * Jump back to idle phase

* ### End of Channel 1 - uCore1 code ###

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 27
Application Source Code

8.2 DC-DC Management Source Code

* ### Channel 2 - uCore0 controls dc-dc ###

* ### Variables declaration ###

#define Vboost_high 0; * The Vboost_high voltage value is stored in the Data RAM address 0
#define Vboost_low 1; * The Vboost_low voltage value is stored in the Data RAM address 1
#define Isense4_high 2; * The Isense4_high current value is stored in the Data RAM address 2
#define Isense4_low 3; * The Isense4_low current value is stored in the Data RAM address 3

* ### Initialization phase ###

init0: stgn gain5.8 ossc; * Set the gain of the opamp of the current measure block 4
load Isense4_low dac_ossc _ofs; * Load Isense4_high current threshold in DAC 4L
load Isense4_high dac4h4n _ofs; * Load Isense4_high current threshold in DAC 4H
stdm null; * Set the boost voltage DAC access mode
cwer dcdc_idle _f0 row1; * Wait table entry for Vboost under Vboost_low threshold condition
cwer dcdc_on _vb row2; * Wait table entry for Vboost under Vboost_low threshold condition
cwer dcdc_off vb row3; * Wait table entry for Vboost over Vboost_high threshold condition

* ### Asynchronous phase ###

dcdc_on:load Vboost_high dac4h4n _ofs; * Load the upper Vboost threshold in vboost_dac register
stdcctl async; * Enable asynchronous mode
wait row13; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Synchronous phase ###

dcdc_off:load Vboost_low dac4h4n _ofs; * Load the upper Vboost threshold in vboost_dac register
stdcctl sync; * Enable synchronous mode
wait row12; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Idle phase ###

dcdc_idle: stdcctl sync; * Enable synchronous mode
jocr dcdc_idle _f0; * jump to previous line while flag 0 is low
jmpr dcdc_on; * force the DC-DC converter on when flag 0 goes high

* ### End of Channel 2 - uCore0 code ###

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

28 Freescale Semiconductor
 Application Source Code

8.3 Fuel Pump Drive Source Code

* ### Channel 2 - uCore1 drives fuel pump ###

* ### Variables declaration ###

* Note: The data are stored into the dataRAM of the channel 1.
#define Ipeak 5; * The peak current value is stored in the Data RAM address 5
#define Ihold 6; * The hold current value is stored in the Data RAM address 6
#define Thold_off 7; * The hold off time is stored in the Data RAM address 7
#define Thold_tot 8; * The hold phase duration is stored in the Data RAM address 8
* Note: The Tpeak_tot variable defines the current profile time out. The active STARTx pin is expected to toggle in is low state before this time out.

* ### Initialization phase ###

init1: stgn gain19.4 ossc; * Set the gain of the opamp of the current measure block 1
ldjr1 eoact1; * Load the eoinj line label Code RAM address into the register jr1
ldjr2 idle1; * Load the idle line label Code RAM address into the register jr2
cwef jr1 _start row1; * If the start signal goes low, go to eoinj phase
* ### Idle phase- the uPC loops here until start signal is present ###
idle1: joslr act5_start start5; * Perform an actuation on act5 if start 5 (only) is active
jmpf jr1; * If more than 1 start active at the same time(or none), no actuation

* ### Shortcuts definition per the injector to be actuated ###

act5_start:dfsct hs5 ls5 undef; * Set the 2 shortcuts: VBAT, LS
jmpr peak1; * Jump to launch phase

* ### Launch peak phase on bat ###

peak1: load Ipeak dac_ossc _ofs; * Load the boost phase current threshold in the current DAC
cwer hold1 cur3 row2; * Jump to peak phase when current is over threshold
stos on on keep; * Turn VBAT off, BOOST on, LS on
wait row12; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### Hold phase on Vbat ###

hold1: ldcd rst _ofs keep keep Thold_tot c1; * Load the length of the total hold phase in counter 2
load Ihold dac_ossc _ofs; * Load the hold current threshold in the DAC
cwer eoact1 tc1 row2; * Jump to eoinj phase when tc1 reaches end of count
cwer hold_on1 tc2 row3; * Jump to hold_on when tc2 reaches end of count
cwer hold_off1 cur3 row4; * Jump to hold_off when current is over threshold

hold_on1:stos on on keep; * Turn VBAT on, LS on

wait row124; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

hold_off1:ldcd rst _ofs off on Thold_off c2;* Load the length of the hold_off phase in counter 1 and turn VBAT off, LS on
wait row123; * Wait for one of the previously defined conditions

* ### End of injection phase ###

eoact1:stos off off keep; * Turn VBAT off, LS off
jmpf jr2; * Jump back to idle phase

* ### End of Channel 2 - uCore1 code ###

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 29
References

9 References

DESCRIPTION URL

MC33816 Data Sheet http://www.freescale.com/files/analog/doc/data_sheet/MC33816.pdf

KT33816FRDMUG User’s Guide http://cache.freescale.com/files/analog/doc/user_guide/KT33816FRDMUG.pdf

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

30 Freescale Semiconductor
 Revision History

10 Revision History
REVISION DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGES

1.0 1/2013 • Initial release

• Updated timout value (tHOLD_TOT) in the Example of Injection Current Profile Key Parameters table
2.0 9/2014
• Updated bit names in the Out_acc_uc1_ch2 Register (0x187) table
• Replaced KIT33816AEEVM by KIT33816FRDMEVM
3.0 11/2014
• Add a reference link for KT33816FRDMUG

Four Injector and Fuel Pump Drive, Rev. 3.0

Freescale Semiconductor 31
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Document Number: AN4849

Rev. 3.0
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