TECHNOLOGHY DEVELOPED ON

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
R.Nirmalan (B.Tech CSE (I)) D.Mohit Lakhotia (B.Tech CSE (I))
Kalasalingam University Kalasalingam University
Anand Nagar, Krishnan Koil. Anand Nagar, Krishnan Koil.
E-Mail:[email protected] E-Mail:[email protected]
Ph.no:9843777481 Ph.no:9488538425

Introduction Channel reuse is possible in cells that are

Mobile communications marks a at least one cell apart. Thus, frequency reuse and
technological shift in traditional communication smaller cell size allow the system to scale. Metro
given the popularity of advanced communication areas may have many small cells while rural area
devices and the decentralized infrastructure may have large cells. The cell size is designed to
network behind them. accommodate the number of people in the area.
Mobile communication technology has its When a user turns a phone on, its phone number
largest impact in the developing world where the and serial number are broadcast within the local
traditional landline telephone infrastructure was cell. The base station picks up these signals and
largely underdeveloped, which lead to sparse and informs the switching office that the particular
unreliable service. device is located within its area. This information
Small business owners in many is recorded by the switching office for future
communities globally have made the decision to reference. An actual call takes place when the user
run their businesses exclusively through the use of enters a phone number and hits the Send button.
mobile communication technologies, which are The cellular system selects a channel for the user to
often more accessible and inexpensive compared to use during the duration of the call.
traditional phone technologies within rural areas. As users travel, they may move from one
Advances in satellite technology have cell to another. The frequency of the call is
made it possible for mobile phone service to reach changed to a frequency used in the new cell during
just about every corner of the world where satellite the transition.
transmissions can be received. Conversions
The newest mobile communication systems are Mobile wireless analog communication
targeting data rates as high as 2 Mega bits/sec. systems have been designed since the 1950s. The
Mobile systems and Topology early systems were single channel "over-and-out"
A cell in a cellular system is a roughly systems. Instead of a cellular configuration, a
circular area with a central transmitter/receiver single radio tower serviced a metropolitan area,
base station. which severely limited the scalability of the
The station is raised up on a tower or systems. Service quality varied depending on the
placed on top of a building. Some are located on location of the caller. Later systems added multiple
church steeples. The station has a 360-degree omni two-way channels but still had limited capacity.
directional antenna that is tuned to create a cellular The primary analog service in the United
area of a specific size. Cells are usually pictured as States is called AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
hexagonal in shape and arranged in a honeycomb Service).The equivalent system in England is
pattern. Cell size varies depending on the area. called TACS (Total Access Communications
Cellular topology provides a way to System).
maintain an adequate number of call channels even The AMPS system is a circuit-oriented
though the actual number of channels available to communication system that operates in the 824-
the entire service area is small. This is possible MHz to 894-MHz frequency range. This range is
through frequency reuse. Each cell is assigned a set divided into a pool of 832 full-duplex channel pairs
of channel frequencies, and no adjoining cells may (1 send, 1 receive). Any one of these channels may
use those frequencies. However, cells further away be assigned to a user. A channel is like physical
may use those frequencies because the distance circuit, except that it occupies a specific
between cells provides a buffer zone that prevents radiofrequency range and has a bandwidth of 30
frequency interference. kHz. The circuit remains dedicated to a subscriber
call until it is disconnected, even if voice or data is The move to digital technologies opened
not being transmitted. up the wireless world. It improved capacity,
reduced equipment costs, and allowed for the
addition of new features. Reduced handset costs
Generations meant more people were vying for services and
Cellular systems are described in multiple taxing systems. 3G systems add more capacity. In
generations, with third- and fourth-generation (3G addition, packet technologies were developed that
and 4G) systems just emerging use bandwidth more efficiently. The primary 1G
1G systems These are the analog and 2G digital systems are listed here.
systems such as AMPS that grew rapidly in the Analog cellular are the traditional analog
1980s and are still available today. Many systems such as AMPS and TACS that use
metropolitan areas have a mix of 1G and 2G frequency division multiplexing. AMPS operates in
systems, as well as emerging 3G systems. The the 800-MHz range, while TACS operates in the
systems use frequency division multiplexing to 900-MHz frequency range.
divide the bandwidth into specific frequencies that Hybrid analog/digital cellular (usually
are assigned to individual calls. called digital cellular) systems are analog AMPS
2G systems These second-generation systems in which digitized voice and digital data is
systems are digital, and use either TDMA (Time modulated onto the analog sine wave of the
Division Multiple Access) or CDMA (Code channel being used. They operate in the same 800-
Division Multiple Access) access methods. The MHz range as analog AMPS and even use the same
European GSM (Global System for Mobile topology and equipment configuration (cells,
communications) is a 2G digital system with its towers, etc.). The access method may be either
own TDMA access methods. The 2G digital TDMA or CDMA, as discussed in the next section.
services began appearing in the late 1980s, GSM (Global System for Mobile
providing expanded capacity and unique services Communications) is a second-generation mobile
such as caller ID, call forwarding, and short system designed from the ground up without trying
messaging. A critical feature was seamless to be backward compatible with older analog
roaming, which lets subscribers move across systems. GSM is popular in Europe and Asia,
provider boundaries. where it provides superior roaming ability among
3G systems 3G has become an umbrella countries. It uses TDMA, but Europe is moving
term to describe cellular data communications with from this system into 3G systems based on a
a target data rate of 2 Megabits/sec. The ITU wideband form of CDMA.
originally attempted to define 3G in its IMT-2000 The digital cellular systems were
(International Mobile Communications-2000) developed using the AMPS frequency allocation
specification, which specified global wireless TDMA and CDMA access methods. CDMA
frequency ranges, data rates, and availability dates. (Code Division Multiple Access) and TDMA
There is some doubt that 3G systems will ever be (Time Division Multiple Access) access methods.
able to deliver the bandwidth to support these In addition, PCS (Personal Communication
features because bandwidth is shared. However, Services) refers to the 1,900-MHz frequency
3G systems will certainly support more phone calls allocation and to mobile systems that provide
per cell. services beyond voice such as digital services that
4G Systems On the horizon are 4G support caller ID, messaging, and other features.
systems that may become available even before 3G Mobile Standards
matures (3G is a confusing mix of standards). Keeping track of the analog and digital
While 3G is important in boosting the number of cellular standards can be difficult. Table W-2 lists
wireless calls, 4G will offer true high-speed data the most common standards.
services. 4G data rates will be in the 2-Mega
bit/sec to 156-Megabit/sec range, and possibly
Common Standard Category Frequency
higher. 4G will also fully support IP. High data Reference Band(s)
rates are due to advances in signal processors, new Name
modulation techniques, and smart antennas that can
focus signals directly at users. OFDM (orthogonal Analog TIA/EIA- FDMA 800 MHz
frequency division multiplexing) is one scheme cellular 553 analog
cellular
that can provide very high wireless data rates.
OFDM is described under its own heading.
Digital Technology
 systems. Data packets are sent when there is idle
Analog IS-91 FDMA 800 MHz
cellular analog time on a channel. The system has a limited data
(enhanced) cellular rate, usually about 9,600 bits/sec.
Data over GSM networks A channel
Narrowband- IS-88 FDMA 800 MHz bonding technique called HSCSD (high speed
AMPS (N- analog circuit switched data) extends GSM channel
AMPS) cellular
capacity to 14.4 Kilobits/sec and allows up to four
channels to be combined to provide up to 57.6 Kilo
Local AMPS IS-94 FDMA 800 MHz
analog
bits/sec through out.
cellular GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) provides packet switching for TDMA
TDMA IS-54 TDMA 800 MHz circuit-switched networks and data rates of 115 K
digital digital bits/sec or higher. GPRS is a tunneling protocol
cellular, also cellular that delivers IP packets across the mobile network
called D-
AMPS to a router that puts them on the Internet.
(digital- EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
AMPS) Global Evolution) improves GSM system data
rates with the modified 8PSK (phase shift keying)
TDMA IS-136 TDMA 800 MHz modulation technique. The combination of GPRS
digital digital
cellular cellular
and EDGE boosts the data rate of GSM to 384 Kilo
(enhanced) bits/sec.
Advantages
CDMA IS-95a CDMA 800 MHz Mobile communications marks a shift in
digital digital 1,900 MHz traditional communication because of the
cellular cellular prevalence of communication devices and the
decentralized infrastructure network behind them.
CDMA IS-95b CDMA 800 MHz The development of mobile
digital digital 1,900 MHz
cellular cellular communication has had its largest impact in the
(revision b) developing world where the traditional phone
infrastructure was incomplete and unreliable.
HDR (high IS-95c CDMA Entrepreneurs in small communities often purchase
data rate) compatible a cell phone and charge people to use the phone.
This has provided better communication for many
Wireless Data Communication rural areas, and the increased connectivity has been
Packet-switching schemes are best for a benefit to many individuals.
bursty data traffic. Several packet-switching Mobile technology is playing an
schemes may be used. In one technique, packets increasingly important role in the preparedness and
from many users are multiplexed over a single quick response of emergency units when attending
channel. In another technique, packets are inserted to natural disasters that strike in different parts of
into the idle space on any available channel. The the world, thereby increasing the reach and
busier the network, the less bandwidth that will be effectiveness of an emergency response team when
available for data. An entire network may be first learning about a disaster and calling for help.
designed just for packet data. Most wireless data Higher Demands of Applications
systems offer minimal data rates, usually in the 10- The new application should add more
Kilobit/sec range. That's really only useful for short functionality to the device. Increase of bandwidth.
messaging and occasional Web page lookups. Innovation Driver is applied. Few
However, new wireless protocols bond multiple applications use the bandwidth. Not enough users
channels to increase data rates. of applications. Performance of phone should be
The billing methods help differentiate high.
circuit versus packet switching methods. When you Conclusion
connect over a circuit-switched line, the phone The future research will be the mobile
company bills you for the entire duration of the internet will changes to be a fixed internet. The use
call. of mobile communication technologies, which are
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) often more accessible and inexpensive compared to
CDPD provides packet switching on AMPS traditional phone technologies within rural areas.