Formulae

Quantitative Ability

 
Problems on Trains:

1. km/hr to m/s conversion: 

5 
a km/hr =  a x  m/s. 
18

2. m/s to km/hr conversion: 

18 
a m/s =  a x  km/hr. 
5 

3. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to 
the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 
4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length bmetres is the time 
taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres. 
5. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at um/s and v m/s, 
where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u ‐ v) m/s. 
6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at um/s and v m/s, then 
their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 
7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions atu m/s and v m/s, 
then: 

(a + b)
The time taken by the trains to cross each other = sec.
(u + v)

8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction atu m/s and v m/s, 
then: 

(a + b)
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train = sec.
(u ‐ v)

9. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after 
crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: 

(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a) 

Time and Work

1. Work from Days:

1
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = .
n

2. Days from Work:

 1
If A's 1 day's work = , then A can finish the work in n days.
n

3. Ratio:

If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.

Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

Profit and Loss

Cost Price:

The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.

Selling Price:

The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.

Profit or Gain:

If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.

Loss:

If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)

2. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
3. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
4. Gain Percentage: (Gain %)

Gain x 100
Gain % =
C.P.

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %)

Loss x 100
Loss % =
C.P.

6. Selling Price: (S.P.)

(100 + Gain %)
SP = x C.P
100

7. Selling Price: (S.P.)

 (100 - Loss %)
SP = x C.P.
100

8. Cost Price: (C.P.)

100
C.P. = x S.P.
(100 + Gain %)

9. Cost Price: (C.P.)

100
C.P. = x S.P.
(100 - Loss %)

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the
seller always incurs a loss given by:

Common Loss and Gain % 2 x 2

Loss % = = .
10 10

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then

Error
Gain % = x 100
(True Value) - (Error)
%.
 

Problems on Ages

1. Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date.

For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.

In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are calledodd days.

2. Leap Year:

(i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.

(ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.

Note: A leap year has 366 days.

Examples:

i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.

ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.
 3. Ordinary Year:

The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days.

4. Counting of Odd Days:

1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.

= (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) 3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days.

5. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

Average:

1. Average:

Sum of observations
Average =
Number of observations

2. Average Speed:

Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at ykmph.

2xy
Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is kmph.
x+y
 
Permutation & Combinations

1. Factorial Notation:

Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:

n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.

Examples:

i. We define 0! = 1.
ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.
iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.
2. Permutations:

The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called
permutations.

Examples:

i. All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are
(ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
3. Number of Permutations:

Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:

n
n!
Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
(n - r)!

Examples:

6
i. P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
7
ii. P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.
4. An Important Result:

If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third
kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.

n!
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

5. Combinations:

Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of
objects is called a combination.

Examples:
 1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and
CA.

Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.

2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.

3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc.
4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination.
6. Number of Combinations:

The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:

n
n! n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors
Cr = = .
(r!)(n - r!) r!

Note:

n
. Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1.
n
i. Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples:

11
(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)
i. C4 = = 330.
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16 16 16
16 x 15 x 14 16 x 15 x 14
ii. C13 = C(16 - 13) = C3 = = = 560.
3! 3x2x1

Problems on H.C.F and L.C.M

1. Factors and Multiples:

If number a divided another number b exactly, we say that a is a factor of b.

In this case, b is called a multiple of a.

2. Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or Greatest Common
Divisor (G.C.D.):

The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divided each of them exactly.

There are two methods of finding the H.C.F. of a given set of numbers:

I. Factorization Method: Express the each one of the given numbers as the product of prime
factors. The product of least powers of common prime factors gives H.C.F.
II. Division Method: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers, divide the larger by
the smaller one. Now, divide the divisor by the remainder. Repeat the process of dividing the
 preceding number by the remainder last obtained till zero is obtained as remainder. The last
divisor is required H.C.F.

Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of three
numbers, then, H.C.F. of [(H.C.F. of any two) and (the third number)] gives the H.C.F. of three
given number.

Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained.

3. Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.):

The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M.

There are two methods of finding the L.C.M. of a given set of numbers:

I. Factorization Method: Resolve each one of the given numbers into a product of prime factors.
Then, L.C.M. is the product of highest powers of all the factors.
II. Division Method (short-cut): Arrange the given numbers in a rwo in any order. Divide by a
number which divided exactly at least two of the given numbers and carry forward the numbers
which are not divisible. Repeat the above process till no two of the numbers are divisible by the
same number except 1. The product of the divisors and the undivided numbers is the required
L.C.M. of the given numbers.
4. Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
5. Co-primes: Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1.
6. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:

H.C.F. of Numerators
1. H.C.F. =
L.C.M. of Denominators
L.C.M. of Numerators
2. L.C.M. =
H.C.F. of Denominators

8. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions:

In a given numbers, make the same number of decimal places by annexing zeros in some numbers, if
necessary. Considering these numbers without decimal point, find H.C.F. or L.C.M. as the case may be.
Now, in the result, mark off as many decimal places as are there in each of the given numbers.

9. Comparison of Fractions:

Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Convert each of the fractions into an equivalent
fraction with L.C.M as the denominator, by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same
number. The resultant fraction with the greatest numerator is the greatest.

Square Root and Cube Root

1. Square Root:

If x2 = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write y = x.

Thus, 4 = 2, 9 = 3, 196 = 14.

 2. Cube Root:

The cube root of a given number x is the number whose cube is x.

We, denote the cube root of x by x.

Thus, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2, 343 = 7 x 7 x 7 = 7 etc.

Note:

1. xy = x x y

x x x y xy
2. = = x = .
y y y y y
 

Chain Rule

1. Direct Proportion:

Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase (or decrease) of the one, the other
increases (or decreases) to the same extent.

Eg. Cost is directly proportional to the number of articles.

(More Articles, More Cost)

2. Indirect Proportion:

Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional, if on the increase of the one, the orther decreases to
the same extent and vice-versa.

Eg. The time taken by a car is covering a certain distance is inversely proportional to the speed of the car.
(More speed, Less is the time taken to cover a distance.)

Note: In solving problems by chain rule, we compare every item with the term to be found out.

Alligation or Mixtures

1. Alligation:

It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be
mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.

2. Mean Price:

The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.

3. Rule of Alligation:
 If two ingredients are mixed, then

Quantity of cheaper C.P. of dearer - Mean Price

=
Quantity of dearer Mean price - C.P. of cheaper

We present as under:

C.P. of a unit quantity

of cheaperC.P. of a unit quantity
of dearer
(c) Mean Price (d)
(d - m) (m) (m - c)

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c).

4. Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by water.

y n
After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid = x 1- x units.

Stocks & Shares

1. Stock Capital:

The total amount of money needed to run the company is called the stock capital.

2. Shares or Stock:

The whole capital is divided into small units, called shares or stock.

For each investment, the company issues a 'share-certificate', showing the value of each share and the
number of shares held by a person.

The person who subscribes in shares or stock is called a share holder or stock holder.

3. Dividend:

The annual profit distributed among share holders is called dividend.

Dividend is paid annually as per share or as a percentage.

4. Face Value:

The value of a share or stock printed on the share-certificate is called its Face Value or Nominal
Value or Par Value.

5. Market Value:

The stock of different companies are sold and bought in the open market through brokers at stock-
exchanges. A share or stock is said to be:
 i. At premium or Above par, if its market value is more than its face value.
ii. At par, if its market value is the same as its face value.
iii. At discount or Below par, if its market value is less than its face value.

Thus, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at premium of 16, then market value of the stock = Rs.(100 + 16) = Rs.
116.

Likewise, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at a discount of 7, then market value of the stock = Rs. (100 -7) =
93.

6. Brokerage:

The broker's charge is called brokerage.

(i) When stock is purchased, brokerage is added to the cost price.

(ii) When stock is sold, brokerage is subtracted from the selling price.

Remember:

i. The face value of a share always remains the same.

ii. The market value of a share changes from time to time.
iii. Dividend is always paid on the face value of a share.
iv. Number of shares held by a person

Total Investment Total Income Total Face Value

= = = .
Investment in 1 share Income from 1 share Face of 1 share

7. Thus, by a Rs. 100, 9% stock at 120, we mean that:

i. Face Value of stock = Rs. 100.
ii. Market Value (M.V) of stock = Rs. 120.
iii. Annual dividend on 1 share = 9% of face value = 9% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 9.
iv. An investment of Rs. 120 gives an annual income of Rs. 9.
v. Rate of interest p.a = Annual income from an investment of Rs. 100

9 1
= x 100 % = 7 %.
120 2

Banker’s Discount

Banker's Discount:

Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Rs. 10,000 from another merchant B at a credit of say 5 months.
Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to withdraw the amount from his
bank account after exactly 5 months.

The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace days) are added to it
get a date, known as legally due date.
Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money from the banker or
a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face vale (i.e., Rs. 10,000 in this case) for the period from the date on which the
bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and the legally due date. This amount is know as Banker's Discount
(B.D.).

Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted and the
legally due date.

Banker's Gain (B.G.) = (B.D.) - (T.D.) for the unexpired time.

Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.

(T.D.)2
2. B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. =
P.W.

3. T.D. P.W. x B.G.

Amount x Rate x Time

4. B.D. =
100
Amount x Rate x Time
5. T.D. =
100 + (Rate x Time)
B.D. x T.D.
6. Amount =
B.D. - T.D.
B.G. x 100
7. T.D. =
Rate x Time

Time and Distance

1. Speed, Time and Distance:

Distance Distance
Speed = , Time = , Distance = (Speed x Time).
Time Speed

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion:

5
x km/hr = xx m/sec.
18

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion:

18
x m/sec = xx km/hr.
5

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the

 1 1
the times taken by then to cover the same distance is : or b : a.
a b

5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr. Then,

2xy
the average speed during the whole journey is km/hr.
x+y

Simple Interest

1. Principal:

The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or thesum.

2. Interest:

Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.

3. Simple Interest (S.I.):

If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple
interest.

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then

PxRxT
(i). Simple Intereest =
100
100 x S.I. 100 x S.I. 100 x S.I.
(ii). P = ;R= and T = .
RxT PxT PxR
 

Partnership

1. Partnership:

When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are calledpartners and the deal is known
as partnership.

2. Ratio of Divisions of Gains:

I. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among
the partners in the ratio of their investments.

Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the
year:

(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y.

 II. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit
of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of
these capitals.

Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,

(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq.

3. Working and Sleeping Partners:

A partner who manages the the business is known as a working partner and the one who simply invests
the money is a sleeping partner.

Calendar

1. Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date.

For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.

In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are calledodd days.

2. Leap Year:

(i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.

(ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.

Note: A leap year has 366 days.

Examples:

i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.

ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.
3. Ordinary Year:

The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days.

4. Counting of Odd Days:

1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

 = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.

= (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) 3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days.

5. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.
 

Area

1. Results on Triangles:
i. Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
ii. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
iii. Pythagoras Theorem:

In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Height)2.

iv. The line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is called the median.
v. The point where the three medians of a triangle meet, is called centroid.The centroid divided each
of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1.
vi. In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base.
vii. The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of the same area.
viii. The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a given triangle is one-
fourth of the area of the given triangle.
2. Results on Quadrilaterals:
i. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
ii. Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into triangles of the same area.
iii. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.
iv. The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
v. The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles.
vi. A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in
area.
vii. Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle has the greatest
area.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

I. 1. Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth).

 Area Area
Length = and Breadth = .
Breadth Length

II. 2. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth).

III. Area of a square = (side)2 = (diagonal)2.

IV. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) x Height.

V. 1. Area of a triangle = x Base x Height.

2. Area of a triangle = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s = (a + b + c).

3
3. Area of an equilateral triangle = x (side)2.
4
a
4. Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
23
a
5. Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a = .
3
6. Radius of incircle of a triangle of area and semi-perimeter s =
s

VI. 1. Area of parallelogram = (Base x Height).

2. Area of a rhombus = x (Product of diagonals).

3. Area of a trapezium = x (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them.

VII. 1. Area of a circle = R2, where R is the radius.

2. Circumference of a circle = 2 R.

2 R
3. Length of an arc = , where is the central angle.
360
1 R2
4. Area of a sector = (arc x R) = .
2 360

VIII. 1. Circumference of a semi-circle = R.

R2
2. Area of semi-circle = .
2

Numbers

1.
i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)
ii. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
iii. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
iv. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
v. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
 vi. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
vii. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Decimal Fractions

1. Decimal Fractions:

Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal fractions.

1 1
Thus, = 1 tenth = .1; = 1 hundredth = .01;
10 100
99 7
= 99 hundredths = .99; = 7 thousandths = .007, etc.;
100 1000

2. Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:

Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the number of
digits after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

25 1 2008 251
Thus, 0.25 = = ; 2.008 = = .
100 4 1000 125

3. Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:

Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value. Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 =
0.800, etc.

If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal places, then we remove
the decimal sign.

1.84 184 8
Thus, = = .
2.99 299 13

4. Operations on Decimal Fractions:

i. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers are so placed under each
other that the decimal points lie in one column. The numbers so arranged can now be added or
subtracted in the usual way.
ii. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10: Shift the decimal point to the right by
as many places as is the power of 10.

Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596.32; 0.073 x 10000 = 730.

iii. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions: Multiply the given numbers considering them without
decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal point is marked off to obtain as many places of
decimal as is the sum of the number of decimal places in the given numbers.

Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).

Now, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) = 6.

 .2 x .02 x .002 = .000008

iv. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number: Divide the given number without
considering the decimal point, by the given counting number. Now, in the quotient, put the decimal
point to give as many places of decimal as there are in the dividend.

Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 ÷ 17). Now, 204 ÷ 17 = 12.

Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204 ÷ 17 = 0.0012

v. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction: Multiply both the dividend and the divisor
by a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a whole number.

Now, proceed as above.

0.00066 0.00066 x 100 0.066

Thus, = = = .006
0.11 0.11 x 100 11

5. Comparison of Fractions:

Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, then convert
each one of the given fractions in the decimal form, and arrange them accordingly.

3 6 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
5 7 9
3 6 7
Now, = 0.6, = 0.857, = 0.777...
5 7 9
6 7 3
Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. So, > > .
7 9 5

6. Recurring Decimal:

If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated continuously, then such a number is called
a recurring decimal.

n a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by putting a dot on it. If a set of
figures is repeated, it is expressed by putting a bar on the set.

1 22
Thus, = 0.333... = 0.3; = 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857.
3 7

Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the decimal point are repeated,
is called a pure recurring decimal.

Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the repeated figures only once in
the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as is the number of repeating figures.

5 53 67
Thus, 0.5 = ; 0.53 = ; 0.067 = , etc.
9 99 999

Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat and some of them are
repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal.
 Eg. 0.1733333.. = 0.173.

Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction: In the numerator, take the difference
between the number formed by all the digits after decimal point (taking repeated digits only once) and
that formed by the digits which are not repeated. In the denominator, take the number formed by as many
nines as there are repeating digits followed by as many zeros as is the number of non-repeating digits.

16 - 1 15 1 2273 - 22 2251
Thus, 0.16 = = = ; 0.2273 = = .
90 90 6 9900 9900

Surds and Indices

1. Laws of Indices:
i. am x an = am + n
ii.

am
= am - n
an

iii. (am)n = amn

iv. (ab)n = anbn
v.

a n an
=
b bn

vi. a0 = 1
2. Surds:

Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such that a(1/n) = a

Then, a is called a surd of order n.

3. Laws of Surds:
i. a = a(1/n)
ii. ab = a x b
iii.

a
=
b

iv. (a)n = a
v.
vi. (a)m = am

Pipes and Cisterns

1. Inlet:
 A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as an inlet.

Outlet:

A pipe connected with a tank or cistern or reservoir, emptying it, is known as an outlet.

2. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

1
part filled in 1 hour = .
x

3. If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

1
part emptied in 1 hour = .
y

4. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then
on opening both the pipes, then

1 1
the net part filled in 1 hour = - .
x y

5. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then
on opening both the pipes, then

1 1
the net part emptied in 1 hour = - .
y x

Logarithm

1. Inlet:

A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as an inlet.

Outlet:

A pipe connected with a tank or cistern or reservoir, emptying it, is known as an outlet.

2. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

1
part filled in 1 hour = .
x

3. If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

1
part emptied in 1 hour = .
y

4. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then
on opening both the pipes, then
 1 1
the net part filled in 1 hour = - .
x y

5. If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in yhours (where y > x), then
on opening both the pipes, then

1 1
the net part emptied in 1 hour = - .
y x

Probability

1. Experiment:

An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.

2. Random Experiment:

An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be predicted in
advance, is called a random experiment.

Examples:

i. Rolling an unbiased dice.

ii. Tossing a fair coin.
iii. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.
iv. Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.

Details:

v. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
vi. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we throw a die,
the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
vii. A pack of cards has 52 cards.

It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.

Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.

Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.

There are 4 honours of each unit.

There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.

3. Sample Space:

When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.

Examples:

1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}

 2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
4. Event:

Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

5. Probability of Occurrence of an Event:

Let S be the sample and let E be an event.

Then, E S.

n(E)
P(E) = .
n(S)

6. Results on Probability:
. P(S) = 1
i. 0 P (E) 1
ii. P( ) = 0
iii. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
iv. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

Height and Distance

1. Trigonometry:

In a right angled OAB, where BOA = ,

Perpendicular AB
i. sin = =;
Hypotenuse OB
Base OA
ii. cos = = ;
Hypotenuse OB
Perpendicular AB
iii. tan = = ;
Base OA
1 OB
iv. cosec = = ;
sin AB
1 OB
v. sec = = ;
cos OA
1 OA
vi. cot = = ;
tan AB

2. Trigonometrical Identities:
 i. sin2 + cos2 = 1.
ii. 1 + tan2 = sec2 .
iii. 1 + cot2 = cosec2 .
3. Values of T-ratios:

( /6) ( /4) ( /3) ( /2)

0°
30° 45° 60° 90°

1 3
sin 0 1
2 2

3 1
cos 1 0
2 2

1
tan 0 1 3 not defined
3

4. Angle of Elevation:

Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye. Then, the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the anlge of elevation of P as seen
from O.

Angle of elevation of P from O = AOP.

5. Angle of Depression:

Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his eye, then the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O, is called the angle of depression of P as
seen from O.
Compound Interest

1. Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum, Time = n years.

2. When interest is compound Annually:

R n
Amount = P 1+
100

3. When interest is compounded Half-yearly:

(R/2) 2n
Amount = P 1+
100

4. When interest is compounded Quarterly:

(R/4) 4n
Amount = P 1+
100

5. When interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, say 3 years.

3
Amount = P 1+ R x 1+ R
100 100

6. When Rates are different for different years, say R1%, R2%, R3% for 1st, 2ndand 3rd year respectively.

R1 R2 R3
Then, Amount = P 1+ 1+ 1+ .
100 100 100

7. Present worth of Rs. x due n years hence is given by:

x
Present Worth = R .
1+
100

Percentage

1. Concept of Percentage:

By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths.

Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.

x
To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = .
100
20 1
Thus, 20% = = .
100 5
To express a as a percent: We have, a = a x 100
 b b b
1 1
Thus, = x 100 = 25%.
4 4
%

2. Percentage Increase/Decrease:

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
expenditure is:

R
x 100
(100 + R)
%

If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
expenditure is:

R
x 100
(100 - R)
%

3. Results on Population:

Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:

R n
1. Population after n years = P 1+
100
P
2. Population n years ago = R n
1+
100

4. Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:

R n
1. Value of the machine after n years = P 1-
100
P
2. Value of the machine n years ago = R n
1-
100
R
3. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by x 100
(100 + R)
%.
R
4. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by x 100
(100 - R)
%.

Clock

1. Minute Spaces:

The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, called minute
spaces.
 Hour Hand and Minute Hand:

A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is
called minute hand or long hand.

2.
i. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand.
ii. In every hour, both the hands coincide once.
iii. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other.
iv. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.
v. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart.
vi. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°
vii. Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360°.
viii. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too
fast.

On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too
slow.

Volume and Surface Areas

1. CUBOID

Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then

i. Volume = (l x b x h) cubic units.

ii. Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units.
iii. Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units.
2. CUBE

Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,

i. Volume = a3 cubic units.

ii. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units.
iii. Diagonal = 3a units.
3. CYLINDER

Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then,

i. Volume = ( r2h) cubic units.

ii. Curved surface area = (2 rh) sq. units.
iii. Total surface area = 2 r(h + r) sq. units.
4. CONE

Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,

i. Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units.

ii. Volume = r2h cubic units.

iii. Curved surface area = ( rl) sq. units.
iv. Total surface area = ( rl + r2) sq. units.
 5. SPHERE

Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,

i. Volume = r3 cubic units.

ii. Surface area = (4 r2) sq. units.
6. HEMISPHERE

Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,

i. Volume = r3 cubic units.

ii. Curved surface area = (2 r2) sq. units.
iii. Total surface area = (3 r2) sq. units.

Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

Simplification

1. 'BODMAS' Rule:

This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out the
value of given expression.

Here B - Bracket,
O - of,
D - Division,
M - Multiplication,
A - Addition and
S - Subtraction

Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (), {} and
||.

After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order:

(i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction.

2. Modulus of a Real Number:

Modulus of a real number a is defined as

a, if a > 0
|a| = -a, if a < 0

Thus, |5| = 5 and |-5| = -(-5) = 5.

3. Virnaculum (or Bar):

 When an expression contains Virnaculum, before applying the 'BODMAS' rule, we simplify the expression
under the Virnaculum.

Ratio and Proportions

1. Ratio:

The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it as a : b.

In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.

5
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect
the ratio.

Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.

2. Proportion:

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) = (a x d).

3. Fourth Proportional:

If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

Third Proportional:

a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Mean Proportional:

Mean proportional between a and b is ab.

4. Comparison of Ratios:

a c
We say that (a : b) > (c : d) > .
b d

5. Compounded Ratio:
6. The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).
 7. Duplicate Ratios:

Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b).

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).

a c a+b c+d
If = , then = . [componendo and dividendo]
b d a-b c-d

8. Variations:

We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x y.

We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and

1
we write, x .
y

Boats and Streams

1. Downstream/Upstream:

In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is
called upstream.

2. If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is vkm/hr, then:

Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.

Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.

3. If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then:

1
Speed in still water = (a + b) km/hr.
2
1
Rate of stream = (a - b) km/hr.
2

Races and Games

1. Races: A contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing or rowing is called a race.
2. Race Course: The ground or path on which contests are made is called a race course.
3. Starting Point: The point from which a race begins is known as a starting point.
4. Winning Point or Goal: The point set to bound a race is called a winning point or a goal.
5. Winner: The person who first reaches the winning point is called a winner.
 6. Dead Heat Race: If all the persons contesting a race reach the goal exactly at the same time, the race is
said to be dead heat race.
7. Start: Suppose A and B are two contestants in a race. If before the start of the race, A is at the starting
point and B is ahead of A by 12 metres, then we say that 'A gives B, a start of 12 metres'.

To cover a race of 100 metres in this case, A will have to cover 100 metres while B will have to cover only
(100 - 12) = 88 metres.

In a 100 race, 'A can give B 12 m' or 'A can give B a start of 12 m' or 'A beats B by 12 m' means that while
A runs 100 m, B runs (100 - 12) = 88 m.

8. Games: 'A game of 100, means that the person among the contestants who scores 100 points first is the
winner'.

If A scores 100 points while B scores only 80 points, then we say that 'A can give B 20 points'.

Discount

Suppose a man has to pay Rs. 156 after 4 years and the rate of interest is 14% per annum. Clearly, Rs. 100 at
14% will amount to R. 156 in 4 years. So, the payment of Rs. now will clear off the debt of Rs. 156 due 4 years
hence. We say that:

Sum due = Rs. 156 due 4 years hence;

Present Worth (P.W.) = Rs. 100;

True Discount (T.D.) = Rs. (156 - 100) = Rs. 56 = (Sum due) - (P.W.)

We define: T.D. = Interest on P.W.; Amount = (P.W.) + (T.D.)

Interest is reckoned on P.W. and true discount is reckoned on the amount.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

Let rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then,

100 x Amount 100 x T.D.

1. P.W. = =
100 + (R x T) RxT
(P.W.) x R x T Amount x R x T
2. T.D. = =
100 100 + (R x T)
(S.I.) x (T.D.)
3. Sum =
(S.I.) - (T.D.)

4. (S.I.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D.

Amount
5. When the sum is put at compound interest, then P.W. = R T
1+
100