KEY CONCEPTS

1. DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are definited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b R & i = 1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b 0
Note :
(a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
system is N W I Q R C.
(b) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i= 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i² = l ; i3 = i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.

2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a ib.
Note that :
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z) (ii) z z = 2i Im(z) (iii) z z = a² + b² which is real
(iv) If z lies in the 1 quadrant then z lies in the 4 quadrant and z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
st th

3. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
z12 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
4. EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER :
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
parts coincide.
5. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the
ordered pair (x, y).
length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z &
is called the argument or amplitude .
eg. z = x 2 y2 &

= tan 1 y (angle made by OP with positive x axis)

x

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NOTE :
z if z 0
(i) z is always non negative . Unlike real numbers z = is not correct
z if z 0
(ii) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function . If is the argument of a complex number
then 2 n + ; n I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2n .
(iii) The unique value of such that – < is called the principal value of the argument.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(v) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
(vi) There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z = ; z = r (cos i sin )
Note: cos + i sin is also written as CiS .
eix
e ix e ix e ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
(c) Exponential Representation :
z = rei ; | z | = r ; arg z = ; z = re i

6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :

If z , z1 , z2 C then ;
(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z z = 2 i Im (z) ; (z ) = z ; z1 z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;

z1 z1
z1 z 2 = z1 z2 ; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2 = ; z2 0
z2 z2
2
(b) |z| 0 ; |z| Re (z) ; | z | Im (z) ; | z | = | z | = | – z | ; z z = | z | ;
z1 | z1 |
z1 z 2 = z 1 | . z 2 ; = , z2 0 , | zn | = | z |n ;
z2 | z2 |

| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2 | z 2 |2 ]
z1 z2 z1 + z 2 z 1 + z2 [ TRIANGLE INEQUALITY ]
(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k . k I
z1
(ii) amp = amp z1 amp z2 + 2 k ; k I
z2
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k .
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in ( , ].

(7) VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point. If the point P

represents the complex number z then, OP = z & OP = z

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NOTE :
(i) If OP = z = r ei then OQ = z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . e i . If OP and OQ are
of unequal magnitude then OQ OP e i
(ii) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex numbers
z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
z z
AB CD if 4 3 is purely real ;
z 2 z1
z 4 z3
AB CD if z z is purely imaginary ]
2 1
(iii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre then
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1 = 0 (b) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM :
Statement : cos n + i sin n is the value or one of the values of (cos + i sin )n ¥ n Q. The
theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex quantity
Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY :
1 i 3 1 i 3
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , , .
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c R & is the cube root of unity)
a3 b3 = (a b) (a b) (a ²b) ; x2 + x + 1 = (x ) (x 2) ;

a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + b) (a + 2b) ;
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)
10. nth ROOTS OF UNITY :
If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ..... n 1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2 /n) &
p p p
(ii) 1p + 1 + 2 + .... += 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
n 1
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1 1) (1 2) ...... (1 n 1) = n &
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) ....... (1 + n 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv) 1 . 1 . 2 . 3 ......... n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
11. THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin n 2 n 1
(i) cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + ..... + cos n = cos
sin 2 2
sin n 2 n 1
(ii) sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + ..... + sin n = sin
sin 2 2
Note : If = (2 /n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
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12. STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES IN TERMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS :
nz mz 2
(A) If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = 1 divides the joins of z1
m n
& z2 in the ratio m : n.
Note:
(i) If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ;
where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3
are collinear.
(ii) If the vertices A, B, C of a represent the complex nos. z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1 z 2 z3
(a) Centroid of the ABC = :
3
(b) Orthocentre of the ABC =
a sec A z1 b sec B z 2 c sec C z 3 z1 tan A z 2 tan B z 3 tan C
OR
a sec A b sec B c sec C tan A tan B tan C
(c) Incentre of the ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3) ! (a + b + c) .
(d) Circumcentre of the ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C) ! (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) .
(B) amp(z) = is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle to the x axis.
(C) z a = z b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(D) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by ;
z = z1 + t (z1 z2) where t is a perameter.
(E) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to oz1.
(F) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as

z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear..
z2 z2 1
(G) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z 1 & z2 can be written as
z z1 z 2 z z1 z 2 z1z 2 z1z 2 = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as z z r=0
where r is real and is a non zero complex constant.
(H) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius " is :
z z0 = " or z z z0 z z 0 z + z 0 z0 "² = 0 which is of the form

zz z z r = 0 , r is real centre & radius r.

Circle will be real if r 0.
(I) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is :
z z2
(i) arg = ± or (z z1) ( z z 2) + (z z2 ) ( z z 1) = 0
z z1 2
(J) Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
z 3 z1 z 4 z 2
. is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be
z 3 z 2 z 4 z1
z z 2 z 3 z1 z z 2 z 3 z1 z z 2 z3 z1
taken as is real # =
z z1 z 3 z 2 z z1 z 3 z 2 z z1 z3 z 2

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13.(a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the right
bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 & z2 will be
the reflection points for the straight line z z r 0 if and only if ; z1 z 2 r 0 , where r is
real and is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius ", if :
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and on the same side of O. (ii) OP . OQ = "2.
Note that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle
z z z z r 0 if and only if z1 z 2 z1 z 2 r 0 .
14. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM :
It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in
a circle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two pairs of its opposite sides.
i.e. z1 z3 z2 z4 = z1 z2 z3 z4 + z1 z4 z2 z3 .
15. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX QUANTITY :
1 $
(i) Loge ( + i $) = Loge ( ² + $²) + i 2n tan 1 where n I.
2
2n
2
(ii) ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e ,n I.

VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE

Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi
2 2 2 2
1 2i 1 4i 3 i 3 2i 3 2i 2 i 2 i
(a) (b) i (9 + 6 i) (2 i) (c) (d) (e)
2 i 2i 1 2 5i 2 5i 2 i 2 i
(f) A square P1P2P3P4 is drawn in the complex plane with P1 at (1, 0) and P3 at (3, 0). Let Pn denotes
the point (xn, yn) n = 1, 2, 3, 4. Find the numerical value of the product of complex numbers
(x1 + i y1)(x2 + i y2)(x3 + i y3)(x4 + i y4).
Q.2 Given that x , y R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x 3y) = 5 4i (b) (x + iy) + (7 5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x² y² i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x² (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i
Q.3 Find the square root of : (a) 9 + 40 i (b) 11 60 i (c) 50 i
Q.4 (a) If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 x + 4, find f ( – 5 + 4i)
(b) If g (x) = x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 5, find g(2 + 3i)

Q.5 Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z 3 3i 3 , find the number having the
least positive argument.
Q.6 Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b R.
(a) ix2 3x 2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x2 4 (2 i) x 5 3 i = 0
Q.7 Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
1 = 4 ; (c) z 3
2 2
(a) z + 1 2i = 7 ; (b) z 1 z = 3 ; (d) z 3 = z 6
z 3
Q.8 If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi & z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
Q.9 Let z1 = 1 + i and z2 = – 1 – i. Find z3 C such that triangle z1, z2, z3 is equilaterial.
Q.10 For what real values of x & y are the numbers 3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
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Q.11 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
2 i
(i) 6 (cos 310° i sin 310°) (ii) 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4i (1 i) 2
x y
Q.12 If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi ; prove that 4 (a2 b2) = .
a b
1 z z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z c\R and R, then prove that | z | =1.
1 z z2
Q.14 Prove the identity, | 1 z1z 2 |2 | z1 z 2 |2 1 | z1 | 2 1 | z 2 | 2

Q.15 Prove the identity, | 1 z1 z 2 | 2 | z1 z 2 |2 1 | z1 |2 1 | z 2 |2

2 2 2 2
Q.16 For any two complex numbers, prove that z1 z 2 z1 z2 = 2 z1 z2 . Also give the
geometrical interpretation of this identity.
Q.17 (a) Find all non zero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z².
(b) If the complex numbers z1, z2, .................zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
|z1 + z2 + ..............+zn| = |z1–1+ z2–1+................+zn–1| .
Q.18 Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z – 4 | + z + 4 | = 16.
n
Q.19 Let z = (0, 1) C. Express % zk in terms of the positive integer n.
k 0

z i
Consider a complex number w = where z = x + iy, where x, y R.
2z 1
Q.20 If the complex number w is purely imaginary then locus of z is
(A) a straight line
1 1 5
(B) a circle with centre , and radius .
4 2 4
1 1
(C) a circle with centre , and passing through origin..
4 2
(D) neither a circle nor a straight line.
Q.21 If the complex number w is purely real then locus of z is
(A) a straight line passing through origin
(B) a straight line with gradient 3 and y intercept (–1)
(C) a straight line with gradient 2 and y intercept 1.
(D) none
Q.22 If | w | = 1 then the locus of P is
(A) a point circle (B) an imaginary circle
(C) a real circle (D) not a circle.

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 EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi :
2
1 4i 3 i 3 2i 3 2i
(a) i (9 + 6 i) (2 i) (b) (c)
2i 1 2 5i 2 5i
2 i2 2 i2
(d) (e) i i
2 i 2 i
Q.2 Find the modulus , argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
10 10
(i) z = 1 + cos + i sin (ii) (tan1 – i)2
9 9

5 12i 5 12i i 1
(iii) z = (iv) 2 2
5 12i 5 12i i 1 cos sin
5 5
Q.3 Given that x, y R, solve :
x y 5 6i
(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x 3y) = 5 4i (b)
1 2i 3 2i 8i 1
(c) x² y² i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x² (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy 3x²)i = 4y² (x2/2) + (3xy 2y²)i
Q.4(a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z2 – (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m R.
Suppose the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z4 + aZ3 + bZ2 + cZ + 3
If two roots of the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.
Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z1 = 9y2 4 10 i x and
z2 = 8y2 20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 5 if x = 2 + 3i

Q.6 Solve the following for z :

z2 – (3 – 2 i)z = (5i – 5)

Q.7(a) If i Z3 + Z2 Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.

z1 2z 2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 | 1, find | z1 |.
2 z1z 2
z z1
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of, is , then
z z2 4
prove that z 7 9i = 3 2 .
Q.8 Show that the product,
2( 22 ( 2n (
1 i ( 1 i 1 i &...... 1 1 i &
1 & 1 &1 1
2 ' 2 &' 2 & 2 & is equal to 1 n
(1+ i) where n 2 .
' ' 22

Q.9 Let z1, z2 be complex numbers with | z1 | = | z2 | = 1, prove that | z1 + 1 | + | z2 + 1 | + | z1z2 + 1 | 2.

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Q.10 Interpret the following locii in z C.
z 2i
(a) 1 < z 2i < 3 (b) Re 4 (z 2i)
iz 2
(c) Arg (z + i) Arg (z i) = /2 (d) Arg (z a) = /3 where a = 3 + 4i.

Q.11 Let A = {a R | the equation (1 + 2i)x3 – 2(3 + i)x2 + (5 – 4i)x + 2a2 = 0}

has at least one real root. Find the value of % a2 .
a A
Q.12 P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that ) POQ = ) QOR = . If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2 = Z1 . Z3 cos² .
Q.13 Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t1, t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.

Q.14 Let A * z1 ; B * z2; C * z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
If the origin ‘O’ is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1
hence show that the ABC is a right angled triangle + z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1 = 0
Q.15 Let + i$; , $ R, be a root of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0; q, r R. Find a real cubic equation,
independent of & $, whose one root is 2 .
Q.16 Find the sum of the series 1(2 – )(2 – 2) + 2(3 – ) (3 – 2) ....... (n – 1)(n – )(n – 2) where is
one of the imaginary cube root of unity.
Q.17 If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle

e 2 iA e iC e iB
iC
D= e e 2iB eiA where i = 1
e iB eiA e 2 iC
then find the value of D.
Q.18 If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 w + w2) (1 w2 + w4) (1 w4 + w8) ..... to 2n factors = 22n .
(b) If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the value of
(1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) ..... to n factors .
n n n
1 sin i cos n n
Q.19 Prove that = cos + i sin . Hence deduce that
1 sin i cos 2 2
5 5
1 sin i cos + i 1 sin
i cos =0
5 5 5 5
Q.20 If cos ( $) + cos ($ -) + cos (- ) = 3/2 then prove that:
(a) . cos 2 = 0 = . sin 2 (b) . sin ( + $) = 0 = . cos ( + $)
(c) . sin = . cos = 3/2
2 2 (d) . sin 3 = 3 sin ( + $ + -)
(e) . cos 3 = 3 cos ( + $ + -)
(f) cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + $) + cos3 ( + -) = 3 cos ( + ) . cos ( + $) . cos ( + -) where R.

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Q.21 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4·sin ·cos = 1.
10 5

Q.22 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1 i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.

Q.23 Dividing f(z) by z i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.24(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets defined by
A = {z | | z | 2} and B = {z | (1 – i)z + (1 + i) z 4}. Find the area of the region A / B.
1
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = , where i = 1 . If there exist real number
x i
a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b), f (c) and f (d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
Q.25 Column-I Column-II
(A) Let w be a non real cube root of unity then the number of distinct elements (P) 4

in the set (1 w w 2 ....... w n ) m | m, n N is

(B) Let 1, w, w2 be the cube root of unity. The least possible (Q) 5
degree of a polynomial with real coefficients having roots
2w, (2 + 3w), (2 + 3w2), (2 – w – w2), is
(C) = 6 + 4i and $ = (2 + 4i) are two complex numbers on the complex plane. (R) 6
z
A complex number z satisfying amp moves on the major (S) 8
z $ 6
segment of a circle whose radius is
EXERCISE–II
p q r
Q.1 If q r p 0; where p , q , r are the moduli of non zero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,,
r p q 2
w w u
prove that, arg = arg .
v v u
Q.2 Let Z = 18 + 26i where Z0 = x0 + iy0 (x0, y0 R) is the cube root of Z having least positive argument.
Find the value of x0y0(x0 + y0).
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
Im(z)
Argand’s plane. Further show that |z| =
2 Re( z) Im( z) 1
Q.4 If is the fifth root of 2 and x = + 2, prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
Q.5 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip0) z + q + iq0 = 0
where p , p0, q , q0 are all real.
(i) if the equation has one real root then q 02 pp 0 q 0 + qp 02 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p2 p02 = 4q & pp 0 = 2q 0.
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a) % Re( Zr ) and (b) % Im(Zr )
r 1 r 1

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Q.7 Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent them are collinear
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
2 2
m m
2 sin Z 2 + 2 sin Z + 1 = 0.
n n
Q.8 If the expression z5 – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
(z5 – 32) = (z – 2)(z2 – pz + 4)(z2 – qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :

1 z1 z2
z1 + z2 | z1 | | z 2 | .
2 | z1 | | z 2 |

Q.10 If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m 1 N are the roots of the equation

2m
1
Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that r%1 Z 1 = m
r

Q.11(i) Let Cr's denotes the combinatorial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, n N. If the integers
an = C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + ........
bn = C1 + C4 + C7 + C10 + ........
and cn = C2 + C5 + C8 + C11 + ........, then
prove that (a) a 3n b3n c 3n – 3anbncn = 2n, (b) (an – bn)2 + (bn – cn)2 + (cn – an)2 = 2.
(ii) Prove the identity: (C0 – C2 + C4 – C6 + .....)2 + (C1 – C3 + C5 – C7 + .......)2 = 2n
Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the Argand diagram
taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3 & (ii) 2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
n

Q.13 Show that all the roots of the equation 1 i x 1 ia

a R are real and distinct.
1 ix 1 ia

Q.14 Prove that:

x n 2
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ..... + nCn cos (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . cos x
2 2

x n 2
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + ..... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . sin x
2 2

2 4 6 2n 1
(c) cos + cos + cos + ..... + cos = When n N.
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2

Q.15 Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn – 1 + ...... + an – 1z + an = n,
n 1
where | ai | 1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius .
n
Q.16 The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to ( ) . Show that
2
(z2 z3)² = 4 (z3 z1) (z1 z2) sin2 .
2

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 p
32 10
2q 2q
Q.17 Evaluate: % (3 p 2) % sin
11
i cos
11
.
p 1 q 1

a b c
Q.18 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that = = = k. Find the value of k.
1 b 1 c 1 a
Q.19 Let , $ be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
$ = k.
2 2
z + z
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
Q.20 C is the complex number. f : C R is defined by f (z) = | z3 – z + 2|. Find the maximum value of f (z)
if | z | = 1.

Q.21 Let f (x) = logcos 3x (cos 2 i x) if x 0 and f (0) = K (where i = 1 ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K.
20
Q.22 If = and f(x) = A0 + % Ak xk, then find the value of, f (x) + f ( x) + ...... + f( 6x) independent
k 1
of .
Q.23 Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number (1 + i)z 2
is positive where z = x + iy , x, y R and i = 1.

Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 – 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.

EXERCISE–III

1 1 1
Q.1(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that z1 = z2 = z3 = = 1, then
z1 z2 z3
z1 + z2 + z3 is :
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3

(b) If arg (z) < 0 , then arg ( z) arg (z) =

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2
[ JEE 2000 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
2 2
Q.2 Given , z = cos 2 n 1 + i sin , 'n' a positive integer, find the equation whose roots are,
2n 1
= z + z3 + ...... + z2n 1 & $ = z2 + z4 + ...... + z2n .
[ REE 2000 (Mains) 3 out of 100 ]

Q.3 Find all those roots of the equation z12 – 56z6 – 512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
[ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]

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 z1 z 3 1 i 3
Q.4(a) The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying are the vertices of a triangle which is
z2 z3 2
(A) of area zero (B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse – angled isosceles
(b) Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C) 4k + 3 (D) 4k
[ JEE 2001 (Scr) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
1 1 1
1 3 2 2
Q.5(a) Let i . Then the value of the determinant 1 1 is
2 2 1 2 4

(A) 3 (B) 3 ( – 1) (C) 3 2 (D) 3 (1 – )

(b) For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5, the minimum value of
|z1 – z2| is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 17 [JEE 2002 (Scr) 3+3]
(c) Let a complex number , 1, be a root of the equation
p+q p q
z – z – z + 1 = 0 where p, q are distinct primes.
Show that either 1 + + 2 + ...... + p–1 = 0 or 1 + + 2 + ...... + q–1 = 0 , but not both together.
[JEE 2002, (5) ]
1 z1 z2
Q.6(a) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | < 1 < | z2 | then prove that 1.
z1 z 2
1 n
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z | <
3
and % a r zr = 1 where | ar | < 2.
r 1

[JEE-03, 2 + 2 out of 60]

Q.7(a) is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + 2)m = (1 + 4)m , then least positive integral value of m is

(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3

[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
(z )
(b) Find centre and radius of the circle determined by all complex numbers z = x + i y satisfying k,
(z $)
where 1 i 2, $ $1 i$ 2 are fixed complex and k 1. [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60 ]

Q.8(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by

(A) z : |z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /4
(B) z : |z - 1| > 2, |arg(z – 1)| < /4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /2
(D) z : |z - 1| < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < /2
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w 1), then the minimum value of
|a + bw + cw2| is
3 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3 + 3]
(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2 3 i . Find the other
vertices of square. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]

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 w wz
Q.9 If w = + i$ where $ 0 and z 1, satisfies the condition that is purely real, then the set of
1 z
values of z is
(A) {z : | z | = 1} (B) {z : z = z ) (C) {z : z 1}
(D) {z : | z | = 1, z 1}
[JEE 2006, 3]
Q.10(a) A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards the North-East (N 45° E) direction. From
there, he walks a distance of 4 units towards the North-West (N 45° W) direction to reach a point P.
Then the position of P in the Argand plane is
(A) 3ei 4 + 4i (B) (3 4i)e i 4 (C) (4 3i)ei 4 (D) (3 4i )e i 4

z
(b) If | z | = 1 and z ± 1, then all the values of lie on
1 z2
(A) a line not passing through the origin (B) | z | = 2
(C) the x-axis (D) the y-axis [JEE 2007, 3+3]

Q.11(a)A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2i, where i = 1 . It moves first horizontally away from origin
by 5 units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a point z1. From z1 the particle moves

2 units in the direction of the vector î ĵ and then it moves through an angle
2
in anticlockwise
direction on a circle with centre at origin, to reach a point z2. The point z2 is given by
(A) 6 + 7i (B) – 7 + 6i (C) 7 + 6i (D) – 6 + 7i
(b) Comprehension (3 questions together)
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex numbers as defined below
A = z : Im z 1
B = z :| z 2 i | 3
C = z : Re((1 i )z ) 2
(i) The number of elements in the set A / B / C is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2
(ii) Let z be any point in A / B / C. Then, | z + 1 – i |2 + | z – 5 – i |2 lies between
(A) 25 and 29 (B) 30 and 34 (C) 35 and 39 (D) 40 and 44
(iii) Let z be any point in A / B / C and let w be any point satisfying | w – 2 – i | < 3.
Then, | z | – | w | + 3 lies between
(A) –6 and 3 (B) –3 and 6 (C) –6 and 6 (D) –3 and 9
[JEE 2008, 3 + 4 + 4 + 4]
15
Q.12(a) Let z = cos + i sin . Then the value of % Im(z 2m 1 ) at = 2° is
m 1

1 1 1 1
(A) sin 23 (B) 3 sin 23 (C) 2 sin 23 (D) 4 sin 23

(b) Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose
vertices are the roots of the equation z z 3 zz 3 350 is
(A) 48 (B) 32 (C) 40 (D) 80
[JEE 2009, 3 + 3]

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 VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
7 24 21 12 8 22
Q.1 (a) i; (b) i; (c) 3 + 4i; (d) + 0i; (e) i; (f) 15
25 25 5 5 29 5
2 2 5
Q.2 (a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2, 9); (c) ( 2 , 2) or , ; (d) (1 ,1) 0 ,
3 3 2

Q.3 (a) ± (5 + 4i) ; (b) ± (5 6i) (c) ± 5(1 + i) Q.4 (a) 160 ; (b) (77 +108 i)
3 3 3 3 5i 1 i
Q.5 – i Q.6 (a) i , 2i (b) or
2 2 2 2
Q.7 (a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre ( 1, 2) ; (b) on a unit circle with centre at origin
(c) on a circle with centre ( 15/4, 0) & radius 9/4 ; (d) a straight line
Q.8 a=b=2 3; Q.9 z3 = 3 (1 i) and z '3 3( 1 i)
Q.10 x = 1, y = 4 or x = 1, y = 4
5 5
Q.11 (i) Modulus = 6 , Arg = 2 k + (K I) , Principal Arg = (K I)
18 18
7 5
(ii) Modulus = 2 , Arg = 2 k + , Principal Arg =
6 6
5
(iii) Modulus = , Arg = 2 k tan 1 2 (K I) , Principal Arg = tan 12
6

3 i 3 i x2 y2
Q.17 (a) , ,i Q.18 1
2 2 2 2 64 48

7(1, 0) for n 4k
4(1,1) for n 4k 1
Q.19 6(0,1) for n 4k 2 Q.20 B Q.21 C Q.22 C
4(0, 0)
5 for n 4k 3
EXERCISE–I
21 12 8 22
Q.1 (a)
5 5
i (b) 3 + 4 i (c) +0i (d) i (e) + 2 0 i or 0 8 2 i
29 5
4 4 4
Q.2 (i) Principal Arg z = ; z = 2 cos ; Arg z = 2 k k I
9 9 9
(ii) Modulus = sec21 , Arg = 2 n (2 – ) , Principal Arg = (2 – )
3 2
(iii) Principal value of Agr z = & z = ; Principal value of Arg z = & z =
2 2 2 3
1 11 11
(iv) Modulus = cos ec , Arg z = 2 n , Principal Arg =
2 5 20 20
2 2 5 3K
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y = 2 ; (c) ( 2 , 2) or , ; (d) (1 ,1) 0 , ; (e) x =K, y = K R
3 3 2 2
Q.4 (a) 2, (b) – 11/2 Q.5 (a) [( 2, 2) ; ( 2, 2)] (b) (77 +108 i)
Q.6 z = (2 + i) or (1 – 3i)
Q.7 (b) 2

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Q.10 (a) The region between the co encentric circles with centre at (0 , 2) & radii 1 & 3 units
1 1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
2 2
(c) semi circle (in the 1st & 4th quadrant) x² + y² = 1 (d) a ray emanating from the point
(3 + 4i) directed away from the origin & having equation 3 x y 4 3 3 0

2
n (n 1) (
x3 n
n &'
Q.11 18 Q.15 + qx r=0 Q.16

Q.17 – 4 Q.18 (b) one if n is even ; w² if n is odd

Q.21 (Z + 1) (Z² 2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z² 2Z cos 108° + 1) Q.23 i z 1
i
2 2
Q.24 (a) – 2 ; (b) 1/2 Q.25 (A) R; (B) Q; (C) P

EXERCISE–II
7
Q.2 12 Q.6 (a) – , (b) zero Q.24 4 Q.17 48(1 - i)
2
1
$
2
Q.18 – or – 2 Q.19 k >
2
Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
4
Q.21 K = – Q.22 7A0 + 7A7 x7 + 7A14 x14
9
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = ( 2 1) x and y + ( 2 1) x = 0 containing the x axis
Q.24 198 Q.25 51

EXERCISE–III
sin 2 n 2
Q.1 (a) A (b) A Q.2 z2 + z + = 0, where =
sin 2 2n 1

8 3 i
Q.3 +1 + i 3 , , 2i Q.4 (a) C, (b) D Q.5 (a) B ; (b) B
2

k 2$ 1
Q.7 (a) D; (b) Centre * 2 , Radius = 2
| k 2 $ |2 k 2 . | $ |2 | |2 . k 2 1
k 1 (k 1)
Q.8 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = – 3 i ; z3 = 1 3 i ; z4 = 1 3 i Q.9 D
Q.10 (a) D ; (b) D
Q.11 (a) D ; (b) (i) B; (ii) C; (iii) D Q.12 (a) D; (b) A

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