PH 301

ENGINEERING OPTICS
Lecture_2
 Syllabus
Lens systems: Basics & concepts of lens design, some lens systems.
Optical components: Reflective, refractive & diffractive systems; Mirrors, prisms, gratings,
filters, polarizing components.
Interferometric systems: Two beam, multiple beam, shearing, scatter fringe & polarization
interferometers.
Vision Optics: Eye & vision, colorimetry basics.
Optical sources: Incandescent, fluorescent, discharge lamps, Light emitting diode.
Optical detectors: Photographic emulsion, thermal detectors, photodiodes, photomultiplier
tubes, detector arrays, Charge-coupled device, CMOS.
Optical Systems: Telescopes, microscopes (bright field, dark field, confocal, phase contrast,
digital holographic), projection systems, interferometers, spectrometers.
Display devices: Cathode ray tube, Liquid crystal display, Liquid crystals on silicon, Digital
light processing, Digital micro-mirror device, Gas plasma, LED display, Organic LED.
Consumer devices: Optical disc drives: CD, DVD; laser printer, photocopier, cameras, image
intensifiers.

Texts
1. R. S. Longhurst, Geometrical & Physical Optics, 3rd ed., Orient Longman, 1988.
2. R. E. Fischer, B. Tadic-Galeb, & P. R. Yoder, Optical System Design, 2nd ed., SPIE, 2008
3. W. J. Smith, Modern Optical Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 2000.
4. K. Iizuka, Engineering Optics, Springer, 2008.
5. B. H. Walker, Optical Engineering Fundamentals, SPIE Press, 1995.
 Lens systems
Lenses are among the most used components in optical systems.

Functions:
 Perform convergence of light beams,
 Perform divergence of light beams,
 Formation of virtual or real images,
 Perform 2D Fourier transform.
 A Thin Lens as a Phase Transformation

 Lenses are the most important components of optical imaging & data
processing systems.
 A lens is composed of an optically dense material, usually glass with a
refractive index of approx. 1.5, in which propagation velocity of an optical
disturbance is less than velocity in air.
 A lens is said to be a thin lens if a ray entering at coordinates (x,y) on one
face exits at approx. same coordinates on opposite face, i.e., if there is
negligible translation of a ray within lens.
 Thus a thin lens simply delays an incident wavefront by an amount
proportional to the thickness of lens at each point.
 Thickness function, front view & side view

Let max thickness of lens (on its axis) = Δ0

Thickness at coordinates (x,y) = Δ(x,y)
Total phase delay suffered by wave at coordinates (x,y) in passing through lens,

 ( x, y )  kn( x, y )  k[ 0  ( x, y )]
 kn( x, y )  k 0  k( x, y )
 k 0  k( x, y )[n  1]
n = refractive index of lens material
knΔ(x,y) = phase delay introduced by lens
k[Δ0 - Δ(x,y)] = phase delay introduced by remaining region of free space
between two planes
Equivalently lens may be represented by a multiplicative phase transformation,

tl ( x, y)  exp[ jk0 ] exp[ jk (n  1)( x, y)]

Complex field U l( x, y) across a plane immediately behind lens is then related to
complex field U l ( x, y) incident on a plane immediately in front of lens,

U l( x, y)  tl ( x, y)U l ( x, y)

Problem; thickness function, ( x, y)

 Thickness function
Sign convention:

 As rays travel from left to right, each convex surface encountered is taken
to have a positive radius of curvature, while each concave surface is
taken to have a negative radius of curvature.

 Radius of curvature of left-hand surface of lens is a positive number R1,

while radius of curvature of right-hand surface is a negative number R2.

( x, y)  1 ( x, y)   2 ( x, y)  3 ( x, y)
 
1 ( x, y )   01  R1  R12  x 2  y 2 
 x 2
 y 2 
  01  R1 1  1  
 R 2 
 1 

2nd component of thickness function comes from a region of glass of constant

thickness Δ02.
 
 3 ( x, y )   03   R2  R22  x 2  y 2 
 x 2
 y 2 
  03  R2 1  1  
 R 2 
 2 
Combining all three thickness components, total thickness is,

 x 2
 y 2   x 2
 y 2 
( x, y )   01  R1 1  1        R 1  1  
 R 2  02 03 2
 R 2 
 1   2 
 x 2
 y 2   x 2
 y 2 
  0  R1 1  1    R 1  1  
 R 2  2
 R 2 
 1   2 
Paraxial Approximation:

x2  y2 x2  y2
1 2
 1
R1 2 R12

x2  y2 x2  y2
1 2
 1
R2 2 R22

With the help of these approximations, thickness function becomes,

x2  y2  1 1 
( x, y )   0    
2  R1 R2 
 tl ( x, y)  exp[ jk0 ] exp[ jk (n  1)( x, y)]

x2  y2  1 1 
( x, y )   0    
2  R1 R2 

 x2  y 2  1 1 
tl ( x, y)  exp[ jkn 0 ] exp  jk (n  1)   
 2  R1 R2 

Physical properties of lens (n, R1, & R2) can be combined in a single number
f called focal length,

1 1 1 
 (n  1)  
f  R1 R2 
Neglecting constant phase factor, phase transformation may be rewritten,

 k 
tl ( x, y )  exp  j ( x 2  y 2 )
 2f 
Various types of lenses

Positive
meniscus

Negative
meniscus
f>0

Effect of a converging lens on a normally incident plane wave

f<0

Effect of a diverging lens on a normally incident plane wave