Protection & Control Relay (IED)

Protection relay evolution

Electromechanical relay : Static relay : Numeric relay, IED :

- Induction disc type - Doesn’t have moving parts - Analog input is sampled and
converted to digital format.
- Electromagnetic force - Trip output is of attracted
causes mechanical armature type - The digital quantity is managed
further by microprocessor with
operation of relay - Operating qty is generated
mathematical algorithm to generate
by discrete analog
- Fixed operating the operating quantities and
(generally) electronic
characteristic implement the protection functions.
components
- Operating characteristic is
- Selectable operating
characteristic adjustable.
- Having sophisticated
communication features.

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 Protection function
Detect Isolate faults selectively and To limit consequences, i.e.
faults quickly from the network damaged equipment or loss of
production

Protection requirement
LV MV 70kV…150kV 275kV…500kV

Fuse, Overcurrent - Main prot - Main 1

MCB relays - Backup prot - Main 2

Shorter operating time

Higher CT requirement

Protection application
System topology Protection zones, Fault detection, Protection relay
and characteristic Suitable protection scheme and selection & settings
algorithm

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 Fault clearing time
Fault clearing time according to Aturan Jaringan PLN (Grid Code) :

1. For main protection

- 500 kV system ≤ 90 ms

- 275kV system ≤ 100 ms

- 150kV system ≤ 120 ms

- 70 kV system ≤ 150 ms

2. For backup protection ± 500 ms

3. Fault clearing time consists of :

- Relay operating time

- Circuit breaker break time

- Teleprotection transfer time

- CT performance

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 Example 1 : Unit protection zones

Bus1

Bus2

Busbar prot. :
- Busbar Diff.

OHL Transformer prot. :

Line protection :
- Diff.
- Distance
- REF
- Line diff.

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 Example 2 : Unit protection zones

Bus1 Busbar prot. : Bus2

- Busbar Diff.

OHL

Line protection :
- Distance
Transformer prot. :
- Diff.
- Line diff.
- REF

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 Example 3 : Unit protection zones

Bus1 Busbar prot. : Bus2

- Busbar Diff.

Tee zone prot :

- Circulating
current
OHL

Line protection :
- Distance, or
Transformer prot. :
- Diff.
- Line diff.
- REF

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 Fault detection :

Ground fault current

too small…practically
not feasible

500 ohm

Make use of open delta

VT to detect ground fault
for :
- Neutral displacement
protection relay

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 Challenging areas :

§ CT accuracy class
§ CT saturation
§ Transformer inrush
§ Zero-sequence block by delta
winding or ungrounded wye
§ Power swing
§ Communication scheme for
line protection
§ Short zone/dead zone
§ High impedance differential
protection
§ Asynchronous closing of
capacitor or transformer

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 CT classes :

§ Metering : 0.2S, 0.2, 0.5, 1

§ Protection : Class P, Class PX, TPX, TPY, TPZ

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 Power swing :

Communication scheme for protection :

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 Short zone/dead zone :

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 High impedance differential protection:

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 Capacitor bank energization :

§ High frequency inrush current à protection failure

§ Overvoltage à flashover

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 Transformer energization :

§ V=L.di/dt à assymetrical inrush current for closing at zero crossing

§ Voltage drop
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 Contact Person
Name : Ustika Anggono
Division : Power System
Position : Engineering Manager
Email : [email protected]
Mobile : 081514271512

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