International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161

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Research Article

An experimental investigation of performance and emission

characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with waste cooking methyl ester
and it’s respective blends with diesel fuel
S.P. Gund*, K.P.Kolhe and S.S.Ragit
Department of Mechanical Engineering, JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering & Research, Wagholi, Pune-14, India

Accepted 15 June 2016, Available online 20 June 2016, Special Issue-5 (June 2016)

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to study the optimization, performance and emission characteristics of WCOME. The
Transesterification of WCO with methanol has been studied in the presence of various catalyst i.e. sodium hydroxide
and potassium hydroxide .The optimization of experimental parameters was established to gain 95% WCOME. The
final properties of WCOME like density, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, flash point, fire point and C.V. were
evaluated by ASTM standards and were found to be comparable to ASTM standards for diesel. The most
recommended WCME blended ratio 5 to 20% for better engine performance and emission characteristics were used.
The performance and emission indicators such as brake power , BTE ,EGT ,BSFC ,NO x ,CO,CO2,HC and smoke opacity
have been estimated for 5%,10% and 20% blend are compared to diesel fuel. The results of experiment shows that
BSFC increases with use of biodiesel however BSEC decreases with increase in blend percentage. CO and HC emissions
were reduced for biodiesel. But NOX emission increases at B20 blend by50% from (B5, B10 and B20). This work
discovered that waste cooking methyl esters can be used in CI engine as a replacement of diesel fuel.

Keywords: Transesterification; Waste cooking oil methyl ester, Performance; Exhaust emission.

Nomenclature Biodiesel formation is from various edible and non-

edible vegetable oil like rapeseed, soybean,
1 WCOME- Waste cooking oil methyl esters sunflowers, palm, rocket seed and waste cooking oil.
DI- Diesel engine The Transesterification of WCO with methanol has
CN- Cetane number been studied by using KOH catalyst. The various
BP- Brake power studies were reviewed to understand the information
CV- Calorific value related with conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into
CO- Carbon monoxide biodiesel which blends with Diesel and the
NOx-Oxides of nitrogen performance testing adapted on C.I engine. Following
HC- Hydrocarbons are the various Researchers are present their views
CO2- Carbon di-oxide related with the same. Kalam M.A. et al has carried out
BSFC- Brake specific fuel consumption an experiment to study the emission and performance
BSEC- Brake specific energy consumption characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine
EGT- Exhaust gas temperature fuelled with 5% (palm) and 5%coconut oil with diesel
BTE- Brake thermal efficiency fuel at constant 85% throttle position.
PM- Particulate matter The result shows that there are reductions in both
C5 and P5 reduce CO by7.3% and 21% respectively,
1. Introduction and HC by 23% and 17% respectively. However C5
reduces 1% and P5 increases 2% NOx emission. It was
Now a day’s world increase in the consumption of observed that P5produces higher CO2 than C5.Utlu Z. et
petroleum products has caused economic and al has investigated the effect of biodiesel from waste
environmental problem. In order to reduce faith of frying oil methyl ester in a diesel engine with a
petroleum oil, development of renewable fuel such as turbocharged four cylinder direct injection .From the
biodiesel is very important. The significance of investigation it was observed that the average emission
biodiesel fuel likes renewability, High biodegradability, reduction was 17.14% for CO, 1.45% for NOx and
high flash point and low emission of pollution. 8.05%for CO2 Ozsezen et al has studied the
performance and combustion characteristics of a DI
*Corresponding author: S.P. Gund diesel engine fuelled with Waste (frying) palm oil
311| MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India, MECHPGCON 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-5 (June 2016)
S.P. Gund et al An experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine..

methyl ester (WPME). They observed that the temp. and settle down ,and ensuing in the separation of
unburned HC, CO emission and smoke opacity two phases. Upper phase contained biodiesel and
decreased by14.29%, 9.52%, and 86.89% with use of lower phase contain glycerin as above product. Which
Waste (frying) palm oil methyl ester Lapuerta M. et al was separated by decantation method After separation
studied the effect of biodiesel fuel obtained from the of biodiesel was purified by using distilled water. This
waste cooking oil on 4-cylinder, WC,4-S,IC,TC,DI diesel biodiesel was passed in silica gel to remove impurities.
engine emission. The main findings of this study show And lastly pure biodiesel was formed.
that the CO, HC, PM, PAHs Reduced and NOx low
difference. Cheung C.S. et al studied the effect of waste
cooking oil biodiesel on the emission of 4-cylinder
naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine with
different blends of biodiesel (B10, B20, B30 and B100).
They found that there is reduction in HC, CO, PM
concentrations but increase in NOx. Murillo S et al
evaluate the performance and exhaust emission in the
use of biodiesel in outboard 1-cylinder, WC, 4-S, DI
diesel engine operated at 1500-3500 rpm. It was
observed that there is reduction in CO but increase
NOx.

2. Materials

The primary raw material for biodiesel preparation is

waste cooking oil, which was collected from different
sources such as JSPM college canteen and other Fig.1 Transesterification Process
material like methanol, silica gel and KOH (catalyst).
Unnecessary impurities in the oil such as solid matter 3.2Fuel testing characteristics
and food residues were removed using vacuum
filtration. 3.2.1 Density

3. Methods Density of biodiesel is measured by using ASTM

standard D1298 .density of fuel was directly affected
3.1Transesterification process on engine performance characteristics. Density also
influences the exhaust emission.
This process was performed in our campus pharmacy
lab in our college. this process consists of magnetic 3.2.2. Viscosity
stirrer with hot plate, thermometer, beaker, magnetic
bid, separating funnel and tripod stand. Viscosity of an engine fuel plays leading role in the fuel
Transesterification process is also called as one way spray, mixture, formation and combustion process.
process. In this method NAOH or KOH were used as Kinematic viscosity was determined by using ASTM
catalyst. wco was heated upto60oc in a beaker for 20 D445.density affects atomization quality, size and fuel
mins. drops. low viscosity causes fuel system while high
viscosity causes poor flow. High viscosity also causes in
Table.1 Optimum condition for Biodiesel cold weather for starting the engine.

3.2.3. Flash point

Biodiesel yield
temperature(o
Methanol: oil

Catalyst type
molar ratio

Kinematic

The flash point is defined as the temperature at which

Reaction

Reaction

viscosity
time(hr)
Catalyst
content
(wt %)

at40oc

(%)
c)

fuel starts burn when it comes to contact with fire. This

property does not affect the combustion directly. Flash
7.5:1 KOH 0.5 60 0.5 4.3 94 point was measured by using ASTM D93.
NAO
6:1 1 50 1.5 4.25 92
H
6:1 KOH 1 65 1 4.6 96 3.2.4. Cloud and Pour point

Removing moisture content before reaction.(200ml) Pour point is defined as lowest temperature at which
Methanol is dissolved in KOH 1 %( Catalyst)to form a the fuel can still flow can be pumped, before it turns
potassium methoxide using continuous stirrer for half into a cloud of wax crystal when cooled. All biodiesel
an hour. This Potassium methoxide solution was put
having higher cloud and pour point than diesel fuel.
into one liter of waste cooking oil, the mixture was
heated at 60ocand with continuous stirring for 60 min Waste cooking oil were low cloud and pour point. But
at650 rpm. The wcome solution was cooled at room this problem was overcome blended with diesel fuel.
312| MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India, MECHPGCON 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-5 (June 2016)
S.P. Gund et al An experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine..

EGT:-Biodiesel fuel and its blends give better exhaust

3.2.5. Calorific value temperature (EGT) than diesel fuel.
Calorific value is defined as the amount of heat
transferred into chamber of the chemical reaction 4.2.1.2Emission characteristics
during the combustion process. Higher CV is the higher
yield of fuel because of high heat release rate. Calorific NOx:-NOx formation was totally dependent on
value is measured by using bomb calorimeter. CV of volumetric efficiency, combustion timing and
biodiesel is in between (39-41MJ/KG) temperature rising due to chemical reaction involved.
Exhaust gas temperature increased also rises NOx
Table.2 Properties of fuel percentages. Increase in NOx was proportional to the
amount of biodiesel. Biodiesel contains oxygen content
reacts with nitrogen resulting into the NOx formation.
Name of fuel

WCOME100
wcome10

wcome20
property

wcome5

CO:-This may aspect to higher viscosity of biodiesel.

Diesel

Decrease of CO may be due to oxygen content in the

biodiesel.
CO2:-Biodiesel contributed more complete
combustion and hence more conversion of COtoCO2.
Density,
Kg/m3

827.1 832 835.4 840.1 862 HC:-Decrease in combustion delay and higher cetane
number causes HC reduction.

Table.3 Engine specification

Viscosity, Cst

Sr no Items Specification
5.1 4.25 4.34 4.81 4.9

1 diesel engine Kirloskar AV1

2 Compression ratio 17.5:1

Flash point

72 76 79 84 152 3 Method of starting Hand operated

4 No .of cylinder Single cylinder

5 Bore X stroke (mm) 87.5x110

Pour point

-18 -24 -18 -17 -5 6 Maximum power 5HP

7 Nominal speed 1500 rpm

4. Experimental Procedure
number
Cetane

50.95 51.68 52.51 53.10 43.21

Ensuring the sufficient fuel has available in fuel tank.
Give 230 V AC supplies to the trainer by connecting the
3 pin top provided with the trainer to the distribution
board in laboratory. Switch on the supply Provide
cooling water to engine, Dynamometer and exhaust gas
4..2.1 Engine testing characteristics calorimeter. Open the fuel supply valve of engine.
4.2.1.1Performance characteristics

Torque:-
This is due to low calorific values of biodiesel and
blended fuels. High viscosity affects engine power and
torque.
BSFC:-Biodiesel blends could be higher bsfc than
diesel fuel due to the lower calorific value. This is
mainly due to advance fuel injection timing. Biodiesel
creates extra lean mixture in combustion chamber also
increases bsfc.
BTE:-It is a factor to represent the how much
amount of chemical energy converted into the useful
work. It is the ratio of brake power in the output shaft
to the energy delivered to the system the reason of
increasing bte is due to additional lubricity provided by
biodiesel. Fig.3 schematic diagram of experimental set up
313| MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India, MECHPGCON 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-5 (June 2016)
S.P. Gund et al An experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine..

5. Result and discussions 0.16

Diesel
B5
17 0.14
Diesel B10
16 0.12 B20
B5
BSEC(MJ/KW.hr)

CO(%)
15 B10 0.1

14 B20 0.08

13 0.06
12
0.04
1.5 2 2.5 3
11
1.5 2 2.5 3 B.P(KW)
B.P(KW)

Fig.4 Effect of B.P on BSEC Fig.7 Effect of B.P on Carbon monoxide

Fig.4 Showed that BSEC decreases with increase in load Fig.7 depicts relation between B.P and carbon
.it also increases according to addition biodiesel monoxide in which as B.P increases CO % increases for
content in blend. For B20 blend load bsec was reduced all the blends but maximum CO% observed 0.15 % for
by 5.39%. At 1.5KW.
diesel and minimum 0.082% for B20 at the peak value
of B.P 3KW.
150 Diesel B5
B10 B20
140 35
BSFC(MJ/KW.hr)

130 33
31
120
29
HC (ppm)

110 27
25 Diesel
100
23 B5
90 21 B10
80 19 B20
17
70
1.5 2 2.5 3 15
1.5 2 2.5 3
B.P(KW)
B.P(KW)

Fig.5 Effect of B.P on BSFC

Fig.5 shows the relation between BSFC and BP for
Fig 8, Effect of brake power on hydrocarbon emission
different bio-fuel blends. For full load condition BSFC
Fig.8 shows the relation in between HC and B.P. for
for B5 blend is lower than other blends and diesel fuel.
different blend ratios.as the high B.P with increasing
blending ratios maximum at B10 for 30.5 .At part load
350
condition HC reduction increases 26.3.
330
310
470
290
Diesel
EGT(°C)

270 420
250 B5 370
230
NOx (ppm)

B10 B5
210 320
B20 B10
190 270
170 B20
1.5 2 2.5 3 220
B.P(KW) 170

120
1.5 2 2.5 3
Fig.6 Variation in Exhaust gas temperature with Brake
B.P(KW)
Power
Fig.6 shows the relation in between EGT and BP for Fig.9 Effect of B.P on NOX
different bio-fuel blends. For full load condition, the
highest temperature obtained was 3400C for B20, 234 Fig.9 depicts the relation between B.P and NOX, in
0C for diesel, 308 0C for B10 and 270 0C for B5 at half which linear relation observed for all the blends from
load. 1.5 to 2KW B.P, Maximum value of NOx 448 ppm for
314| MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India, MECHPGCON 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-5 (June 2016)
S.P. Gund et al An experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine..

B20 blend and Minimum value of 151ppm was 2. The performance and emission characteristics of the
observed for diesel fuel at peak B.P 3KW. engine with variable of compression ratio of the engine
were be studied for all blends. Test consequences with
Conclusion multi-cylinder engine fueled
By waste cooking oil biodiesel and its blends was be
1) Esterification process was done at methanol to oil carried out and compared with that of single cylinder
ratio7.5:1 in the presence catalyst (KOH0.5%) at engine combustion, characteristics, performance
around 60°c in time55 mins.94% yield was
produced. References
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315| MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India, MECHPGCON 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-5 (June 2016)