Rice Production Manual: Farm Power
Rice Production Manual: Farm Power
Rice Production Manual: Farm Power
Farm Power
Rationale
Farm power is one of the most expensive and critical inputs when growing
a rice crop. All operations require a certain amount of power and often the
success of a crop is dependent on the ability to get the task completed on
time. In the past much of the power used on farm came from human inputs
but with much of the rural labor force now moved to cities, farmers are
becoming more dependent on machines to complete tillage, planting and
harvesting operations.
Objectives
At the end of this lesson participants will:
Have an understanding of the different power sources used in rice
farming
Identify the control levers for different types of tractors
Conduct a preliminary maintenance check before starting a tractor.
Have a basic understanding of how to safely operate a tractor
Key Activity
This lesson introduces the concept of farm power and the different types of
power sources. It also provides hands on experience in basic tractor
maintenance and operation.
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
Farm Power
1. Introduction
Farm power is one of the most expensive and
critical inputs when growing a rice crop. All
operations require a certain amount of power
and often the success of the crop depends on
the ability to get the task completed on time.
In the past much of the power used on farm
came from human inputs but with much of
the rural labor force now moved to cities,
farmers are becoming more dependent on
machines to complete tillage, planting and
harvesting operations. Humans, animals and
machines are all used as sources of power in
agriculture production.
When undertaking different operations on a farm, a certain amount of work/energy is
required to complete the task. When this work is undertaken over time, it is then called
power. Power or the rate of doing work can be expressed as horsepower (hp) or
Kilowatt (kW). One horsepower is equivalent to 0.75 Kilowatt. Often it takes the same
amount of energy to complete a task and as the table shows, time is the major variable.
Table Comparisons of different power source to plow 1 ha.
2‐wheel
Human 2 ‐Animals tractor 4‐wheel tractor
Power 1kW 12 kW 40kW
750 m‐3 moved or
Distance 100 truckloads soil 50km 20km 5km
Time (days) 120‐140 10‐12 1 2hr
Hours/day 5‐6 5‐6 8‐10 10‐12
Energy (hour) 2MJ 22MJ 170MJ 775MJ
Work (MJ /ha) 1560 1584 1530 1550
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
2. Human Power
Many tasks on farm are still undertaken using people as the power source.
Manual tasks undertaken and time
required include:
Land preparation (120‐160 days /ha)
Plant establishment (25‐35 days/ha)
Weeding (30‐40 days/ha)l,
Crops harvesting and transporting (30‐
40days /ha)
Transport. (5‐10days)
In some instances manual labor is still
more efficient and precise than machine.
Many countries are now suffering from
rural labor shortages and have had to
develop and use machines to complete tasks on time. In Africa between 80‐90% of all
farm tasks are still done manually.
3. Animal power
Animals are still widely used as the major power source in many countries. Land
preparation, weed management, crop threshing and transport are undertaken using
animal power. Oxen and caribou or buffalo are the most popular animal power source
for agricultural practices although horses, donkeys, mules and camels are used in many
countries for transportation. Caribou/buffalo are considered to be hardier and stronger
than oxen. Oxen are normally used in pairs while buffalo are often used singularly. In
Africa, between 10‐15% of tasks are undertaken using animals
The advantages of using animals include they are
cheap to maintain, have a multipurpose use for
meat and milk, are self‐replacement and produce
manure.
The disadvantage of using animals include: they
have limited daily working hours ,animals need
feeding and protection against pests and disease,
they are slow, a high man/power ratio is needed,
they have limited range of working conditions
and they require training.
One animal will take approximately 10‐12 days to
plough 1 hectare and cost up to $US 500 each.
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
4. Engine powered tractors
There are 3 broad groups of engine powered tractors used for rice production. These
are 2 wheel tractors, 4 wheel tractors and track laying tractors.
Two wheel tractors (also called walking tractor, iron or steel buffalo, hand tractor)
Two wheel tractors are used in many rice
producing countries. These tractors have a
forward mounted engine which is counter
balanced by the equipment attached behind
the two drive wheels and the operator
walking behind.
They are normally powered by 6‐12 kW
gasoline or diesel engines and are fitted with
either rubber tires or steel cage wheels.
Rubber tires are commonly used when dry
land plowing and for transportation. Cage
wheels are necessary for all wet workings. Most makes incorporate an independent
drive clutch as well as individual steering clutches or brakes. Three forwards and one
reverse working gear are most common.
Two wheel tractors are used for land preparation, which includes plowing and land
leveling, transportation and pumping water. The attachments used with 2 wheel
tractors are the moldboard plough, the disc plough, harrows, and rotovator.
The advantages of two wheel tractors are:
Multi purpose vehicle especially for
transport
Operate in harder conditions than
animals or humans
Operate in both wet and dry
conditions
Fairly simple mechanical design
Disadvantage
Cost of owning and operating
Operators fatigue, although rides on versions are now available.
The cost of a 9 kW (12 hp) walking tractor range from $US110 to $US270 per engine
kW, depending on the make of the engine and location. Two wheel tractors in Africa
are nearly double the price in Asia. One 9 kW walking tractor, with two operators, is
capable of plowing 1 ha / day. While fuel usage depends on engine size and working
conditions, fuel consumption will range from 2‐5 liters per hour.
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
Four wheel tractors
Four‐wheel tractors can be divided into 3 categories; two wheel drive, front wheel assist
or unequal four wheel drive and equal four wheel drive tractors. Each one of these
tractors has different tire configurations and different ballast requirements.
Two Wheel Drive tractors (2WD) are
the most commonly used tractors in
dry or upland farming situations and
for transportation. They range in size
from 4‐150 kW and require 75%‐ 80%
of the weight distributed over the rear
axle to maximize traction. These
tractors are capable of delivering 45‐
50% of their rated engine power at
the drawbar.
The advantage of this type of tractor
over other 4 wheel tractors is:
Smaller turning circle,
Simplicity of design,
Fewer mechanical parts, and
Lower purchase price.
The major disadvantage is the inability to work in very wet and muddy conditions.
When these tractors are used in a wet farming situation they will require cage wheels
attachments to the rear drive for traction. O
Front Wheel Assist or Unequal Four Wheel Drive (FWA)
are the most popular 4 wheel tractor used in rice
production in Asia and Africa. These tractors range in
size from 15‐180 kW and are capable of delivering
between 50‐55% of the rated power at the drawbar.
The front drive tires, whilst larger than two wheel drive
front tires, are smaller than the rear tires. These
tractors require 40% of the weight over the front axle
and 60% over the rear axle to maximize traction As all
four wheels turn simultaneously, the front and rear
tires must travel at the same speed. Because the front
tire is generally 30% smaller than the rear tire it must
turn at least 30% faster. Tire pressures must also be set
and maintained correctly(18psi front‐14psi rear) Front wheel drive should be used at all
times when the tractor is working in the field. If not at least 10% efficiency will be lost.
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
The major advantage of a FWA tractor is that it can deliver 10% more power to the
ground for the same fuel consumption, and has much better traction and flotation
capabilities than 2 wheel tractors of the same size. These tractors normally cost about
10‐15% more than the same size 2‐wheel drive tractor. A major disadvantage is that
this tractor type has more mechanical failures, displays unequal tire wear front to rear
and may be less maneuverable than a 2 wheel drive tractor.
Other Types of tractors
Equal Four Wheel Drive tractors (4WD) have all four tires of equal size and range in size
from 25‐ 450kW. Irrespective of size, these tractors should be ballasted with 60% of the
weight distributed over the front axle and 40% over the rear axle. This tractor type has
the greatest power to weight ratio and can deliver between 55‐60% of power at the
drawbar. Very few of these tractors are used in rice production in Asia or Africa because
of their large size, greater turning radius and high purchase price
Track laying tractors. (Chain tractor, crawler, Caterpillar)
Agricultural track layers range in size
from 15 ‐ 250 kW. Tracks can be
made from rubber or steel and vary in
width depending on the application.
Weight distribution for agricultural
purposes is different from that for
industrial use. Because the load is
applied to the rear of these tractors,
weight distribution should be similar
to that for an equal 4 wheel drive
tractors. These tractors can deliver
between 60‐65% of their engine
power at the drawbar and are most efficient where flotation is a problem.
Tracklayers have been imported into many rice growing countries but their major use
has been in industrial and forestry regions. Very few are used in rice farming as they
have high purchase price, high repair and maintenance costs and are not efficient when
working in smaller paddy fields or water.
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.
Farm Power
Table . Summary of Power sources
2‐wheel 4 wheel tractor
Power source Human Animal Tracklayer
tractor
2‐wheel 4‐wheel
drive drive
Ox,
Walking
Caribou, Caterpillar,
Common tractor, Front wheel
Buffalo, Steel
Names steel assist
Camel, tractor
buffalo,
Donkey
Power
0.06 1 10‐15hp 15‐60 hp 60‐120hp 40‐200hp
comparison
10‐12
Timeliness of 129‐160 0.5 ha/ hr 1 ha/hr
days per 1ha/day
plowing days (40hp) (80hp)
ha
Distance 50km 20km 10km
5km
travel 50km (20cm (50cm (1m
(2m plow)
( plow 1 ha) plow) plow ) plow)
Rice production Manual – Produced by the International Rice Research Institute
(IRRI) under Creative Commons.