WC Question Bank 10.10.17 ST

EC6801 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
SKP Engineering College

Thiruvannamalai – 606611
Question Bank
on
Wireless Communication
EC6801
By
A.Vigneswaran
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 1

EC6801 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION L T P C 3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
The student should be made to:
 Know the characteristic of wireless channel
 Learn the various cellular architectures
 Understand the concepts behind various digital signaling schemes for fading channels
 Be familiar the various multipath mitigation techniques
 Understand the various multiple antenna systems
UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS 9

Large scale path loss – Path loss models: Free Space and Two-Ray models -Link Budget
design – Small scale fading- Parameters of mobile multipath channels – Time dispersion
parameters-Coherence bandwidth – Doppler spread & Coherence time, Fading due to
Multipath time delay spread – flat fading – frequency selective fading – Fading due to
Doppler spread – fast fading – slow fading.
UNIT II CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE 9
Multiple Access techniques - FDMA, TDMA, CDMA – Capacity calculations–Cellular
concept- Frequency reuse - channel assignment- hand off- interference & system capacity-
trunking & grade of service – Coverage and capacity improvement.
UNIT III DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS 9
Structure of a wireless communication link, Principles of Offset-QPSK, p/4-DQPSK,
Minimum Shift Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Error performance in fading
channels, OFDM principle – Cyclic prefix, Windowing, PAPR.
UNIT IV MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES 9
Equalisation – Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization, Zero forcing and
LMS Algorithms. Diversity – Micro and Macrodiversity, Diversity combining techniques,
Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception, Rake receiver,
V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES 9
MIMO systems – spatial multiplexing -System model -Pre-coding - Beam forming -
transmitter diversity, receiver diversity- Channel state information-capacity in fading and
non-fading channels.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, the student should be able to:
 Characterize wireless channels
 Design and implement various signaling schemes for fading channels
 Design a cellular system
 Compare multipath mitigation techniques and analyze their performance
 Design and implement systems with transmit/receive diversity and MIMO systems and
analyze their performance
TEXTBOOKS: 1. Rappaport,T.S., “Wireless communications”, Second Edition, Pearson

Education, 2010. 2. Andreas.F. Molisch, “Wireless Communications”, John Wiley – India,
2006.
REFERENCES:
1. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication”,
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2. Upena Dalal, “ Wireless Communication”, Oxford University Press, 2009.
3. Van Nee, R. and Ramji Prasad, “OFDM for wireless multimedia communications”, Artech
House, 2000.

CONTENTS
S.No Particulars Page
1 Unit – I 5
2 Unit – II 10
3 Unit – III 15
4 Unit – IV 19
5 Unit – V 23

Unit - I
WIRELESS CHANNELS
PART-A
1. Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 2m and
operating frequency of 1GHz.
Given : Dimension of the antenna D ═2m
Operating frequency f═ 1 GHz
λ ═ C/f═ m
═ 0.2
2. Define Coherence time and Coherence bandwidth.

Coherence time is the time duration over which two received signals have a strong
potential for amplitude correlation.
Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which two frequency
components have a strong potential for amplitude correlation.
3. Calculate the Brewster angle for wave impinging on ground having a

permittivity (M/ J 2016)
Sin
= Sin-1 0.408
4. Give the equation for average large scale path loss between the transmitter
and receiver as a function of distance.
The average large-scale path loss for an arbitrary T-R separation is expressed as a
function of distance by using a path loss exponent n.
(or)
Where n is the path loss exponent which indicates the rate at which the path loss
increase with distance, d is the close-in reference distance which is determined from
measurements close to the transmitter and is the T-R separation distance.
5. What is the frequency selective fading?

If the channel possesses a constant-gain and linear phase response over a
bandwidth that is smaller than the bandwidth of the transmitter signal, then the
channel creates frequency selecting fading on the received signal.
6. What are the major advantages of wireless communication?

The major advantages of wireless communication are:

Mobility
Increased reliability
Ease of communication
Lost cost
7. Define Coherence time. In what way does this parameter decide the behavior
of wireless channel?
Coherence time is the time duration over which two received signals have a strong
potential for amplitude correlation. Coherence time is used to characterize the time
varying nature of the frequency dispersiveness of the channel in the time domain.
8. Define the Friis free space equation.

The Friis free space equation is defined as
Where Pt is the transmitted power, Pr(d) is the received power which is a function of
the T-R separation, Gt is the transmitter antenna gain, Gr is the receiver antenna
gain, d is the T-R separation distance in meters, L is the system loss factor not
related to propagation (L≥1), and λ is the wavelength in meters.
9. What are the type of propagation model?

Large scale propagation model is useful for estimation of radio coverage area of a
transmitter. It is called large-scale propagation model because it characterize signal
strength over large T-R separation distances.
Small scale propagation model is based on characteristics of rapid fluctuations of
the received signal strength over very short travel distance or short time duration.
10. What causes fading? How it classified?

Multipath propagation causes fading. The fading is classified based on multipath
time delay spread and based on Doppler spread.
11. Explain flat fading.
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over
bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the
received signal will undergo flat fading.
12. Compare fading and Doppler spread.

Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitter
signal which arrive at the receiver at slightly different times.
Doppler spread is a measure of the spectral broadening caused by the time rate of
change of the mobile radio channel and is defined as the range of frequencies over
which the Doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero.
13. Define EIRP.

Effective Isotrophic Radiated Power: An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which
radiates power with unity gain un iformly in all directions and is often used to
reference antenna gains in wireless systems. It is defined as, EIRP═PtGt

14. Define ERP.

Effective Radioactive Power is used to denote the maximum radiated power as
compared to half-wave dipole antenna.
15. Define path loss.

The difference between the effective transmitted power and the received power is
called path loss(PL).
16. What are the three basic propagation mechanisms which impact propagation
in a mobile communication?
(1) Reflection (2) diffraction and (3)scattering
17. Define Brewster angle.

The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of
origin. It occurs when the incident angle Ɵb is such that the reflection coefficient is
equal to zero. The Brewster angle is given by the value of Ɵb which satisfies
When the first medium is free space and the second medium has relative
permittivity
18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Two-ray ground model
reflection model?
The advantages of the two-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss is
that consider both the direct path and the ground reflected path propagation
between transmitter and receiver. The disadvantages is that this model is
oversimplified in that it does not include important factors such as terrain profile,
vegetation and buildings.
19. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?

(1) Multipath propagation (2) Speed of the mobile
(2) Speed of the surrounding objects (4)Transmission bandwidth of the signal.
(3)
20. Compare and contrast fast fading and slow fading.

PART B
1. Explain the time variant two path model of a wireless propagation channel. (16)N/D
2016
2. Explain fading effects due to multipath time delay spread and fading effects due to
Doppler spread. (8) N/D 2016
3. What are the factors influencing small scale fading? (8) N/D 2016
4. Explain in detail the various parameters involved in mobile multipath channels. (16)
M/J 2016
5. In free space propagation describe how the signals are affected by reflection,
diffraction and scattering. (16) M/J 2016
6. Explain the free space propagation model with necessary equations.(16)
7. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the two ray gorund reflection model in
the analysis of path loss.(4) N/D 2015
8. In the following cases, tell whether the two ray model could be applied, and justify
why or why not : (6) N/D 2015
Case (i) : h1═ 35 m h2═ 3 m d ═ 250m
Case (ii) : h1═ 30 m h2═ 1.5 m d ═ 450m
9. Prove that in the two-ray ground reflected model, d” – d’ ═ 2hthr /d. (6) N/D 2015
10. Derive the impulse response model of a multipath channel and also obtain the
relationship between Bandwidth and Received power. (16) N/D 2015
11. Determine the proper spatial sampling interval required to make small-scale
propagation measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly
correlated in time. How many samples will be required over 10m travel distance if f c
═ 1900 MHz and v ═ 50m/s. How long would it take to make these measurements,
assuming they could be made in real time from a moving vehicle? What is the
Doppler spread BD for the channel? (5) A/M 2017
12. Describe in detail, the parameters of mobile multipath channels with their
significance. (6) A/M 2017
13. Compare and contrast fast fading and slow fading. “In practice fast fading only
occurs for very low data rate(communications)”. Why? (5) A/M 2017
14. Derive the path loss considering a Two-Ray model for the propagation mechanism in
a wireless channel. Is considering just two rays along sufficient? Why? (11) A/M
2017

15. If a transmitter produces 50W of power, which is applied to a unity gain antenna with
a 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the received power in dBm at a free space
distance of 100m from the antenna. What is received power at a distance of 10km?
Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna. (5) A/M 2017

Unit - II
CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE
PART-A
1. Define co-channel reuse ratio.
Q ═ ═ , where the parameter Q is called the co-channel resue ratio which is

related to the cluster size(N).
A small value of Q provides larger capacity since the cluster size N is small, whereas
a large value of Q improves the transmission quality, due to a smaller level of co-
channel interference.
2. Define Grade of service.

Grade of service is defined as the measure of the ability of a user to access a
trunked system during the busiest hour. A measure of congestion which is specified
as the probability of a call being blocked or the probability of a call being delayed
beyond a certain amount of time.
3. What is soft hand-off in mobile communication?

The ability to select between the instantaneous received signals from a variety of
base stations is called soft handoff.
4. What is a mutltiple access technique?

Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile users to
share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner. As the spectrum is
limited, the sharing is required to increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical
area by allowing the available bandwidth to be used at the same time by different
users.
5. State the advantages of CDMA over FDMA.

(i) Channel data rates are very high in CDMA system.
(ii) Many users share same frequency.
(iii) Rake receiver is used to improve the reception quality.
6. Why is cellular concept used for mobile telephony?

To improve spectrum efficiency by frequeny reuse and to support roaming for
seamless connectivity.
7. In a cellular network, among a handoff call and a new call, which one is given
priority? Why?
Handoff call is given priority to achieve seamless connectivity by supporting roaming
and to reduce call dropping rate.
8. Define frequency reuse.

The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular
base stations within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning.

9. Define frequency reuse factor.

The frequency reuse factor of a cellular system is given by 1/N, since each cell within
a cluster is only assigned 1/N of the total available channels in the system. The
number of cells per cluster N is given by N ═ i2 + i j +j2 where i and j are non-
negative integers.
10. What is meant by handoff prioritization?

Failure in handoff process basically occurs due to non-availability of channels in a
particular cell. This can be reduced by prioritizing the hand off. There are two basic
methods for hand off prioritization. They are : (1) Guard channel and (2) Queuing
handoff.
11. List out the techniques which is used to increase the capacity of cellular
system.
(i) Cell splitting
(ii) Cell Sectoring
12. Define Cell splitting and Cell Sectoring.

Cell Splitting : Cell splitting is the process of splitting a cell into smaller cells and the
frequencies are redistributed in such a way that interference is eliminated.
Cell Sectoring : In sectoring, the cell have the same coverage space but instead of
using single omnidirectional antenna within a cell, 3 or 6 directional antennas are
used.
13. Define adjacent channel interference.

Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired
signal is called adjacent channel interference.
14. What is trunking?

The concept of trunking allows a large number of users to share the relatively small
number of channels in a cell by providing access to each user, on demand, from a
pool of available channels.
15. Define Cell.

Each cellular base station is allocated to a group of radio channels to be used within
a small geographic area called as Cell.
16. Explain the concept of hand-off strategy.

When a mobile moves into a different cell while conversation is in progress, the
Mobile Switching Centre(MSC) automatically transfers the call from one cell to
another without any interference. This is called hand-off.
17. What is ‘footprint’?

Actual radio coverage of a cell is called as footprint. It is determined form the filed
measurement or propagation prediction models.
18. Mention the techniques used in multiple access scheme.

(i) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
(ii) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

(iii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

(iv) Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
19. Distinguish FDD and TDD.

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) : FDD provides two distinct bands of
frequencies for every user. The forward band provides traffic from the base station to
the mobile and the reverse band provides traffic from the mobile to the base station.
Time Division Duplexing(TDD) : TDD uses time instead of frequency to provide
both a forward and reverse link. Individual users are allowed to access the channel
in assigned time slots, and each duplex channel has both a forward time slot and a
reverse time slot to facilitate bidirectional communication.
20. Compare FDMA and TDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access
The FDMA channel carries only one TDMA carries a single carrier frequency
phone circuit at a time. with several users.
FDMA is a continous transmission High synchronization is required in
scheme, fewer bits are needed for TDMA systems because of burst
overhead purposes as compared to transmissions. TDMA systems have
TDMA. large overheads as compared to
FDMA.
PART B
1. Summarize the features of various multiple access techniques in Wireless mobile

communication. State the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. (16) M/J
2016
2. Explain in detail how to improve coverage and channel capacity in cellular systems. (16)
M/J 2016
3. Explain about co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference. Describe the
techniques to avoid interference. (16) N/D 2016
4. Explain in detail how frequency is efficiently allocated in an cellular radio systems. (8) N/D
2016
5. Explain in detail a handoff scenario at cell boundary. (10) N/D 2016
6. Describe Channel assignment strategies and Hand-off strategies. (10) A/M 2017
7. A cellular service provider decides to use a digital TDMA scheme which can tolerate a
signal-to-interference ratio of 15dB in the worst case. Find the optimal value of N for : (12)
N/D 2016
(i) Omni directional antennas

(ii) 120o sectoring

(iii) 60o sectoring
(iv) Should sectoring be used? If so, which case (60o or 120o) should be used? (Assume
a path loss exponent of n═4 and consider trunking efficiency.)
8. If a signal-to-interference ration of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel
performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that
should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (i) n═4, (ii) n═3 ? (4)N
/D 2016
9. A hexagonal cell within a four-cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60
channels are used within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and λ ═ 1
call/hour. Compute the following for an Erlang C system that has a 5 % probability of a
delayed call :
(i) How many users per square kilometer will this system support?
(ii) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to wait for more than 10 sec?
(iii) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10 sec?
[Data:From Erlang C chart, for 5% probability of delay with C ═15, traffic intensity ═9.0
Erlangs] (16) N/D 2016
10. Derive the expressions for Cellular CDMA schemes for both noise limited and
interference limited scenarios. (10) A/M 2017.
11. If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone
system which uses two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control
channels, compute the number of channels available per cell if a system uses (i) four-cell
reuse (ii) seven-cell reuse and (iii) twelve-cell reuse. If 1 MHz of the allocated spectrums is
dedicated to control channels, determine the equitable distribution of control channels and
voice channels in each cell of each of the three systems. (6) A/M 2017.
12. Consider Global System for Mobile, which is a TDMA/FDD system that uses 25 MHz for
the forward link, which is broken into radio channels of 200 MHz. If 8 speech signals are
supported on a single radio channel and if no guard band is assumed find the number of
simultaneous users that can be accommodated in GSM. (2) A/M 2017
13. If GSM uses a frame structure where each frame consists of eight time slots, and each
time slot contains 156.25 bits and data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel, find
(1) the time duration of a bit (2) the time duration of a slot (3) the time duration of a frame

and (4) how long must a user occupying a single time slot wait between two successive
transmissions? (4) A/M 2017.

Unit - III
DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS
PART-A
1. Why is MSK referred to as fast FSK?

MSK is sometimes referred to as fast FSK, as the frequency spacing used is only
half as much as that used in conventional noncoherent.
2. What is windowing?
3. Give the function of a Gaussian filter in GMSK.
4. What is Cyclic prefix?

Cyclic prefix refers to the prefixing of a symbol with a repetition of the end. Although
the receiver is typically configured to discard the cyclic prefix samples, the cyclic
prefix serves two purposes.
(i) As a guard interval, it eliminates the intersymbol interference from the
previous symbol.
(ii) As a repetition of the end of the symbol, it allows the linear convolution of a
frequency selective multipath channel to be modeled as circular convolution ,
which in turn may be transformed to the frequency domain using a DFT.
5. What is the basic advantage of using Multicarrier schemes such as OFDM?

More resistive to fading effects.
Spectral efficiency is high.
Channel equalization is simpler.
6. State any two advantages of MSK.

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) has simple demodulation and synchronization circuits.
Constant envelope, Spectral efficiency is high and good BER are some of the
advantages of MSK.

7. Define QPSK.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a linear modulation technique in which the
phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced valuses such as 0(0 o) , π/2
(180o), 3π/2 (270o) corresponding to pair of message bits.
8. Compare Coherent Techniques and Non-Coherent Techniques.

Coherent Technique Non-Coherent Technique
Phase recovery circuit is required. Does not require phase recovery
circuit.
Maintains synchronization. Does not maintain synchronization.
Example: BPSK, QPSK, M-ary PSK Example : M-ary FSK, BFSK
9. Write the advantages of QPSK.

QPSK is twice bandwidth efficient compared to BPSK with same probability of error.
For non-coherent detection differential QPSK can be used which is not possible in
BPSK.
10. Mention some criteria to choose a modulation technique for a specific wireless
application.
(i) Low Bit Error Rate
(ii) Bandwidth efficiency
(iii) Power efficiency
(iv) Cost effectiveness
11. Define BPSK.

Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) is a non-linear modulation technique in which
frequency of a carrier signal with constant amplitude is switched between two value
(f low and f high) according to possible messages (binary 0 and 1) respectively.
12. What is meant by DQPSK?

– Differential quadrature phase shift keying is simply termed as DQPSK. For
easier implementation of coherent (or) non-coherent detection, QPSK signals are
differentially encoded and called as DQPSK.
13. Define OFDM.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
OFDM is a modulation format that is being used for high data rate transmission in
many of the latest wireless and transmission standards.
OFDM converts a high data rate stream into many slowly modulated (low-rate)
streams transmitted on parallel, narrow band channels which can be equalized
easily.
14. Give some applications of OFDM technique.

OFDM finds application in Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Video Broadcasting,
WLANS and Wi-Max.
It is adopted for Wi-Fi standards such as 802.11a, 802.11n.

15. What is the advantage of Cyclic Prefix?

The advantage of CP in delay-dispersive channel is when transmitting any data
stream through these channel, the arriving signal is a circular convolution of TX
signal and channel impulse response instead of linear convolution.
16. Highlight the major difference between a QPSK and MSK signal.
MSK have continous phase in all cases while QPSK has abrupt phase shift of π/2 or
π.
17. Define Minimum Shift Keying.

Minimum Shift Keying(MSK):
MSK is a special type of continous phase-frequeny shift keying (CPFSK) wherein
the peak frequency deviation is equal to ¼, the bit rate. MSK is continuous phase
FSK with a modulation index of 0.5.
18. What is Peak to Average Power Ratio?

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) :
PAPR seems to be a main disadvantage of OFDM. The transmit signals in an
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system can have high peak
values in the time domain since many subcarrier components are added via an
inverse fast Fourier transformation (IFFT) operation. As a result, OFDM systems are
known to have a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) when compared to
single-carrier systems.
PART B
1. Explain in detail about Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) Transmission and
Reception with necessary block diagrams. (N/D 2015) & (M/J 2016)
2. A zero mean sinusoidal message is applied to a transmitter that radiates an AM
signal with 10 kW power. Compute the carrier power if the modulation index is 0.6.
What percentage of the total power is in the carrier? Calculate the power in each
sideband. (N/D 2015)
3. Derive the expression for MSK signal as a special type of continous phase FSK
signal. (N/D 2015)
4. Explain in detail Offset QPSK and π /4 –DQPSK linear digital modulation techniques
employed in wireless communication.(M/J 2016)
5. What is MSK? Also derive the expression of MSK signal as a special type of FSK
signal and explain its power spectral density. (N/D 2016)
6. Draw the basic arrangement of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
transceivers and discuss its overall operation. (N/D 2016)

7. Why are constant envelope modulation schemes such as MSK and GMSK used in a
wireless communication system? Compare and contrast there two modulation
techniques. (A/M 2017)
8. Describe OFDM scheme and state the reason behind using cyclic prefix in OFDM
scheme. What is PAPR? Why is it normally larger in a OFDM technique? (A/M 2017)
9. Discuss the error performance of different modulation schemes in fading channels.
(A/M 2017)
10. What is Offset-QPSK? What is its advantage? Describe the Offset-QPSK scheme.
(A/M 2017)

Unit - IV
MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
PART-A
1. If a digital signal processing chip can perform one million multiplications per
second, determine the timer required between each iteration for the following
adaptive equalizer algorithms :
(a) Square root RLS DFE
(b) Gradient lattice DFE
Let N denote the number of coefficients in the equalizer and M the time required
between each iteration.
(a) For LMS, M ═ (2N +1). 10-6 (s) ═ 2N +1 µs
(b) For Kalman RLS, M ═ 2.5N2 +4.5 N µs
(c) For Square root RLS DFE, M ═ 1.5N2 +6.5 N µs
(d) For Gradient Lattice DFE, M ═ 13N -8 µs
2. Draw the basic structure of a linear transversal equalizer.
3. Define adaptive equalization.

To combine inter symbol inference (ISI) the equalizer coefficients should change
according to the channel status so as to break channel variations. Such an equalizer
is called an adaptive equalizer since it adapts to the channel variations.
4. What are linear equalizers and non linear equalizers?

Linear equalizer: If the output d(t) is not used in the feedback path to adapt the
equalizer, this type of equalizer is called linear equalizer.
Nonlinear equalizer: If the output d(t) is fed back to change the subsequent outputs
to the equalizer is called nonlinear equalizer.
5. What is diversity? Why is it employed?

Diversity technique is used to compensate for fading channel impairments and is
usually implemented by using two or more receiver antennas. Diversity techniques
are employed at both base station and mobile receivers.

6. What is the need of equalization?

Equalization compensates for intersymbol interference (ISI) created by multipath
within using dispersive channels.An equalizer within a receiver compensates for the
average range of expected channel amplitude and delay characteristics.
7. Define zero forcing equalizer.

In a zero forcing equalizer, the equalizer coefficients Cn are chosen to force the
samples of the combined channel and equalizer impulse response to zero at all but
one of the NT spaced sample points in the tapped delay line filter. Zero forcing
equalizer performs well for static channels with high SNR, such as local wired
telephone lines.
8. Differentiate micro and macro diversity.

Micro Diversity Macro Diversity
Used to reduce small scale fading Used to reduce large scale fading
BS-MS are separated by a small BS-MS are separated by a large
distance. distance.
9. Classify the diversity and its combining techniques.

(a) Frequency diversity (c) Time diversity
(b) Spatial diversity (d) Antenna polarization diversity
10. Why non linear equalizers are preferred? Justify.

Linear equalizers do not perform well on channels which have deep spectral nulls in
the passband. Therefore, nonlinear equalizers are used in applications where the
channel distortion is too severe for a linear equalizer to handle and are
commonplace in practical wireless systems.
11. List the various nonlinear equalization methods.

(i) Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE)
(ii) Maximum Likelihood Symbol Detection
(iii) Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE)
12. Mention the factors determine the performance of an algorithm in adaptive

equalization.
(i) Rate of convergence
(ii) Misadjustment
(iii) Computational complexity
(iv) Numerical properties
13. Mention the techniques used to improve radio link performance.

Equalization, diversity and channel coding are used to improve received signal
quality and the radio link performance over small-scale times and distances.
14. State the advantages of LMS algorithm.

The LMS equalizer maximizes the signal to distortion at its output within the
constraints of the equalizer filter length. Its advantage include Low computational
complexity and Simple program.

15. Draw the structure of linear transversal equalizer.
16. What are the benefits of RAKE receiver?

A RAKE receiver attempts to collect and combine the multiple delayed versions of
the transmitted signal by providing separate correlators for each of the signal
component. Each correlator is adjusted in time delay, corresponding to the multipath
component. A RAKE receiver uses constructive technique (separating the signal
components and then combining them in a coherent manner) where the delayed
versions of the original signal are combined to take advantage of the multipath
propagation in order to improve receiver SNR.
17. Why a RAKE receiver is suitable technique for CDMA?

RAKE receiver is well suited for CDMA scheme, where the multipath components
are practically uncorrelated from one another when their relative propagation delays
exceed a chip period. CDMA uses pseudo random sequence as spreading code.
PART B
1. Derive the mean square error for a Generic Adaptive Equalizer.(16) (N/D 2015)
2. Explain in detail about linear and non linear equalizer. (16) (M/J 2016)
3. Write short notes on : (16) (M/J 2016)
(i) Spatial Diversity
(ii) Frequency Diversity
(iii) Polarization Diversity
(iv) Time Diversity
4. Explain in detail the various factors to determine the algorithm for adaptive
equalizer. Also derive the Least Mean Square Algorithm for adaptive equalizer.
(16) (N/D 2016)

5. With relevant diagrams explain RAKE receiver. Also discuss how time diversity is
achieved in a CDMA technique using RAKE receiver. (16) (N/D 2016)
6. Describe the role played by Equalization and Diversity as multipath mitigation
techniques. Compare and contrast these two techniques.(16) (A/M 2017)
7. With a neat sketch, describe RAKE receiver. (8) (A/M 2017)
8. Compare the various algorithms for Adaptive Equalization. (8)
9. Discuss micro diversity and macro diversity. (8)
10. With a neat block diagram explain the principle of diversity. (8)
11. Consider the design of the US Digital Cellular equalizer, where f═ 900 MHz and
the mobile velocity V═ 80 km/hr, determine the maximum Doppler shift, the
coherence time of the channel and the maximum number of symbols that could
be transmitted without updating the equalizer assuming that the symbol rate is
24.3 k symbols/sec. (A/M 2017)
12. Derive an expression for performance improvement due to Maximal Ratio
combining. (A/M 2017)
13. Consider four branch diversity is used, where each branch receives an
independent Rayleigh fading signal. If the average SNR is 20 dB, determine the
probability that the SNR will drop below 10 dB. Compare this with the case of a
single receiver without diversity. (A/M 2017)
14. Consider a single branch Rayleigh fading signal has a 20 % chance of being 6
dB below some mean SNR threshold. (N/D 2015)
(i) Determine the mean of the Rayleigh fading signal as referenced to the
threshold.
(ii) Find the likelihood that a two branch selection diversity receiver will be 6dB
below the mean SNR threshold.
(iii) Find the likelihood that a three branch selection diversity receiver will be 6dB
(iv) Find the likelihood that a four branch selection diversity receiver will be 6dB
(v) Based on your answers above, is there a law of diminishing returns when a
diversity is used?

Unit - V
MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
PART-A
1. What is Antenna Diversity?

Antenna diversity (Space or Spatial diversity) is the most popular diversity technique
used in wireless systems in which at each cell site, multiple BS receiving antennas
are used to provide diversity. Space diversity is applicable to both micro and macro
diversities.
2. What is MIMO system?

MIMO stands for Multiple Input Multiple Output. MIMO is a method for multiplying the
capacity of a radio link using multiple transmit and receive antennas to exploit
multipath propagation.
3. What is transmit diversity?

Transmit diversity improves the signal quality and achieves a high SNR ratio at the
receiver side. It involves transmitting data stream through multiple antennas and
receiving by single antenna or more.
4. How does spatial multiplexing work?

Spatial multiplexing uses multiple element antenna systems at the transmitter for
transmission of parallel data streams. An original high-rate data stream is
multiplexed into several parallel streams, each of which is sent from one transmit
antenna element. The channel “mixes up” these data streams so that each receive
antenna element receives a combination of them.
5. What is ergodic capacity and outage capacity of a flat fading channel?

Ergodic capacity is the expected value of the capacity, taken over a certain
realization of channel. This assumes an infinite long code that extends over all the
different channel realizations.
Outage capacity is the minimum transmission rate that is achieved over a certain
fraction of the time. For a block of data rate 10Mbits/s can be transmitted within 1
ms.
6. What is spatial multiplexing?

Spatial multiplexing is a technique in MIMO wireless communication to transmit
independent and separately encoded data signals from each transmitting antenna.
The space dimension is reused or multiplexed more than one time.
7. What is Channel State Information? What are its benefits?

Channel state information refers to the known channel properties of communication
link. It describes how a signal propagates from the transmitter to the receiver and
represents the combined effect of scattering, fading and power decay with distance.

8. What are smart antenna systems?

Smart antennas are antennas with multiple elements, where signals from different
elements are combined by an adaptive algorithm, for the transmit case the signals at
the antenna elements are created by the algorithm.
9. Define Precoding.
Precoding is a generalization of beam-forming to support multi-stream transmission
in multi antenna wireless communications. In order to maximize the throughput in
multiple receive antenna system, multistream transmission is generally required.
10. What are the requirements for beam forming?

The requirements for beam-forming are Directivity,Side lobe control,Beam steering
and Beam form pattern.
11. Draw the structure of a MIMO system model.
12. What is beam-forming?

Beam-forming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor
arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. Beam-forming can be used at
both the transmitting and receiving end in order to achieve spatial selectively.
Most common smart antenna systems use beam-forming to concentrate the signal
energy on the main path and receive the combination to capture the strongest signal
at any given moment.
13. Mention the various beam-forming techniques.

a. Conventional beam-former
b. Adaptive beam-former (or) phased array.

14. Mention the applications of beam-formers.

a. Used for radio or sound waves
b. Used in SONAR
c. Used in biomedicine
d. Used in acoustics.
15. Mention the purpose of Smart antennas.

a. Increase of coverage
b. Increase of capacity
c. Improvement of link quality
d. Decrease of delay dispersion
e. Improvement of user position estimation
16. State the advantages of MIMO.

a. Higher capacity (bits/Hz)
b. Better transmission quality (BER, outage)
c. Increased coverage
d. Improved user position estimation
17. What are the classification of precoding?

a. Precoding for single user MIMO
b. Precoding for multi user MIMO

PART B
1. Determine the capacity of frequency selective fading channel and explain the
concept of water filling/water pouring. (16) (N/D 2015)
2. Determine the capacity of slow fading channel and prove that the outage probability
for receiver diversity system with L receive antennas is
where R is the data rate. (16) (N/D 2015)

3. Explain in detail how inherent delay in a multiuser system is overcome by beam
forming. (8) (M/J 2016)
4. Explain in detail spatial multiplexing of a MIMO system.(8) (M/J 2016)
5. Explain with relevant diagrams the layered space time structure with respect to
MIMO systems. (16) (M/J 2016)
6. With a neat diagram explain the system model for multiple input multiple output
systems. (8) (N/D 2016)
7. Discuss in detail the classification of algorithms for MIMO based system. (8)(N/D
2016)
8. Calculate the capacity of a MIMO system in flat fading and non fading channels. (16)
(N/D 2016)
9. Discuss in detail, the capacity in fading and non-fading channels. (16) (A/M 2017)
10. Describe MIMO systems with emphasis on their requirement in a wireless
communication environment. (8) (A/M 2017)
11. Describe the concepts of Pre-coding and Beam forming.(8) (A/M 2017)

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EC6801 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

SKP Engineering College

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 1

EC6801 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION L T P C 3 0 0 3

UNIT I WIRELESS CHANNELS 9

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 2

TEXTBOOKS: 1. Rappaport,T.S., “Wireless communications”, Second Edition, Pearson

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 3

S.No Particulars Page

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 4

2. Define Coherence time and Coherence bandwidth.

3. Calculate the Brewster angle for wave impinging on ground having a

5. What is the frequency selective fading?

6. What are the major advantages of wireless communication?

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 5

8. Define the Friis free space equation.

9. What are the type of propagation model?

10. What causes fading? How it classified?

12. Compare fading and Doppler spread.

13. Define EIRP.

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6

14. Define ERP.

15. Define path loss.

17. Define Brewster angle.

19. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 7

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 8

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 9

1. Define co-channel reuse ratio.

Q ═ ═ , where the parameter Q is called the co-channel resue ratio which is

2. Define Grade of service.

3. What is soft hand-off in mobile communication?

4. What is a mutltiple access technique?

5. State the advantages of CDMA over FDMA.

6. Why is cellular concept used for mobile telephony?

8. Define frequency reuse.

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 10

9. Define frequency reuse factor.

10. What is meant by handoff prioritization?

12. Define Cell splitting and Cell Sectoring.

13. Define adjacent channel interference.

14. What is trunking?

15. Define Cell.

16. Explain the concept of hand-off strategy.

17. What is ‘footprint’?

18. Mention the techniques used in multiple access scheme.

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 11

(iii) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

19. Distinguish FDD and TDD.

20. Compare FDMA and TDMA

1. Summarize the features of various multiple access techniques in Wireless mobile

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 12

(ii) 120o sectoring

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 13

SKPEC DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 14

DIGITAL SIGNALING FOR FADING CHANNELS

1. Why is MSK referred to as fast FSK?

3. Give the function of a Gaussian filter in GMSK.