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Friedmann Equations

the friedmann equations

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114 views7 pages

Friedmann Equations

the friedmann equations

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jaswinder singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Friedmann equations From Wikipedia, the fee eneyelapedia ‘The Friedmann equations area set of equations in physical cosmology tat govern the expansion of space in ‘homogencous and isotropic models ofthe niverse within the context of general relativity. They were fist derived by ‘Alexander Friedinann in 1922! fom Finsten' field equations of gravitation for the Friedmann-Lemattre-Robertson- Walker metic anda perfect fud with given mass density p and pressure p. The equations for negative spatial r ‘curvature were given by Friedmann in 1924.2) Contents #1 Assumptions = 2 Fauations 5 Density parameter = 4 Usell solutions #41 Mixtures 1 5 Rescaled Friedmann equation 1 6 See also = 7 Notes ; ‘Alexandr Frida Assumptions ‘The Friedmann equations start wit the simplifying assumption that the universe i spatially homogeneous and isotropic, i. the cosmological principle; ‘empirically, this justified on scales lager than ~100 Mpe. The cosmological principle implies thatthe mere of the universe must be of the form det = a(t)*det — 2a? ‘where df se three-dimensonal mete that must be oe of () lat space, (b) sphere of constant postive curate or) hyperbolic spac with constant negative curvature. The paramere dicssted bolo ake the vale 0, 1,1, oF the Gaussian curvature, nthese tre cases respectively. It is hie fst tha tstoscanbly speak of "sae factor" a(¢) Iepsoenhentncapieinrer maton Einsteins equations now relate the evolution of this scale factor tothe pressure and energy of the matter inthe universe. From FLRW metre we compute ‘Cristom symbols, then the Ricet tensor. With the stress-energy tensor for a perfect ui, we substiue them into Einstein's field equations and the resuhing equations are deseribed below. Equations ‘There are wo independent redmann equation for modeling homogeneous, isotropic wives, The fis Bk? _ BGp+ ae @ 3 ‘which is derived from the 00 component of Finstin's field equations, The second is: 2 8-8 (64%) 2 ‘hiss derived om hint ser wih ae of ins ll guint see fat, Am ith bbe pret. Aad ae ier constants (Gs Newton's gravitionl const, isth osooopilcosant nd isthe speed of ight in acum) Kis constan tought pica ‘curveture in any time lic ofthe universe; it sequal to one- ixth ofthe spatial Ricei curvature scalar R since R- aalee + a? + hel) in the Friedmann ‘model. We se that in the Friedmann equations, a) depends only on p, pA, and intrinsic curvature k. It does nat depend on which coordinate system we chose for spatial slices. There are two commonly used choices for a and k which describe the same physics: 1= £=+1, 0 or~1 depending on whether the shape ofthe univers isa closod 3-sphers, lat (ie. Eucligean space) or an open 3-hyperboloid, respectively IFk +I, then a isthe radius of curvature ofthe universe. Ifk~ 0, then a may be fixed to any arbitrary positive number at one particular time, If k= 1, then (loosely speaking) one ean say that a is the radius of curvature a the universe ' ais the scale factor which is taken tobe at the present time. Kis the spatial curvature when a = 1 (ie. today). Ifthe shape ofthe universe is hyperspherical and Re is the radius of curvature (Rp inthe presentday), then a = Re/Ra. If is positive, then the universe is byperspherical, If is zero, then the universe is Mat, IF is negative, then the universe is hyperbolic, ‘Using the fest equation, the second equation canbe re-expressed as 2 su(o+2). Iepsoenkentncapiei eran maton a” o ‘hich eliminates A and expresses the conserva on of mass-energy 7% ‘These equations ae sometimes simplified by replacing p- Ae POP eG ape At POP eG ‘The simplified form ofthe second equation is invariant under this transformation. ‘The Hubble parameter ean change over ime if other parts ofthe equation ate time dependent (in particular the mass density, the vacuum energy, or the spatial curvature), Evaluating the Hubble parameter atthe present time yields Hubble's constant which isthe proportionality constant of Hubble's law. Applied to a fuid ‘with a given equation of state he Friedmann equations yield the time evoltion and geometry ofthe universe as a function of the Mid density Some cosmologiss call the second ofthese two equations the Friedmann accel ‘equation. tion equation and reserve the txm Friedmann equation fr only the fist Density parameter ‘The density parameter, is defined asthe ratio ofthe actual (or observed) density p tothe eiical density ge of the Friedmann universe. The relation between the actual density and the eritieal density determines the overall peometry ofthe universe; when they are equal, the geometry of the univers is Nat (Euclidean). In carl modes, which did not include a cosmological constnt term, critical density was initially defined as the watershed point between an expanding and a contracting Universe. is estimated to be approximately five atoms (of monatomic hydrogen) per eubie metre, whereas the average density of ordinary mater in the Universe is believed to be 0.2 atoms per cubic mete I according to olher sources one proton per 4 cubic metres 31 Iepsoenhentncapieinrer maton » ‘Auch greater density comes fom she unidentified dark matter; both ordinary and dark mater contribute in for of contraction ofthe universe, However, te ltgest part comes frm so-called dark energy, which accounts forthe cosmological constant term. Although the total density is equal tothe eri! density (exactly, upto measurement error), the dark energy does not lead to ‘contraction of the universe but rather may acelerte its expansion. Therefore, the universe may ‘expand forever ‘An expression forthe critical density is found by assuming A to be zero (as itis fr al asic Friedmann universes) and seting the normalised spatial curvature, k, equal zero. When the substitations ae applied to the first ofthe Friedmann equations we Find 0.4% Stars, Et, 3% pat Intergalactic Gas eG 22.0% ‘The density parameter (use for comparing different cosmological models is then defined as ve ‘ mpg “e 7 inated relative dsibuton for components f the ene pb _ 8xGp

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