CZECH MYCOL.

60(2): 173–192, 2008

The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Europe

– an identification key

JAN BOROVIČKA

Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269,
CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Nuclear Physics Institute, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
CZ-250 68 Řež near Prague, Czech Republic
[email protected]

Borovička J. (2008): The wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species in Central Eu-

rope – an identification key. – Czech Mycol. 60(2): 173–192.
An identification key to psychoactive bluing Psilocybe species growing on woody debris in Central
Europe is presented. It is mainly based on microcharacters and includes 7 taxa (6 species and 1 variety)
of the stirpes Serbica and Cyanescens (former “Psilocybe cyanescens complex“). Micro-, macroscopi-
cal, ecological and phenological characters and distribution of the taxa in Europe are presented and
discussed.

Key words: Strophariaceae, taxonomy, identification guide, hallucinogenic fungi, psilocybin

mushrooms.

Borovička J. (2008): Klíč k určování středoevropských na dřevě rostoucích mod-

rajících lysohlávek. – Czech Mycol. 60(2): 173–192.
Klíč k určování středoevropských modrajících lysohlávek, které rostou na zbytcích dřeva, založený
zejména na mikroskopických znacích. Zahrnuje 7 taxonů (6 druhů a 1 varietu) ze skupiny Serbica a
Cyanescens (tzv. komplexu lysohlávky modrající – Psilocybe cyanescens). Jsou diskutovány jejich mi-
kroskopické a makroskopické znaky včetně ekologických aspektů a rozšíření v Evropě.

INTRODUCTION

During the 1980s, the European bluing Psilocybe species were studied by the
German mycologist G. J. Krieglsteiner, who included P. serbica M. M. Moser et
E. Horak, P. mairei Singer and P. bohemica Šebek ex Šebek as synonyms of
P. cyanescens Wakef. 1946 emend. Krieglst. (Krieglsteiner 1984, 1986). This concept
has been widely accepted in Europe (e. g., Ludwig 2001, Bon and Roux 2003, Horak
2005, Knudsen and Vesterholt 2008). On the other hand, Guzmán (1995) recognises
P. cyanescens, P. serbica and P. bohemica as good species, and Noordeloos (1999)
pointed out that this group of taxa is in need of critical revision.
Bluing Psilocybe species are very rare in Western Europe but quite common in
certain areas of the Czech Republic. Since 1999, I have studied many fresh collec-

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tions containing thousands of fruitbodies and many herbarium specimens of these

Psilocybe species. Three new taxa – P. arcana Borovička et Hlaváček, P.
moravica Borovička, and P. moravica var. sternberkiana Borovička were re-
cently described from the Czech Republic (Borovička and Hlaváček 2001a;
Borovička 2003, 2006). The results of my studies of macroscopic and microscopic
characters indicate that Krieglsteiner’s broad concept of P. cyanescens Wakef.
cannot be accepted (Borovička 2005).
This is an identification key to bluing Psilocybe species of the section
Semilanceatae Guzmán (1995) belonging to stirpes Serbica and Cyanescens
(Borovička 2005; formerly “Psilocybe cyanescens complex“) growing in detritus
(mostly on woody debris) in Central Europe. It does not include the following
graminicolous or coprophilous bluing species: P. fimetaria (P. D. Orton) Watling,
P. gallaeciae Guzmán et M. L. Castro, P. hispanica Guzmán, P. liniformans
Guzmán et Bas, P. puberula Bas et Noordel., P. semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm., and
P. strictipes Singer et Smith (P. callosa auct.). Besides, the closely related but
poorly known species P. mairei Singer described from North Africa and
P. medullosa (Bres.) Borovička, that does not stain blue, are not included.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fresh fruitbodies of P. bohemica, P. arcana, P. moravica var. moravica and P.

moravica var. sternberkiana were collected and studied from many sites in the
Czech Republic. Except for P. moravica var. sternberkiana, all species were stud-
ied for 4–9 years at their localities. Two collections of fresh, outdoor cultivated
fruitbodies of P. cyanescens and P. azurescens (grown in a city park from fungal
strains obtained from North America) were donated from Austria. In addition,
specimens of all studied species from the following herbaria were examined: B,
BRA, BRNM, CB, CNF, E, GENT, HR, IB, K, L, LUG, O, PRM, UBC, WTU and WU.
Several herbarium collections were donated from Austria, Belgium, Croatia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and
the USA; these and the collections from the Czech Republic identified by the au-
thor are deposited in the herbarium of the Mycological Department, National Mu-
seum, Prague (PRM). Acronyms of herbaria are according to Holmgren and
Holmgren (1998).
Despite the fact that many collections can be easily identified in the field (or
even in a photograph) just by macrocharacters, a microscopic study is necessary
for unambiguous identification. Therefore, the key is mainly based on
microcharacters. These were studied mostly on dried fruitbodies. Observations and
measurements were made on material mounted in a 5 % KOH aqueous solution
and/or Congo Red.

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The most important microscopic features are: the shape of pleurocystidia and
their occurrence on the lamella surface, shape of cheilocystidia, and size and
shape of spores. Pleurocystidia should be observed on the whole surface of the
lamellae, not only near the edge. Spores were measured only in mature
fruitbodies. Maximum and minimum length/width values of spore size are given in
brackets and represent the 95th and 5th percentiles, respectively. Spore
length/width quotients (Q-values) were calculated from a large number of mea-
surements (50–190 spores per species) and are presented as minimum, median
and maximum, respectively.

Fig. 1. Spore size in Psilocybe bohemica (3 collections, 90 spores) and Psilocybe arcana (3 collections,
90 spores), linear regression indicated.

Fig. 2. Spore size in Psilocybe bohemica (7 collections, 190 spores) and Psilocybe moravica (8 collec-
tions, 190 spores), linear regression indicated (from Borovička 2003).

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Despite an overlap in spore size of particular species (couplets 3 and 6 in the key
below), measurement of a representative number of spores (20–30) should clearly
reveal the difference between the species as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Especially the
relative frequency of particular length and/or width sizes should be considered.
Macrocharacters are given as important supplementary features; only distin-
guishing macrocharacters are mentioned. Data on distribution and phenology are
mainly based on the author’s own observations from Central Europe.
An extensive list of previously published illustrations of the Psilocybe species re-
ferred in the key is included. Clearly misapplied illustrations are mentioned as “ex-
cluded”; question marks indicate the author’s doubts about some of the illustrations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f i n c l u d e d t a x a . Autumnal species (September–De-

cember) growing in detritus, mostly on woody debris, also on fallen decayed
trunks, seed cones or acorns, mostly in broadleaved or mixed forests, less com-
monly in coniferous forests, often along forest paths or roads, in gulches near
creeks, in underbrush with Urtica spp. or Rubus spp., also in parks, gardens and
cemeteries (wood chips), mostly gregarious, on various types of bedrock. Little to
almost middle-sized, might resemble Hypholoma subericaeum, H. myosotis or
some Psathyrella species. Staining blue, blue-green or olive-green on stipe or
pileus spontaneously or when bruised. All species contain the psychoactive com-
pounds psilocybin and psilocin (see Wurst et al. 2002, Stříbrný et al. 2003,
Courtecuisse and Deveaux 2004).

KEY

1a Pleurocystidia present, quite frequent to very abundant, only rarely scarce, clavate-mucronate,
broadly fusiform or robustly lageniform (Fig. 3a). Cheilocystidia lageniform, mostly with a rather
short neck (< 10 μm), also pleurocystidia-shaped. Growing mostly in gardens, parks and cemeter-
ies. .......................................................................................... stirps Cyanescens (Borovička 2005) 2
1b Pleurocystidia scarce to abundant, lageniform (Fig. 3b), or absent. Cheilocystidia lageniform, with
a short or a long neck (> 10 μm), also fusiform or very narrowly cylindrical, equal or flexuous (Figs.
3d–e). Growing in natural habitats or man-made forests, often in pathsides, along creeks etc.
.......................................................................................................... stirps Serbica (Borovička 2005) 3
2a Spores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, (9.8–)10.0–12.5(–13.5) × (6.5–)7.0–7.5(–8.0) μm [Q =
1.3–1.6–1.8]. Pileus usually up to 5 cm across, not acutely umbonate, margin wavy and/or expanded
at maturity. Stipe up to 10 cm long, whitish, silky fibrillose; fibrillose annular zone absent.
.................................................................................................................. Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef.
2b Spores ellipsoid, (11.0–)12.0–13.5(–14.8) × (6.8–)7.2–7.7(–8.0) μm [Q = 1.65–1.8–1.95]. Fruitbodies
relatively large, pileus 3–6(–10) cm across, mostly acutely umbonate, margin not wavy. Stipe up to
20 cm long, silky fibrillose but at maturity also with silvery fibrillose velar remnants on dark back-

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ground in lower part, often with a fibrillose annular zone in upper part, this coloured purplish
brown by spores. ....................................................................Psilocybe azurescens Stamets et Gartz
3a Spore length on average < 11.7 μm, spores only rarely longer than 13 μm (see Fig. 1). ...................... 4
3b Spore length on average > 12.2 μm, spores commonly longer than 13 μm (see Fig. 2). ...................... 5
4a Pleurocystidia lageniform, frequent to abundant. Cheilocystidia lageniform, often with a distinctly
elongated neck [10–20(–25) μm long], also very narrowly cylindrical, straight or flexuous (Fig. 3e).
..............................................................................................Psilocybe serbica M.M. Moser et E. Horak
4b Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia lageniform, mostly with a relatively short neck (up to 10 μm
long), or fusiform (Fig. 3d). ................................................ Psilocybe arcana Borovička et Hlaváček
5a Spores very large, elongate-ellipsoid, (11.0–)12.5–16.0(–17.3) × (6.2–)6.5–7.4(–7.7) μm [Q =
1.7–1.9–2.5]. Other features similar to P. moravica var. moravica (6b).
............................................................................Psilocybe moravica var. sternberkiana Borovička
5b Spores smaller. ............................................................................................................................................ 6
6a Spores ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, (10.5–)11.0–13.6(–15.0) × (6.0)6.2–6.8(–7.1) μm [Q =
1.7–1.95–2.4] (see Fig. 2). Pileus pale caramel-brown when moist, fading to pale coffee-white.
Lamellae mostly pale brownish or pale ochraceous with somewhat paler margin (almost
concolorous), ventricose, adnate, but often slightly subdecurrent. Well-developed fibrillose annu-
lar zone on stipe absent. .......................................................... Psilocybe bohemica Šebek ex Šebek
6b Spores ellipsoid, not elongated, (10.5–)11.0–13.6(–14.7) × (6.2–)6.5–7.1(–7.5) μm [Q = 1.5–1.8–2.0]
(see Fig. 2). Pileus variably coloured when moist, brown (orange-brown, olive-brown, ochre
brown), with a grey and/or olive tinge, fading to yellowish-white, beige or ochraceous (often with
a grey tinge). Lamellae dark brown, often with a grey tinge and white edge, usually broadly
ventricose at maturity, adnate (not subdecurrent). Partially or well-developed fibrillose annular
zone on stipe often present, this coloured purplish brown by spores.
.................................................................................... Psilocybe moravica Borovička var. moravica

Simple drawings of the characteristic appearance of P. cyanescens, P. azure-

scens, P. arcana, P. bohemica and P. moravica are presented in Figs. 4a–e.

NOTES

Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef., Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 29: 141 (1946)
The wavy pileus margin, which occurs in the most of mature fruitbodies, is
a characteristic feature of this species. However, this shape might be also (even if
rarely) present in all other Psilocybe species of the stirps Serbica (extremely rare
in P. bohemica, very rare in P. arcana, and uncommon in P. moravica). Growing in
groups, but also clustered. According to some authors and my own observation, it
is also characterised by a farinaceous smell.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . An American species, introduced to Europe (Borovička
2005). It is widespread in Western Europe, but rare, almost only found in botanic
gardens, parks and cemeteries. I have studied collections from Belgium, France,
Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom (of countries out-
side Europe I have studied collections from the USA and Canada). Undoubtedly,
this species was also found in Denmark (Klug-Andersen 1994) and might occur in
other European countries as well.

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Fig. 3. Microcharacters. a – pleurocystidia, stirps Cyanescens. b – pleurocystidia, stirps Serbica. c –

cheilocystia arising from hyphae parallel to the edge of the lamella, stirps Serbica. d – cheilocystidia in
P. arcana. e – cheilocystidia in P. serbica. Scale bar = 10 μm.

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Fig. 4. Macrocharacters. a – P. cyanescens. b – P. bohemica. c – P. azurescens. d – P. moravica. e – P.

arcana.

P h e n o l o g y. September–November, fructification maximum in October.

S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Anonymus (2000, p. 29), Arnolds et al. (1995, pl.
13a), Assisi et al. (2008, p. 81, fig. d; p. 83), Borovička (2005, figs. 3–10), Gartz (1996,
fig. 3), Gartz (1999, figs. 3.1–3.3), Gartz (2001, p. 22), Eul (1999, p. 49; 3 fruitbodies in
the right), Evans and Kibby (2004, p. 48), Guinberteau (2007, p. 91), Guzmán (1983,
plate 2), Harris (1989, p. 85), Klug-Andersen (1994, p. 37), Læssøe and Del Conte
(1997, p. 156), Lincoff (1998, fig. 31), Lucchini (1997, p. 403, fig. 0759), Ludwig (2000,
fig. 72.13.A), Menser (1997, fig. 20, p. 87), Nicholas and Ogamé (2006, p. 55),
Noordeloos (1999, fig. 23), Pegler and Legon (1998, p. 181), Phillips (1981, p. 172),
Riva (1995, p. 3), Riva (2002, p. 267), Stamets (1978, fig. 18), Stamets (1996, p. 28 and

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p. 111), Stamets (2000, p. 327, 1 colour plate), Stamets (2005, fig. 342), Stamets
and Gartz (1995, fig. 5), ? Stijve (2004, fig. 2), Tjallingii-Beukers (1976, p. 39).
E x c l u d e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Abhardt and Lohmeyer (2001, p. 154), ? Arora
(1986, plate 88), Assisi et al. (2008, p. 302), Babos (1997, p. 11), Boccardo et al.
(2008, fig. 769), Bon and Roux (2003, p. 48), ? Cetto (1995, fig. 913), Eul (1999, p.
49; 5 fruitbodies in the left), Follesa et al. (2006, p. 74), Gartz (1996, fig. 2), Gartz
(1999, figs. 3.4 and 10.1), Grilli (1990, p. 116–119), Hagara et al. (1999, fig. 366),
Hlaváček (1996, fig. 1), Krieglsteiner (1984, 1 colour plate), Kunc (1981, appendix,
figs. 2 and 3), Mao (2000, figs. 646 and 647), Michael et al. (1985, fig. 265b), Moser
and Jülich (1996, pl.: III Psilocybe 10), Pilát (1969, fig. 27), Roux (2006, p. 901).
N o t e . An error occurred in my study on P. cyanescens (Borovička 2005); see
the correction in Mykol. Sborn. 82(3): 112.
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . B 700000536, E 186682, E 186684, E 186685, E 186686, E 186687,
K (M) 85041, K (M) 28453, K (M) 85043, K (M) 31416, K (M) 63976 (holotype), L 0194081, LIP
PAM3110805 [duplicate: PRM 909549], LUG 7565, PRM 893653, PRM 896513, PRM 901021, PRM 901040,
PRM 901480, PRM 901481, PRM 901482, PRM 901838, PRM 902040 [ex GENT], PRM 902041, PRM
902042, PRM 902043, PRM 902044 [ex GENT], UBC (F) 577, UBC (F) 1503, UBC (F) 1512, UBC (F) 1513,
UBC (F) 10095, and UBC (F) 12155.

Psilocybe azurescens Stamets et Gartz, Integration 6: 21 (1995)

P. azurescens is a distinct species, closely related to P. cyanescens. It can be
easily distinguished by macrocharacters (acutely umbonate pileus and fibrillose
annular zone on stipe) and microcharacters (longer spores).
D i s t r i b u t i o n . An American species, introduced to Europe; for the first time
reported from a natural habitat in Germany (Gminder 2001). Its occurrence in Eu-
rope has most likely been caused by recent amateur outdoor cultivation; next
finds are expected in the future. I have also studied one collection found on 19th
October 1966 in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E 186683) that might be attrib-
uted to this species; however, the herbarium specimen was in a bad state and not
all the features necessary for doubtless identification could be observed.
P h e n o l o g y. Probably similar to P. cyanescens.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Gartz (1999, figs. 11.1–11.4), Gminder (2001, p.
32–33), Stamets (1996, p. 94–95), Stamets (2000, p. 330, 1 colour plate), Stamets
(2005, figs. 124 and 348), Stamets and Gartz (1995, figs. 1 and 2).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . ? E 186683, PRM 857489, PRM 901020, PRM 901174 [duplicate: STU],
PRM 905516, and WTU (21 Nov. 1993 leg. P. Stamets, isotype).

Psilocybe serbica M. M. Moser et E. Horak, Z. Pilzk. 34(3–4): 138 (1968)

P. serbica is a very poorly known species (for example, only one colour photo
is available) and further investigation on its morphological variability, distribution
and relationship to other similar bluing species is required.

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Fig. 5. Psilocybe cyanescens Wakef., France. Photo courtesy of Jacques Guinberteau.

Fig. 6. Psilocybe arcana Borovička et Hlaváček, Czech Republic, nearby the holotype locality. Photo
by Jan Borovička.

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Fig. 7. Psilocybe arcana Borovička et Hlaváček, Czech Republic, nearby the holotype locality. Photo
by Jan Borovička.

Fig. 8. Psilocybe bohemica Šebek ex Šebek, Czech Republic, locality of epitype. Photo by Jan
Borovička.

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According to the original description (Moser and Horak 1968), P. serbica is

a relatively small species. Spores are (9.0–)10.0–12.0(–13.3) × (6.1–)6.5–7.5(–7.8)
μm [Q = 1.5–1.65–1.8] (measured on holotype and isotype: IB 1963/0727; herb. E.
Horak 66/28). According to Moser and Horak (1968), pleurocystidia are absent
(Latin diagnosis, p. 138); however, presence of pleurocystidia is thereafter re-
ported (p. 140). My study of the holotype and paratype collections of P. serbica
(IB 1963/0727; herb. E. Horak 63/253) has revealed that pleurocystidia are com-
mon or even abundant on the whole surface of the lamellae. I have also observed
abundant lageniform pleurocystidia in other collections from southern Austria
and Croatia which might be attributed to P. serbica (B 700000527, CNF 1/2777, and
CNF 1/3194). Therefore, pleurocystidia are present and frequent in P. serbica.
Guzmán (1983) has reported that cheilocystidia in P. serbica often arise from
hyphae parallel to the edge of the lamella (Fig. 3c); I have commonly observed this
feature also in other species of the stirps Serbica.
An unusual combination of characters has been observed in a collection of
Psilocybe cf. serbica (pleurocystidia common, long-necked cheilocystidia rare)
found in Italy (PRM 846609). Two collections quite similar to P. serbica have also
been studied from the Czech Republic (PRM 846609 and PRM 905477).
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Described from Serbia. I have also studied herbarium collec-
tions corresponding to P. serbica found in Austria, Croatia, and the Czech Repub-
lic (Moravia). Probably a submontane or montane species.
P h e n o l o g y. Examined collections were found in September and October.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Moser and Horak (1968, figs. 1a–d, 2a–c, and 3c),
Moser and Jülich (1996, pl.: III Psilocybe 5, holotype), Stamets (1996, p. 145).
E x c l u d e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . ? Guzmán (1983, fig. 761), ? Guzmán et al.
(1998, fig. 31).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . B 700000527, CNF 1/2777, CNF 1/3194 [duplicate: PRM 903176], herb.
E. Horak 66/28 (isotype), herb. E. Horak 63/253 (paratype), IB 1963/0727 (holotype), PRM 846609, and
PRM 905477.

Psilocybe arcana Borovička et Hlaváček, Mykol. Sborn. 78(1): 2 (2001)

The appearance of P. arcana frequently resembles Hypholoma subericaeum.
Pileus mostly obtusely umbonate, up to 5(–7) cm across, orange-brown or dark
chocolate-brown when moist, often with an olive tinge, fading to yellowish white
or dirty white. Stipe up to 12 cm long, deformed (flexuous and/or flattened) in the
upper part, usually distinctly attenuated downwards (never enlarged at base),
with white clusters of rhizomorphs, whitish or with a pale yellowish tinge, surface
faintly pruinose and striate at apex, silvery velar remnants usually absent.
Lamellae dark chocolate brown with a distinct purple tinge at maturity, with
a white edge, adnate to adnexed (not subdecurrent). Pileus and stipe turn blue-

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green or green when bruised or spontaneously, especially on drying. Smell radish-

like, taste bitter-radish and somewhat astringent. Spores in P. arcana are of the
same size as in P. serbica, (9.8–)10.5–12.5(–13.5) × (6.2–)6.5–7.1(–7.4) μm [Q =
1.5–1.7–1.85]. Basidia 4-spored, with relatively short sterigmata (3.5–5 μm).
P. serbica is a closely related species. However, it can be distinguished by fre-
quent pleurocystidia and by cheilocystidia with an often distinctly elongated neck
(Fig. 3e) – see also Moser and Horak (1968; figs. 1d and 2a) and Guzmán and Bas
(1977; fig. 7). Moreover, an obtusely umbonated pileus and stipe distinctly attenu-
ated downwards have not been reported for P. serbica.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Rather common in certain areas of the Czech Republic (circa
60 localities confirmed by the author), mostly in broadleaved forests (Quercus,
Fraxinus, Acer), but also under conifers (e.g., Pinus). Several collections have
been studied from Austria, Hungary, Norway and Slovakia.
P h e n o l o g y. September–November, fructification maximum in October.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Anonymus (2003, p. 61), Assisi et al. (2008, p.
300), Babos (1997, p. 11), Borovička (2005, figs. 11 and 12), Borovička and
Hlaváček (2001a, 3 colour plates, front cover photo), Borovička and Hlaváček
(2001b, 1 colour plate; as “P. oreana”), ? Hagara et al. (1999; as P. cyanescens),
Hlaváček (1996, fig. 1; as P. cyanescens), Moser and Jülich (1996, pl.: III Psilocybe
10; as P. cyanescens), Papoušek (2004, fig. 683).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . BRA (17 Sept. 1979 leg. J. Kuthan), BRNM 299093, BRNM 305602,
BRNM 305899, BRNM 331852, BRNM 331878, BRNM 331900, BRNM 331908, BRNM 331912, BRNM
457798, BRNM 576733, BRNM 642448, BRNM 648564, BRNM 648608, BRNM 648614, CB 6880, HR
26638, HR 28926, HR 45436, HR 45470, HR 47855, L (9 Oct. 2006 leg. J. Borovička), O 177904, PRM
813470, PRM 857426, PRM 891564, PRM 891566, PRM 895093 (holotype), PRM 896507, PRM 896508,
PRM 896509, PRM 896510, PRM 901040, PRM 901171, PRM 901172, PRM 901642, PRM 901643, PRM
901644, PRM 901646, PRM 901647, PRM 905466, PRM 905467, PRM 905476, PRM 905480, PRM 905482,
PRM 905513, PRM 915262, WU 7985, and ZT (Myc) 301.

Psilocybe moravica var. sternberkiana Borovička, Czech Mycol. 58(1–2): 76

(2006)
I have seen only two fresh collections (holotype and paratype) whose
macrocharacters were similar to P. moravica var. moravica.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Known from just two neighbouring sites in the Czech Repub-
lic (Moravia) and one site in Germany (Bavaria).
P h e n o l o g y. Probably similar to P. moravica var. moravica; holotype and
paratype collections were found on 1 November and 26 October, respectively.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Borovička (2006, fig. 2).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . PRM 901650 (holotype), PRM 901651 (paratype), and PRM 905446.

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Fig. 9. Psilocybe bohemica Šebek ex Šebek, Czech Republic, locality of epitype. Photo by Jan
Borovička.

Fig. 10. Psilocybe moravica Borovička, Czech Republic, locality of holotype. Photo by Jan Borovička.

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 CZECH MYCOL. 60(2): 173–192, 2008

Fig. 11. Psilocybe moravica Borovička, Czech Republic, locality of holotype. Note the broadly
ventricose lamellae. Photo by Jan Borovička.

Fig. 12. Psilocybe moravica var. sternberkiana Borovička, Czech Republic, holotype (PRM 901650).
Photo by Jan Borovička.

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Psilocybe bohemica Šebek ex Šebek, Česká Mykol. 37(3): 177 (1983)

P. bohemica is a very distinct species characterised by its relatively slender
fruitbodies, pale caramel-brown pileus (never orange-brown or reddish-brown),
fading to pale coffee-white or whitish (not yellowish). Stipe narrowly cylindrical,
not enlarged either at base or at apex, with tiny silvery fibrillose velar remnants in
lower part and white clusters of rhizomorphs at base. Smell weakly radish with
a distinct sweet (cocoa-like) component. Spores elongate-ellipsoid and relatively
narrow, often scarce even in mature fruitbodies. Pleurocystidia present, but usu-
ally scarce or difficult to find, especially in dried specimens.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Known from approx. 25 localities in the Czech Republic and
perhaps from Austria (Michael et al. 1981). It occurs especially in moist localities
along creeks and in gulches. Red-listed in the Czech Republic (Borovička 2006,
considered „endangered“). Unfortunately, Jochen Gartz (1999) in his popular
book „Narrenschwämme“ unwisely published the position of the original
(epitype) locality in the Czech Republic. The Czech edition of his book revealed
the locality to many „magic mushroom hunters“ and caused serious damage to
this site.
P h e n o l o g y. October–December, fructification maximum in November
(cold-adapted species); in mild winters, solitary specimens can be also found in
January and February.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Anonymus (2003, p. 50 and 246), Assisi et al.
(2008, p. 301), Borovička (2002, 1 colour plate), Borovička and Hlaváček (2001b,
fig. 11, 3 colour plates, front cover photo), Gartz (1996, fig. 1), Hagara et al. (1999,
fig. 367), Herink (1950; as Hypholoma coprinifacies), Hlaváček (1996, fig. 2, 1
black-and-white plate), Kubička and Kluzák (1985, fig. 2; as P. mairei), Kunc
(1981, appendix, figs. 2 and 3; as P. cyanescens), ? Michael et al. (1981, fig. 265b; as
P. cyanescens), Moser and Horak (1968, fig. 3b; as P. coprinifacies), Pilát (1951,
fig. 335, 528, 528b; as Hypholoma coprinifacies), Pilát (1969, fig. 27; as P. cyane-
scens), Pilát and Ušák (1959, t. 128b; as Hypholoma coprinifacies), Příhoda
(1972, fig. 136; as Stropharia coprinifacies), ? Semerdžieva and Nerud (1973, fig.
2; as P. coprinifacies), Semerdžieva and Wurst (1986, p. 65), Šebek (1975, fig. 1),
Šebek (1983, p. 178), Stamets (1996, p. 99), ? Wichanský (1969, fig. 5; as
Hypholoma coprinifacies), Wurst et al. (2002, fig. 6).
E x c l u d e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Gartz (1999, fig. 4.1), ? Guzmán et al. (1998, fig. 21).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . BRNM 590492, HR 45499, HR 48382, HR 49755, L (10 Nov. 2006 leg. J.
Borovička), PRM 617559, PRM 671926, PRM 829237 (epitype), PRM 829241 (holotype), PRM 842619,
PRM 846608 [duplicate: L], PRM 857427, PRM 857430, PRM 857441, PRM 877941, PRM 895094, PRM
896511, PRM 896512, PRM 901041, PRM 901175, PRM 901176, PRM 901177, PRM 901648, PRM 901649,
PRM 901836, PRM 901837, PRM 902038, PRM 902039, PRM 905481, PRM 905483, PRM 905484, PRM
909886, PRM 909887, and PRM 909969.

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Psilocybe moravica Borovička var. moravica, Mykol. Sborn. 80(4): 127 (2004)
P. moravica can be recognised by the following combination of macro-
characters: pileus often not umbonate, convex, sometimes nearly plane or almost
hemispherical, margin sometimes somewhat wavy at maturity, lamellae with
a grey tinge and broadly ventricose at maturity, stipe with silvery velar remnants
on dark background and often with a well-developed fibrillose annular zone (this
feature has never been observed in any other Psilocybe species of the Stirps
Serbica). Microscopically, P. moravica is characterised by relatively large spores,
clearly broader than in P. bohemica (Fig. 2). The normal spore length range is
11.0–13.5 μm, longer spores are relatively rare in some collections. Pleurocystidia
are present (scarce to abundant), basidia 4– and 2-spored, often with markedly
large sterigmata, 4–6(–8.5) μm long.
P. moravica can be confused with P. arcana. However, the latter species is
characterised by its somewhat smaller spores, absence of pleurocystidia, basidia
with small sterigmata (up to 5 μm long), chocolate-brown lamellae with a purple
tinge, a stipe often enlarged (deformed) at apex and always lacking a fibrillose an-
nular zone.
D i s t r i b u t i o n . Known from more than 15 localities in the Czech Republic
(Moravia), Austria, Italy and Slovakia.
P h e n o l o g y. September—November; it can be also found in July or August,
if the summer season is cold; fructification maximum in October/November.
S e l e c t e d i l l u s t r a t i o n s . Assisi et al. (2008, p. 298–300), Borovička (2003,
figs. 10 and 11, 9 colour plates), Borovička (2006, fig. 1), Galli (2003, p. 44; as P.
cyanescens), Galli (2005, p. 53; as P. cyanescens), ? Gartz (1996, fig. 2; as P.
cyanescens), ? Gartz (1999, fig. 3.4; as P. cyanescens).
C o l l e c t i o n s e x a m i n e d . BRA CR3465, BRA CR3466, BRA (16 Oct. leg. J. Kuthan), BRNM
331888, L (19 Oct. 2006 leg. J. Borovička), PRM 851189, PRM 895095, PRM 900455 (holotype), PRM
900987, PRM 900988 (paratype), PRM 900989, PRM 900990, PRM 900991 (paratype), PRM 900992
(paratype), PRM 901022, PRM 901023, PRM 905435, PRM 905485, PRM 905486, PRM 905487, PRM
905488, PRM 905501, and PRM 905515.

I have been studying the species of the stirps Serbica at their original localities
in the Czech Republic for years and I have observed that the combinations of char-
acters described above are constant; no intermediate collections have been found.
On the other hand, I have seen several aberrant (or intermediate) collections from
various sites in Europe, especially as herbarium specimens (IB 78/422, PRM 846609,
PRM 869528, PRM 901024, PRM 901173, PRM 901178, PRM 905505, PRM 909789,
PRM 909889 and PRM 909970).
Moser and Jülich (1996, pl.: III Psilocybe 5) reported a colour photo of
„Psilocybe callosa“. However, Agaricus callosus is a synonym of Panaeolus
papilionaceus (Bull.) Quél. (Guzmán 1995), and P. callosa sensu Guzmán (1983),

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auct. is Psilocybe strictipes Singer et A. H. Smith – a graminicolous or somewhat

coprophilous species close to Psilocybe semilanceata. The specimens in the photo
reported by Moser and Jülich are evidently a wood-rotting bluing Psilocybe species.
My revision has revealed that this collection (IB 78/422) belongs to the stirps
Serbica and, curiously enough, its microcharacters are quite similar to P. serbica.
Therefore, I consider it an aberrant collection.
I have not seen a sufficient number of collections of the stirps Serbica col-
lected outside the Czech Republic. Some unusual bluing Psilocybe species found
in the Mediterranean have been also reported in literature (Cetto 1995 – fig. 912,
as P. cyanescens; Cetto 1995 – fig. 913, as P. phyllogena; Grilli 1990, as P. cyane-
scens; Guzmán et al. 2002, as P. cyanescens). Some Psilocybe species of the stirps
Serbica might also be depicted in Ludwig (2000, fig. 72.10, as P. strictipes).
Last but not least, the species Psilocybe mairei Singer (1973), syn. Hypholoma
cyanescens R. Maire, which was described from Algeria, would have priority over
some other species, e. g. P. arcana, which seems to be closely related. However,
our knowledge of the genuine P. mairei is based on just three descriptions (Maire
1928, Malençon 1942, Malençon and Bertault 1970) and is thus limited. A discus-
sion should be initiated when more data and herbarium specimens are available
from Algerian or Moroccan localities.
It should be stressed that the Psilocybe species referred in this key represent,
with no doubt, two distinct groups. However, the presented concept of species
within the stirps Serbica is still questionable, since intermediate collections have
been observed. There is no doubt that especially DNA studies based on the pres-
ent knowledge of European bluing species might help to answer some of the ques-
tions that still remain.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Vladimír Antonín (Czech Republic), Klaus Høiland (Norway), and Jan Holec (Czech Repub-
lic) for valuable advice and comments on the manuscript. The following colleagues kindly provided
their fresh or dried collections, literary data, photographs or advice important for this study (listed in
alphabetic order): Margit Babos (Hungary), Marco Contu (Italy), Daniel Dvořák (Czech Republic),
Roberto Galli (Italy), Andreas Gminder (Germany), Jacques Guinberteau (France), Gastón Guzmán
(Mexico), Christoph Hahn (Germany), Jürgen Hechler (Germany), Patrick C. Hickey (United King-
dom), Jan Holec (Czech Republic), Egon Horak (Switzerland), Lukáš Hraběta (Czech Republic),
Otakar Juhász (Czech Republic), Jaromír Junek (Czech Republic), Gregor Klarič (Austria), Pavel
Krmenčík (Czech Republic), František and Jan Kuba (Czech Republic), Nick W. Legon (United King-
dom), Erhard Ludwig (Germany), Michal Mikšík (Czech Republic), Pierre A. Moreau (France), Georg
Müller (Germany), Siegmund Olm (Germany), Ondřej Peksa (Czech Republic), Elias Polemis (Greece),
Scott A. Redhead (Canada), Fred Stevens (USA), Tjakko Stijve (Switzerland), Zdenko Tkalčec
(Croatia), Martina Vašutová (Czech Republic), Ruben Walleyn (Belgium), Peter G. Werner (USA), Her-
bert Wurth (Austria), and Marino Zugna (Italy).

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 CZECH MYCOL. 60(2): 173–192, 2008

I thank curators of the following herbaria for arranging loans from their institutions: B, BRA,
BRNM, CB, CNF, E, GENT, HR, IB, K, L, LIP, LUG, O, PRM, UBC, WU, and WTU. I am very grateful to Jo-
seph F. Ammirati (WTU), Katriina Bendiksen (O), Regina Kühnert (IB), Pierre-Arthur Moreau (LIP),
Neria Römer (LUG), Walter Till (WU), and Evelyn Turnbull (E), who did not demand assistance of a ech
herbarium indexed in Index Herbariorum when arranging the loan.
This work was not directly financially supported by any scientific project or grant. Indirect finan-
cial support was obtained from the Institutional Research Plans (IRP) AV0Z30130516 (Institute of Geol-
ogy, AS CR, Prague) and IRP AV0Z10480505 (Nuclear Physics Institute, AS CR, Řež near Prague).

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