Sentence Structure Lesson OL Pe era Basic Parts of Speech (1) Nouns: refer to names of people, things, places or concepts Flowers can be a good present. Roy is a reliable accountant We are supposed to meet at the airport. (2) Pronouns: substitute for nouns that are previously introduced ‘Tom is an engineer. He (=Tom) wants to study computers, too. (8) Verbs: describe actions, experience or state of a subject Julie runs every morning. He is a smart and diligent student. (4) Adjectives: modify nouns She likes cute animals. The flowers are very beautiful. (6) Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, prepositional phrases or a whole sentence His team did the work carefully. Leslie is a very diligent person. Bradley reviewed his contract extremely cautiously. Unfortunately, Irene. 't get the award. (6) Prepositions: precede nouns to show place, time, direction etc. John is staying in his office right now. You may send your résumé by fax. Cheese is made from milk. (7) Conjunctions: join parts of a sentence She is pretty and friendly. L.can't go because itis raining. (8) Articles: indicate nouns and specify their application The dog is running with a cat.2 Basic Sentence Patterns (1) Pattern 1 (S + V) “The dog runs. «He studied very hard. + Last year’s sales rose dramatically, «Tim arrived at the conference later than the other managers. (2) Pattern 2 (S + V + Complement) «1am so happy. «Tom became a dentist. «The weather is getting cold these days. = Please remain seated until we stop completely. (3) Pattern 3 (S + V + O) «| love flowers and plants. «The company raised their salaries. (4) Pattern 4 (5 + V + Indirect Object + Direct Object) = Can you give me your e-mail address? ~The firm offered Jim a good position. = We bought her a new laptop computer. » She asked me my name.(5) Pattern 5 (S + V + O + Object Complement) ‘Typical verbs: keep, make, have, let, get, consider, regard « Please let me have your account information. We consider Tracy the most successful web designer. = Can you have the jacket washed? The manager had all the employees work overtime. 1. Please (submit / submission) your vacation request form to your boss. 2. Anew manager was hired for the railway (constructive / construction). 3. Billy usually (goes / is) to work by subway but sometime he drives. 4, The computer learning device (is / likes) modern and effective. 5. (Man /The man) standing at the bus stop is my co-worker. 6. We decided to go to the (exhibition / exhibit) of Roman paintings. 7. My friend George studied hard and (became / appeared) a lawyer. 8. They (presented / presentation) the report on international market trends at the meeting. 9. Adictionary may be a wonderful (gift / good) if you are studying a foreign language. 0. You have to get the manager's (approve / approval) before going on a business trip.Practice Test Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Most have agreed on the new overtime policy. (A) directors (8) directions (C) direct (0) directly 2 , Christopher received full compensation for the tuition for his graduate program. (A) Luck (8) Lucks (C) Lucky (0) Luckily . 3. Asmall accident while driving to work this morning. (A) became (B)happened —_(C) offered (D) considered 4. lam glad that all the sales staff worked during the holiday season. (A) cooperate (8) cooperative (C) cooperation _(D) cooperatively 5. Nicole became after completing several projects. (A) success (8) succeed (C)successful (0) successfully 6. Greta complained that didn't get a bonus this year. Wit (8) this (©) she (0) they 7. We should stay home it is getting cold outside. (A) because (8) and (©) but (OD) or 8. The report each individual's work performance. (A) corresponds (8) expects (© prepares (0) details 9. Upgrading the system will eventually the production costs. (A) increase (®) contribute —_(C) prevent () approve 10. The suitcases are guaranteed to longer than previous models. (A) retain (8) last (C) pass (0) spendLesson 02 Nouns and Articles Nouns 1 | Thomas, student, lawyer flower, cabinet, computer : ! Seoul, London, China wealth, beauty, disappointment A noun refers to the name of a person, thing, place or concept. Kinds of nouns (1) Countable nouns: may be in singular or plural forms Nouns that are not the name of any particular person, place, or thing employee, computer, restaurant Refer to all things or people considered as a unit family, team, committee Liquids or substances that do not have a fixed shape water, food, money, rain Feelings, emotions and concepts love, English, history Main functions of nouns (1) Subject of a verb The renovation job was satisfactory. (2) Object of a verb or a preposition They will start the renovation work next week. The hospital is under construction. (3) Head word of an adjective, article or a possessive His team works very cooperatively.4 Formation of nouns: (Suffixes) application completion enrollment investment extension compassion attendance maintenance departure inquiry basis crisis removal denial attendant applicant kindness happiness 5 The formation of V-ing when an action is the subject or object of the main verb + Apply for the job is hard. (x) + Applying @® Applications must be received by Friday. (0) They suggested develop a new product. (x) —» developing @ They will start the development of a new product. (0) B Articles 1 A/an, the (1) The indefinite article a/an precedes a countable noun when it is mentioned for the first time, meaning “one”, - We need to talk to a lawyer. He ate an apple. (2) The definite article the precedes a noun that has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time. «I met a gitl. The girl was very kind. 2 The use of nouns and articles together (1) Before a countable noun there must be an article (or a possessive). Before an uncountable noun there can be a definite article (or a possessive), but not an indefinite article. aperson the flower _hiis teacher an information (x) + the / your information a knowledge (x) > the / your knowledge (2) Indefinite articles can precede singular nouns only. “A catalogs is also available on our company website. (x) —> A catalog(3) Nouns must be in plural forms if there are no articles (or possessives) preceding them. - Applicant should have at least two years’ experience. (x) —> An applicant / Applicants = We ask customer to be careful with their bags. (x) > customers (4) Countable nouns in plural forms often do not take articles. «They are students. = We bought expensive chairs. (6) Articles are not often used before uncountable nouns. « Registration forms are available for distribution in the reception area. ¢ Eek Qei:z ———_ ——— 1 | 1. (Competitive / Competition) may be a good thing while performing difficult tasks. The (resign / resignation) of the manager disappointed the employees. | The (construction / constructive) of Central Hotel was successful. Please let us have your bank account (inform / information) immediately. Dortel negotiated with several major book (publishers / publishing) last year. The (operate / operation) of photographic devices is not allowed in the museum. People gain (access / accessible) to the Internet from their personal computers. The company is responsible for all travel (expenses / expend). (A/ The) survey forms are available at the main office. Sve Pnoauron Her recent test scores declined in (comparison / compared) with last year's.Practice Test Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. The for the building renovation is now available on the company bulletin board. (A) schedule (B) scheduled (C) schedules. (0) schedulers 2. Faster Shipping offers exceptional in customer satisfaction. (A) performer (8) performing (C) performed —_(D) performance 3. The bank will celebrate the of the senior accountant at the upcoming monthly meeting. (A) retire (8) retirement —_(C) retiring (0) retired 4, Thanks to his __ to the project, we could complete it on time. (A) commit (8)committed —(C) commitment (0) committing 5. The newly installed system requires that every have a savings account. (A) user (8) useful (C) used (0) using 6. We introduced an innovative compensation plan to increase staff__. (A) produce (B) product (C) productive (D) productivity 7. It took the division almost a week to receive a from the manufacturer. (A) response (8) respond (C)responding —_(D) responsive 8. When you receive your __ to the grand opening, please respond to us ASAP. (A) honor (B) invitation (C)expression —_(D) ovation 9. Executives agree that there is a for better equipment and financial resources. (A) need (8) look (©) control (0) center 10. Employees can find out about the __of the recent survey on the Web. (A) events (8) chances (©) matters (0) resultsAdjectives and Adverbs Lesson 03 Adjectives 1 Functions (1) Adjectives modify nouns. + We provide useful information on stock trading. » The company is experiencing big trouble in the international markets. (2) Adjectives function as subject complements in the structure be/ become / get / remain / stay... + adjective. + Their products and services are reliable. - Our financial problems became manageable after a few months. = We should make an effort to remain competitive in the market. (3) Adjectives can also function as object complements. » Everyone found the report satisfactory. Patty's team made the proposal almost perfect. John declared the goal impossible. 2 — Formation (adjectival suffixes) considerable reliable realistic specific effective impressive famous spacious successful _ respectful significant convenient exceptional _ intentional private moderate necessary risky costly timely6B Adverbs 1 Functions (1) An adverb can modify a whole sentence. Fortunately, we were able to complete the report on time. (2) Adverbs modify verbs. » The team performed the project successfully. ~ An annual report may incorrectly predict the future market. (3) Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs. Mr. Kim is relatively productive compared to the other newcomers. + Our sales division staff worked extremely hard, The project was finally finished. (4) Adverbs modify prepositional phrases and adverbial clauses. « Information on the job opening is downloadable directly from the website. They started production promptly after the shipment arrived. Notes on confusable adverbs (1) late/lately - The speaker arrived at the workshop late. (= after the expected time) « Sales have increased lately. (= recently) (2) hard/hardly « He should work hard to finish the report on time. (= diligently; attentively) ~The manager hardly stays in his office. (= almost not) (8) high/highly Common Expressions of Comparisons as soon as possible as well as no later than at the latest You need to contact us as soon as possible. Full-timers are offered transportation as well as free meals. +The report should be completed no later than June 25. ‘Submit the survey by next week at the latest. Bcheck-U Plena ——$__—__— 1. Tommy has (good / better) qualifications than the other applicants. 2. Credit cards are issued more (easier / easily) now than in the past. Using two chemicals together produces much (strong / stronger) results than using one of them. Our revised regulations are as (strict / stricter) as the previous ones. This English program is more effective (than / as) those of other educational centers. We would like you to respond to us (as / so) soon as you can. The larger a company is, (less / the less) satisfied its employees. Jenny has proven to be the (more / most) successful engineer of all. The automobile company posted the (higher / highest) profits in the entire industry. Swr enor { | | | i | | | | Please complete the budget report no later (than / as) September 24.Practice Test Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Singapore Airlines cancelled more flights any other airline this month. (Aas (8) while (©) than (0) whether 2. Our new blender functions ____ than any of our other competitors’ products that are on the market. (A) so efficiently (B) as efficiently (C) most efficiently (D) more efficiently 3. Sales in the third quarter this year were not satisfactory as last year's. (as (8) so (©) more (0) most 4. According to the news article, M-Net sold the MP3 players in the country. (A) many (8) much (©) most (0) more 5. The newcomer had a(n) better job performance than the long-term employees. (A) very (8) even (so (0) such 6. The joint production of several factories has caused more problems ___ they had predicted. (A) as (®) than (C) when (0) rather 7. Newly hired employees are expected to get to work by 7:30 A.M. at the (A) late (8) later (O) latest (O) lately 8. Computers are installed in the classrooms as as in the computer labs. (A) far (8) good (©) near (0) welt 9. After careful examination, the CEO has __ decided to sign the contract. (A) finally (©) equally (©) annually (0) increasingly 10. We are seeking assistants for the upcoming summer camp. (A) slightly (8) currently (C) completely (D) significantlyTo-infinitives and Gerunds Lesson ova penne To-infinitives 1 Form: To+V 2 Functions: (1) To-infinitives can function as subjects or subjective complements. To study hard is necessary to pass the exam. The purpose of the workshop is to understand company policies. (2) To-infinitives can function as subjects when used in combination with the preparatory it. To study is important. = It is important to study. itis important for him to study to pass the exam. (9) To-infinitives can function as objects or part of an object. afford to, agree to, attempt to, decide to, expect to, need to, plan to, refuse to, hope to, want to, wish to NET ES be abie to, be about to, be going to, be likely to, [Cum out tata be supposed to, be willing to, in an effort to, in order to, ne have to, used to, would like to eC ability to, right to, time to I wish to get a job at a stable company after graduating. ‘The manager was supposed to show up earlier. We need someone to attend the ex! (4) To-infinitives can function as objective complements. Nexen ag advise, ask, allow, cause, enable, encourage, expect, permit, tit persuade, remind, request, require eRe be advised to, be asked to, be allowed to, be encouraged to, be expected to, be permitted to, be persuaded to, be prepared to, be requested to, be required to Co acias tal We advise all passengers to remain seated while landing. Museum vi Fs are not permitted to take photographs inside the museum.B Gerunds 1 Form: V-ing 2 Functions: (1) Gerunds can function as subjects or subjective complements. «Improving one’s quality of life is very important. + Increasing prices will result in the reduction of sales. + Seeing is believing, (2) Gerunds can function as prepositional objects. * We are interested in purchasing your office supplies. * We are looking forward to meeting you at next year’s exhibition, » Please call the customer Service for ordering items. (8) Gerunds can function as objects of verbs ee Paes admit, avoid, consider, discontinue, enjoy, finish, postpone, pain Quit, recommend, stop, suggest be accustomed to, be/become used to, be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to, look forward to, object to In certain errata Cote Sree * Computer users are not accustomed to handling the new operating system. He stopped smoking. He stopped to smoke. To-infinitives or Gerunds? (1) To-infinitives are used to express purposes, * (In order) To pay for the repairs, they need $5,000, * We have to work harder to meet the deadline. (2) used to is followed by a bare infinitive, but be used to is followed by a gerund » We used to deal with complaints. + We are used to dealing with complaints. = We are accustomed to dealing with complaints,- Geka Quiz — pe uy > a (3) Other commonly used expressions «In an effort to improve employee morale, we offer everyone a paid vacation. + We are looking forward to seeing you soon. Profits are expected (to double / doubling) in the next quarter. Those interested in (apply / applying) for the job position should send their résumé. We look forward to (discuss / discussing) the possibility of working together. In order to (maintain / maintaining) the air purifying system, we hired another mechanic. Fun Printing used to (offer / offering) over fifty different printer toners. | enjoyed (to talk / talking) with many representatives from overseas branches. You are strongly advised (to purchase / purchasing) medical insurance before traveling overseas. They are considering (to offer / offering) a special discount for the upcoming season. We asked our reception staff (to check / checking) the registration list very carefully. Our staff members became accustomed to (communicate / communicating) with customers from foreign countries.Practice Test Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Please contact one of our customer service representatives to a membership. (A) renew (8) renewing (C) renewed (D) renewal 2. Coal production for the following quarter is to exceed the last quarter by five percent. (A) expected (B) expecting —_(C) expects (0) expect 3. Inorder to Western Hotel's image, executives started to focus more on publicity. (A) promoting (8) promoted (C) promotes (0) promote 4. You should call the hotel confirm your reservation at least one day in advance. (A) for (8) to (C)so (O)at 5. The new air conditioning system will perform a better job of the temperature. (A) regulating ——_(B) regulate (©)regulation —_(D) regulated 6. We are now considering a better maintenance system to increase productivity. (A)todevelop —_(B) develop (©) developed (0) developing 7. Candidates for managerial positions at TTC to have at least five years of experience. (A) require (8) requires (C)are required (D) has required 8. The newly renovated museum is expected to many tourists from throughout the country. (A) capture (8) attract (C) observe (0) value 9. Weare now e-mailed applications for engineering positions. A) advising (8) running (C) renovating (0) accepting 10. Ifyou have any further questions or suggestions, please do not__ to contact us. (A) provide (8) quality (C) hesitate (0) competeParticiples Lesson 08 Reading Focu 2 Form (1) Present Participles: V + -ing/ Past Participles: V + -ed The news of his layoff will surprise everyone in the division. His speech disappointed most of the attendants. Verbs often used in participial forms include: bore, challenge, demand, depress, disappoint, discourage, distract, embarrass, excite, frustrate, impress, interest, locate, overwhelm, satisfy, surprise, please, tire (2) Present participles have active meanings. The news of his layoff is surprising. His speech was disappointing, (3) Past participles have passive meanings. Everyone was surprised at the news of his layoff. Most of the attendants were disappointed with his speech. Functions (1) Participles can precede nouns to modify them. | heard the depressing news that | didn’t get the job. (active) The excited fans kept cheering for the winning team. (passive) (2) Participles can be placed after nouns to modify them. Staff purchasing the machine should read the manual carefully. (active) People interested in the position should contact Ms. Langley. (passive) (3) Participles can function as subjective complements when they follow linking verbs (be, become, get, feel..) The presentation was extremely boring. (active) The audience got bored by the extremely long presentation. (passive) (4) Certain verbs take the present participle forms only. ' dining, existing, demanding, emerging, lasting, missing, opening, remaining Our existing equipment requires comprehensive upgrading. The lasting impression of a company is vital to establishing a positive corporate image.Sato eee «The hiring committee was (impressive / impressed) by his work experience. aR on 7. Thanks to the newly (purchasing / purchased) printer, we now have fewer problems. 8. With our renovations, customers will enjoy a pleasant (dining / dined) experience. 9. The contract terms (signed / is signed) by the manager will be confirmed by the CEO. % A list of participles that trequently appear in the TOEIC test Present participles brary an amazing result an attached file a challenging task ‘a complicated issue ‘a demanding job/supervisor —_a designated parking area a dining experience a dignified manner existing equipment distinguished service a lasting impression an enclosed document an opening remark a finished product missing baggage/luggage limited capacity an overwhelming task motivated staff a promising architect an upgraded résumé remaining staff revised regulations arising cost a signed contract a worrying consequence a celebrated landmark The trip to Malaysia was {tiring / tired) due to the changing weather. Editors are required to review their (finishing / finished) products before printing them. | deleted some old files because of my computer's (limiting / limited) storage capacity. We should improve the (existing / existed) tax system, which causes delays in processing. Any inaccurate information (giving / given) on one's personal background may lead to dismissal. Anyone (ordering / ordered) our new laptop computer will receive a free optical mouse.esac Ls Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Enclosed is the complete listing of the ___ banks in the neighboring area. (A) distinguish _(B) distinguishing (C) distinguished (0) distinguishability 2. The recent oil spill along the Belgian coast resulted in___ consequences for the industry. (A) worried (8) worrying (©) worries (0) worrier 3. Please refer to the bank statement for detailed information. (A) enclose (B)enclosing — (C)enclosure —_(D) enclosed 4. The keynote speech at the conference was both informative and (A) interest (B) interested (C) interesting (0) to interest 5. The renovation project has been led by a highly group of designers. (A) motivate (8) motivation (C) motivating (0) motivated 6. We were by Dr. Albert's outstanding contributions to the development of the new vaccine. (A) impression _(B) impressive (C)impressed _(D) impresses 7. Employees who have not submitted a__report should discuss it with their manager. (A) revised (8) revising (©) revision (0) revise 8. We expect museum patrons to make continuous donations for the __ season. (A) prior ©) first (C)upcoming (0) current 9. Extra specialists were employed due to an__need to secure the mobile devices. (A)accidental _(B) increasing —_(C) outgoing (0) effective 10. We regret to inform you that repairs for __applications will not be available any longer. (A) conditional (8) temporary (C) partial (0) discontinuedActive vs Passive Constructions ferrin The Active Construction 1 Basic pattern: S +V +O 2 Basic elements in an active constructio: We are planning to open another branch in the Southwest region. 5 (does) V (action) 0 (recipient) They have been working with the supplier for years. The vice president has not considered the proposal. 3 Intransitive verbs can only be used in active constructions. ! appear, arrive, deteriorate, disappear, emerge, exist, expire, happen, last, remain, occur, | rise, take place The contract will expire next month. The young lady disappeared three years ago. Production has been risen. (X) —+ has risen The event will be taken place next month, (X) — will take place B The Passive Construction Basic pattern: S + be V-ed + (by + doer) 2 — The transformation from active into passive constructions Paul writes an essay. eS ~ —+ An essay is written (by Paul). The company ac spted new applications. » New applications were accepted (by the company). They will deliver the document in person. » The document will be delivered in person (by them). He is preparing the booklet. — The booklet is being prepared (by him). The team has ordered the item. — The item has been ordered (by the team).3 The subjects of the passive constructions will depend on the original active sentence patterns (Ref. Lesson 1). (1) Pattern 3: The active sentence has only one object. We recently purchased a laser printer. + A laser printer was recently purchased. (2) Pattern 4: The active sentence has two objects. ~The company offered him a good salary. » He was offered a good salary. + A good salary was offered to him. (3) Pattern 5: The active sentence has an object and an objective complement. - Everyone considers Dr. Talis an effective lecturer. — Dr. Talis is considered an ive lecturer. Main verbs vs participial phrases 1 Without the main verb correct forms, the sentences are incomplete. | writing a letter. (X) — | am writing a letter. (0) | written a letter. (x) —* | have written a letter. (0) The letter written by Ms. Anderson. (X) + The letter was written by Ms. Anderson. (0) 2. Even without the participial phrases, the sentences are complete in meaning and correct in grammar. The people [using the service] are satisfied. +The service [used on the Internet] is convenient. Anyone [is ordering an item] should sign up first. (X) — ordering = Complete the form [is provided in the envelope}. (X) + provided 3 Commonly used expressions with past participle + preposition be impressed by, be accompanied by be accompanied with, be equipped with, be concerned with, be impressed with, be satisfied with be committed to, be dedicated to, be devoted tobe interested in, be involved in be surprised at, be disappointed at «The DVD player is accompanied by cables and a remote control. «This cafeteria is equipped with modem lighting devices. The schedule (listing / is listing) our activities is posted on the board. His family is deeply involved (in / by) his educational matters. Updates on stock prices will (be listed / have listed) on a real-time basis. ‘Some part-timers (were / have) complained about their wages. The book was (publishing / published) five years ago and still sells well. Your completed questionnaire must be (submitting / submitted) to the division head. The incident (happened / were happened) because of an industrial dispute. Revisions to the installation manual are currently being (making / made). Please examine very carefully the material (attaching / attached) to this e-mail. Oil prices have been (rising / risen) dramatically for the last few months.3 HY Cae Lesson 10 enses and Co: Tenses tale) eeV Ey Cerne English Tense Overview > Further past past present future Ihad ¢ Fate Feat Il eat Past Perfect Present Perfect Future Perfect (had + pp) (have/has + pp) (will have + pp) Ihave eater Iwill have eaten. Past Continuous Present Continuous Future Continuous (was/were -ing) __(am/is/are -ing) i ng. am eating. (will be -ing) | will be eating, 2 The Simple Tenses (1) Present: habitual actions, routine, truth... (often used with always, usually, every.) He always comes to work before his manager. They have a meeting every Monday. The sun rises in the east. (2) Past: events that already happened (with definite time indicators: yesterday, last month, 2 hours ago..) They sent out the shipment three days ago. Last weekend, some salespeople gathered at the business center. Ms, Brown joined our division in 2005. (8) Future: events / actions that will happen in the future (often used with future expressions such as next year / month, soon...) The managers will meet next Friday. The managers will come back in a week. The Perfect Tenses (1) Present Perfect: actions that began in the past and continue to the present (used with for/ since) We have worked for two hours. They have known each other since high school.(2) Past Perfect: © actions that happened before other actions in the past By the time | arrived at the airport, Mr. Tan had already left. @ actions that began at some point earlier and continued to a point of time in the past Ms. Stewart had worked as a lawyer for twenty years when she retired last year, (S) Future Perfect: actions which at a given future time will be in the Past or will just have finished By 11AM. tomorrow, we will have completed the report. » By the time Francis retires next month, she will have worked for the company for over 10 years. 4 The Continuous Tenses (1) Present Continuous: actions that are happening at the moment of speaking (often used with now, right now...) 1am working on the report right now. (2) Past Continuous: actions that were in progress when another action happened in the past ~!was working on the report when my manager came in. “While | was watching TV, my brother was working on the computer. (S) Present Perfect Continuous: actions which began in the past and are still continuing "have been working on the report since yesterday. (@) Future Continuous: actions that start before a given time in the future and continue up to that time «| will still be: working on the report next week. a Conditionals 1 Patterns PS Bee scl Tf Clause: Present tense, Main Clause: will + V beer If Clause: Past tense, Main Clause: would + V DUTT SSEM If Clause: Past Perfect tense, Main Clause: would have + PP 2 Uses (1) Type 1: Conditional Sentences imply that the action in the ifclause is quite probable. * Ifyou agree to the contract, we will fax it to you immediately, @ It product is defective, a specialist inspects it carefully. «Ifyou have any questions, we will help. = Should you have any questions, we will help.@ Ifyou have any questions, please contact us. + Can, must, should may be used instead of will in the main clause. (2) Type 2: Conditional Sentences are used when the suppositions are contrary to known facts in the present. If were you, I would accept the offer. «If [knew his number, | would contact him. + Could, might may be used instead of would in the main clause. (3) Type 3: Conditional Sentences imply that the condition cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause did not happen + If |had known his number, I would have contacted him. = Had | known his number, | would have contacted him. r (check UPC | Please do not hesitate to call us if you (notice / noticed) any problems. He usually (spends / is spending) an hour reading a newspaper every morning. Every month, we (update / have updated) the movie list on our website. The clothing store (has / had) experienced financial problems for the last three years. The president (was / will be) out of town until next Thursday. The meeting had already started when he (arrived / had arrived) there. Mellissa (started / has started) working for me five years ago. If we had tried harder, we (would complete / would have completed) the project on time. If | (understand / understood) the system better, | could complete this project by mysetf. Maintenance staff will be (working / worked) on the leak early tomorrow morning. SxrenNnaorene10. almost 20%. (A) has risen (©) wil have risen (C) was rising (O) had risen Starting next month, salaries Paid through a newly installed electronic-paying ‘system. (A) were (B) are (C) had been (D) will be Sales executives at the Glory Business Center for the annual conference last Friday, (A) convene (convened (C) convenes (0) convening After Ms. Williams Levine Advertising, she made some innovative suggestions to reduce expenditures, A) joins (8) joined (C)is joining (0) has been joining a week earlier. (A) fired (B) have been fired (C) had been fired (0) will have been fired You need secretarial services during your stay, please contact the hotel receptionist. (A) May (8) Whether (©) Perhaps (©) Should Ifyou {he irregularities eartier, we could have avoided doing the same work twice, (A) find (8) had found (c) finding (D) were found The construction materials have Just, $0 we will be able to resume work next week. A) sent (8) arrived (C) delayed (0) examined The Human Resources Department will 8 Survey on the new employee handbook, (A) detail (B) conduct (C) associate (D) foresee Questions regarding shipping Sehedules are _ by customer service representatives, (A) expired (8) replied (C) retained (0) handledConjunctions and Prepositions Lesson 11 ee Conjunctions 1 Co-ordinating Conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunctions join pairs of words, phrases or clauses. and, but, or, yet, for, so ‘The new product is stylish and innovative. You can contact us by phone or by e-mail They offered good compensation, yet he did not take the job. Their items are popular, for their quality is reliable. ‘There was snow everywhere, so schools were closed. For the weather was bad, the outdoor event was rescheduled. (X) ++ The outdoor event was rescheduled, for the weather was bad. (0) = Because the weather was bad, the outdoor event was rescheduled. (0) 2 Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate adverbial clauses or noun clauses. omritenety eee eee caeT clauses of time titty Puceteur ti usFle as, because, now that, since peo ori ace teeetiso! Cte enn after, as, as soon as, before, by the time, once, since, until, when, while, whenever although, even though, though, while, whereas oes Dem Eis as long as, if, in case (of), provided (that), unless eet [oc eer Menai so that, whether (=if) peo eect Trains have become more affordable as fuel prices have dropped. Now that the weather is cooler, itis important to keep warm. Although the suitcases are expensive, they last for a long time. In case of fire, please do not use the elevators.3 Conjunctive Adverbs (1) They function as adverbs. (2) When used to connect two clauses, they are placed in between, often separated by a semicolon and a comma. however, moreover, nevertheless, otheewlss, therefore: irks. -22/| aia: SERSO IAT -10 AACE IEW Store ed EAN ie lle ~ Nevertheless, he attended the meeting. Prices have been rising; however, it does not seem to continue. » The terms were satisfactory; therefore, we ‘signed the contract. @® Unless other e Stated, your warranty is valid for a year. B Prepositions 1 Commonly Used Prepositions ese) atfour o'clock, by the end of the month, for two weeks, w pte in March, in 2008, in the morning, on Monday, until next year, throughout the week, within two months. es eeatstnty aye at the airport, in the world, in my division, on the second floor, under your seat, throughout the region ertag ee tny as a representative, at a reasonable price, under the supervision of + Right after graduating from college in 2006, Kendall joined our team. + The upgrading process will be continued throughout the week. » The main office is located on the third floor. » We provide reliable items at reasonable prices. Appear in the TOEIC Test - According to a recent survey, the item is not very popular. + On behalf of the CEO, | present this award to Mr. Hu. + You can take advantage of our free software for three months. Passengers are advised to arrive at the airport two hours prior to departure.Conjunctions vs Prepositions 1 Conjunctions are followed by subjects and verbs. Although some division members did not arrive, the meeting started on time. » We offer a full refund as long as the item is in its original condition. 2 Prepositions are followed by nouns, noun phrases, or gerunds. » Despite the heavy rain, the event was held as scheduled. Due to the rise in oll prices, people drive less these days. 3 Some conjunctions and prepositions have similar meanings. Conjunction (+ $ + V) reece) because, since, as, now that because of, due to, owing to although, even though, though, while in spite of, despite eeslongen come : in case of unless without, except (for) while, when during ie She did not take the job offer due to the working hours were long. (x) > because » Because of the bad weather, we didn't go out. (0) Although the shortage of manufacturing staff, we were able to complete the order. (X) + Despite Although it is expensive, it lasts a long time. (0) 4 Ifthe verb in the main clause is in the future tense, the verb in the clause introduced by a conjunction must be in the present tense. Cease Bt Lect ita tte Conjunctions introducing EU cor alee ometa td Bier Bee meme lat when, after, before, as soon as, by the time if, once, as long asIwill leave when she will come back. (x) —» comes As soon as the shipment will arrive, they will start production. (x) — arrives By the time the project will be complete, another project will have begun. (X) —* is We will appreciate it if you will reply to us ASAP. (X) —» reply Gels Quiz cesnisilnaib 1. Stewart Road is designated a bus-only street (during / while) peak hours. Construction work will start as soon as the materials (arrive / will arrive). You can get free repairs (so that / as long as) your warranty remains valid. You will be allowed to move in (because / once) you sign the contract. (Despite / Although) the beautiful design of the recorder, its quality is not satisfactory. ‘The meeting should start promptly (on / at) two o'clock in the afternoon. Passengers are advised to arrive at least two hours (instead of / prior to) departure. PNAHR ON Harry applied for the job; (however / although), he did not submit any supporting documents. 9. 10. She quit her first job (because / even though) her work was not rewarding. (Because / Due to) the economy is picking up, Ennex showed a profit.Practice Test ED Incomplete Sentences Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1 Mr. Sanchez was transferred to headquarters in New York, his wife decided to move, too. (A) Whether (8) For (C) Since (2) Which 2. ‘the adverse weather conditions, the outdoor concert will begin on time. (A) Prior to (8) Although (C) Because (0) In spite of 3. the construction work on Benson Highway has finished, there will be much less traffic congestion. (A) Now that (8) Regarding —_(C) Usually (0) Due to 4, The downtown shopping mall will be closed further notice due to the renovation project. (A) next to (8) in case (C) until (D) except 5. the factory is short of staff right now, the Human Resources Department will hire extra workers soon. (A) Although (8) Yet (C) Meanwhile (0) But 6. When Ms. Samantha Beijing for a workshop next week, she will stay at the Ramada Hotel. (A) visits (B) to visit (C) was visiting (0) visiting 7. a news article in the Newark Times, the domestic economy will pick up in the coming quarter. (A) Based on (8) According to (C) Even though (OD) Nevertheless 8. For allimited time only, all of our customers can take __of our free online contents. (A) merit ©) service (C) advantage (0) improvement 9. Seminars will be offered no additional cost to the workshop participants. (A) at @)by (©) over (0) from 10. the management of TC, Inc., | would like to express my appreciation to the staff. (A) Due to (8) Inspite of — (C)Inasmuctras (0) On behalf ofRelative Clauses Lesson 12 eee 1 Relative Pronouns: persons a a who/that whom /who/that whose (1) Subject He has three sisters. + They are teachers. » He has three sisters, and they are teachers. —+ He has three sisters who are teachers. Leslie is the person. + She is it charge of shipments. + Leslie is the person who is in charge of shipments. (2) Object He is the applicant. + We interviewed him. ~ He is the applicant whom/who we interviewed. = He is the applicant we interviewed. (3) Possessive | know a man. + His father is a lawyer. »| know aman whose father is a lawyer. He is an ambitious man. + His work performance outdoes others’. ~ He is an ambitious man whose work performance outdoes others’.2 Relative Pronouns: things which/that which/that whose /of which (1) Subject «Wayne read an article. + It was really unusual. — Wayne read an article, and it was really unusual. = Wayne read an article which/ that was really unusual. - He has work. + It requires a lot of time and effort. + He has work which/that requires a lot of time and effort. (2) Object - He got a job offer. + He wanted it so much. — He got a job offer which /that he wanted so much. He got a job offer he wanted so much. «Keith finally got the promotion. + He aimed for it. — Keith finally got the promotion which/that he aimed for. = Keith finally got the promotion he aimed for. (3) Possessive «| bought a book. + Its focus is on food. — I bought a book whose focus is on food. bought a book of which focus is on food. | bought a computer. + Its storage capacity has been recently upgraded. —+ | bought a computer whose storage capacity has been recently upgraded. =| bought a computer, the storage capacity of which has been recently upgraded.Which, What, in Which etc. (1) Which can introduce a non-defining relative clause. - He speaks good English, which helps the company. (which = He speaks good English.) (2) After a comma, only which or who can be used, not that. He got a pay raise, that also offered him financial stability. (X) — which We hired Mr. Presley, who has broad knowledge of Asian markets. (3) What = the thing(s) that ~ This is the thing that | needed. » This is what | needed. | know the thing what you need. (x) » 1 know the thing that /which you need. (0) =I know what you need. (0) What matters is to stay knowledgeable about current issues. (4) Relative adverbs are used to indicate reasons, means or places. This is the city. + We wanted to live in the city. — This is the city in which we wanted to live. + This is the city where we wanted to live, » That is the reason. + He wanted to quit his job for the reason. — That is the reason for which he wanted to quit his job. —+ That is the reason why he wanted to quit his job. This is the way. + They handle customer requests in the way. + This is the way in which they handle customer requests. — This is the way they handle customer requests. + This is how they handle customer requests. @ This is the way how they handle customer requests. (X) Now is the time. + She needs you most at the time. — Now is the time at which she needs you most. » Now is the time when she needs you most.4 Reduced Relative Clauses (1) When the relative pronouns are in the objective case He is the only candidate whom we selected. = He is the only candidate we selected. is is the book that | bought yesterday. = This is the book | bought yesterday. (2) When the relative pronouns are used with the verb to be The man who is talking with Janet is my brother. = The man talking with Janet is my brother. ~The report which was written by Mike is accurate, = The report written by Mike is accurate. ~The proposal was revised by Phil was outstanding. (X) —+ The proposal that was revised/revised by Phil was outstanding. (0) = eet Quiz ——<—$— $< <= $s . The employee (who / whom) makes the most sales will get a bonus. He is the person (who / which) is responsible for online purchases. The people (who / whose) sales exceed $10,000 will get a bonus. We are offering a salary (that / that it) is highly competitive. The candidate (whom / whose) they selected has extensive work experience. Ms. Chao gave a presentation (that / whom) we fully appreciated. The budget report (was submitted / submitted) by the Planning Department had NOOR ON ‘some flaws. 8. She lived in France for several years, (which / that) helped her do businesses with Europeans. 9. Job applicants (whom / whose) résumés were received by last week will be contacted soon. 10. We are looking for a location (why / where) we can build our next factory.ecm CS Questions 1-10 Choose the word that best completes each sentence. 1. Passengers ____ wish to have vegetarian meals will have to notify flight attendants before takeoff. (A) who (8) whose (©) when (0) what 2. Please refer to the attached agenda of yesterday's seminar __you asked for. (A) then (8) that (©) what (0) when 3. We would like to welcome Dr. Zhang, _ made such an excellent contribution by ‘opening a branch office in Africa. (A) that (8) which (© when (0) who 4. Our overseas staff is required to speak Spanish, is essential to doing businesses in Latin America. (A) which (B) whose (C) who (D) that 5. In order to stay competitive in the global market, we should know our customers need. (A) that (8) when (©) which (D) what 6. The training session is for programmers __jobs involve entering computer codes and data. (A) who (8) whom (C) whose (0) that sf is shown in commercials does not always affect the purchasing decisions of smart buyers. (A) Who (8) What (© Which (0) That 8. In accordance with federal law, applicants must be treated equally age and gender. (A) whatever (B) based on (C) whether (D) regardless of 9 the manual, all software programs should be shut down before installation. (A) In common with (B) In case of | (C) According to (D) On behalf of 10. According to the report, items stay on the for periods of three to six weeks before they are sold. (A) market (B) place (C) sale (0) advertisement