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XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition)

This document specifies XML digital signature processing rules and syntax. XML Signatures provide integrity, message authentication, and / or signer authentication services for data of any type. This Second Edition was produced by the W3C XML Security Specifications Maintenance Working Group.

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XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition)

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Sergio Arcangeli

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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 1 di 44

XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition)

W3C Recommendation 10 June 2008
This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xmldsig-core-20080610/
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PER-xmldsig-core-20080326/
Editors
Donald Eastlake <[email protected]>
Joseph Reagle <[email protected]>
David Solo <[email protected]>
Frederick Hirsch <[email protected]> (2nd edition)
Thomas Roessler <[email protected]> (2nd edition)
Authors
Mark Bartel <[email protected]>
John Boyer <[email protected]>
Barb Fox <[email protected]>
Brian LaMacchia <[email protected]>
Ed Simon <[email protected]>
Contributors
See Acknowledgements

Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.

This document is also available in these non-normative formats: XHTML with color-coded revision
indicators against the previous recommendation version.

Status of this document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may
supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical
report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

The original version of this specification was produced by the IETF/W3C XML Signature Working Group
which believes the specification is sufficient for the creation of independent interoperable
implementations; the Interoperability Report shows at least 10 implementations with at least two
interoperable implementations over every feature.

This Second Edition was produced by the W3C XML Security Specifications Maintenance Working
Group, part of the W3C Security Activity (Activity Statement).
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 2 di 44

This Second Edition of XML Signature Syntax and Processing adds Canonical XML 1.1 as a required
canonicalization algorithm and recommends its use for inclusive canonicalization. This version of
Canonical XML enables use of xml:id and xml:base Recommendations with XML Signature and also
enables other possible future attributes in the XML namespace. Additional minor changes, including the
incorporation of known errata, are documented in Changes in XML Signature Syntax and Processing
(Second Edition).

The Working Group conducted an interoperability test as part of its activity. The Test Cases for C14N
1.1 and XMLDSig Interoperability [TESTCASES] are available as a companion Working Group Note.
The Implementation Report for XML Signature, Second Edition is also publicly available.

Please send comments about this document to [email protected] (with public archive).

This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C
groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a
stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C's role in
making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread
deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.

This document is governed by the 24 January 2002 CPP as amended by the W3C Patent Policy
Transition Procedure. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the
deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who
has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must
disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy. Patent disclosures
relevant to this specification may be found on the IETF Page of Intellectual Property Rights Notices, in
conformance with IETF policy.

The English version of this specification is the only normative version.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1. Editorial Conventions
2. Design Philosophy
3. Versions, Namespaces and Identifiers
4. Acknowledgements
2. Signature Overview and Examples
1. Simple Example (Signature, SignedInfo, Methods, and References)
1. More on Reference
2. Extended Example (Object and SignatureProperty)
3. Extended Example (Object and Manifest)
3. Processing Rules
1. Signature Generation
2. Signature Validation
4. Core Signature Syntax
1. The Signature element
2. The SignatureValue Element
3. The SignedInfo Element
1. The CanonicalizationMethod Element
2. The SignatureMethod Element
3. The Reference Element
1. The URI Attribute
2. The Reference Processing Model
3. Same-Document URI-References
4. The Transforms Element
5. The DigestMethod Element
6. The DigestValue Element
4. The KeyInfo Element
1. The KeyName Element
2. The KeyValue Element
1. The DSAKeyValue Element
2. The RSAKeyValue Element
3. The RetrievalMethod Element
4. The X509Data Element
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 3 di 44

1. Distinguished Name Encoding Rules

5. The PGPData Element
6. The SPKIData Element
7. The MgmtData Element
5. The Object Element
5. Additional Signature Syntax
1. The Manifest Element
2. The SignatureProperties Element
3. Processing Instructions
4. Comments in dsig Elements
6. Algorithms
1. Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements
2. Message Digests
3. Message Authentication Codes
4. Signature Algorithms
5. Canonicalization Algorithms
1. Canonical XML 1.0
2. Canonical XML 1.1
6. Transform Algorithms
1. Canonicalization
2. Base64
3. XPath Filtering
4. Enveloped Signature Transform
5. XSLT Transform
7. XML Canonicalization and Syntax Constraint Considerations
1. XML 1.0, Syntax Constraints, and Canonicalization
2. DOM/SAX Processing and Canonicalization
3. Namespace Context and Portable Signatures
8. Security Considerations
1. Transforms
1. Only What is Signed is Secure
2. Only What is "Seen" Should be Signed
3. "See" What is Signed
2. Check the Security Model
3. Algorithms, Key Lengths, Etc.
9. Schema, DTD, Data Model, and Valid Examples
10. Definitions
11. References
12. Authors' Address

1.0 Introduction
This document specifies XML syntax and processing rules for creating and representing digital
signatures. XML Signatures can be applied to any digital content (data object), including XML. An XML
Signature may be applied to the content of one or more resources. Enveloped or enveloping signatures
are over data within the same XML document as the signature; detached signatures are over
data external to the signature element. More specifically, this specification defines an XML signature
element type and an XML signature application; conformance requirements for each are specified by
way of schema definitions and prose respectively. This specification also includes other useful types
that identify methods for referencing collections of resources, algorithms, and keying and management
information.

The XML Signature is a method of associating a key with referenced data (octets); it does not
normatively specify how keys are associated with persons or institutions, nor the meaning of the data
being referenced and signed. Consequently, while this specification is an important component of
secure XML applications, it itself is not sufficient to address all application security/trust concerns,
particularly with respect to using signed XML (or other data formats) as a basis of human-to-human
communication and agreement. Such an application must specify additional key, algorithm, processing
and rendering requirements. For further information, please see Security Considerations (section 8).

1.1 Editorial and Conformance Conventions

XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 4 di 44

For readability, brevity, and historic reasons this document uses the term "signature" to generally refer
to digital authentication values of all types. Obviously, the term is also strictly used to refer to
authentication values that are based on public keys and that provide signer authentication. When
specifically discussing authentication values based on symmetric secret key codes we use the terms
authenticators or authentication codes. (See Check the Security Model, section 8.3.)

This specification provides an XML Schema [XML-schema] and DTD [XML]. The schema definition is
normative.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD
NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this specification are to be interpreted as
described in RFC2119 [KEYWORDS]:

"they MUST only be used where it is actually required for interoperation or to limit behavior
which has potential for causing harm (e.g., limiting retransmissions)"

Consequently, we use these capitalized key words to unambiguously specify requirements over
protocol and application features and behavior that affect the interoperability and security of
implementations. These key words are not used (capitalized) to describe XML grammar; schema
definitions unambiguously describe such requirements and we wish to reserve the prominence of these
terms for the natural language descriptions of protocols and features. For instance, an XML attribute
might be described as being "optional." Compliance with the Namespaces in XML specification [XML-
ns] is described as "REQUIRED."

1.2 Design Philosophy

The design philosophy and requirements of this specification are addressed in the XML-Signature
Requirements document [XML-Signature-RD].

1.3 Versions, Namespaces and Identifiers

No provision is made for an explicit version number in this syntax. If a future version is needed, it will
use a different namespace. The XML namespace [XML-ns] URI that MUST be used by implementations
of this (dated) specification is:

xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"

This namespace is also used as the prefix for algorithm identifiers used by this specification. While
applications MUST support XML and XML namespaces, the use of internal entities [XML] or our "dsig"
XML namespace prefix and defaulting/scoping conventions are OPTIONAL; we use these facilities to
provide compact and readable examples.

This specification uses Uniform Resource Identifiers [URI] to identify resources, algorithms, and
semantics. The URI in the namespace declaration above is also used as a prefix for URIs under the
control of this specification. For resources not under the control of this specification, we use the
designated Uniform Resource Names [URN] or Uniform Resource Locators [URL] defined by its
normative external specification. If an external specification has not allocated itself a Uniform Resource
Identifier we allocate an identifier under our own namespace. For instance:

SignatureProperties is identified and defined by this specification's namespace

http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties
XSLT is identified and defined by an external URI
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116
SHA1 is identified via this specification's namespace and defined via a normative reference
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1
FIPS PUB 180-2. Secure Hash Standard. U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
Standards and Technology.

Finally, in order to provide for terse namespace declarations we sometimes use XML internal entities
[XML] within URIs. For instance:

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE Signature SYSTEM
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 5 di 44

"xmldsig-core-schema.dtd" [ <!ENTITY dsig

"http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"> ]>
<Signature xmlns="&dsig;" Id="MyFirstSignature">
<SignedInfo>
...

1.4 Acknowledgements
The contributions of the following Working Group members to this specification are gratefully
acknowledged:

Mark Bartel, Adobe, was Accelio (Author)

John Boyer, IBM (Author)
Mariano P. Consens, University of Waterloo
John Cowan, Reuters Health
Donald Eastlake 3rd, Motorola (Chair, Author/Editor)
Barb Fox, Microsoft (Author)
Christian Geuer-Pollmann, University Siegen
Tom Gindin, IBM
Phillip Hallam-Baker, VeriSign Inc
Richard Himes, US Courts
Merlin Hughes, Baltimore
Gregor Karlinger, IAIK TU Graz
Brian LaMacchia, Microsoft (Author)
Peter Lipp, IAIK TU Graz
Joseph Reagle, NYU, was W3C (Chair, Author/Editor)
Ed Simon, XMLsec (Author)
David Solo, Citigroup (Author/Editor)
Petteri Stenius, Capslock
Raghavan Srinivas, Sun
Kent Tamura, IBM
Winchel Todd Vincent III, GSU
Carl Wallace, Corsec Security, Inc.
Greg Whitehead, Signio Inc.

As are the Last Call comments from the following:

Dan Connolly, W3C

Paul Biron, Kaiser Permanente, on behalf of the XML Schema WG.
Martin J. Duerst, W3C; and Masahiro Sekiguchi, Fujitsu; on behalf of the Internationalization
WG/IG.
Jonathan Marsh, Microsoft, on behalf of the Extensible Stylesheet Language WG.

The following members of the XML Security Specification Maintenance Working Group contributed to
the second edition:

Juan Carlos Cruellas, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

Pratik Datta, Oracle Corporation
Phillip Hallam-Baker, VeriSign, Inc.
Frederick Hirsch, Nokia, (Chair, Editor)
Konrad Lanz, A-SIT
Hal Lockhart, BEA Systems, Inc.
Robert Miller, MITRE Corporation
Sean Mullan, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Bruce Rich, IBM Corporation
Thomas Roessler, W3C/ERCIM, (Staff contact, Editor)
Ed Simon, W3C Invited Expert
Greg Whitehead, HP

2.0 Signature Overview and Examples

This section provides an overview and examples of XML digital signature syntax. The specific
processing is given in Processing Rules (section 3). The formal syntax is found in Core Signature
Syntax (section 4) and Additional Signature Syntax (section 5).
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 6 di 44

In this section, an informal representation and examples are used to describe the structure of the XML
signature syntax. This representation and examples may omit attributes, details and potential features
that are fully explained later.

XML Signatures are applied to arbitrary digital content (data objects) via an indirection. Data objects are
digested, the resulting value is placed in an element (with other information) and that element is then
digested and cryptographically signed. XML digital signatures are represented by the Signature
element which has the following structure (where "?" denotes zero or one occurrence; "+" denotes one
or more occurrences; and "*" denotes zero or more occurrences):

Signatures are related to data objects via URIs [URI]. Within an XML document, signatures are related
to local data objects via fragment identifiers. Such local data can be included within an enveloping
signature or can enclose an enveloped signature. Detached signatures are over external network
resources or local data objects that reside within the same XML document as sibling elements; in this
case, the signature is neither enveloping (signature is parent) nor enveloped (signature is child). Since
a Signature element (and its Id attribute value/name) may co-exist or be combined with other elements
(and their IDs) within a single XML document, care should be taken in choosing names such that there
are no subsequent collisions that violate the ID uniqueness validity constraint [XML].

2.1 Simple Example (Signature, SignedInfo, Methods, and Reference)s

The following example is a detached signature of the content of the HTML4 in XML specification.

[s01] <Signature Id="MyFirstSignature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">

[s02] <SignedInfo>
[s03] <CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11"/>
[s04] <SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1"/>
[s05] <Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/">
[s06] <Transforms>
[s07] <Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11"/>
[s08] </Transforms>
[s09] <DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
[s10] <DigestValue>dGhpcyBpcyBub3QgYSBzaWduYXR1cmUK.../DigestValue>
[s11] </Reference>
[s12] </SignedInfo>
[s13] <SignatureValue>...</SignatureValue>
[s14] <KeyInfo>
[s15a] <KeyValue>
[s15b] <DSAKeyValue>
[s15c] ...<Q>...</Q><G>...</G><Y>...</Y>
[s15d] </DSAKeyValue>
[s15e] </KeyValue>
[s16] </KeyInfo>
[s17] </Signature>

[s02-12] The required SignedInfo element is the information that is actually signed. Core validation of
SignedInfo consists of two mandatory processes: validation of the signature over SignedInfo and
validation of each Reference digest within SignedInfo. Note that the algorithms used in calculating the
SignatureValue are also included in the signed information while the SignatureValue element is outside
SignedInfo.

[s03] The CanonicalizationMethod is the algorithm that is used to canonicalize the SignedInfo element
before it is digested as part of the signature operation. Note that this example, and all examples in this
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 7 di 44

specification, are not in canonical form.

[s04] The SignatureMethod is the algorithm that is used to convert the canonicalized SignedInfo into
the SignatureValue. It is a combination of a digest algorithm and a key dependent algorithm and
possibly other algorithms such as padding, for example RSA-SHA1. The algorithm names are signed to
resist attacks based on substituting a weaker algorithm. To promote application interoperability we
specify a set of signature algorithms that MUST be implemented, though their use is at the discretion of
the signature creator. We specify additional algorithms as RECOMMENDED or OPTIONAL for
implementation; the design also permits arbitrary user specified algorithms.

[s05-11] Each Reference element includes the digest method and resulting digest value calculated
over the identified data object. It also may include transformations that produced the input to the digest
operation. A data object is signed by computing its digest value and a signature over that value. The
signature is later checked via reference and signature validation.

[s14-16] KeyInfo indicates the key to be used to validate the signature. Possible forms for identification
include certificates, key names, and key agreement algorithms and information -- we define only a few.
KeyInfo is optional for two reasons. First, the signer may not wish to reveal key information to all
document processing parties. Second, the information may be known within the application's context
and need not be represented explicitly. Since KeyInfo is outside of SignedInfo, if the signer wishes to
bind the keying information to the signature, a Reference can easily identify and include the KeyInfo as
part of the signature.

2.1.1 More on Reference

[s05] <Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/">

[s06] <Transforms>
[s07] <Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11"/>
[s08] </Transforms>
[s09] <DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
[s10] <DigestValue>dGhpcyBpcyBub3QgYSBzaWduYXR1cmUK...</DigestValue>
[s11] </Reference>

[s05] The optional URI attribute of Reference identifies the data object to be signed. This attribute may
be omitted on at most one Reference in a Signature. (This limitation is imposed in order to ensure that
references and objects may be matched unambiguously.)

[s05-08] This identification, along with the transforms, is a description provided by the signer on how
they obtained the signed data object in the form it was digested (i.e. the digested content). The verifier
may obtain the digested content in another method so long as the digest verifies. In particular, the
verifier may obtain the content from a different location such as a local store than that specified in the
URI.

[s06-08] Transforms is an optional ordered list of processing steps that were applied to the resource's
content before it was digested. Transforms can include operations such as canonicalization,
encoding/decoding (including compression/inflation), XSLT, XPath, XML schema validation, or
XInclude. XPath transforms permit the signer to derive an XML document that omits portions of the
source document. Consequently those excluded portions can change without affecting signature
validity. For example, if the resource being signed encloses the signature itself, such a transform must
be used to exclude the signature value from its own computation. If no Transforms element is present,
the resource's content is digested directly. While the Working Group has specified mandatory (and
optional) canonicalization and decoding algorithms, user specified transforms are permitted.

[s09-10] DigestMethod is the algorithm applied to the data after Transforms is applied (if specified) to
yield the DigestValue. The signing of the DigestValue is what binds a resources content to the signer's
key.

2.2 Extended Example (Object and SignatureProperty)

This specification does not address mechanisms for making statements or assertions. Instead, this
document defines what it means for something to be signed by an XML Signature (integrity, message
authentication, and/or signer authentication). Applications that wish to represent other semantics must
rely upon other technologies, such as [XML, RDF]. For instance, an application might use a
foo:assuredby attribute within its own markup to reference a Signature element. Consequently, it's the
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 8 di 44

application that must understand and know how to make trust decisions given the validity of the
signature and the meaning of assuredby syntax. We also define a SignatureProperties element type
for the inclusion of assertions about the signature itself (e.g., signature semantics, the time of signing or
the serial number of hardware used in cryptographic processes). Such assertions may be signed by
including a Reference for the SignatureProperties in SignedInfo. While the signing application should
be very careful about what it signs (it should understand what is in the SignatureProperty) a receiving
application has no obligation to understand that semantic (though its parent trust engine may wish to).
Any content about the signature generation may be located within the SignatureProperty element. The
mandatory Target attribute references the Signature element to which the property applies.

Consider the preceding example with an additional reference to a local Object that includes a
SignatureProperty element. (Such a signature would not only be detached [p02] but enveloping
[p03].)

[ ] <Signature Id="MySecondSignature" ...>

[p01] <SignedInfo>
[ ] ...
[p02] <Reference URI="http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-stylesheet/">
[ ] ...
[p03] <Reference URI="#AMadeUpTimeStamp"
[p04] Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties">
[p05] <Transforms>
[p06] <Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11"/>
[p07] </Transforms>
[p08] <DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
[p09] <DigestValue>dGhpcyBpcyBub3QgYSBzaWduYXR1cmUK...</DigestValue>
[p10] </Reference>
[p11] </SignedInfo>
[p12] ...
[p13] <Object>
[p14] <SignatureProperties>
[p15] <SignatureProperty Id="AMadeUpTimeStamp" Target="#MySecondSignature">
[p16] <timestamp xmlns="http://www.ietf.org/rfcXXXX.txt">
[p17] <date>19990914</date>
[p18] <time>14:34:34:34</time>
[p19] </timestamp>
[p20] </SignatureProperty>
[p21] </SignatureProperties>
[p22] </Object>
[p23]</Signature>

[p04] The optional Type attribute of Reference provides information about the resource identified by the
URI. In particular, it can indicate that it is an Object, SignatureProperty, or Manifest element. This can
be used by applications to initiate special processing of some Reference elements. References to an
XML data element within an Object element SHOULD identify the actual element pointed to. Where the
element content is not XML (perhaps it is binary or encoded data) the reference should identify the
Object and the Reference Type, if given, SHOULD indicate Object. Note that Type is advisory and no
action based on it or checking of its correctness is required by core behavior.

[p13] Object is an optional element for including data objects within the signature element or
elsewhere. The Object can be optionally typed and/or encoded.

[p14-21] Signature properties, such as time of signing, can be optionally signed by identifying them
from within a Reference. (These properties are traditionally called signature "attributes" although that
term has no relationship to the XML term "attribute".)

2.3 Extended Example (Object and Manifest)

The Manifest element is provided to meet additional requirements not directly addressed by the
mandatory parts of this specification. Two requirements and the way the Manifest satisfies them follow.

First, applications frequently need to efficiently sign multiple data objects even where the signature
operation itself is an expensive public key signature. This requirement can be met by including multiple
Reference elements within SignedInfo since the inclusion of each digest secures the data digested.
However, some applications may not want the core validation behavior associated with this approach
because it requires every Reference within SignedInfo to undergo reference validation -- the
DigestValue elements are checked. These applications may wish to reserve reference validation
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 9 di 44

decision logic to themselves. For example, an application might receive a signature valid SignedInfo
element that includes three Reference elements. If a single Reference fails (the identified data object
when digested does not yield the specified DigestValue) the signature would fail core validation.
However, the application may wish to treat the signature over the two valid Reference elements as valid
or take different actions depending on which fails. To accomplish this, SignedInfo would reference a
Manifest element that contains one or more Reference elements (with the same structure as those in
SignedInfo). Then, reference validation of the Manifest is under application control.

Second, consider an application where many signatures (using different keys) are applied to a large
number of documents. An inefficient solution is to have a separate signature (per key) repeatedly
applied to a large SignedInfo element (with many References); this is wasteful and redundant. A more
efficient solution is to include many references in a single Manifest that is then referenced from multiple
Signature elements.

The example below includes a Reference that signs a Manifest found within the Object element.

[ ] ...
[m01] <Reference URI="#MyFirstManifest"
[m02] Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest">
[m03] <Transforms>
[m04] <Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11"/>
[m05] </Transforms>
[m06] <DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
[m07] <DigestValue>dGhpcyBpcyBub3QgYSBzaWduYXR1cmUK...=</DigestValue>
[m08] </Reference>
[ ] ...
[m09] <Object>
[m10] <Manifest Id="MyFirstManifest">
[m11] <Reference>
[m12] ...
[m13] </Reference>
[m14] <Reference>
[m15] ...
[m16] </Reference>
[m17] </Manifest>
[m18] </Object>

3.0 Processing Rules

The sections below describe the operations to be performed as part of signature generation and
validation.

3.1 Core Generation

The REQUIRED steps include the generation of Reference elements and the SignatureValue over
SignedInfo.

3.1.1 Reference Generation

For each data object being signed:

1. Apply the Transforms, as determined by the application, to the data object.

2. Calculate the digest value over the resulting data object.
3. Create a Reference element, including the (optional) identification of the data object, any
(optional) transform elements, the digest algorithm and the DigestValue. (Note, it is the canonical
form of these references that are signed in 3.1.2 and validated in 3.2.1 .)

The Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2) requires use of Canonical XML 1.0 [XML-C14N] as
default processing behavior when a transformation is expecting an octet-stream, but the data object
resulting from URI dereferencing or from the previous transformation in the list of Transform elements is
a node-set. We RECOMMEND that, when generating signatures, signature applications do not rely on
this default behavior, but explicitly identify the transformation that is applied to perform this mapping. In
cases in which inclusive canonicalization is desired, we RECOMMEND that Canonical XML 1.1 [XML-
C14N11] be used.

3.1.2 Signature Generation

XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 10 di 44

1. Create SignedInfo element with SignatureMethod, CanonicalizationMethod and Reference(s).

2. Canonicalize and then calculate the SignatureValue over SignedInfo based on algorithms
specified in SignedInfo.
3. Construct the Signature element that includes SignedInfo, Object(s) (if desired, encoding may be
different than that used for signing), KeyInfo (if required), and SignatureValue.

Note, if the Signature includes same-document references, [XML] or [XML-schema] validation of

the document might introduce changes that break the signature. Consequently, applications
should be careful to consistently process the document or refrain from using external contributions
(e.g., defaults and entities).

3.2 Core Validation

The REQUIRED steps of core validation include (1) reference validation, the verification of the digest
contained in each Reference in SignedInfo, and (2) the cryptographic signature validation of the
signature calculated over SignedInfo.

Note, there may be valid signatures that some signature applications are unable to validate. Reasons
for this include failure to implement optional parts of this specification, inability or unwillingness to
execute specified algorithms, or inability or unwillingness to dereference specified URIs (some URI
schemes may cause undesirable side effects), etc.

Comparison of values in reference and signature validation are over the numeric (e.g., integer) or
decoded octet sequence of the value. Different implementations may produce different encoded digest
and signature values when processing the same resources because of variances in their encoding,
such as accidental white space. But if one uses numeric or octet comparison (choose one) on both the
stated and computed values these problems are eliminated.

3.2.1 Reference Validation

1. Canonicalize the SignedInfo element based on the CanonicalizationMethod in SignedInfo.

2. For each Reference in SignedInfo:
1. Obtain the data object to be digested. (For example, the signature application may
dereference the URI and execute Transforms provided by the signer in the Reference
element, or it may obtain the content through other means such as a local cache.)
2. Digest the resulting data object using the DigestMethod specified in its Reference
specification.
3. Compare the generated digest value against DigestValue in the SignedInfo Reference; if
there is any mismatch, validation fails.

Note, SignedInfo is canonicalized in step 1. The application must ensure that the
CanonicalizationMethod has no dangerous side affects, such as rewriting URIs, (see
CanonicalizationMethod (section 4.3)) and that it Sees What is Signed, which is the canonical form.

3.2.2 Signature Validation

1. Obtain the keying information from KeyInfo or from an external source.

2. Obtain the canonical form of the SignatureMethod using the CanonicalizationMethod and use
the result (and previously obtained KeyInfo) to confirm the SignatureValue over the SignedInfo
element.

Note, KeyInfo (or some transformed version thereof) may be signed via a Reference element.
Transformation and validation of this reference (3.2.1) is orthogonal to Signature Validation which uses
the KeyInfo as parsed.

Additionally, the SignatureMethod URI may have been altered by the canonicalization of SignedInfo
(e.g., absolutization of relative URIs) and it is the canonical form that MUST be used. However, the
required canonicalization [XML-C14N] of this specification does not change URIs.

4.0 Core Signature Syntax

The general structure of an XML signature is described in Signature Overview (section 2). This section
provides detailed syntax of the core signature features. Features described in this section are
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 11 di 44

mandatory to implement unless otherwise indicated. The syntax is defined via DTDs and [XML-
Schema] with the following XML preamble, declaration, and internal entity.

Schema Definition:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE schema
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XMLSchema 200102//EN" "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.dtd"
[
<!ATTLIST schema
xmlns:ds CDATA #FIXED "http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<!ENTITY dsig 'http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#'>
<!ENTITY % p ''>
<!ENTITY % s ''>
]>

DTD:

<!--

The following entity declarations enable external/flexible content in

the Signature content model.

#PCDATA emulates schema:string; when combined with element types it

emulates schema mixed="true".

%foo.ANY permits the user to include their own element types from
other namespaces, for example:
<!ENTITY % KeyValue.ANY '| ecds:ECDSAKeyValue'>
...
<!ELEMENT ecds:ECDSAKeyValue (#PCDATA) >

-->

<!ENTITY % Object.ANY ''>

<!ENTITY % Method.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % Transform.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % SignatureProperty.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % KeyInfo.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % KeyValue.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % PGPData.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % X509Data.ANY ''>
<!ENTITY % SPKIData.ANY ''>

4.0.1 The ds:CryptoBinary Simple Type

This specification defines the ds:CryptoBinary simple type for representing arbitrary-length integers
(e.g. "bignums") in XML as octet strings. The integer value is first converted to a "big endian" bitstring.
The bitstring is then padded with leading zero bits so that the total number of bits == 0 mod 8 (so that
there are an integral number of octets). If the bitstring contains entire leading octets that are zero, these
are removed (so the high-order octet is always non-zero). This octet string is then base64 [MIME]
encoded. (The conversion from integer to octet string is equivalent to IEEE 1363's I2OSP [1363] with
minimal length).

This type is used by "bignum" values such as RSAKeyValue and DSAKeyValue. If a value can be of type
base64Binary or ds:CryptoBinary they are defined as base64Binary. For example, if the signature
algorithm is RSA or DSA then SignatureValue represents a bignum and could be ds:CryptoBinary.
However, if HMAC-SHA1 is the signature algorithm then SignatureValue could have leading zero octets
that must be preserved. Thus SignatureValue is generically defined as of type base64Binary.

Schema Definition:

<simpleType name="CryptoBinary">
<restriction base="base64Binary">
</restriction>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 12 di 44

</simpleType>

4.1 The Signature element

The Signature element is the root element of an XML Signature. Implementation MUST generate laxly
schema valid [XML-schema] Signature elements as specified by the following schema:

Schema Definition:

<element name="Signature" type="ds:SignatureType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT Signature (SignedInfo, SignatureValue, KeyInfo?, Object*) >

<!ATTLIST Signature
xmlns CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#'
Id ID #IMPLIED >

4.2 The SignatureValue Element

The SignatureValue element contains the actual value of the digital signature; it is always encoded
using base64 [MIME]. While we identify two SignatureMethod algorithms, one mandatory and one
optional to implement, user specified algorithms may be used as well.

Schema Definition:

<element name="SignatureValue" type="ds:SignatureValueType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT SignatureValue (#PCDATA) >

<!ATTLIST SignatureValue
Id ID #IMPLIED>

4.3 The SignedInfo Element

The structure of SignedInfo includes the canonicalization algorithm, a signature algorithm, and one or
more references. The SignedInfo element may contain an optional ID attribute that will allow it to be
referenced by other signatures and objects.

SignedInfo does not include explicit signature or digest properties (such as calculation time,
cryptographic device serial number, etc.). If an application needs to associate properties with the
signature or digest, it may include such information in a SignatureProperties element within an Object
element.

Schema Definition:

<element name="SignedInfo" type="ds:SignedInfoType"/>

<complexType name="SignedInfoType">
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 13 di 44

DTD:

<!ELEMENT SignedInfo (CanonicalizationMethod,

SignatureMethod, Reference+) >
<!ATTLIST SignedInfo
Id ID #IMPLIED

4.3.1 The CanonicalizationMethod Element

CanonicalizationMethod is a required element that specifies the canonicalization algorithm applied to

the SignedInfo element prior to performing signature calculations. This element uses the general
structure for algorithms described in Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements (section
6.1). Implementations MUST support the REQUIRED canonicalization algorithms.

Alternatives to the REQUIRED canonicalization algorithms (section 6.5), such as Canonical XML with
Comments (section 6.5.1) or a minimal canonicalization (such as CRLF and charset normalization),
may be explicitly specified but are NOT REQUIRED. Consequently, their use may not interoperate with
other applications that do not support the specified algorithm (see XML Canonicalization and Syntax
Constraint Considerations, section 7). Security issues may also arise in the treatment of entity
processing and comments if non-XML aware canonicalization algorithms are not properly constrained
(see section 8.2: Only What is "Seen" Should be Signed).

The way in which the SignedInfo element is presented to the canonicalization method is dependent on
that method. The following applies to algorithms which process XML as nodes or characters:

XML based canonicalization implementations MUST be provided with a [XPath] node-set

originally formed from the document containing the SignedInfo and currently indicating the
SignedInfo, its descendants, and the attribute and namespace nodes of SignedInfo and its
descendant elements.
Text based canonicalization algorithms (such as CRLF and charset normalization) should be
provided with the UTF-8 octets that represent the well-formed SignedInfo element, from the first
character to the last character of the XML representation, inclusive. This includes the entire text of
the start and end tags of the SignedInfo element as well as all descendant markup and character
data (i.e., the text) between those tags. Use of text based canonicalization of SignedInfo is NOT
RECOMMENDED.

We recommend applications that implement a text-based instead of XML-based canonicalization --

such as resource constrained apps -- generate canonicalized XML as their output serialization so as to
mitigate interoperability and security concerns. For instance, such an implementation SHOULD (at
least) generate standalone XML instances [XML].

NOTE: The signature application must exercise great care in accepting and executing an arbitrary
CanonicalizationMethod. For example, the canonicalization method could rewrite the URIs of the
References being validated. Or, the method could massively transform SignedInfo so that validation
would always succeed (i.e., converting it to a trivial signature with a known key over trivial data). Since
CanonicalizationMethod is inside SignedInfo , in the resulting canonical form it could erase itself from
SignedInfo or modify the SignedInfo element so that it appears that a different canonicalization
function was used! Thus a Signature which appears to authenticate the desired data with the desired
key, DigestMethod, and SignatureMethod, can be meaningless if a capricious CanonicalizationMethod
is used.

Schema Definition:

<element name="CanonicalizationMethod" type="ds:CanonicalizationMethodType"/>

<complexType name="CanonicalizationMethodType" mixed="true">
<sequence>
<any namespace="##any" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>

XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 14 di 44

</sequence>
<attribute name="Algorithm" type="anyURI" use="required"/>
</complexType>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT CanonicalizationMethod (#PCDATA %Method.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST CanonicalizationMethod
Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED >

4.3.2 The SignatureMethod Element

SignatureMethod is a required element that specifies the algorithm used for signature generation and
validation. This algorithm identifies all cryptographic functions involved in the signature operation (e.g.
hashing, public key algorithms, MACs, padding, etc.). This element uses the general structure here for
algorithms described in section 6.1: Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements. While
there is a single identifier, that identifier may specify a format containing multiple distinct signature
values.

Schema Definition:

<element name="SignatureMethod" type="ds:SignatureMethodType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT SignatureMethod (#PCDATA|HMACOutputLength %Method.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST SignatureMethod
Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED >

4.3.3 The Reference Element

Reference is an element that may occur one or more times. It specifies a digest algorithm and digest
value, and optionally an identifier of the object being signed, the type of the object, and/or a list of
transforms to be applied prior to digesting. The identification (URI) and transforms describe how the
digested content (i.e., the input to the digest method) was created. The Type attribute facilitates the
processing of referenced data. For example, while this specification makes no requirements over
external data, an application may wish to signal that the referent is a Manifest. An optional ID attribute
permits a Reference to be referenced from elsewhere.

Schema Definition:

<element name="Reference" type="ds:ReferenceType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT Reference (Transforms?, DigestMethod, DigestValue) >

<!ATTLIST Reference
Id ID #IMPLIED
URI CDATA #IMPLIED
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 15 di 44

Type CDATA #IMPLIED>

4.3.3.1 The URI Attribute

The URI attribute identifies a data object using a URI-Reference [URI].

The mapping from this attribute's value to a URI reference MUST be performed as specified in section
3.2.17 of [XMLSCHEMA Datatypes, 2nd Edition]. Additionally: Some existing implementations are
known to verify the value of the URI attribute against the grammar in [URI]. It is therefore safest to
perform any necessary escaping while generating the URI attribute.

We RECOMMEND XML signature applications be able to dereference URIs in the HTTP scheme.
Dereferencing a URI in the HTTP scheme MUST comply with the Status Code Definitions of [HTTP]
(e.g., 302, 305 and 307 redirects are followed to obtain the entity-body of a 200 status code response).
Applications should also be cognizant of the fact that protocol parameter and state information, (such as
HTTP cookies, HTML device profiles or content negotiation), may affect the content yielded by
dereferencing a URI.

If a resource is identified by more than one URI, the most specific should be used (e.g.
http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-pressrelease.html.en instead of http://www.w3.org/2000/06/interop-
pressrelease). (See the Reference Validation (section 3.2.1) for a further information on reference
processing.)

If the URI attribute is omitted altogether, the receiving application is expected to know the identity of the
object. For example, a lightweight data protocol might omit this attribute given the identity of the object
is part of the application context. This attribute may be omitted from at most one Reference in any
particular SignedInfo, or Manifest.

The optional Type attribute contains information about the type of object being signed after all
ds:Reference transforms have been applied. This is represented as a URI. For example:

Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Object"
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest"

The Type attribute applies to the item being pointed at, not its contents. For example, a reference that
results in the digesting of an Object element containing a SignatureProperties element is still of type
#Object. The type attribute is advisory. No validation of the type information is required by this
specification.

4.3.3.2 The Reference Processing Model

Note: XPath is RECOMMENDED. Signature applications need not conform to [XPath] specification
in order to conform to this specification. However, the XPath data model, definitions (e.g., node-
sets) and syntax is used within this document in order to describe functionality for those that want to
process XML-as-XML (instead of octets) as part of signature generation. For those that want to use
these features, a conformant [XPath] implementation is one way to implement these features, but it
is not required. Such applications could use a sufficiently functional replacement to a node-set and
implement only those XPath expression behaviors REQUIRED by this specification. However, for
simplicity we generally will use XPath terminology without including this qualification on every point.
Requirements over "XPath node-sets" can include a node-set functional equivalent. Requirements
over XPath processing can include application behaviors that are equivalent to the corresponding
XPath behavior.

The data-type of the result of URI dereferencing or subsequent Transforms is either an octet stream or
an XPath node-set.

The Transforms specified in this document are defined with respect to the input they require. The
following is the default signature application behavior:

If the data object is an octet stream and the next transform requires a node-set, the signature
application MUST attempt to parse the octets yielding the required node-set via [XML] well-formed
processing.
If the data object is a node-set and the next transform requires octets, the signature application
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 16 di 44

MUST attempt to convert the node-set to an octet stream using Canonical XML [XML-C14N].

Users may specify alternative transforms that override these defaults in transitions between transforms
that expect different inputs. The final octet stream contains the data octets being secured. The digest
algorithm specified by DigestMethod is then applied to these data octets, resulting in the DigestValue.

Note: The Reference Generation Model (section 3.1.1) includes further restrictions on the reliance upon
defined default transformations when applications generate signatures.

In this specification, a 'same-document' reference is defined as a URI-Reference that consists of a hash

sign ('#') followed by a fragment or alternatively consists of an empty URI [URI].

Unless the URI-Reference is such a 'same-document' reference , the result of dereferencing the URI-
Reference MUST be an octet stream. In particular, an XML document identified by URI is not parsed by
the signature application unless the URI is a same-document reference or unless a transform that
requires XML parsing is applied. (See Transforms (section 4.3.3.1).)

When a fragment is preceded by an absolute or relative URI in the URI-Reference, the meaning of the
fragment is defined by the resource's MIME type. Even for XML documents, URI dereferencing
(including the fragment processing) might be done for the signature application by a proxy. Therefore,
reference validation might fail if fragment processing is not performed in a standard way (as defined in
the following section for same-document references). Consequently, we RECOMMEND in this case that
the URI attribute not include fragment identifiers and that such processing be specified as an additional
XPath Transform.

When a fragment is not preceded by a URI in the URI-Reference, XML Signature applications MUST
support the null URI and shortname XPointer [XPointer-Framework]. We RECOMMEND support for the
same-document XPointers '#xpointer(/)' and '#xpointer(id('ID'))' if the application also intends to
support any canonicalization that preserves comments. (Otherwise URI="#foo" will automatically
remove comments before the canonicalization can even be invoked due to the processing defined in
Same-Document URI-References (section 4.3.3.3).) All other support for XPointers is OPTIONAL,
especially all support for shortname and other XPointers in external resources since the application may
not have control over how the fragment is generated (leading to interoperability problems and validation
failures).

'#xpointer(/)' MUST be interpreted to identify the root node [XPath] of the document that contains the
URI attribute.

'#xpointer(id('ID'))' MUST be interpreted to identify the element node identified by '#element

(ID)' [XPointer-Element] when evaluated with respect to the document that contains the URI attribute.

The original edition of this specification [XMLDSIG-2002] referenced the XPointer Candidate
Recommendation [XPTR-2001] and some implementations support it optionally. That Candidate
Recommendation has been superseded by the [XPointer-Framework], [XPointer-xmlns] and [XPointer-
Element] Recommendations, and -- at the time of this edition -- the [XPointer-xpointer] Working Draft.
Therefore, the use of the xpointer() scheme [XPointer-xpointer] beyond the usage discussed in this
section is discouraged.

The following examples demonstrate what the URI attribute identifies and how it is dereferenced:

URI="http://example.com/bar.xml"
Identifies the octets that represent the external resource 'http://example.com/bar.xml', that is
probably an XML document given its file extension.
URI="http://example.com/bar.xml#chapter1"
Identifies the element with ID attribute value 'chapter1' of the external XML resource
'http://example.com/bar.xml', provided as an octet stream. Again, for the sake of interoperability,
the element identified as 'chapter1' should be obtained using an XPath transform rather than a
URI fragment (shortname XPointer resolution in external resources is not REQUIRED in this
specification).
URI=""
Identifies the node-set (minus any comment nodes) of the XML resource containing the signature
URI="#chapter1"
Identifies a node-set containing the element with ID attribute value 'chapter1' of the XML resource
containing the signature. XML Signature (and its applications) modify this node-set to include the
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 17 di 44

element plus all descendants including namespaces and attributes -- but not comments.

4.3.3.3 Same-Document URI-References

Dereferencing a same-document reference MUST result in an XPath node-set suitable for use by
Canonical XML [XML-C14N]. Specifically, dereferencing a null URI (URI="") MUST result in an XPath
node-set that includes every non-comment node of the XML document containing the URI attribute. In a
fragment URI, the characters after the number sign ('#') character conform to the XPointer syntax
[XPointer-Framework]. When processing an XPointer, the application MUST behave as if the XPointer
was evaluated with respect to the XML document containing the URI attribute . The application MUST
behave as if the result of XPointer processing [XPointer-Framework] were a node-set derived from the
resultant subresource as follows:

1. include XPath nodes having full or partial content within the subresource
2. replace the root node with its children (if it is in the node-set)
3. replace any element node E with E plus all descendants of E (text, comment, PI, element) and all
namespace and attribute nodes of E and its descendant elements.
4. if the URI has no fragment identifier or the fragment identifier is a shortname XPointer, then delete
all comment nodes

The second to last replacement is necessary because XPointer typically indicates a subtree of an XML
document's parse tree using just the element node at the root of the subtree, whereas Canonical XML
treats a node-set as a set of nodes in which absence of descendant nodes results in absence of their
representative text from the canonical form.

The last step is performed for null URIs and shortname XPointers . It is necessary because when [XML-
C14N] or [XML-C14N11] is passed a node-set, it processes the node-set as is: with or without
comments. Only when it is called with an octet stream does it invoke its own XPath expressions (default
or without comments). Therefore to retain the default behavior of stripping comments when passed a
node-set, they are removed in the last step if the URI is not a scheme-based XPointer. To retain
comments while selecting an element by an identifier ID, use the following scheme-based XPointer:
URI='#xpointer(id('ID'))'. To retain comments while selecting the entire document, use the following
scheme-based XPointer: URI='#xpointer(/)'.

The interpretation of these XPointers is defined in The Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2).

4.3.3.4 The Transforms Element

The optional Transforms element contains an ordered list of Transform elements; these describe how
the signer obtained the data object that was digested. The output of each Transform serves as input to
the next Transform. The input to the first Transform is the result of dereferencing the URI attribute of the
Reference element. The output from the last Transform is the input for the DigestMethod algorithm.
When transforms are applied the signer is not signing the native (original) document but the resulting
(transformed) document. (See Only What is Signed is Secure (section 8.1).)

Each Transform consists of an Algorithm attribute and content parameters, if any, appropriate for the
given algorithm. The Algorithm attribute value specifies the name of the algorithm to be performed, and
the Transform content provides additional data to govern the algorithm's processing of the transform
input. (See Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements (section 6).)

As described in The Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2), some transforms take an XPath
node-set as input, while others require an octet stream. If the actual input matches the input needs of
the transform, then the transform operates on the unaltered input. If the transform input requirement
differs from the format of the actual input, then the input must be converted.

Some Transforms may require explicit MIME type, charset (IANA registered "character set"), or other
such information concerning the data they are receiving from an earlier Transform or the source data,
although no Transform algorithm specified in this document needs such explicit information. Such data
characteristics are provided as parameters to the Transform algorithm and should be described in the
specification for the algorithm.

Examples of transforms include but are not limited to base64 decoding [MIME], canonicalization [XML-
C14N], XPath filtering [XPath], and XSLT [XSLT]. The generic definition of the Transform element also
allows application-specific transform algorithms. For example, the transform could be a decompression
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 18 di 44

routine given by a Java class appearing as a base64 encoded parameter to a Java Transform
algorithm. However, applications should refrain from using application-specific transforms if they wish
their signatures to be verifiable outside of their application domain. Transform Algorithms (section 6.6)
defines the list of standard transformations.

Schema Definition:

<element name="Transforms" type="ds:TransformsType"/>

<element name="Transform" type="ds:TransformType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT Transforms (Transform+)>

<!ELEMENT Transform (#PCDATA|XPath %Transform.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST Transform
Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED >

<!ELEMENT XPath (#PCDATA) >

4.3.3.5 The DigestMethod Element

DigestMethod is a required element that identifies the digest algorithm to be applied to the signed
object. This element uses the general structure here for algorithms specified in Algorithm Identifiers and
Implementation Requirements (section 6.1).

If the result of the URI dereference and application of Transforms is an XPath node-set (or sufficiently
functional replacement implemented by the application) then it must be converted as described in the
Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2). If the result of URI dereference and application of
transforms is an octet stream, then no conversion occurs (comments might be present if the Canonical
XML with Comments was specified in the Transforms). The digest algorithm is applied to the data
octets of the resulting octet stream.

Schema Definition:

<element name="DigestMethod" type="ds:DigestMethodType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT DigestMethod (#PCDATA %Method.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST DigestMethod
Algorithm CDATA #REQUIRED >

4.3.3.6 The DigestValue Element

DigestValue is an element that contains the encoded value of the digest. The digest is always encoded
using base64 [MIME].
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 19 di 44

Schema Definition:

<element name="DigestValue" type="ds:DigestValueType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT DigestValue (#PCDATA) >

4.4 The KeyInfo Element

KeyInfo is an optional element that enables the recipient(s) to obtain the key needed to validate the
signature. KeyInfo may contain keys, names, certificates and other public key management
information, such as in-band key distribution or key agreement data. This specification defines a few
simple types but applications may extend those types or all together replace them with their own key
identification and exchange semantics using the XML namespace facility. [XML-ns] However, questions
of trust of such key information (e.g., its authenticity or strength) are out of scope of this specification
and left to the application.

If KeyInfo is omitted, the recipient is expected to be able to identify the key based on application
context. Multiple declarations within KeyInfo refer to the same key. While applications may define and
use any mechanism they choose through inclusion of elements from a different namespace, compliant
versions MUST implement KeyValue (section 4.4.2) and SHOULD implement RetrievalMethod (section
4.4.3).

The schema/DTD specifications of many of KeyInfo's children (e.g., PGPData, SPKIData, X509Data)
permit their content to be extended/complemented with elements from another namespace. This may
be done only if it is safe to ignore these extension elements while claiming support for the types defined
in this specification. Otherwise, external elements, including alternative structures to those defined by
this specification, MUST be a child of KeyInfo. For example, should a complete XML-PGP standard be
defined, its root element MUST be a child of KeyInfo. (Of course, new structures from external
namespaces can incorporate elements from the &dsig; namespace via features of the type definition
language. For instance, they can create a DTD that mixes their own and dsig qualified elements, or a
schema that permits, includes, imports, or derives new types based on &dsig; elements.)

The following list summarizes the KeyInfo types that are allocated an identifier in the &dsig;
namespace; these can be used within the RetrievalMethod Type attribute to describe a remote KeyInfo
structure.

http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#DSAKeyValue
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#RSAKeyValue
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#X509Data
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#PGPData
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SPKIData
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#MgmtData

In addition to the types above for which we define an XML structure, we specify one additional type to
indicate a binary (ASN.1 DER) X.509 Certificate.

http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rawX509Certificate

Schema Definition:

<element name="KeyInfo" type="ds:KeyInfoType"/>

<complexType name="KeyInfoType" mixed="true">
<choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
<element ref="ds:KeyName"/>
<element ref="ds:KeyValue"/>
<element ref="ds:RetrievalMethod"/>
<element ref="ds:X509Data"/>
<element ref="ds:PGPData"/>
<element ref="ds:SPKIData"/>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 20 di 44

DTD:

<!ELEMENT KeyInfo (#PCDATA|KeyName|KeyValue|RetrievalMethod|

X509Data|PGPData|SPKIData|MgmtData %KeyInfo.ANY;)* >
<!ATTLIST KeyInfo
Id ID #IMPLIED >

4.4.1 The KeyName Element

The KeyName element contains a string value (in which white space is significant) which may be used by
the signer to communicate a key identifier to the recipient. Typically, KeyName contains an identifier
related to the key pair used to sign the message, but it may contain other protocol-related information
that indirectly identifies a key pair. (Common uses of KeyName include simple string names for keys, a
key index, a distinguished name (DN), an email address, etc.)

Schema Definition:

<element name="KeyName" type="string"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT KeyName (#PCDATA) >

4.4.2 The KeyValue Element

The KeyValue element contains a single public key that may be useful in validating the signature.
Structured formats for defining DSA (REQUIRED) and RSA (RECOMMENDED) public keys are defined
in Signature Algorithms (section 6.4). The KeyValue element may include externally defined public keys
values represented as PCDATA or element types from an external namespace.

Schema Definition:

<element name="KeyValue" type="ds:KeyValueType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT KeyValue (#PCDATA|DSAKeyValue|RSAKeyValue %KeyValue.ANY;)* >

4.4.2.1 The DSAKeyValue Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#DSAKeyValue"
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

DSA keys and the DSA signature algorithm are specified in [DSS]. DSA public key values can have the
following fields:

P
a prime modulus meeting the [DSS] requirements
Q
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 21 di 44

an integer in the range 2**159 < Q < 2**160 which is a prime divisor of P-1
G
an integer with certain properties with respect to P and Q
Y
G**X mod P (where X is part of the private key and not made public)
J
(P - 1) / Q
seed
a DSA prime generation seed
pgenCounter
a DSA prime generation counter

Parameter J is available for inclusion solely for efficiency as it is calculatable from P and Q. Parameters
seed and pgenCounter are used in the DSA prime number generation algorithm specified in [DSS]. As
such, they are optional but must either both be present or both be absent. This prime generation
algorithm is designed to provide assurance that a weak prime is not being used and it yields a P and Q
value. Parameters P, Q, and G can be public and common to a group of users. They might be known
from application context. As such, they are optional but P and Q must either both appear or both be
absent. If all of P, Q, seed, and pgenCounter are present, implementations are not required to check if
they are consistent and are free to use either P and Q or seed and pgenCounter. All parameters are
encoded as base64 [MIME] values.

Arbitrary-length integers (e.g. "bignums" such as RSA moduli) are represented in XML as octet strings
as defined by the ds:CryptoBinary type.

Schema Definition:

<element name="DSAKeyValue" type="ds:DSAKeyValueType"/>

DTD Definition:

<!ELEMENT DSAKeyValue ((P, Q)?, G?, Y, J?, (Seed, PgenCounter)?) >

<!ELEMENT P (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Q (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT G (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Y (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT J (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Seed (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT PgenCounter (#PCDATA) >

4.4.2.2 The RSAKeyValue Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#RSAKeyValue"
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

RSA key values have two fields: Modulus and Exponent.

<RSAKeyValue>
<Modulus>xA7SEU+e0yQH5rm9kbCDN9o3aPIo7HbP7tX6WOocLZAtNfyxSZDU16ksL6W
jubafOqNEpcwR3RdFsT7bCqnXPBe5ELh5u4VEy19MzxkXRgrMvavzyBpVRgBUwUlV
5foK5hhmbktQhyNdy/6LpQRhDUDsTvK+g9Ucj47es9AQJ3U=
</Modulus>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 22 di 44

Arbitrary-length integers (e.g. "bignums" such as RSA moduli) are represented in XML as octet strings
as defined by the ds:CryptoBinary type.

Schema Definition:

<element name="RSAKeyValue" type="ds:RSAKeyValueType"/>

DTD Definition:

<!ELEMENT RSAKeyValue (Modulus, Exponent) >

<!ELEMENT Modulus (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT Exponent (#PCDATA) >

4.4.3 The RetrievalMethod Element

A RetrievalMethod element within KeyInfo is used to convey a reference to KeyInfo information that is
stored at another location. For example, several signatures in a document might use a key verified by
an X.509v3 certificate chain appearing once in the document or remotely outside the document; each
signature's KeyInfo can reference this chain using a single RetrievalMethod element instead of
including the entire chain with a sequence of X509Certificate elements.

RetrievalMethod uses the same syntax and dereferencing behavior as Reference's URI (section
4.3.3.1) and The Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2) except that there is no DigestMethod or
DigestValue child elements and presence of the URI is mandatory.

Type is an optional identifier for the type of data retrieved after all transforms have been applied. The
result of dereferencing a RetrievalMethod Reference for all KeyInfo types defined by this specification
(section 4.4) with a corresponding XML structure is an XML element or document with that element as
the root. The rawX509Certificate KeyInfo (for which there is no XML structure) returns a binary X509
certificate.

Schema Definition

<element name="RetrievalMethod" type="ds:RetrievalMethodType"/>

DTD

<!ELEMENT RetrievalMethod (Transforms?) >

<!ATTLIST RetrievalMethod
URI CDATA #REQUIRED
Type CDATA #IMPLIED >

Note: The schema for the URI attribute of RetrievalMethod erroneously omitted the attribute:
use="required"

The DTD is correct. However, this error only results in a more lax schema which permits all valid
RetrievalMethod elements. Because the existing schema is embedded in many applications, which may
include the schema in their signatures, the schema has not been corrected to be more restrictive.
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 23 di 44

4.4.4 The X509Data Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#X509Data "
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

An X509Data element within KeyInfo contains one or more identifiers of keys or X509 certificates (or
certificates' identifiers or a revocation list). The content of X509Data is:

1. At least one element, from the following set of element types; any of these may appear together or
more than once iff (if and only if) each instance describes or is related to the same certificate:

The X509IssuerSerial element, which contains an X.509 issuer distinguished name/serial

number pair. The distinguished name SHOULD be represented as a string that complies
with section 3 of RFC4514 [LDAP-DN], to be generated according to the Distinguished
Name Encoding Rules section below,
The X509SubjectName element, which contains an X.509 subject distinguished name that
SHOULD be represented as a string that complies with section 3 of RFC4514 [LDAP-DN], to
be generated according to the Distinguished Name Encoding Rules section below,
The X509SKI element, which contains the base64 encoded plain (i.e. non-DER-encoded)
value of a X509 V.3 SubjectKeyIdentifier extension.
The X509Certificate element, which contains a base64-encoded [X509v3] certificate, and
Elements from an external namespace which accompanies/complements any of the
elements above.
The X509CRL element, which contains a base64-encoded certificate revocation list (CRL)
[X509v3].

Any X509IssuerSerial, X509SKI, and X509SubjectName elements that appear MUST refer to the
certificate or certificates containing the validation key. All such elements that refer to a particular
individual certificate MUST be grouped inside a single X509Data element and if the certificate to which
they refer appears, it MUST also be in that X509Data element.

Any X509IssuerSerial, X509SKI, and X509SubjectName elements that relate to the same key but
different certificates MUST be grouped within a single KeyInfo but MAY occur in multiple X509Data
elements.

All certificates appearing in an X509Data element MUST relate to the validation key by either containing
it or being part of a certification chain that terminates in a certificate containing the validation key.

No ordering is implied by the above constraints. The comments in the following instance demonstrate
these constraints:

<KeyInfo>
<X509Data> 
<X509IssuerSerial>
<X509IssuerName>CN=TAMURA Kent, OU=TRL, O=IBM,
L=Yamato-shi, ST=Kanagawa, C=JP</X509IssuerName>
<X509SerialNumber>12345678</X509SerialNumber>
</X509IssuerSerial>
<X509SKI>31d97bd7</X509SKI>
</X509Data>
<X509Data>
<X509SubjectName>Subject of Certificate B</X509SubjectName>
</X509Data>
<X509Data> 

<X509Certificate>MIICXTCCA..</X509Certificate>

<X509Certificate>MIICPzCCA...</X509Certificate>

<X509Certificate>MIICSTCCA...</X509Certificate>
</X509Data>
</KeyInfo>

Note, there is no direct provision for a PKCS#7 encoded "bag" of certificates or CRLs. However, a set
of certificates and CRLs can occur within an X509Data element and multiple X509Data elements can
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 24 di 44

occur in a KeyInfo. Whenever multiple certificates occur in an X509Data element, at least one such
certificate must contain the public key which verifies the signature.

4.4.4.1 Distinguished Name Encoding Rules

To encode a distinguished name (X509IssuerSerial,X509SubjectName, and KeyName if appropriate), the

encoding rules in section 2 of RFC 4514 [LDAP-DN] SHOULD be applied, except that the character
escaping rules in section 2.4 of RFC 4514 [LDAP-DN] MAY be augmented as follows:

Escape all occurrences of ASCII control characters (Unicode range \x00 - \x1f) by replacing them
with "\" followed by a two digit hex number showing its Unicode number.
Escape any trailing space characters (Unicode \x20) by replacing them with "\20", instead of using
the escape sequence "\ ".

Since a XML document logically consists of characters, not octets, the resulting Unicode string is finally
encoded according to the character encoding used for producing the physical representation of the XML
document.

Schema Definition

<element name="X509Data" type="ds:X509DataType"/>

DTD

<!ELEMENT X509Data ((X509IssuerSerial | X509SKI | X509SubjectName |

X509Certificate | X509CRL)+ %X509.ANY;)>
<!ELEMENT X509IssuerSerial (X509IssuerName, X509SerialNumber) >
<!ELEMENT X509IssuerName (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT X509SubjectName (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT X509SerialNumber (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT X509SKI (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT X509Certificate (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT X509CRL (#PCDATA) >

4.4.5 The PGPData Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#PGPData "
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

The PGPData element within KeyInfo is used to convey information related to PGP public key pairs and
signatures on such keys. The PGPKeyID's value is a base64Binary sequence containing a standard PGP
public key identifier as defined in [PGP, section 11.2]. The PGPKeyPacket contains a base64-encoded
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 25 di 44

Key Material Packet as defined in [PGP, section 5.5]. These children element types can be
complemented/extended by siblings from an external namespace within PGPData, or PGPData can be
replaced all together with an alternative PGP XML structure as a child of KeyInfo. PGPData must contain
one PGPKeyID and/or one PGPKeyPacket and 0 or more elements from an external namespace.

Schema Definition:

<element name="PGPData" type="ds:PGPDataType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT PGPData ((PGPKeyID, PGPKeyPacket?) | (PGPKeyPacket) %PGPData.ANY;) >

<!ELEMENT PGPKeyPacket (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT PGPKeyID (#PCDATA) >

4.4.6 The SPKIData Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SPKIData "
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

The SPKIData element within KeyInfo is used to convey information related to SPKI public key pairs,
certificates and other SPKI data. SPKISexp is the base64 encoding of a SPKI canonical S-expression.
SPKIData must have at least one SPKISexp; SPKISexp can be complemented/extended by siblings from
an external namespace within SPKIData, or SPKIData can be entirely replaced with an alternative SPKI
XML structure as a child of KeyInfo.

Schema Definition:

<element name="SPKIData" type="ds:SPKIDataType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT SPKIData (SPKISexp %SPKIData.ANY;) >

<!ELEMENT SPKISexp (#PCDATA) >

4.4.7 The MgmtData Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#MgmtData "
(this can be used within a RetrievalMethod or Reference element to identify the referent's type)

The MgmtData element within KeyInfo is a string value used to convey in-band key distribution or
agreement data. For example, DH key exchange, RSA key encryption, etc. Use of this element is NOT
RECOMMENDED. It provides a syntactic hook where in-band key distribution or agreement data can
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 26 di 44

be placed. However, superior interoperable child elements of KeyInfo for the transmission of encrypted
keys and for key agreement are being specified by the W3C XML Encryption Working Group and they
should be used instead of MgmtData.

Schema Definition:

<element name="MgmtData" type="string"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT MgmtData (#PCDATA)>

4.5 The Object Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Object"
(this can be used within a Reference element to identify the referent's type)

Object is an optional element that may occur one or more times. When present, this element may
contain any data. The Object element may include optional MIME type, ID, and encoding attributes.

The Object's Encoding attributed may be used to provide a URI that identifies the method by which the
object is encoded (e.g., a binary file).

The MimeType attribute is an optional attribute which describes the data within the Object (independent
of its encoding). This is a string with values defined by [MIME]. For example, if the Object contains
base64 encoded PNG, the Encoding may be specified as 'http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#base64'
and the MimeType as 'image/png'. This attribute is purely advisory; no validation of the MimeType
information is required by this specification. Applications which require normative type and encoding
information for signature validation should specify Transforms with well defined resulting types and/or
encodings.

The Object's Id is commonly referenced from a Reference in SignedInfo, or Manifest. This element is
typically used for enveloping signatures where the object being signed is to be included in the signature
element. The digest is calculated over the entire Object element including start and end tags.

Note, if the application wishes to exclude the <Object> tags from the digest calculation the Reference
must identify the actual data object (easy for XML documents) or a transform must be used to remove
the Object tags (likely where the data object is non-XML). Exclusion of the object tags may be desired
for cases where one wants the signature to remain valid if the data object is moved from inside a
signature to outside the signature (or vice versa), or where the content of the Object is an encoding of
an original binary document and it is desired to extract and decode so as to sign the original bitwise
representation.

Schema Definition:

<element name="Object" type="ds:ObjectType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT Object (#PCDATA|Signature|SignatureProperties|Manifest %Object.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST Object
Id ID #IMPLIED
MimeType CDATA #IMPLIED
Encoding CDATA #IMPLIED >
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 27 di 44

5.0 Additional Signature Syntax

This section describes the optional to implement Manifest and SignatureProperties elements and
describes the handling of XML processing instructions and comments. With respect to the elements
Manifest and SignatureProperties this section specifies syntax and little behavior -- it is left to the
application. These elements can appear anywhere the parent's content model permits; the Signature
content model only permits them within Object.

5.1 The Manifest Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#Manifest"
(this can be used within a Reference element to identify the referent's type)

The Manifest element provides a list of References. The difference from the list in SignedInfo is that it
is application defined which, if any, of the digests are actually checked against the objects referenced
and what to do if the object is inaccessible or the digest compare fails. If a Manifest is pointed to from
SignedInfo, the digest over the Manifest itself will be checked by the core signature validation
behavior. The digests within such a Manifest are checked at the application's discretion. If a Manifest
is referenced from another Manifest, even the overall digest of this two level deep Manifest might not
be checked.

Schema Definition:

<element name="Manifest" type="ds:ManifestType"/>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT Manifest (Reference+) >

<!ATTLIST Manifest
Id ID #IMPLIED >

5.2 The SignatureProperties Element

Identifier
Type="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#SignatureProperties"
(this can be used within a Reference element to identify the referent's type)

Additional information items concerning the generation of the signature(s) can be placed in a
SignatureProperty element (i.e., date/time stamp or the serial number of cryptographic hardware used
in signature generation).

Schema Definition:

<element name="SignatureProperties" type="ds:SignaturePropertiesType"/>

<element name="SignatureProperty" type="ds:SignaturePropertyType"/>

<complexType name="SignaturePropertyType" mixed="true">
<choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
<any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>

</choice>
<attribute name="Target" type="anyURI" use="required"/>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 28 di 44

<attribute name="Id" type="ID" use="optional"/>

</complexType>

DTD:

<!ELEMENT SignatureProperties (SignatureProperty+) >

<!ATTLIST SignatureProperties
Id ID #IMPLIED >

<!ELEMENT SignatureProperty (#PCDATA %SignatureProperty.ANY;)* >

<!ATTLIST SignatureProperty
Target CDATA #REQUIRED
Id ID #IMPLIED >

5.3 Processing Instructions in Signature Elements

No XML processing instructions (PIs) are used by this specification.

Note that PIs placed inside SignedInfo by an application will be signed unless the
CanonicalizationMethod algorithm discards them. (This is true for any signed XML content.) All of the
CanonicalizationMethods identified within this specification retain PIs. When a PI is part of content that
is signed (e.g., within SignedInfo or referenced XML documents) any change to the PI will obviously
result in a signature failure.

5.4 Comments in Signature Elements

XML comments are not used by this specification.

Note that unless CanonicalizationMethod removes comments within SignedInfo or any other
referenced XML (which [XML-C14N] does), they will be signed. Consequently, if they are retained, a
change to the comment will cause a signature failure. Similarly, the XML signature over any XML data
will be sensitive to comment changes unless a comment-ignoring canonicalization/transform method,
such as the Canonical XML [XML-C14N], is specified.

6.0 Algorithms
This section identifies algorithms used with the XML digital signature specification. Entries contain the
identifier to be used in Signature elements, a reference to the formal specification, and definitions,
where applicable, for the representation of keys and the results of cryptographic operations.

6.1 Algorithm Identifiers and Implementation Requirements

Algorithms are identified by URIs that appear as an attribute to the element that identifies the
algorithms' role (DigestMethod, Transform, SignatureMethod, or CanonicalizationMethod). All
algorithms used herein take parameters but in many cases the parameters are implicit. For example, a
SignatureMethod is implicitly given two parameters: the keying info and the output of
CanonicalizationMethod. Explicit additional parameters to an algorithm appear as content elements
within the algorithm role element. Such parameter elements have a descriptive element name, which is
frequently algorithm specific, and MUST be in the XML Signature namespace or an algorithm specific
namespace.

This specification defines a set of algorithms, their URIs, and requirements for implementation.
Requirements are specified over implementation, not over requirements for signature use. Furthermore,
the mechanism is extensible; alternative algorithms may be used by signature applications.

Digest
1. Required SHA1
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1
Encoding
1. Required base64
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#base64
MAC
1. Required HMAC-SHA1
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#hmac-sha1
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 29 di 44

Signature
1. Required DSAwithSHA1 (DSS)
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1
2. Recommended RSAwithSHA1
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1
Canonicalization
1. Required Canonical XML 1.0(omits comments)
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315
2. Recommended Canonical XML 1.0with Comments
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments
3. Required Canonical XML 1.1 (omits comments)
http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11
4. Recommended Canonical XML 1.1 with Comments
http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11#WithComments
Transform
1. Optional XSLT
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116
2. Recommended XPath
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116
3. Required Enveloped Signature*
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature

* The Enveloped Signature transform removes the Signature element from the calculation of the
signature when the signature is within the content that it is being signed. This MAY be implemented via
the RECOMMENDED XPath specification specified in 6.6.4: Enveloped Signature Transform; it MUST
have the same effect as that specified by the XPath Transform.

6.2 Message Digests

Only one digest algorithm is defined herein. However, it is expected that one or more additional strong
digest algorithms will be developed in connection with the US Advanced Encryption Standard effort.
Use of MD5 [MD5] is NOT RECOMMENDED because recent advances in cryptanalysis have cast
doubt on its strength.

6.2.1 SHA-1

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1

The SHA-1 algorithm [SHA-1] takes no explicit parameters. An example of an SHA-1 DigestAlg element
is:

A SHA-1 digest is a 160-bit string. The content of the DigestValue element shall be the base64
encoding of this bit string viewed as a 20-octet octet stream. For example, the DigestValue element for
the message digest:

A9993E36 4706816A BA3E2571 7850C26C 9CD0D89D

from Appendix A of the SHA-1 standard would be:

<DigestValue>qZk+NkcGgWq6PiVxeFDCbJzQ2J0=</DigestValue>

6.3 Message Authentication Codes

MAC algorithms take two implicit parameters, their keying material determined from KeyInfo and the
octet stream output by CanonicalizationMethod. MACs and signature algorithms are syntactically
identical but a MAC implies a shared secret key.

6.3.1 HMAC
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 30 di 44

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#hmac-sha1

The HMAC algorithm (RFC2104 [HMAC]) takes the truncation length in bits as a parameter; if the
parameter is not specified then all the bits of the hash are output. An example of an HMAC
SignatureMethod element:

The output of the HMAC algorithm is ultimately the output (possibly truncated) of the chosen digest
algorithm. This value shall be base64 encoded in the same straightforward fashion as the output of the
digest algorithms. Example: the SignatureValue element for the HMAC-SHA1 digest

9294727A 3638BB1C 13F48EF8 158BFC9D

from the test vectors in [HMAC] would be

<SignatureValue>kpRyejY4uxwT9I74FYv8nQ==</SignatureValue>

Schema Definition:

DTD:

<!ELEMENT HMACOutputLength (#PCDATA)>

6.4 Signature Algorithms

Signature algorithms take two implicit parameters, their keying material determined from KeyInfo and
the octet stream output by CanonicalizationMethod. Signature and MAC algorithms are syntactically
identical but a signature implies public key cryptography.

6.4.1 DSA

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1

The DSA algorithm [DSS] takes no explicit parameters. An example of a DSA SignatureMethod element
is:

The output of the DSA algorithm consists of a pair of integers usually referred by the pair (r, s). The
signature value consists of the base64 encoding of the concatenation of two octet-streams that
respectively result from the octet-encoding of the values r and s in that order. Integer to octet-stream
conversion must be done according to the I2OSP operation defined in the RFC 2437 [PKCS1]
specification with a l parameter equal to 20. For example, the SignatureValue element for a DSA
signature (r, s) with values specified in hexadecimal:

r = 8BAC1AB6 6410435C B7181F95 B16AB97C 92B341C0

s = 41E2345F 1F56DF24 58F426D1 55B4BA2D B6DCD8C8

from the example in Appendix 5 of the DSS standard would be

<SignatureValue>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 31 di 44

i6watmQQQ1y3GB+VsWq5fJKzQcBB4jRfH1bfJFj0JtFVtLotttzYyA==</SignatureValue>

6.4.2 PKCS1 (RSA-SHA1)

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1

The expression "RSA algorithm" as used in this specification refers to the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5
algorithm described in RFC 2437 [PKCS1]. The RSA algorithm takes no explicit parameters. An
example of an RSA SignatureMethod element is:

The SignatureValue content for an RSA signature is the base64 [MIME] encoding of the octet string
computed as per RFC 2437 [PKCS1, section 8.1.1: Signature generation for the RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5
signature scheme]. As specified in the EMSA-PKCS1-V1_5-ENCODE function RFC 2437 [PKCS1,
section 9.2.1], the value input to the signature function MUST contain a pre-pended algorithm object
identifier for the hash function, but the availability of an ASN.1 parser and recognition of OIDs is not
required of a signature verifier. The PKCS#1 v1.5 representation appears as:

CRYPT (PAD (ASN.1 (OID, DIGEST (data))))

Note that the padded ASN.1 will be of the following form:

01 | FF* | 00 | prefix | hash

where "|" is concatenation, "01", "FF", and "00" are fixed octets of the corresponding hexadecimal
value, "hash" is the SHA1 digest of the data, and "prefix" is the ASN.1 BER SHA1 algorithm designator
prefix required in PKCS1 [RFC 2437], that is,

hex 30 21 30 09 06 05 2B 0E 03 02 1A 05 00 04 14

This prefix is included to make it easier to use standard cryptographic libraries. The FF octet MUST be
repeated the maximum number of times such that the value of the quantity being CRYPTed is one octet
shorter than the RSA modulus.

The resulting base64 [MIME] string is the value of the child text node of the SignatureValue element,
e.g.

<SignatureValue>
IWijxQjUrcXBYoCei4QxjWo9Kg8D3p9tlWoT4t0/gyTE96639In0FZFY2/rvP+/bMJ01EArmKZsR5VW3rwoPxw=
</SignatureValue>

6.5 Canonicalization Algorithms

If canonicalization is performed over octets, the canonicalization algorithms take two implicit
parameters: the content and its charset. The charset is derived according to the rules of the transport
protocols and media types (e.g, RFC2376 [XML-MT] defines the media types for XML). This information
is necessary to correctly sign and verify documents and often requires careful server side configuration.

Various canonicalization algorithms require conversion to [UTF-8].The algorithms below understand at

least [UTF-8] and [UTF-16] as input encodings. We RECOMMEND that externally specified algorithms
do the same. Knowledge of other encodings is OPTIONAL.

Various canonicalization algorithms transcode from a non-Unicode encoding to Unicode. The output of
these algorithms will be in NFC [NFC, NFC-Corrigendum]. This is because the XML processor used to
prepare the XPath data model input is required (by the Data Model) to use Normalization Form C when
converting an XML document to the UCS character domain from any encoding that is not UCS-based.

We RECOMMEND that externally specified canonicalization algorithms do the same. (Note, there can
be ambiguities in converting existing charsets to Unicode, for an example see the XML Japanese
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 32 di 44

Profile [XML-Japanese] Note.)

This specification REQUIRES implementation of both Canonical XML 1.0 [XML-C14N] and Canonical
XML 1.1 [XML-C14N11]. We RECOMMEND that applications that generate signatures choose
Canonical XML 1.1 [XML-C14N11] when inclusive canonicalization is desired.

Note: Canonical XML 1.0 [XML-C14N] and Canonical XML 1.1 [XML-C14N11] specify a standard
serialization of XML that, when applied to a subdocument, includes the subdocument's ancestor context
including all of the namespace declarations and some attributes in the 'xml:' namespace. However,
some applications require a method which, to the extent practical, excludes unused ancestor context
from a canonicalized subdocument. The Exclusive XML Canonicalization Recommendation [XML-exc-
C14N] may be used to address requirements resulting from scenarios where a subdocument is moved
between contexts.

6.5.1 Canonical XML 1.0

Identifier for REQUIRED Canonical XML 1.0 (omits comments):

http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315

Identifier for Canonical XML 1.0 with Comments:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315#WithComments

An example of an XML canonicalization element is:

The normative specification of Canonical XML1.0 is [XML-C14N]. The algorithm is capable of taking as
input either an octet stream or an XPath node-set (or sufficiently functional alternative). The algorithm
produces an octet stream as output. Canonical XML is easily parameterized (via an additional URI) to
omit or retain comments.

6.5.2 Canonical XML 1.1

Identifier for REQUIRED Canonical XML 1.1 (omits comments):

http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11
Identifier for Canonical XML 1.1 with Comments:
http://www.w3.org/2006/12/xml-c14n11#WithComments

The normative specification of Canonical XML 1.1 is [XML-C14N11]. The algorithm is capable of taking
as input either an octet stream or an XPath node-set (or sufficiently functional alternative). The
algorithm produces an octet stream as output. Canonical XML 1.1 is easily parameterized (via an
additional URI) to omit or retain comments.

6.6 Transform Algorithms

A Transform algorithm has a single implicit parameter: an octet stream from the Reference or the output
of an earlier Transform.

Application developers are strongly encouraged to support all transforms listed in this section as
RECOMMENDED unless the application environment has resource constraints that would make such
support impractical. Compliance with this recommendation will maximize application interoperability and
libraries should be available to enable support of these transforms in applications without extensive
development.

6.6.1 Canonicalization

Any canonicalization algorithm that can be used for CanonicalizationMethod (such as those in
Canonicalization Algorithms (section 6.5)) can be used as a Transform.

6.6.2 Base64

Identifiers:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#base64
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 33 di 44

The normative specification for base64 decoding transforms is [MIME]. The base64 Transform element
has no content. The input is decoded by the algorithms. This transform is useful if an application needs
to sign the raw data associated with the encoded content of an element.

This transform requires an octet stream for input. If an XPath node-set (or sufficiently functional
alternative) is given as input, then it is converted to an octet stream by performing operations logically
equivalent to 1) applying an XPath transform with expression self::text(), then 2) taking the string-
value of the node-set. Thus, if an XML element is identified by a shortname XPointer in the Reference
URI, and its content consists solely of base64 encoded character data, then this transform automatically
strips away the start and end tags of the identified element and any of its descendant elements as well
as any descendant comments and processing instructions. The output of this transform is an octet
stream.

6.6.3 XPath Filtering

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116

The normative specification for XPath expression evaluation is [XPath]. The XPath expression to be
evaluated appears as the character content of a transform parameter child element named XPath.

The input required by this transform is an XPath node-set. Note that if the actual input is an XPath
node-set resulting from a null URI or shortname XPointer dereference, then comment nodes will have
been omitted. If the actual input is an octet stream, then the application MUST convert the octet stream
to an XPath node-set suitable for use by Canonical XML with Comments. (A subsequent application of
the REQUIRED Canonical XML algorithm would strip away these comments.) In other words, the input
node-set should be equivalent to the one that would be created by the following process:

1. Initialize an XPath evaluation context by setting the initial node equal to the input XML document's
root node, and set the context position and size to 1.
2. Evaluate the XPath expression (//. | //@* | //namespace::*)

The evaluation of this expression includes all of the document's nodes (including comments) in the
node-set representing the octet stream.

The transform output is also an XPath node-set. The XPath expression appearing in the XPath
parameter is evaluated once for each node in the input node-set. The result is converted to a boolean. If
the boolean is true, then the node is included in the output node-set. If the boolean is false, then the
node is omitted from the output node-set.

Note: Even if the input node-set has had comments removed, the comment nodes still exist in the
underlying parse tree and can separate text nodes. For example, the markup <e>Hello, world!</e> contains two text nodes. Therefore, the expression self::text()[string()="Hello,
world!"] would fail. Should this problem arise in the application, it can be solved by either
canonicalizing the document before the XPath transform to physically remove the comments or by
matching the node based on the parent element's string value (e.g. by using the expression self::text
()[string(parent::e)="Hello, world!"]).

The primary purpose of this transform is to ensure that only specifically defined changes to the input
XML document are permitted after the signature is affixed. This is done by omitting precisely those
nodes that are allowed to change once the signature is affixed, and including all other input nodes in the
output. It is the responsibility of the XPath expression author to include all nodes whose change could
affect the interpretation of the transform output in the application context.

Note that the XML-Signature XPath Filter 2.0 Recommendation [XPath-Filter-2] may be used for this
purpose. This recommendation defines an XPath transform that permits the easy specification of
subtree selection and omission that can be efficiently implemented.

An important scenario would be a document requiring two enveloped signatures. Each signature must
omit itself from its own digest calculations, but it is also necessary to exclude the second signature
element from the digest calculations of the first signature so that adding the second signature does not
break the first signature.

The XPath transform establishes the following evaluation context for each node of the input node-set:
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 34 di 44

A context node equal to a node of the input node-set.

A context position, initialized to 1.
A context size, initialized to 1.
A library of functions equal to the function set defined in [XPath] plus a function named here.
A set of variable bindings. No means for initializing these is defined. Thus, the set of variable
bindings used when evaluating the XPath expression is empty, and use of a variable reference in
the XPath expression results in an error.
The set of namespace declarations in scope for the XPath expression.

As a result of the context node setting, the XPath expressions appearing in this transform will be quite
similar to those used in used in [XSLT], except that the size and position are always 1 to reflect the fact
that the transform is automatically visiting every node (in XSLT, one recursively calls the command
apply-templates to visit the nodes of the input tree).

The function here() is defined as follows:

Function: node-set here()

The here function returns a node-set containing the attribute or processing instruction node or the
parent element of the text node that directly bears the XPath expression. This expression results in an
error if the containing XPath expression does not appear in the same XML document against which the
XPath expression is being evaluated.

As an example, consider creating an enveloped signature (a Signature element that is a descendant of

an element being signed). Although the signed content should not be changed after signing, the
elements within the Signature element are changing (e.g. the digest value must be put inside the
DigestValue and the SignatureValue must be subsequently calculated). One way to prevent these
changes from invalidating the digest value in DigestValue is to add an XPath Transform that omits all
Signature elements and their descendants. For example,

<Document>
...
<Signature xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<SignedInfo>
...
<Reference URI="">
<Transforms>
<Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116">
<XPath xmlns:dsig="&dsig;">
not(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)
</XPath>
</Transform>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
</SignedInfo>
<SignatureValue></SignatureValue>
</Signature>
...
</Document>

Due to the null Reference URI in this example, the XPath transform input node-set contains all nodes in
the entire parse tree starting at the root node (except the comment nodes). For each node in this node-
set, the node is included in the output node-set except if the node or one of its ancestors has a tag of
Signature that is in the namespace given by the replacement text for the entity &dsig;.

A more elegant solution uses the here function to omit only the Signature containing the XPath
Transform, thus allowing enveloped signatures to sign other signatures. In the example above, use the
XPath element:

<XPath xmlns:dsig="&dsig;">
count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature |
here()/ancestor::dsig:Signature[1]) >
count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)</XPath>
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 35 di 44

Since the XPath equality operator converts node sets to string values before comparison, we must
instead use the XPath union operator (|). For each node of the document, the predicate expression is
true if and only if the node-set containing the node and its Signature element ancestors does not
include the enveloped Signature element containing the XPath expression (the union does not produce
a larger set if the enveloped Signature element is in the node-set given by ancestor-or-
self::Signature).

6.6.4 Enveloped Signature Transform

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature

An enveloped signature transform T removes the whole Signature element containing T from the digest
calculation of the Reference element containing T. The entire string of characters used by an XML
processor to match the Signature with the XML production element is removed. The output of the
transform is equivalent to the output that would result from replacing T with an XPath transform
containing the following XPath parameter element:

<XPath xmlns:dsig="&dsig;">
count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature |
here()/ancestor::dsig:Signature[1]) >
count(ancestor-or-self::dsig:Signature)</XPath>

The input and output requirements of this transform are identical to those of the XPath transform, but
may only be applied to a node-set from its parent XML document. Note that it is not necessary to use
an XPath expression evaluator to create this transform. However, this transform MUST produce output
in exactly the same manner as the XPath transform parameterized by the XPath expression above.

6.6.5 XSLT Transform

Identifier:
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116

The normative specification for XSL Transformations is [XSLT]. Specification of a namespace-qualified

stylesheet element, which MUST be the sole child of the Transform element, indicates that the specified
style sheet should be used. Whether this instantiates in-line processing of local XSLT declarations
within the resource is determined by the XSLT processing model; the ordered application of multiple
stylesheet may require multiple Transforms. No special provision is made for the identification of a
remote stylesheet at a given URI because it can be communicated via an xsl:include or xsl:import
within the stylesheet child of the Transform.

This transform requires an octet stream as input. If the actual input is an XPath node-set, then the
signature application should attempt to convert it to octets (apply Canonical XML]) as described in the
Reference Processing Model (section 4.3.3.2).

The output of this transform is an octet stream. The processing rules for the XSL style sheet or
transform element are stated in the XSLT specification [XSLT]. We RECOMMEND that XSLT transform
authors use an output method of xml for XML and HTML. As XSLT implementations do not produce
consistent serializations of their output, we further RECOMMEND inserting a transform after the XSLT
transform to canonicalize the output. These steps will help to ensure interoperability of the resulting
signatures among applications that support the XSLT transform. Note that if the output is actually
HTML, then the result of these steps is logically equivalent [XHTML].

7.0 XML Canonicalization and Syntax Constraint Considerations

Digital signatures only work if the verification calculations are performed on exactly the same bits as the
signing calculations. If the surface representation of the signed data can change between signing and
verification, then some way to standardize the changeable aspect must be used before signing and
verification. For example, even for simple ASCII text there are at least three widely used line ending
sequences. If it is possible for signed text to be modified from one line ending convention to another
between the time of signing and signature verification, then the line endings need to be canonicalized to
a standard form before signing and verification or the signatures will break.
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 36 di 44

XML is subject to surface representation changes and to processing which discards some surface
information. For this reason, XML digital signatures have a provision for indicating canonicalization
methods in the signature so that a verifier can use the same canonicalization as the signer.

Throughout this specification we distinguish between the canonicalization of a Signature element and
other signed XML data objects. It is possible for an isolated XML document to be treated as if it were
binary data so that no changes can occur. In that case, the digest of the document will not change and
it need not be canonicalized if it is signed and verified as such. However, XML that is read and
processed using standard XML parsing and processing techniques is frequently changed such that
some of its surface representation information is lost or modified. In particular, this will occur in many
cases for the Signature and enclosed SignedInfo elements since they, and possibly an encompassing
XML document, will be processed as XML.

Similarly, these considerations apply to Manifest, Object, and SignatureProperties elements if those
elements have been digested, their DigestValue is to be checked, and they are being processed as
XML.

The kinds of changes in XML that may need to be canonicalized can be divided into four categories.
There are those related to the basic [XML], as described in 7.1 below. There are those related to
[DOM], [SAX], or similar processing as described in 7.2 below. Third, there is the possibility of coded
character set conversion, such as between UTF-8 and UTF-16, both of which all [XML] compliant
processors are required to support, which is described in the paragraph immediately below. And, fourth,
there are changes that related to namespace declaration and XML namespace attribute context as
described in 7.3 below.

Any canonicalization algorithm should yield output in a specific fixed coded character set. All
canonicalization algorithms identified in this document use UTF-8 (without a byte order mark (BOM))
and do not provide character normalization. We RECOMMEND that signature applications create XML
content (Signature elements and their descendents/content) in Normalization Form C [NFC, NFC-
Corrigendum] and check that any XML being consumed is in that form as well; (if not, signatures may
consequently fail to validate). Additionally, none of these algorithms provide data type normalization.
Applications that normalize data types in varying formats (e.g., (true, false) or (1,0)) may not be able to
validate each other's signatures.

7.1 XML 1.0, Syntax Constraints, and Canonicalization

XML 1.0 [XML] defines an interface where a conformant application reading XML is given certain
information from that XML and not other information. In particular,

1. line endings are normalized to the single character #xA by dropping #xD characters if they are
immediately followed by a #xA and replacing them with #xA in all other cases,
2. missing attributes declared to have default values are provided to the application as if present with
the default value,
3. character references are replaced with the corresponding character,
4. entity references are replaced with the corresponding declared entity,
5. attribute values are normalized by
1. replacing character and entity references as above,
2. replacing occurrences of #x9, #xA, and #xD with #x20 (space) except that the sequence
#xD#xA is replaced by a single space, and
3. if the attribute is not declared to be CDATA, stripping all leading and trailing spaces and
replacing all interior runs of spaces with a single space.

Note that items (2), (4), and (5.3) depend on the presence of a schema, DTD or similar declarations.
The Signature element type is laxly schema valid [XML-schema], consequently external XML or even
XML within the same document as the signature may be (only) well-formed or from another namespace
(where permitted by the signature schema); the noted items may not be present. Thus, a signature with
such content will only be verifiable by other signature applications if the following syntax constraints are
observed when generating any signed material including the SignedInfo element:

1. attributes having default values be explicitly present,

2. all entity references (except "amp", "lt", "gt", "apos", "quot", and other character entities not
representable in the encoding chosen) be expanded,
3. attribute value white space be normalized
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 37 di 44

7.2 DOM/SAX Processing and Canonicalization

In addition to the canonicalization and syntax constraints discussed above, many XML applications use
the Document Object Model [DOM] or the Simple API for XML [SAX]. DOM maps XML into a tree
structure of nodes and typically assumes it will be used on an entire document with subsequent
processing being done on this tree. SAX converts XML into a series of events such as a start tag,
content, etc. In either case, many surface characteristics such as the ordering of attributes and
insignificant white space within start/end tags is lost. In addition, namespace declarations are mapped
over the nodes to which they apply, losing the namespace prefixes in the source text and, in most
cases, losing where namespace declarations appeared in the original instance.

If an XML Signature is to be produced or verified on a system using the DOM or SAX processing, a
canonical method is needed to serialize the relevant part of a DOM tree or sequence of SAX events.
XML canonicalization specifications, such as [XML-C14N], are based only on information which is
preserved by DOM and SAX. For an XML Signature to be verifiable by an implementation using DOM
or SAX, not only must the XML 1.0 syntax constraints given in the previous section be followed but an
appropriate XML canonicalization MUST be specified so that the verifier can re-serialize DOM/SAX
mediated input into the same octet stream that was signed.

7.3 Namespace Context and Portable Signatures

In [XPath] and consequently the Canonical XML data model an element has namespace nodes that
correspond to those declarations within the element and its ancestors:

"Note: An element E has namespace nodes that represent its namespace declarations as
well as any namespace declarations made by its ancestors that have not been overridden in
E's declarations, the default namespace if it is non-empty, and the declaration of the prefix
xml." [XML-C14N]

When serializing a Signature element or signed XML data that's the child of other elements using these
data models, that Signature element and its children, may contain namespace declarations from its
ancestor context. In addition, the Canonical XML and Canonical XML with Comments algorithms import
all xml namespace attributes (such as xml:lang) from the nearest ancestor in which they are declared
to the apex node of canonicalized XML unless they are already declared at that node. This may
frustrate the intent of the signer to create a signature in one context which remains valid in another. For
example, given a signature which is a child of B and a grandchild of A:

when either the element B or the signed element C is moved into a [SOAP] envelope for transport:

<SOAP:Envelope xmlns:SOAP="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/">
...
<SOAP:Body>

<Signature xmlns="&dsig;">
...
</Signature>
<C ID="signme" xmlns="&baz;"/>

</SOAP:Body>
</SOAP:Envelope>

The canonical form of the signature in this context will contain new namespace declarations from the
SOAP:Envelope context, invalidating the signature. Also, the canonical form will lack namespace
declarations it may have originally had from element A's context, also invalidating the signature. To
avoid these problems, the application may:
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 38 di 44

1. Rely upon the enveloping application to properly divorce its body (the signature payload) from the
context (the envelope) before the signature is validated. Or,
2. Use a canonicalization method that "repels/excludes" instead of "attracts" ancestor context. [XML-
C14N] purposefully attracts such context.

8.0 Security Considerations

The XML Signature specification provides a very flexible digital signature mechanism. Implementors
must give consideration to their application threat models and to the following factors.

8.1 Transforms
A requirement of this specification is to permit signatures to "apply to a part or totality of a XML
document." (See [XML-Signature-RD, section 3.1.3].) The Transforms mechanism meets this
requirement by permitting one to sign data derived from processing the content of the identified
resource. For instance, applications that wish to sign a form, but permit users to enter limited field data
without invalidating a previous signature on the form might use [XPath] to exclude those portions the
user needs to change. Transforms may be arbitrarily specified and may include encoding transforms,
canonicalization instructions or even XSLT transformations. Three cautions are raised with respect to
this feature in the following sections.

Note, core validation behavior does not confirm that the signed data was obtained by applying each
step of the indicated transforms. (Though it does check that the digest of the resulting content matches
that specified in the signature.) For example, some applications may be satisfied with verifying an XML
signature over a cached copy of already transformed data. Other applications might require that content
be freshly dereferenced and transformed.

8.1.1 Only What is Signed is Secure

First, obviously, signatures over a transformed document do not secure any information discarded by
transforms: only what is signed is secure.

Note that the use of Canonical XML [XML-C14N] ensures that all internal entities and XML
namespaces are expanded within the content being signed. All entities are replaced with their
definitions and the canonical form explicitly represents the namespace that an element would otherwise
inherit. Applications that do not canonicalize XML content (especially the SignedInfo element) SHOULD
NOT use internal entities and SHOULD represent the namespace explicitly within the content being
signed since they can not rely upon canonicalization to do this for them. Also, users concerned with the
integrity of the element type definitions associated with the XML instance being signed may wish to sign
those definitions as well (i.e., the schema, DTD, or natural language description associated with the
namespace/identifier).

Second, an envelope containing signed information is not secured by the signature. For instance, when
an encrypted envelope contains a signature, the signature does not protect the authenticity or integrity
of unsigned envelope headers nor its ciphertext form, it only secures the plaintext actually signed.

8.1.2 Only What is "Seen" Should be Signed

Additionally, the signature secures any information introduced by the transform: only what is
"seen" (that which is represented to the user via visual, auditory or other media) should be signed. If
signing is intended to convey the judgment or consent of a user (an automated mechanism or person),
then it is normally necessary to secure as exactly as practical the information that was presented to that
user. Note that this can be accomplished by literally signing what was presented, such as the screen
images shown a user. However, this may result in data which is difficult for subsequent software to
manipulate. Instead, one can sign the data along with whatever filters, style sheets, client profile or
other information that affects its presentation.

8.1.3 "See" What is Signed

Just as a user should only sign what he or she "sees," persons and automated mechanism that trust the
validity of a transformed document on the basis of a valid signature should operate over the data that
was transformed (including canonicalization) and signed, not the original pre-transformed data. This
recommendation applies to transforms specified within the signature as well as those included as part
of the document itself. For instance, if an XML document includes an embedded style sheet [XSLT] it is
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 39 di 44

the transformed document that should be represented to the user and signed. To meet this
recommendation where a document references an external style sheet, the content of that external
resource should also be signed as via a signature Reference otherwise the content of that external
content might change which alters the resulting document without invalidating the signature.

Some applications might operate over the original or intermediary data but should be extremely careful
about potential weaknesses introduced between the original and transformed data. This is a trust
decision about the character and meaning of the transforms that an application needs to make with
caution. Consider a canonicalization algorithm that normalizes character case (lower to upper) or
character composition ('e and accent' to 'accented-e'). An adversary could introduce changes that are
normalized and consequently inconsequential to signature validity but material to a DOM processor. For
instance, by changing the case of a character one might influence the result of an XPath selection. A
serious risk is introduced if that change is normalized for signature validation but the processor
operates over the original data and returns a different result than intended.

As a result:

All documents operated upon and generated by signature applications MUST be in [NFC, NFC-
Corrigendum] (otherwise intermediate processors might unintentionally break the signature)
Encoding normalizations SHOULD NOT be done as part of a signature transform, or (to state it
another way) if normalization does occur, the application SHOULD always "see" (operate over)
the normalized form.

8.2 Check the Security Model

This specification uses public key signatures and keyed hash authentication codes. These have
substantially different security models. Furthermore, it permits user specified algorithms which may
have other models.

With public key signatures, any number of parties can hold the public key and verify signatures while
only the parties with the private key can create signatures. The number of holders of the private key
should be minimized and preferably be one. Confidence by verifiers in the public key they are using and
its binding to the entity or capabilities represented by the corresponding private key is an important
issue, usually addressed by certificate or online authority systems.

Keyed hash authentication codes, based on secret keys, are typically much more efficient in terms of
the computational effort required but have the characteristic that all verifiers need to have possession of
the same key as the signer. Thus any verifier can forge signatures.

This specification permits user provided signature algorithms and keying information designators. Such
user provided algorithms may have different security models. For example, methods involving
biometrics usually depend on a physical characteristic of the authorized user that can not be changed
the way public or secret keys can be and may have other security model differences.

8.3 Algorithms, Key Lengths, Certificates, Etc.

The strength of a particular signature depends on all links in the security chain. This includes the
signature and digest algorithms used, the strength of the key generation [RANDOM] and the size of the
key, the security of key and certificate authentication and distribution mechanisms, certificate chain
validation policy, protection of cryptographic processing from hostile observation and tampering, etc.

Care must be exercised by applications in executing the various algorithms that may be specified in an
XML signature and in the processing of any "executable content" that might be provided to such
algorithms as parameters, such as XSLT transforms. The algorithms specified in this document will
usually be implemented via a trusted library but even there perverse parameters might cause
unacceptable processing or memory demand. Even more care may be warranted with application
defined algorithms.

The security of an overall system will also depend on the security and integrity of its operating
procedures, its personnel, and on the administrative enforcement of those procedures. All the factors
listed in this section are important to the overall security of a system; however, most are beyond the
scope of this specification.

9.0 Schema, DTD, Data Model, and Valid Examples

XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 40 di 44

XML Signature Schema Instance

xmldsig-core-schema.xsd
Valid XML schema instance based on the 20001024 Schema/DTD [XML-Schema].
XML Signature DTD
xmldsig-core-schema.dtd
RDF Data Model
xmldsig-datamodel-20000112.gif
XML Signature Object Example
signature-example.xml
A cryptographical fabricated XML example that includes foreign content and validates under the
schema, it also uses schemaLocation to aid automated schema fetching and validation.
RSA XML Signature Example
signature-example-rsa.xml
An XML Signature example with generated cryptographic values by Merlin Hughes and validated
by Gregor Karlinger.
DSA XML Signature Example
signature-example-dsa.xml
Similar to above but uses DSA.

10.0 Definitions
Authentication Code (Protected Checksum)
A value generated from the application of a shared key to a message via a cryptographic
algorithm such that it has the properties of message authentication (and integrity) but not signer
authentication. Equivalent to protected checksum, "A checksum that is computed for a data object
by means that protect against active attacks that would attempt to change the checksum to make
it match changes made to the data object." [SEC]
Authentication, Message
The property, given an authentication code/protected checksum, that tampering with both the data
and checksum, so as to introduce changes while seemingly preserving integrity, are still detected.
"A signature should identify what is signed, making it impracticable to falsify or alter either the
signed matter or the signature without detection." [Digital Signature Guidelines, ABA].
Authentication, Signer
The property that the identity of the signer is as claimed. "A signature should indicate who signed
a document, message or record, and should be difficult for another person to produce without
authorization." [Digital Signature Guidelines, ABA] Note, signer authentication is an application
decision (e.g., does the signing key actually correspond to a specific identity) that is supported by,
but out of scope, of this specification.
Checksum
"A value that (a) is computed by a function that is dependent on the contents of a data object and
(b) is stored or transmitted together with the object, for the purpose of detecting changes in the
data." [SEC]
Core
The syntax and processing defined by this specification, including core validation. We use this
term to distinguish other markup, processing, and applications semantics from our own.
Data Object (Content/Document)
The actual binary/octet data being operated on (transformed, digested, or signed) by an
application -- frequently an HTTP entity [HTTP]. Note that the proper noun Object designates a
specific XML element. Occasionally we refer to a data object as a document or as a resource's
content. The term element content is used to describe the data between XML start and end tags
[XML]. The term XML document is used to describe data objects which conform to the XML
specification [XML].
Integrity
"The property that data has not been changed, destroyed, or lost in an unauthorized or accidental
manner." [SEC] A simple checksum can provide integrity from incidental changes in the data;
message authentication is similar but also protects against an active attack to alter the data
whereby a change in the checksum is introduced so as to match the change in the data.
Object
An XML Signature element wherein arbitrary (non-core) data may be placed. An Object element
is merely one type of digital data (or document) that can be signed via a Reference.
Resource
"A resource can be anything that has identity. Familiar examples include an electronic document,
an image, a service (e.g., 'today's weather report for Los Angeles'), and a collection of other
resources.... The resource is the conceptual mapping to an entity or set of entities, not necessarily
the entity which corresponds to that mapping at any particular instance in time. Thus, a resource
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 41 di 44

can remain constant even when its content---the entities to which it currently corresponds---
changes over time, provided that the conceptual mapping is not changed in the process." [URI] In
order to avoid a collision of the term entity within the URI and XML specifications, we use the term
data object, content or document to refer to the actual bits/octets being operated upon.
Signature
Formally speaking, a value generated from the application of a private key to a message via a
cryptographic algorithm such that it has the properties of integrity, message authentication and/or
signer authentication. (However, we sometimes use the term signature generically such that it
encompasses Authentication Code values as well, but we are careful to make the distinction when
the property of signer authentication is relevant to the exposition.) A signature may be (non-
exclusively) described as detached, enveloping, or enveloped.
Signature, Application
An application that implements the MANDATORY (REQUIRED/MUST) portions of this
specification; these conformance requirements are over application behavior, the structure of the
Signature element type and its children (including SignatureValue) and the specified algorithms.
Signature, Detached
The signature is over content external to the Signature element, and can be identified via a URI or
transform. Consequently, the signature is "detached" from the content it signs. This definition
typically applies to separate data objects, but it also includes the instance where the Signature
and data object reside within the same XML document but are sibling elements.
Signature, Enveloping
The signature is over content found within an Object element of the signature itself. The Object
(or its content) is identified via a Reference (via a URI fragment identifier or transform).
Signature, Enveloped
The signature is over the XML content that contains the signature as an element. The content
provides the root XML document element. Obviously, enveloped signatures must take care not to
include their own value in the calculation of the SignatureValue.
Transform
The processing of a data from its source to its derived form. Typical transforms include XML
Canonicalization, XPath, and XSLT.
Validation, Core
The core processing requirements of this specification requiring signature validation and
SignedInfo reference validation.
Validation, Reference
The hash value of the identified and transformed content, specified by Reference, matches its
specified DigestValue.
Validation, Signature
The SignatureValue matches the result of processing SignedInfo with CanonicalizationMethod
and SignatureMethod as specified in Core Validation (section 3.2).
Validation, Trust/Application
The application determines that the semantics associated with a signature are valid. For example,
an application may validate the time stamps or the integrity of the signer key -- though this
behavior is external to this core specification.

11.0 References
ABA
Digital Signature Guidelines.
http://www.abanet.org/scitech/ec/isc/dsgfree.html
DOM
Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification. W3C Recommendation. V. Apparao, S.
Byrne, M. Champion, S. Isaacs, I. Jacobs, A. Le Hors, G. Nicol, J. Robie, R. Sutor, C. Wilson, L.
Wood. October 1998.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001/
DSS
FIPS PUB 186-2. Digital Signature Standard (DSS). U.S. Department of Commerce/National
Institute of Standards and Technology.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips186-2/fips186-2-change1.pdf
HMAC
RFC 2104. HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication. H. Krawczyk, M. Bellare, R.
Canetti. February 1997.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt
HTTP
RFC 2616. Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1. J. Gettys, J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter,
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 42 di 44

P. Leach, T. Berners-Lee. June 1999.

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt
KEYWORDS
RFC 2119. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. March 1997.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt
LDAP-DN
RFC4514 . Lightweight Directory Access Protocol : String Representation of Distinguished
Names. K. Zeilenga, Ed. June 2006.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4514.txt
MD5
RFC 1321. The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. R. Rivest. April 1992.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1321.txt
MIME
RFC 2045. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message
Bodies. N. Freed & N. Borenstein. November 1996.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
NFC
TR15, Unicode Normalization Forms. M. Davis, M. Dürst. Revision 18: November 1999.
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15/tr15-18.html.
NFC-Corrigendum
Normalization Corrigendum. The Unicode Consortium.
http://www.unicode.org/unicode/uni2errata/Normalization_Corrigendum.html.
PGP
RFC 2440. OpenPGP Message Format. J. Callas, L. Donnerhacke, H. Finney, R. Thayer.
November 1998.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2440.txt
RANDOM
RFC 1750. Randomness Recommendations for Security. D. Eastlake, S. Crocker, J. Schiller.
December 1994.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1750.txt
RDF
Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schema Specification 1.0. W3C Candidate
Recommendation. D. Brickley, R.V. Guha. March 2000.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/
Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification. W3C Recommendation.
O. Lassila, R. Swick. February 1999.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-rdf-syntax-19990222/
1363
IEEE 1363: Standard Specifications for Public Key Cryptography. August 2000.
PKCS1
RFC 2437. PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.0. B. Kaliski, J. Staddon.
October 1998.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2437.txt
SAX
SAX: The Simple API for XML. D. Megginson, et al. May 1998.
http://www.megginson.com/downloads/SAX/
SEC
RFC 2828. Internet Security Glossary. R. Shirey. May 2000.
http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2828.html
SHA-1
FIPS PUB 180-2. Secure Hash Standard. U.S. Department of Commerce/National Institute of
Standards and Technology.
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2withchangenotice.pdf
SOAP
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Version 1.1. W3C Note. D. Box, D. Ehnebuske, G.
Kakivaya, A. Layman, N. Mendelsohn, H. Frystyk Nielsen, S. Thatte, D. Winer. May 2001.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-SOAP-20000508/
TESTCASES
Test Cases for C14N 1.1 and XMLDSig Interoperability. W3C Working Group Note. J.C. Cruellas,
K. Lanz, S. Mullan. June 2008.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-xmldsig2ed-tests-20080610/
UTF-16
RFC 2781. UTF-16, an encoding of ISO 10646. P. Hoffman , F. Yergeau. February 2000.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2781.txt
UTF-8
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 43 di 44

RFC 2279. UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646. F. Yergeau. January 1998.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt
URI
RFC 3986. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax. T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, L.
Masinter. January 2005.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
URL
RFC 1738. Uniform Resource Locators (URL). T. Berners-Lee, L. Masinter, and M. McCahill.
December 1994.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt
URN
RFC 2141. URN Syntax. R. Moats. May 1997.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2141.txt
RFC 2611. URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms. L. Daigle, D. van Gulik, R. Iannella, P.
Falstrom. June 1999.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2611.txt
X509v3
ITU-T Recommendation X.509 version 3 (1997). "Information Technology - Open Systems
Interconnection - The Directory Authentication Framework" ISO/IEC 9594-8:1997.
XHTML 1.0
XHTML(tm) 1.0: The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language. W3C Recommendation. S.
Pemberton, D. Raggett, et al. January 2000.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126/
XLink
XML Linking Language. W3C Recommendation. S. DeRose, E. Maler, D. Orchard. June 2001.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xlink-20010627/
XML
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition). W3C Recommendation T. Bray, E.
Maler, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, F.Yergeau. 16 August 2006, edited in place 29
September 2006.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/
XML-C14N
Canonical XML. W3C Recommendation. J. Boyer. March 2001.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3076.txt
XML-C14N11
Canonical XML 1.1. W3C Recommendation. J. Boyer, G. Marcy. 2 May 2008.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-c14n11-20080502/
XML-exc-C14N
Exclusive XML Canonicalization Version 1.0 W3C Recommendation. J. Boyer, D. Eastlake 3rd., J.
Reagle. July 2002.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xml-exc-c14n-20020718/
XML-Japanese
XML Japanese Profile. W3C Note. M. Murata April 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/NOTE-
japanese-xml-20000414/
XML-MT
RFC 2376 . XML Media Types. E. Whitehead, M. Murata. July 1998.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2376.txt
XML-ns
Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Second Edition). W3C Recommendation. T. Bray, D. Hollander, A.
Layman, R. Tobin. 16 August 2006.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/
XML-schema
XML Schema Part 1: Structures. W3C Recommendation. H. Thompson,D. Beech, M. Maloney, N.
Mendelsohn. October 2004.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-1-20041028/
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes W3C Recommendation. P. Biron, A. Malhotra. May 2001.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xmlschema-2-20010502/
XML-Signature-RD
RFC 2807. XML Signature Requirements. W3C Working Draft. J. Reagle, April 2000.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WD-xmldsig-requirements-19991014
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2807.txt
http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmldsig-core-20020212//
XMLDSIG-2002
XML-Signature Syntax and Processing. D. Eastlake, J. Reagle, and D. Solo. W3C
XML Signature Syntax and Processing (Second Edition) Pagina 44 di 44

Recommendation, February 2002.

http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmldsig-core-20020212/
XPath
XML Path Language (XPath) Version 1.0. W3C Recommendation. J. Clark, S. DeRose. October
1999.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116
XPath Filter-2
XML-Signature XPath Filter 2.0. W3C Recommendation. J. Boyer, M. Hughes, J. Reagle.
November 2002.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xmldsig-filter2-20021108/
XPTR-2001
XML Pointer Language (XPointer). W3C Candidate Recommendation. S. DeRose, R. Daniel, E.
Maler. January 2001.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/CR-xptr-20010911/
XPointer-Element
XPointer element() Scheme. W3C Recommendation. P. Grosso, E. Maler, J. Marsh, N. Walsh.
March 2003.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-element-20030325/
XPointer-Framework
XPointer Framework. W3C Recommendation. P. Grosso, E. Maler, J. Marsh, N. Walsh. March
2003.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-framework-20030325/
XPointer-xpointer
XPointer xpointer() Scheme. W3C Working Draft. S. DeRose, E. Maler, R. Daniel. December
2002.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-xptr-xpointer-20021219/
XPointer-xmlns
XPointer xmlns() Scheme. W3C Working Recommendation. S. DeRose, R. Daniel, E. Maler, J.
Marsh. March 2003.
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-xptr-xmlns-20030325/
http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xsl-20011015/
XSLT
XSL Transforms (XSLT) Version 1.0. W3C Recommendation. J. Clark. November 1999.
http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xslt-19991116.html

12. Authors' Address

Donald E. Eastlake 3rd
Motorola Laboratories
111 Locke Drive
Marlborough, MA 01752 USA
Phone: +1-508-786-7554
Email: [email protected]

Joseph M. Reagle Jr.

Department of Media, Culture, and Communication
New York University
Email: [email protected]

David Solo
Citigroup
909 Third Ave, 16th Floor
NY, NY 10043 USA
Phone +1-212-559-2900
Email: [email protected]

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