Instruction Manual for programming the CPU simulator

The CPU simulator can run programs manually created. This requires four stages:

1) Create a CPU program

2) Enter CPU instructions in the program
3) Run the program
4) Observe and control simulations

CPU Simulator Instruction Set

Instruction Description and examples of usage
Data transfer instructions
Move data to register; move register to register
e.g.
MOV
MOV #2, R01 ;moves number 2 into register R01
MOV R01, R03 ;moves contents of register R01 into register R03
Load a byte from memory to register
e.g.
LDB
LDB 1000, R02 ;loads one byte value from memory location 1000
LDB @R00, R01 ;memory location is specified in register R00
Load a word (2 bytes) from memory to register
e.g.
LDW
LDW 1000, R02 ;loads two-byte value from memory location 1000
LDW @R00, R01 ;memory location is specified in register R00
Store a byte from register to memory
e.g.
STB
STB #2, 1000 ;stores value 2 into memory location 1000
STB R02, @R01 ;memory location is specified in register R01
Store a word (2 bytes) from register to memory
STW e.g.
STW R04, 1000 ;stores register R04 into memory location 1000
 STW R02, @2000 ;memory location is specified in memory 2000
Push data to top of hardware stack (TOS); push register to TOS
e.g.
PSH
PSH #6 ;pushes number 6 on top of the stack
PSH R03 ;pushes the contents of register R03 on top of the stack
Pop data from top of hardware stack to register
POP e.g.
POP R05 ;pops contents of top of stack into register R05
Arithmetic instructions
Add number to register; add register to register
e.g.

ADD ADD #3, R02 ;adds number 3 to contents of register R02 and
stores the result in register R02.
ADD R00, R01 ;adds contents of register R00 to contents of
register R01 and stores the result in register R01.
SUB Subtract number from register; subtract register from register.
MUL Multiply number with register; multiply register with register.
DIV Divide number with register; divide register with register.
Control transfer instructions
Jump to instruction address unconditionally
JMP e.g.
JMP 100 ; unconditionally jumps to address location 100.
Jump to instruction address if less than (after last comparison)
e.g.
JLT
JLT 120 ; jumps to address location 120 if the previous comparison
instruction result indicates that CMP operand 2 is less than CMP
operand 1 (i.e. the N status flag is set). Also see CMP instruction.
Jump to instruction address if greater than (after last comparison)
JGT
e.g.
 JGT 25 ;jumps to address location 25 if the previous comparison
instruction result indicates that CMP operand 2 is greater than CMP
operand 1 (i.e. flags Z and N not set). Also see CMP instruction.
Jump to instruction address if equal (after last comparison)
e.g.
JEQ
JEQ 1000 ; jumps to address location 1000 if the previous
comparison instruction result indicates that the two CMP operands
are equal (i.e. the Z status flag is set). Also see CMP instruction.
Jump to instruction address if not equal (after last comparison)
e.g.
JNE
JNE 220 ; jumps to address location 220 if the previous comparison
instruction result indicates that CMP operand 2 is less than CMP
operand 1 (i.e. the N status flag is set). Also see CMP instruction.
Subroutine instructions
MSF This instruction is required to set up a subroutine call (see below)
Jump to subroutine address
e.g. To call a subroutine starting at address location 1000 use the
CAL following sequence of instructions
MSF ; always needed just before the following instruction
CAL 1000 ; will cause a jump to address location 1000
Return from subroutine
e.g. The last instruction in a subroutine must always be the following
RET
instruction
RET ; will jump to the instruction after the last CAL instruction.
System instructions
SWI Software interrupt (used to request OS help)
Halt simulation. This must be the last instruction.
HLT e.g.
HLT ; stops the simulation run (not the simulator itself)
Comparison instruction
CMP Compare number with register; compare register with register
 e.g.
CMP #5, R02 compare number 5 with the contents of register R02
CMP R01, R03 compare the contents of registers R01 and R03
Note:
If R03 = R01 then the status flag Z will be set; if R03 > R01 then
none of the status flags Z and N will be set; if R03 < R01 then the
status flag N will be set.
Input, output instructions
IN Get input data (if available) from an external IO device
Output data to an external IO device
e.g. to display a string starting in memory address 120 (decimal) on
OUT console device do the following (operand 2 = 0 for console output)
OUT 120, 0 ;the string is in address location 120 (direct addressing)
OUT @R02, 0 ;register R02 has number 120 (indirect addressing)

1. How to create a program?

After starting the cpu simulator one can find the given figure on the left side bottom. This is the
nodule where one has to give the name of the program and the starting base address.

e
Fig. 1 – New program frame
Enter the program’s name in the Program Name text box, e.g. MyProgram. Enter a number in
the Base Address text box (suggest to use 0 in this case). Next click theADD button. The name of
the program will appear in the PROGRAM LIST frame (see Fig. 2)

Fig 2 – Program list frame

 2. How to add CPU instructions in the Program?
Activate Instructions from the menu

Fig. 3 – Program instructions frame

In the PROGRAM INSTRUCTIONS frame the ADD NEW…button is enabled. Click this button to view the
CPU instructions. One can select for the program created above as in Fig.4

Selecting CPU instructions to manually enter in the program:

Fig. 4 – Selecting CPU instructions

In the Instructions window shown above, one can select any of the available CPU instructions
for the program. Instructions that are related are categorized into different groups. One can
select a group by clicking on a tab. Select the desired instruction from the list under the Op
Code. If the selected instruction requires operand(s) then the available types will be enabled
under the Source Operand and the Destination Operand frames. Next, click the NEW button to
add the instruction. Multiple instructions can be added, without closing this window.

One can observe the outcomes of different buttons on the program Instruction tab.
The instruction will appear in CPU program memory area as shown in Fig. 5 below. The CPU
simulator requires that the last instruction in the program should be the HLT instruction (this
instruction stops the simulation from running). This is included in Fig. 5. The program is now
ready to run

Fig. 5 – CPU program memory

Each entry in the INSTRUCTION MEMORY view includes the following information:
PAdd (Physical Address),LAdd(Logical Address)and the instruction. One can view the
information by pointing the cursor on respective headings.

Editing the program instructions:

Fig. 6 – Program edit functions

Once the program instructions are entered they can be edited. To do this, select the desired instruction
and use one of the editing functions (EDIT,DELETE,MOVE UP,MOVEDOWN) shown in Fig. 6 to edit the
selected instruction. Use the INSERTABOVE…and the INSERT BELOW…buttons to insert a new
instruction above or below the selected instruction
Removing the program

Fig. 7 – Program removal

A CPU program can be removed by clicking the REMOVE PROGRAM button shown in Fig. 7.
Once the program is removed it is no longer available and is lost. However you can save it so
that you can re-load it at a later time (see Fig.12).
Running the program

Fig. 8 – Program control

A CPU program can run in two different ways:1) instruction by instruction, 2) automatically in one go. To
run a desired instruction by itself, first select it as in Fig. 5 and double-click it. Alternatively, you can click
the STEP button shown in Fig. 8 (make sure the by inst.option is selected). Use the STOP button to stop
the running program. Use the slider control to speed up or slow down the running program.

Observing and controlling the simulations

Observing/altering the CPU registers:

Fig. 9 – Register set view

An instruction which writes or reads a register accesses the REGISTER SET frame and the
accessed register is highlighted. This frame shows the registers and their values. Click on the
Val(value) column to change the values from decimal(D) to hex (H) format and vice versa.
Note: To manually alter a register’s value, first select it then enter the new value in the Reg
Value field and click on the CHANGE button

Observing/altering the program data:

Fig. 10 – Data memory page

The CPU instructions that access that part of the memory containing data can write or read the
data accessed. This information is available in the memory pages window shown in Fig. 10
above. You can display this window by clicking the SHOW PROGRAM DATA MEMORY… button
shown in Fig. 7 above. In this window you can also edit the contents of the data.
The LAdd column shows the starting address of each line in the display. Each line of the display
represents 8 bytes of information, so the LAdd numbers are incremented by 8 for each line
down the display. Columns B0 through to B7 contain bytes 0 to 7. The Data column shows the
displayable characters corresponding to the 8 bytes (hence 8 dots). Those bytes that
correspond to non-displayable characters are shown as dots. The data bytes are displayed in
hex format only.
To change the values of any bytes, first select the line(s) containing the bytes. Then use the
information in the Initialize Data frame to modify the values of the bytes in the selected line(s)
as Integer, Boolean or String formats. You need to click the UPDATE button to make the
change.
Check the Stay on top check box to make sure the window always stays on top of other
windows while still allowing access to the windows below it.
Observing/altering the program stack:

Fig. 11 – Program stack frame

Programs make use of thePROGRAM STACK for temporarily storing important information such
as subroutine return addresses and subroutine parameters as well as other relevant
information. There are instructions that can push (PSH) data on top of this stack and that can
pop (POP) data from top of the stack to a register.

You can manually push and pop data by clicking the PUSH and POP buttons. You can also
modify a stack entry by selecting it, entering the new value in the Value text box and clicking
the CHANGE button.
Saving and loading the CPU programs:
To save a program select it from the
pull down list and click the SAVE…
button. To load a saved program click
the LOAD… button.

Fig. 12 – Saving and loading programs