ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (ChEg 5201)

PROJECT: ON ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

SECTION ONE NETWORK FOUR

NAME OF STUDENTS ID NO

1 FANUS ALEMU 0485/06

2 LETEBRHAN BAHTA 0963/06

3 MEBRAHTOM AYELGN 1025/06

4 MEDHIN KIDANE 1051/06

5 RGBEY KIDAY 1242/06

6 TEAME G/TSADIK 1406/06

7 TEKLEHYMANOT ABRHA 1443/06

8 WASIE KEBIRE 1578/06

SUBMITTED TO INSTRUCTOR ENDALE W.

SUBMISSION DATE 03/05/2010 E.C

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Acknowledgement

Above all, we would like to honor and give glory to God, our lord and savior, who has been our
Strength throughout our studies.
First and foremost,we would like to thank our advisor. For his efforts, comments,
Full advice.
Last but not least; we express our sincere appreciation to our friends for their continued support
they give during work. We would like to express the deepest appreciation to our group members.

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Table of contentspage
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………i

Table of contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1General Objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific Objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 statement of problem ......................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER THEREE .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.1 Solar energy ................................................................................................................................. 5
3.1.2 Solar Photovoltaics....................................................................................................................... 5
3.1.3 Solar thermal power .................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.4 Wind power.................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.5 Energy Technology Selection Criteria .......................................................................................... 9
3.2 Description of Renewable Energy ..................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Definition of Renewable Energy .................................................................................................. 9
3.2.2 Forms of Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................ 9
3.3 Role of renewable energy in environmental protection .................................................................. 11
3.3.1 Need to adopt Renewable Sources of Energy ........................................................................... 13
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 15
References .................................................................................................................................................. 16

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The term “renewable”is generally applied to those energy resources and technologies
Whose common characteristic is that they are non-depletable or naturally replenishable.
(Renewable energy technologies).

Renewable energy sources play an important role today and provide a significant potential for
the future. Developing of alternative energy can become important factor of sustainable
development of economy. Renewable energy sources are those resources which can be used to
produce energy again and again, e.g. solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, biomass
energy, geothermal energy, etc. and are also often called alternative sources of energy.(The
potential of the usage of renewable energy in the Czech Republic International Journal of Social
Sciences Vol. III (4), 2014)Increasing CO2 emission and increasing consumption of
nonrenewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas) and their limited reserves are factor
which influence higher interests for renewable energy. Also, renewable energy sources have
become more important because of their characteristics of reproducibility and less harmful
impact on the environment (The potential of the usage of renewable).

Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these
resources minimize environmental impacts, produce minimum secondary wastes and are
sustainable based on current and future economic and social societal needs. Sun is the source of
all energies (Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
2001;23(1):69–81.). The primary forms of solar energy are heat and light. Sunlight and heat are
transformed and absorbed by the environment in a multitude of ways. Some of these
transformations result in renewable energy flows such as biomass and wind energy. (Role of
renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review N.L. Panwar a,∗, S.C. Kaushik
b, Surendra Kothari a).

Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse

gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources.
(Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: A review ).

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1.2Objective

1.2.1General Objective
 To apply energy efficiency concepts in day to day life in order to save Money and
Energy and thereby protect the Environment.
 To encourage efficiency in energy use, and the development and use of energy from
renewable sources.

1.2.2 Specific Objective

 To improve energy security;
 To contribute to economic, social and environmental,energy sustainability.
 To protect the climate and the wider environment from impacts of fossil fuel use.

 Ensure alternative sources of-energy that is Clean, reliable stable and sustainable.

1.3 Statementof problem

The purpose of this project is to identify the effect by understanding the current and potential
environmental issues associated with each renewable energy source, we can take steps to
effectively avoid or minimize these impacts as they become a larger portion of our electric
supply.

It is important to understand the environmental impacts associated with producing power from
renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower. The exact type
and intensity of environmental impacts varies depending on the specific technology used, the
geographic location, and a number of other factors. Various aspects of the impact of renewable
energy sources can be analyzed, including, among others: air and water emissions, waste
generations, especially hazardous materials, noise generation, land use, global warming
emissions.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW

Renewable energy sources (RES) have significant potential to contribute to the economic, social
and environmental energy sustainability. They improve access to energy for most of the
population, they also reduce emissions of local and global pollutants and they may create local
socioeconomic development opportunities.( Role of renewable energy sources in environmental
protection: A review N.L. Panwar a,∗, S.C. Kaushik b, Surendra Kothari a )

The use of renewable energy sources has no contribution to global warming and no polluting
emissions. In the process of transformation of renewable energy in other forms of energy,
releases small amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. Almost none of them release gaseous or
liquid pollutants during operation. (Hepbasli, 2008). Renewable resources are ‘’green’’, or
environmentally friendly. This is because they do not emit carbon dioxide (the biggest
contributor to global warming) into the atmosphere. Belatka, M. (2009): The Advancement of
wind power plants in the Czech Republic.

The growth of renewable energy sources may also have the potential to create new industries, to
stimulate employment, through the creation of jobs in new ‘green’ technologies. (Development
International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. III (4)

Renewable energy sources also offers a range of others exceptional benefits, including: a
decrease in external energy dependence; a boost to local and regional component manufacturing
industries; promotion of regional engineering and consultancy services specializing in the
utilization of RE. (Development International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. III (4)

However, there are some few disadvantages of renewable energy sources. The main barrier is
that renewable energy sources are not competitive with fossil fuels because of high costs of
investment and non-competitive price of output (Biofuels-renewable energy sources: a review.
Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 2010;31(3):409–25).

The use of renewable energy sources have many advantages and offer many environmental
benefits compared to conventional energy sources. Each type of renewable energy also has its
own special advantages that make it uniquely suited to certain applications. Some of the benefits
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include: renewability, environment protection, and savings of non-renewable energy resources,

energy efficiency, availability, and low exploitation costs, an increase of employment, energy
security and independence, independence from frequent market change.( Role of renewable
energy sources in environmental protection: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1513-1524, ISSN: 1364-0321).

From these advantages, the main benefits are the fact that these sources of energy are renewable.
That means we can use renewable energy repeatedly without depleting it. That is the main
advantage to conventional energy sources which are non-renewable and have limited resources.
We will never run out of renewable energy (at least in our lifetime, as long as humans will exist).
For example: we will always have thepossibility to use sun energy. The amount of solar energy
intercepted by the Earth every minute is greater than the amount of energy the world uses in
fossil fuels each year. The wind will always exist. This advantage can provide the energy
security in many parts of the world( International Journal of Social Sciences Vol. III (4), 2014).

A second advantage is that we can stop using fossil fuels to generate electricity. With renewable
energy we can use as much electricity as we like without adding to global warming( International
Journal of Social Sciences Vol. III (4), 2014).

Using renewable energy resources we saved non-renewable energy resources, which can have
positive effects on energy security and stability in the long term( The Czech Republic, 2010
Review, Available on http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org).

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CHAPTER THEREE

3.1 METHODOLOGY

3.1.1 Solar energy

Solar energy can be used for heating, drying, evaporating, and generating electricity. Most
renewable energy is ultimately solar energy. The sun’s energy can be used directly for heat or
electricity. Bilgen S, Kaygusuz K, Sari A. Renewable energy for a clean and sustainable future.

3.1.2 Solar Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic or solar power is among the fastest growing and popular alternative sources of
energy. In the process for producing solar energy, this requires the use of solar cells that are
made from crystalline silicon that absorbs the photons then convert it to electrons. A form of
solar power is solar-thermal power that relies mainly on the use of lenses or mirrors for
concentrating large area of light rays from the sun to a small area.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight directly into electricity.

Photovoltaic modules produce:

 No pollution;
 Have an expected life of at least 20 years;
 Require little maintenance.

Small off-grid photovoltaic systems of less than a few kilowatts are ideally suited to the
conditions that prevail in rural areas, and are now technically proven, commercially available
and in many places are economically viable. The capital cost of PV systems remains high
compared to that of equivalent diesel generation capacity, and this has proven to be the major
barrier to their uptake. PV systems are most applicable for remote power supply.

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PV systems are most likely to be appropriate in:

 High and consistent levels of sunshine

 Low power requirements (a few Watts to a few kW)
 No available grid electricity
 Poor availability or quality of alternative fuels
 High reliability of supply needed (e.g. Hospitals, potable and irrigation water supply)

When selecting PV equipment, the following criteria should be considered:

 Simplicity - This can be a major factor in ensuring reliability in the field;

 Costs - Take account of all system component costs, including transport to site,
installation, operation and maintenance;
 The Experience of the manufacturer - Look at other systems in the area installed
by that manufacturer and make sure that the system is guaranteed for at least 2
years;
 Practical considerations - Think about transportation, availability of local service
and spares, training etc.

3.1.3 Solar thermal power

Solar thermal electricity power system is a device which utilizes the solar radiation for the
generation of electricity through the solar thermal conversion; basically collected solar energy is
converted to electricity through the use of some sort of heat the electricity conversion
device.Solar energy is a very important energy source because of its advantages. There are many
remote areas in the world where electricity is not available, but solar irradiation is plentiful, thus
the utilization of solar energy to produce electricity in these areas is quite possible.

a) Solar water heating

Solar water heating is probably the most widely used (and most economic) of solar
applications. To heat a 100 liters of water in a day through a temperature rise of 40oC with a
simple flat plate solar collector (around 30% efficient) requires only 2.6m2 of solar collector
area and saves 10 kg of fuel-wood that would normally be required to heat the same quantity
of water.

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A wide range of products have been dried by the sun and wind in the open air for centuries.
The basic principal of a solar dryer is that air is heated by the sun in a collector, and then
passed over the produce to be dried.

3.1.4 Wind power

Wind turbines convert part the kinetic energy of moving air (wind) into rotating shaft power. Of
the renewable energy technologies applied to electricity generation, wind energy ranks second
only to hydroelectric in terms of installed capacity and is experiencing rapid growth. There are
generally two different types of wind turbines. One type is built with the aim of generating
electricity from wind with high speeds. On the other hand, the other type is built especially for
areas with low wind speeds, such as Malaysia (Wahab et al. 2008). Wind turbines consist of a set
of blades attached to a rotor hub, which together form the rotor; this rotor deflects the airflow,
which creates a force on the blades, which in turn produces a torque on the shaft such and the
rotor rotates around a horizontal axis, which is mainly attached to a gearbox and generator.
These are inside the nacelle, which is located at the top end of the tower, along with several other
electrical parts.

The formal definition for a wind turbine is a type of device that transforms kinetic energy from
the mainly from the wind into electric power.

1. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

There are generally two core kinds of VAWTs; they are called the Savnoius and the
Darrieus. The Savories function similar to a water wheel that uses drag forces. On the other
hand, the Darrieus makes use of blades similar to the blades used on HAWTS. VAWT
commonly function nearer to the ground, and has the benefit of enabling placement of heavy
equipment, such as the gearbox and generator, close to the ground level and not in the
nacelle. However, the winds are lower near ground level; hence for a similar wind and
capture area, a less amount of power is generated .Another benefit of a VAWT over the
HAWT is that it does not need a yaw mechanism, because it can harness the wind from all
directions.

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2. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

A horizontal wind turbine has currently been modernized from the traditional windmill
designs that have been around for many centuries. A nacelle installed perpendicular to the
turbine tower and horizontal in terms of the ground shows the name of the turbine. Most
common models for drawing energy from wind, the horizontal wind turbines offer a great
amount of advantages .The core components of a horizontal wind turbine are as shown
below: - The main rotor shaft - The electrical generator - The gearbox to increase the
rotation speed of the blades - Turbine blades, with stiffness to avoid contacting the post A
wind vane is used to point the turbines, while a wind sensor is implemented for a large
horizontal wind turbine. Figure 1 shows the different parts of a HAWT.

Figure 1. Components of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

These Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines have to always be pointed in the right direction (into
the wind, or away from the wind, based on the type) so they can have max efficiently. Those
that are positioned away from the wind,which are called downwind turbines (“downwind”
because of the location of the turbine relative to the tower) and are pushed into the accurate
orientation.

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3.1.5 Energy Technology Selection Criteria

The selection or development of a particular energy supply technology will depend on a
number of factors:
 The technology must be capable of matching the energy demand;
 The resources must be available;
 The costs must be acceptable;
 The form of energy;
 The required scale of energy supply;
 Reliability;
 Safety;
 Overall performance

3.2 Description of Renewable Energy:

3.2.1 Definition of Renewable Energy:
A non-renewable resource is something that we are using up, and at some time there will be none
left worth harvesting. Once you use it, it's gone.
Examples are coal, oil, natural gas, uranium. Oil has been already in short supply. Metals like
aluminum and iron and steel are non-renewable if we dig them out of the ground, but renewable
if we recycle them.
A renewable resourceis one which is always there and will never run out. It keeps renewing
itself. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished).

3.2.2 Forms of Renewable Energy

 SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energyrefers to energy that is collected from sunlight. Solar energy can be applied in many
ways, including to:
Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.

Generate electricity using concentrated solar power.

Sunlight is a worldwide distributed renewable resource, for all practical purposes. Solar energy is
never-ending renewable energy source.

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 WIND POWER:
Wind energy, the kinetic energy of moving air masses, is another resource that can be utilized to
produce electricity.
Wind energy is a completely environmentally friendly, sustainable, safer and cleaner source of
energy. Wind energy production will not contribute to climate change through greenhouse gas
emissions.
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, usually from
kilometers deep into the Earth's crust. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's
core.
Totally cost effective, reliable, sustainable and environmentally friendly energy source.
Geothermal energy is totally a green energy and has no emissions from the provision of heat.
Geothermal resources have been utilized “directly” for centuries. Direct use means direct
utilization of heat for heating – there are no energy transformations in-between. Direct use
resources are tapped for a variety of uses, such are: space heating, drying farm and timber
products, aquaculture and industrial uses.

 Hydropower
Hydropower is the cleanest and one of the most efficient energy sources possible. The generation
process is very clean, with no pollution or other harmful environmental effects from it. The
process releases no greenhouse gases, so it does not contribute to global warming, and it does not
require any fossil fuel use.
Hydropower is a cost effective energy solution. Maintenance fees are relatively small. The costs
of building hydropower generation plants are much cheaper than building other types of power
plants.
Hydropower Conversion Technologies

Water power can be harnessed in many ways; the most common way is to use turbine, which is
turned by water moving in a controlled manner. It is a technology that has been used throughout
the world, by a diverse range of societies and cultures, for many centuries. Large dams hold
water, which can be used to provide energy for industry and grid electrification systems. Smaller
systems can provide energy to remote regions without the need to build dams.

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 Biomass
Biomass energy is solar energy stored as organic matter in plants. It can be utilized by burning
them directly as solid fuel or converting them into gaseous or liquid biofuels.
Together with snow and rain, sunlight is essential for plant growth. Organic matter that
constitutes plants is referred to as biomass, which can be utilized to generate electricity,
chemicals or fuels to power vehicles.
Biomass Conversion Technologies

Biomass conversion refers to the process of converting biomass into energy that will in turn be
used to generate electricity and/or heat. The principal categories of biomass conversion
technologies for power and heat production are direct-fired and gasification systems. Within the
direct-fired category, specific technologies include stoker boilers, fluidized bed boilers, and
cofiring. Within the gasification category, specific technologies include fixed bed gasifiers and
fluidized bed gasifiers.

3.3 Role of renewable energy in environmental protection

Five important steps that depict their role in saving the environment:
1. No Damage to Environment while Extracting

Most of the energy sources used for power generation areextracted from the core of the Earth.
This includes oil, natural gas, or coal. Huge amounts of these resources are extracted, and it
needs more exploitation of the mother Earth. This leads to increase in expenses because of
constant drilling. This resulted in the release of toxic gases into the atmosphere that becomes
damaged for nature as well as humans. However, on the other hand, the renewable-energy
sources are easily obtained, and they do not release any harmful gases.

2. Reduction in Carbon Emission

The usage of the renewable-energy resources as the wind and solar energy curbs the release of
Carbon Dioxide in the air. The renewable energy is present in abundance and only needs right
technology and infrastructure. Moreover, other electricity generation resources emit nearly 40%
of the carbon dioxide that is harmful to the atmosphere. The use of renewable-energy sources
reduces the carbon emission as there is no burning or extraction required.

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3. Helps in Curbing Global Warming

The renewable-energy resources help in curbing the global warming as it mitigates the green
house gas emissions that are a major contributing factor to it. The usage of the conventional
energy sources will help in eliminating the emission of toxic gases. This will further lead to the
transformation of renewable-energy sources for power generation and encouraging the greener
concept.

4. Sustaining the Renewable-Energy Sources

It is important to maintain the renewable-energy resources, as this will help in generating the
power for a longer period. For this, the government should look forward to the right
infrastructure and technological improvement that will help them to sustain for more time.
Moreover, the sustainability will help in dealing with many environmental issues relating to
fossil fuel depletion, emission of carbon dioxide and other threatening issues.

5. Decreases the Adverse Environmental Impacts

The increased usage of the renewable-energy resources will help in decreasing the unfavorable
environmental impact. They are the cleaner source of energy that helps in the reduction of the
residual waste. This further helps in keeping the atmosphere green and drops the rate of carbon
footprints.

The human needs are growing daily regarding the utilization of the electricity at home or
industrial establishments. This has led the countries to rethink about the use of renewable-energy
resources in order to reduce deadly environmental effects and creating a pollution-free
atmosphere.

Environmental and economic benefits of adding renewable energy can include:

 Generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces
some types of air pollution
 Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels
 Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more

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3.3.1 Need to adopt Renewable Sources of Energy

Man has relied on fossil fuels for a long time. The harnessing of the capabilities of these fuels
meant that the industrial revolution could happen. However, the burning of fossil fuels creates
more carbon dioxide than can be absorbed.
Economic development is closely linked with the energy development. Most of the world's
commercial energy supplies are provided by fossil fuels, with the associated emissions causing
local, regional and global environmental problems. Projections over the horizon to 2050 indicate
that world energy demand may increase dramatically, with most of this increase taking place hi
developing countries. It is feared that not only these levels of energy production and use from
current energy sources are difficult to achieve but also un-sustainable. Therefore, energy-use
efficiency needs to be increased to moderate the growth of energy while contribution from clean
energy sources needs to be increased to reduce adverse environmental impacts of energy usage.
There is much monitoring of the usage of fossil, nuclear and renewable energies. The current
statistics can be rather shocking. Despite the huge amount of publicity about the problems we
face the global usage is still primarily fossil fuels, with coal, oil and gas producing 85 percent of
the fuel used.

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Conclusion
In general renewable forms of energy are considered “green” because they cause little depletion
of the Earth’s resources, have beneficial environmental impacts and cause negligible emissions
during power generation. Renewable energy sources are indigenous and can contribute towards
reduction in dependency on fossil fuels.Renewable energy sources are indigenous and can
contribute towards reduction in dependency on fossil fuels.

Search for sources of energy which will not further affect the pollution of the environment,
resulted that renewable energy sources become part of a strategy of energy development in
almost all countries in the world. Considering required investment, developed countries are
leading in technology of development, implementation, and in using renewable energy. The
advantages of renewable energy compared to conventional fuels are numerous, and we can
extract the main reproducibility and total lack of emissions into the atmosphere. Renewable
resources are and the important factors for regional development.

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Recommendations:

To address the challenges listed above (and assuming that renewable energy will be considered a
major solution to economic recovery and energy security in the future), the following
recommendations are suggested.

There are some few disadvantages of renewable energy sources. The main barrier is that
renewable energy sources are not competitive with fossil fuels because of high costs of
investment and non-competitive price of output.

Renewable energy resources are important for ethanol production.

 Lack of information from the public, and even many government, commercial and
industrial energy officials, about the availability, costs and benefits of renewable energy
technologies;
 Paucity of sales forces for renewable energy resources and lack of financial and political
clout to promote them effectively;
 Lack of personnel trained in the installation, operation and maintenance of renewable
energy.

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