Overview of Course

Topics include:
 Introduction and exploratory analysis (Week 1)
 Supervised machine learning (Weeks 2–10)
 Unsupervised machine learning (Weeks 11–12)

2
Overview of Course
Topics include:
 Introduction and exploratory analysis (Week 1)
 Supervised machine learning (Weeks 2–10)
 Unsupervised machine learning (Weeks 11–12)

Each week:
 Lecture
 Exercises with solutions
 Time commitment: ~3 hours per week

3
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
 Accelerated performance from Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL)

4
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
 Accelerated performance from Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL)
 Also contains Data Analytics Acceleration Library (DAAL), Message
Passing Interface (MPI), and Threading Building Blocks (TBB)

5
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
 Accelerated performance from Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL)
 Also contains Data Analytics Acceleration Library (DAAL), Message
Passing Interface (MPI), and Threading Building Blocks (TBB)

INSTALLATION OPTIONS

software.intel.com/

Monolithic
Distribution intel-distribution-for-python

Anaconda
Package Manager articles/using-intel-distribution-for-python-with-anaconda

6
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
 Accelerated performance from Intel's Math Kernel Library (MKL)
 Also contains Data Analytics Acceleration Library (DAAL), Message
Passing Interface (MPI), and Threading Building Blocks (TBB)

INSTALLATION OPTIONS

software.intel.com/

Monolithic
Distribution intel-distribution-for-python

Anaconda
Package Manager articles/using-intel-distribution-for-python-with-anaconda
Seaborn is also required: conda install seaborn

7
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
Jupyter notebooks:
 Interactive Coding and Visualization of Output

NumPy, SciPy, Pandas:

 Numerical Computation

Matplotlib, Seaborn:
 Data Visualization

Scikit-learn:
 Machine Learning

8
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
Jupyter notebooks:
 Interactive Coding and Visualization of Output

NumPy, SciPy, Pandas:

 Numerical Computation Week 1
Matplotlib, Seaborn:
 Data Visualization

Scikit-learn:
 Machine Learning

9
Our Toolset: Intel® Distribution for Python
Jupyter notebooks:
 Interactive Coding and Visualization of Output

NumPy, SciPy, Pandas:

 Numerical Computation

Matplotlib, Seaborn:
 Data Visualization

Scikit-learn:
 Machine Learning Weeks 2–12
10
Jupyter Notebook
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 Polyglot analysis environment—
blends multiple languages

Source: http://jupyter.org/

12
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 Polyglot analysis environment—
blends multiple languages
 Jupyter is an anagram of:
Julia, Python, and R

Source: http://jupyter.org/

13
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 Polyglot analysis environment—
blends multiple languages
 Jupyter is an anagram of:
Julia, Python, and R
 Supports multiple content types:
code, narrative text, images,
movies, etc.

Source: http://jupyter.org/

14
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 HTML & Markdown
 LaTeX (equations)
 Code

Source: http://jupyter.org/

15
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 HTML & Markdown
 LaTeX (equations)
 Code

Source: http://jupyter.org/

16
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 HTML & Markdown
 LaTeX (equations)
 Code

Source: http://jupyter.org/

17
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 HTML & Markdown
 LaTeX (equations)
 Code

Source: http://jupyter.org/

18
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 Code is divided into cells to
control execution
 Enables interactive development
 Ideal for exploratory analysis and
model building

19
Introduction to Jupyter Notebook
 Code is divided into cells to
control execution
 Enables interactive development
 Ideal for exploratory analysis and
model building

20
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook

21
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook

22
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook

23
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook
 %%timeit: time how long a cell
takes to execute

24
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook
 %%timeit: time how long a cell
takes to execute
 %run filename.ipynb: execute
code from another notebook or
python file

25
Jupyter Cell Magics
 %matplotlib inline: display plots
inline in Jupyter notebook
 %%timeit: time how long a cell
takes to execute
 %run filename.ipynb: execute
code from another notebook or
python file
 %load filename.py: copy contents
of the file and paste into the cell

26
Jupyter Keyboard Shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts can be viewed from Help → Keyboard Shortcuts

27
Making Jupyter Notebooks Reusable
To extract Python code from a Jupyter notebook:

Convert from Command Line

>>> jupyter nbconvert --to python
notebook.ipynb

28
Making Jupyter Notebooks Reusable
To extract Python code from a Jupyter notebook:

Convert from Command Line Export from Notebook

>>> jupyter nbconvert --to python
notebook.ipynb

29
pandas
Introduction to Pandas
 Library for computation with tabular
data
 Mixed types of data allowed in a single
table
 Columns and rows of data can be named
 Advanced data aggregation and
statistical functions

Source: http://pandas.pydata.org/

31
Introduction to Pandas
Basic data structures

Type Pandas Name

Vector
Series
(1 Dimension)

32
Introduction to Pandas
Basic data structures

Type Pandas Name

Vector
Series
(1 Dimension)

Array
DataFrame
(2 Dimensions)

33
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Use data from step tracking application to create a Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

import pandas as pd

step_data = [3620, 7891, 9761,

3907, 4338, 5373]

step_counts = pd.Series(step_data,
name='steps')

print(step_counts)

34
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Use data from step tracking application to create a Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

import pandas as pd >>> 0 3620

1 7891
step_data = [3620, 7891, 9761, 2 9761
3907, 4338, 5373] 3 3907
4 4338
step_counts = pd.Series(step_data, 5 5373
name='steps') Name: steps, dtype: int64

print(step_counts)

35
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Add a date range to the Series

CODE OUTPUT

step_counts.index = pd.date_range('20150329’,
periods=6)

print(step_counts)

36
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Add a date range to the Series

CODE OUTPUT

step_counts.index = pd.date_range('20150329’, >>> 2015-03-29 3620

periods=6) 2015-03-30 7891
2015-03-31 9761
print(step_counts) 2015-04-01 3907
2015-04-02 4338
2015-04-03 5373
Freq: D, Name: steps,
dtype: int64

37
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01'])

38
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01']) >>> 3907

39
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01']) >>> 3907

# Or by index position—like an array

print(step_counts[3])

40
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01']) >>> 3907

# Or by index position—like an array

print(step_counts[3]) >>> 3907

41
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01']) >>> 3907

# Or by index position—like an array

print(step_counts[3]) >>> 3907

# Select all of April

print(step_counts['2015-04'])

42
Pandas Series Creation and Indexing
Select data by the index values

CODE OUTPUT

# Just like a dictionary

print(step_counts['2015-04-01']) >>> 3907

# Or by index position—like an array

print(step_counts[3]) >>> 3907

# Select all of April

print(step_counts['2015-04']) >>> 2015-04-01 3907
2015-04-02 4338
2015-04-03 5373
Freq: D, Name: steps,
dtype: int64

43
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Data types can be viewed and converted

CODE OUTPUT

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes)

44
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Data types can be viewed and converted

CODE OUTPUT

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes) >>> int64

45
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Data types can be viewed and converted

CODE OUTPUT

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes) >>> int64

# Convert to a float
step_counts = step_counts.astype(np.float)

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes)

46
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Data types can be viewed and converted

CODE OUTPUT

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes) >>> int64

# Convert to a float
step_counts = step_counts.astype(np.float)

# View the data type

print(step_counts.dtypes) >>> float64

47
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Invalid data points can be easily filled with values

CODE OUTPUT

# Create invalid data

step_counts[1:3] = np.NaN

# Now fill it in with zeros

step_counts = step_counts.fillna(0.)
# equivalently,
# step_counts.fillna(0., inplace=True)

print(step_counts[1:3])

48
Pandas Data Types and Imputation
Invalid data points can be easily filled with values

CODE OUTPUT

# Create invalid data

step_counts[1:3] = np.NaN >>> 2015-03-30 0.0
2015-03-31 0.0
# Now fill it in with zeros Freq: D, Name: steps,
step_counts = step_counts.fillna(0.) dtype: float64
# equivalently,
# step_counts.fillna(0., inplace=True)

print(step_counts[1:3])

49
Pandas DataFrame Creation and Methods
DataFrames can be created from lists, dictionaries, and Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

# Cycling distance
cycling_data = [10.7, 0, None, 2.4, 15.3,
10.9, 0, None]

# Create a tuple of data

joined_data = list(zip(step_data,
cycling_data))

# The dataframe
activity_df = pd.DataFrame(joined_data)

print(activity_df)

50
Pandas DataFrame Creation and Methods
DataFrames can be created from lists, dictionaries, and Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

# Cycling distance
cycling_data = [10.7, 0, None, 2.4, 15.3, >>>
10.9, 0, None]

# Create a tuple of data

joined_data = list(zip(step_data,
cycling_data))

# The dataframe
activity_df = pd.DataFrame(joined_data)

print(activity_df)

51
Pandas DataFrame Creation and Methods
Labeled columns and an index can be added

CODE OUTPUT

# Add column names to dataframe

activity_df = pd.DataFrame(joined_data,
index=pd.date_range('20150329’,
periods=6),
columns=['Walking','Cycling'])

print(activity_df)

52
Pandas DataFrame Creation and Methods
Labeled columns and an index can be added

CODE OUTPUT

# Add column names to dataframe

activity_df = pd.DataFrame(joined_data, >>>
index=pd.date_range('20150329’,
periods=6),
columns=['Walking','Cycling'])

print(activity_df)

53
Indexing DataFrame Rows
DataFrame rows can be indexed by row using the 'loc' and 'iloc' methods

CODE OUTPUT

# Select row of data by index name

print(activity_df.loc['2015-04-01'])

54
Indexing DataFrame Rows
DataFrame rows can be indexed by row using the 'loc' and 'iloc' methods

CODE OUTPUT

# Select row of data by index name

print(activity_df.loc['2015-04-01']) >>> Walking 3907.0
Cycling 2.4
Name: 2015-04-01,
dtype: float64

55
Indexing DataFrame Rows
DataFrame rows can be indexed by row using the 'loc' and 'iloc' methods

CODE OUTPUT

# Select row of data by integer position

print(activity_df.iloc[-3])

56
Indexing DataFrame Rows
DataFrame rows can be indexed by row using the 'loc' and 'iloc' methods

CODE OUTPUT

# Select row of data by integer position

print(activity_df.iloc[-3]) >>> Walking 3907.0
Cycling 2.4
Name: 2015-04-01,
dtype: float64

57
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can be indexed by name

CODE OUTPUT

# Name of column
print(activity_df['Walking'])

58
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can be indexed by name

CODE OUTPUT

# Name of column
print(activity_df['Walking']) >>> 2015-03-29 3620
2015-03-30 7891
2015-03-31 9761
2015-04-01 3907
2015-04-02 4338
2015-04-03 5373
Freq: D, Name: Walking,
dtype: int64

59
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can also be indexed as properties

CODE OUTPUT

# Object-oriented approach
print(activity_df.Walking)

60
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can also be indexed as properties

CODE OUTPUT

# Object-oriented approach >>> 2015-03-29 3620

print(activity_df.Walking) 2015-03-30 7891
2015-03-31 9761
2015-04-01 3907
2015-04-02 4338
2015-04-03 5373
Freq: D, Name: Walking,
dtype: int64

61
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can be indexed by integer

CODE OUTPUT

# First column
print(activity_df.iloc[:,0])

62
Indexing DataFrame Columns
DataFrame columns can be indexed by integer

CODE OUTPUT

# First column >>> 2015-03-29 3620

print(activity_df.iloc[:,0]) 2015-03-30 7891
2015-03-31 9761
2015-04-01 3907
2015-04-02 4338
2015-04-03 5373
Freq: D, Name: Walking,
dtype: int64

63
Reading Data with Pandas
CSV and other common filetypes can be read with a single command

CODE OUTPUT

# The location of the data file

filepath = 'data/Iris_Data/Iris_Data.csv'

# Import the data

data = pd.read_csv(filepath)

# Print a few rows

print(data.iloc[:5])

64
Reading Data with Pandas
CSV and other common filetypes can be read with a single command

CODE OUTPUT

# The location of the data file >>>

filepath = 'data/Iris_Data/Iris_Data.csv'

# Import the data

data = pd.read_csv(filepath)

# Print a few rows

print(data.iloc[:5])

65
Assigning New Data to a DataFrame
Data can be (re)assigned to a DataFrame column

CODE OUTPUT

# Create a new column that is a product

# of both measurements
data['sepal_area'] = data.sepal_length
*data.sepal_width

# Print a few rows and columns

print(data.iloc[:5, -3:])

66
Assigning New Data to a DataFrame
Data can be (re)assigned to a DataFrame column

CODE OUTPUT

# Create a new column that is a product >>>

# of both measurements
data['sepal_area'] = data.sepal_length
*data.sepal_width

# Print a few rows and columns

print(data.iloc[:5, -3:])

67
Applying a Function to a DataFrame Column
Functions can be applied to columns or rows of a DataFrame or Series

CODE OUTPUT

# The lambda function applies what

# follows it to each row of data
data['abbrev'] = (data
.species
.apply(lambda x:
x.replace('Iris-','')))

# Note that there are other ways to

# accomplish the above

print(data.iloc[:5, -3:])

68
Applying a Function to a DataFrame Column
Functions can be applied to columns or rows of a DataFrame or Series

CODE OUTPUT

# The lambda function applies what >>>

# follows it to each row of data
data['abbrev'] = (data
.species
.apply(lambda x:
x.replace('Iris-','')))

# Note that there are other ways to

# accomplish the above

print(data.iloc[:5, -3:])

69
Concatenating Two DataFrames
Two DataFrames can be concatenated along either dimension

CODE OUTPUT

# Concatenate the first two and

# last two rows
small_data = pd.concat([data.iloc[:2],
data.iloc[-2:]])

print(small_data.iloc[:,-3:])

# See the 'join' method for

# SQL style joining of dataframes

70
Concatenating Two DataFrames
Two DataFrames can be concatenated along either dimension

CODE OUTPUT

# Concatenate the first two and >>>

# last two rows
small_data = pd.concat([data.iloc[:2],
data.iloc[-2:]])

print(small_data.iloc[:,-3:])

# See the 'join' method for

# SQL style joining of dataframes

71
Aggregated Statistics with GroupBy
Using the groupby method calculated aggregated DataFrame statistics

CODE OUTPUT

# Use the size method with a

# DataFrame to get count
# For a Series, use the .value_counts
# method
group_sizes = (data
.groupby('species’)
.size())

print(group_sizes)

72
Aggregated Statistics with GroupBy
Using the groupby method calculated aggregated DataFrame statistics

CODE OUTPUT

# Use the size method with a >>> species

# DataFrame to get count Iris-setosa 50
# For a Series, use the .value_counts Iris-versicolor 50
# method Iris-virginica 50
group_sizes = (data dtype: int64
.groupby('species’)
.size())

print(group_sizes)

73
Performing Statistical Calculations
Pandas contains a variety of statistical methods—mean, median, and mode

CODE OUTPUT

# Mean calculated on a DataFrame

print(data.mean())

74
Performing Statistical Calculations
Pandas contains a variety of statistical methods—mean, median, and mode

CODE OUTPUT

# Mean calculated on a DataFrame

print(data.mean()) >>> sepal_length 5.843333
sepal_width 3.054000
petal_length 3.758667
petal_width 1.198667
dtype: float64

75
Performing Statistical Calculations
Pandas contains a variety of statistical methods—mean, median, and mode

CODE OUTPUT

# Mean calculated on a DataFrame

print(data.mean()) >>> sepal_length 5.843333
sepal_width 3.054000
petal_length 3.758667
petal_width 1.198667
dtype: float64
# Median calculated on a Series
print(data.petal_length.median()) >>> 4.35

76
Performing Statistical Calculations
Pandas contains a variety of statistical methods—mean, median, and mode

CODE OUTPUT

# Mean calculated on a DataFrame

print(data.mean()) >>> sepal_length 5.843333
sepal_width 3.054000
petal_length 3.758667
petal_width 1.198667
dtype: float64
# Median calculated on a Series
print(data.petal_length.median()) >>> 4.35

# Mode calculated on a Series

print(data.petal_length.mode()) >>> 0 1.5
dtype: float64

77
Performing Statistical Calculations
Standard deviation, variance, SEM, and quantiles can also be calculated

CODE OUTPUT

# Standard dev, variance, and SEM

print(data.petal_length.std(),
data.petal_length.var(),
data.petal_length.sem())

78
Performing Statistical Calculations
Standard deviation, variance, SEM, and quantiles can also be calculated

CODE OUTPUT

# Standard dev, variance, and SEM

print(data.petal_length.std(), >>> 1.76442041995
data.petal_length.var(), 3.11317941834
data.petal_length.sem()) 0.144064324021

79
Performing Statistical Calculations
Standard deviation, variance, SEM, and quantiles can also be calculated

CODE OUTPUT

# Standard dev, variance, and SEM

print(data.petal_length.std(), >>> 1.76442041995
data.petal_length.var(), 3.11317941834
data.petal_length.sem()) 0.144064324021

# As well as quantiles
print(data.quantile(0)) >>> sepal_length 4.3
sepal_width 2.0
petal_length 1.0
petal_width 0.1
Name: 0, dtype: float64

80
Performing Statistical Calculations
Multiple calculations can be presented in a DataFrame

CODE OUTPUT

print(data.describe())

81
Performing Statistical Calculations
Multiple calculations can be presented in a DataFrame

CODE OUTPUT

print(data.describe()) >>>

82
Sampling from DataFrames
DataFrames can be randomly sampled from

CODE OUTPUT

# Sample 5 rows without replacement

sample = (data
.sample(n=5,
replace=False,
random_state=42))

print(sample.iloc[:,-3:])

83
Sampling from DataFrames
DataFrames can be randomly sampled from

CODE OUTPUT

# Sample 5 rows without replacement >>>

sample = (data
.sample(n=5,
replace=False,
random_state=42))

print(sample.iloc[:,-3:])

84
Sampling from DataFrames
DataFrames can be randomly sampled from

CODE OUTPUT

# Sample 5 rows without replacement >>>

sample = (data
.sample(n=5,
replace=False,
random_state=42))

print(sample.iloc[:,-3:])

SciPy and NumPy also contain a variety of statistical functions.

85
Visualization Libraries
Visualization Libraries
Visualizations can be created in multiple ways:
 Matplotlib
 Pandas (via Matplotlib)
 Seaborn
– Statistically-focused plotting methods
– Global preferences incorporated by Matplotlib

87
Basic Scatter Plots with Matplotlib
Scatter plots can be created from Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

Import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot(data.sepal_length,
data.sepal_width,
ls ='', marker='o')

88
Basic Scatter Plots with Matplotlib
Scatter plots can be created from Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

Import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 4.5

4.0
plt.plot(data.sepal_length,
data.sepal_width, 3.5
ls ='', marker='o')
3.0

2.5

2.0

5 6 7 8

89
Basic Scatter Plots with Matplotlib
Multiple layers of data can also be added

CODE OUTPUT

plt.plot(data.sepal_length,
data.sepal_width,
ls ='', marker='o’,
label='sepal')

plt.plot(data.petal_length,
data.petal_width,
ls ='', marker='o’,
label='petal')

90
Basic Scatter Plots with Matplotlib
Multiple layers of data can also be added

CODE OUTPUT

plt.plot(data.sepal_length,
sepal
data.sepal_width, petal
4
ls ='', marker='o’,
label='sepal')
3

plt.plot(data.petal_length,
data.petal_width, 2
ls ='', marker='o’,
label='petal')
1

0
2 4 6 8

91
Histograms with Matplotlib
Histograms can be created from Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

plt.hist(data.sepal_length, bins=25)

92
Histograms with Matplotlib
Histograms can be created from Pandas Series

CODE OUTPUT

plt.hist(data.sepal_length, bins=25)
16

14

12

10

0
5 6 7 8

93
Customizing Matplotlib Plots
Every feature of Matplotlib plots can be customized

CODE OUTPUT

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.barh(np.arange(10),
data.sepal_width.iloc[:10])

# Set position of ticks and tick labels

ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0.4,10.4,1.0))
ax.set_yticklabels(np.arange(1,11))
ax.set(xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel’,
title='Title')

94
Customizing Matplotlib Plots
Every feature of Matplotlib plots can be customized

CODE OUTPUT

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.barh(np.arange(10),
data.sepal_width.iloc[:10])

# Set position of ticks and tick labels

ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0.4,10.4,1.0))
ax.set_yticklabels(np.arange(1,11))
ax.set(xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel’,
title='Title')

95
Incorporating Statistical Calculations
Statistical calculations can be included with Pandas methods

CODE OUTPUT

(data
.groupby('species')
.mean()
.plot(color=['red','blue’,
'black','green’],
fontsize=10.0, figsize=(4,4)))

96
Incorporating Statistical Calculations
Statistical calculations can be included with Pandas methods

CODE OUTPUT

(data
.groupby('species')
.mean()
.plot(color=['red','blue’,
'black','green’],
fontsize=10.0, figsize=(4,4)))

97
Statistical Plotting with Seaborn
Joint distribution and scatter plots can be created

CODE OUTPUT

import seaborn as sns

sns.jointplot(x='sepal_length’,
y='sepal_width’,
data=data, size=4)

98
Statistical Plotting with Seaborn
Joint distribution and scatter plots can be created

CODE OUTPUT

import seaborn as sns

4.5
sns.jointplot(x='sepal_length’, pearsonr -0.11; p 0.18
y='sepal_width’, 4.0
data=data, size=4)
3.5

sepal_width
3.0

2.5

2.0

5 6 7 8
sepal_length

99
Statistical Plotting with Seaborn
Correlation plots of all variable pairs can also be made with Seaborn

CODE OUTPUT

sns.pairplot(data, hue='species', size=3)

100
Statistical Plotting with Seaborn
Correlation plots of all variable pairs can also be made with Seaborn

CODE OUTPUT

sns.pairplot(data, hue='species', size=3)

8

sepal_length
6

sepal_width
3

2
species
Iris-setosa
Iris-versicolor
6 Iris-virginica

petal_length
4

petal_width
1

0
5.0 7.5 2 4 2.5 5.0 0 2
sepal_length sepal_width petal_length petal_width

101