Price Action - The Footprint of the Money

Judy MacKeigan - Buffy

"What is Price Action?" is a frequently asked question by aspiring traders. Traders who ask, feel it is a well
kept secret when all they receive for an answer is: 'Swing highs, swing lows, test of top/bottom, etc., are all
price action.' The answer still leaves them in the dark. Understanding price action enables a trader to
minimize questionable entries and improve exits. Price action is the footprint of the money.

Let's start with the very basics. The bars on the following chart are labeled as traders commonly referred to
them.

Up Bar: is a bar with a higher high and higher low than the previous bar. The bars marked off are in an up
trend. Notice how the close is higher than the open until what turns out to be the last bar of the trend where
the close is lower than the open. There were more sellers then buyers on the last bar.

Down Bar: is a bar with a lower high and lower low than the previous bar. The bars marked off are in a
down trend. Notice how the close is lower than the open until what turns out to be the last bar of the trend
where the close is higher than the open. There were more buyers then sellers on the last bar.

Inside Bar: also called a narrow range bar, is a bar with the high that is lower than the previous bar and
low that is higher than the previous bar. Some traders do not consider an inside bar that has either an equal
high or an equal low as an inside bar, others do. Inside bars usually represent market indecision. As on
any bar, the closer the open and close are to each other shows just how undecided the market is as neither
the buyers or sellers are in control. Buyers are in control on the inside bar marked on the chart because the
close is at the top of the bar.

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Outside Bar: also called a Wide Range or Engulfing Bar, is a bar with a high that is higher than the
previous bar and with a low that is lower than the previous bar thereby engulfing the previous bar. Since
the open and close are close together on the marked bar, neither the buyers or the sellers are in control and
the market is undecided which way to go.

When the open is in the bottom quarter/third of the bar and the close is in the top quarter/third of the bar, it
is said to be bullish engulfing with the buyers in control. When the open is in the top quarter/third of the
bar and the close is in the bottom quarter/third, it is said to be bearish engulfing with the sellers in control.

Another definition used for this bar ? especially if candlestick charts are used - is that the open and close
have to engulf the previous bars open and close and not just the high and low of the bar. With this
definition, the wide range bar or engulfing bar does not need to have a higher high or lower low to qualify.
The first definition most probably came about with bar charts where it is harder to notice the open and
close.

The following chart has the swing highs and lows marked in both an up trend and a down trend. Price on a
given time frame is in an up trend if it is making a higher highs (HH) and a high lows (HL) and in a
downtrend if it is making lower highs (LH) and lower lows (LL). If price is doing anything else, it is in a
consolidation pattern - range, triangle, pennant, rectangle etc.

The trend is considered in place until price is no longer making higher highs and higher lows in an up trend
or lower highs and lower lows in a down trend. After a trend is broken, there is usually a period of
consolidation that is easier to see on a lower time frame. With practice, you will be able to visualize this
going on without looking at the lower time frame.

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When price is in a consolidation pattern that is often referred to as chop, it is usually in a range with no
trend pattern to the swing highs and lows.

The above chart shows how an exact test of high or low may mean a change in trend as it failed to make a
higher high on test of last swing high or a lower low on test of last swing low.

A. Price was making HHs and HLs until price tested the prior swing high at A.
B. Price made a LL and LH until price tested the prior swing low at B.
C. Price made a LH (The bar that does not touch line at C) until price tested the prior swing low at C.
D. Price was making HHs and HLs until price tested the prior swing high at D.

It is possible for one time frame to be in one trend and another time frame to be in a different trend or show
consolidation. This is where the phrase 'trend within a trend' regarding price action and the different time
frames comes from. An example would be that while price may be rising on a daily chart, the intra-day
chart will show retracements, corrections of various types and consolidation periods

The true meaning of this and how it can influence your trading, eludes many. The following exercise is an
excellent way to learn what the phrase 'trend within trend' means visually.

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Pull up a 15 minutes chart and mark the highs as higher high (HH) or lower high (LH) and the lows as
lower low (LL) or higher low (HL). (The note tool was used in Ensign to mark these charts.) You can also
print out the chart and mark it by hand. Use red lines if price in a down trend and green lines if price in an
up trend. Remember price is in an up trend if it is making HH - and HL and in a downtrend if it is making
LH and LL. If price is doing anything else, it can be a consolidation pattern - range, triangle, pennant,
rectangle etc.

Points labeled 1-4 on the example chart are in a downtrend. Points labeled 5-8 are in an up trend.

Now take the same chart and change the time frame to a 5 minutes chart, keeping the colored notes and
numbers from the 15 minute by using the padlock with the L to lock lines in Ensign. Mark the new highs
and lows with green numbers for an up trend and red numbers for a down trend.

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Now we can see by the yellow HH and LL what trend is on the 15 minute at the same time we are able to
see the trend on the 5 minute.

Both charts are in a down trend until the 5 minute makes a HH at the first green #1. The down trend is
broken when the LH at black #3 is exceeded. Price then goes on to make a HL starting an up trend that
continues until price makes a lower high at the red #1. The 15 minute just made a HH at the black #5 and
will not make a HL until black #6. At this point, we are expecting a HL on the 15 minute, and are waiting
for a long signal on the 5 minute. Some traders would take the entry on the pair of reversal bars at red #2,
others would wait until the last swing high at red #1 is exceeded.

The time frames are now in agreement (shown by green #1-#4) up to the black #7 HH. After the HH at #7,
the 5 minute goes into a down trend (shown by red #1-#6) to what is still a HL on the 15 minute at #8. So,
while the 15 minute price action shows only two trends, the 5 minute shows five different trends!

While you may trade the trends on the smaller time frame, waiting for price action to show it is going to
move in the same direction as the larger time frame is trading with the trend. The trend is your friend!

The following two setups are from the 2XBline system. The system is a combination of Buffy's BLine and
Jimmer's 2X. (See www.dacharts.com for more information.) 2XBline concentrates on the higher
percentage with the trend trades by taking the middle out of the trend. It is fun to trade the middle of a
trend. It is work to try to catch the tops and bottoms.

There are two templates available to download through Ensign's Internet Services - 2XBline-35 and
2XBLCircles. The settings for the indicators in the study windows are the same on both templates.