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Solutions To Exercise 11

The document contains 11 exercises that provide solutions to problems involving propositional logic. The exercises identify propositions, determine truth values, write negations of propositions, express compound propositions using logical connectives, and determine whether conditional statements are true or false. The solutions are provided for each exercise in a step-by-step manner.

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Phúc Nguyễn
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2K views4 pages

Solutions To Exercise 11

The document contains 11 exercises that provide solutions to problems involving propositional logic. The exercises identify propositions, determine truth values, write negations of propositions, express compound propositions using logical connectives, and determine whether conditional statements are true or false. The solutions are provided for each exercise in a step-by-step manner.

Uploaded by

Phúc Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise 11 Solutions:

1. Which of these sentences are propositions? What are the truth values of those that are
propositions?
a) Boston is the capital of Massachusetts.
b) Miami is the capital of Florida.
c) 2 + 3 = 5.
d) 5 + 7 = 10.
e) x + 2 = 11.
f ) Answer this question.

Solutions:
1. a) Yes, T
b) Yes, F
c) Yes, T
d) Yes, F
e) No
f) No

2. Which of these are propositions? What are the truth values of those that are propositions?
a) Do not pass go.
b) What time is it?
c) There are no black flies in Maine.
d) 4 + x = 5.
e) The moon is made of green cheese.
f ) 2n ≥ 100.

Solutions:
c) T and e) F

3. What is the negation of each of these propositions?


a) Mei has an MP3 player.
b) There is no pollution in New Jersey.
c) 2 + 1 = 3.
d) The summer in Maine is hot and sunny.

Solutions:
3. a) Mei does not have an MP3 player.
b) There is pollution in New Jersey.
c) 2 + 1 3.
d) The summer in Maine is not hot or it is not sunny.

4. What is the negation of each of these propositions?


a) Jennifer and Teja are friends.
b) There are 13 items in a baker’s dozen.
c) Abby sent more than 100 text messages every day.
d) 121 is a perfect square.
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Solutions:

a) Jennifer and Teja are not friends.


b) There are more than 13 items in a baker’s dozen or There are less than 13 items in a baker’s
dozen.
c) Abbey did not send more than 100 text messages every day.
d) 121 is not a perfect square.

5. What is the negation of each of these propositions?


a) Steve has more than 100 GB free disk space on his laptop.
b) Zach blocks e-mails and texts from Jennifer.
c) 7 · 11 · 13 = 999.
d) Diane rode her bicycle 100 miles on Sunday.

Solutions:

5. a) Steve does not have more than 100 GB free disk space on his laptop
b) Zach does not block e-mails from Jennifer, or he does not block texts from Jennifer
c) 7 · 11 · 13 ≠ 999
d) Diane did not ride her bike 100 miles on Sunday.

6. Let p and q be the propositions “The election is decided” and “The votes have been counted,”
respectively. Express each of these compound propositions as an English sentence.
a) ￢p b) p ∨ q
c) ￢p ∧ q d) q → p
e) ￢q →￢p f ) ￢p →￢q
g) p ↔ q h) ￢q ∨ (￢p ∧ q)

Solutions:
a) The election is not decided yet.
b) The election is decided or the votes have been counted.
c) The election is not decided yet and the votes have been counted.
d) The votes have been counted therefore the election is decided.
e) If the votes have not been counted then the election is not decided yet.
f) If the election have not been decided then the votes have not been counted.
g) The election is decided if and only if the votes have been counted.
h) The votes have not been counted or the election is not decided and the votes have been counted.

7. Let p and q be the propositions


p : It is below freezing.
q : It is snowing.

8. Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives (including negations).
a) It is below freezing and snowing.
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b) It is below freezing but not snowing.


c) It is not below freezing and it is not snowing.
d) It is either snowing or below freezing (or both).
e) If it is below freezing, it is also snowing.
f ) Either it is below freezing or it is snowing, but it is not snowing if it is below freezing.
g) That it is below freezing is necessary and sufficient for it to be snowing.

Solutions:
a) p q
b) p v ￢q
c) ￢p ￢q
d) q v p
e) p q
f) p v q (￢q p)
g) p q

9. Determine whether each of these conditional statements


is true or false.
a) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 2 + 2 = 5.
b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 4.
c) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 5.
d) If monkeys can fly, then 1 + 1 = 3.

Solution:
a) False
b) True
c) True
d) True

10. Determine whether each of these conditional statements


is true or false.
a) If 1 + 1 = 3, then unicorns exist.
b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then dogs can fly.
c) If 1 + 1 = 2, then dogs can fly.
d) If 2 + 2 = 4, then 1 + 2 = 3.

Solution:
a) True
b) True
c) False
d) False
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11. Write each of these statements in the form “if p, then q” in English. [Hint: Refer to the list of common
ways to express conditional statements.]
a) It snows whenever the wind blows from the northeast.
b) The apple trees will bloom if it stays warm for a week.
c) That the Pistons win the championship implies that they beat the Lakers.
d) It is necessary to walk 8 miles to get to the top of Long’s Peak.
e) To get tenure as a professor, it is sufficient to be world famous.
f ) If you drive more than 400 miles, you will need to buy gasoline.
g) Your guarantee is good only if you bought your CD player less than 90 days ago.
h) Jan will go swimming unless the water is too cold.

Solution:
a) If the wind blows from the northeast then it snows.
b) If it stays warm for a week then the apple trees will bloom.
c) If the Pistons beat the Lakers then they will win the championship.
d) If you will get to the top of Long’s Peak then you must have walked 8 miles.
e) If you want to be world famous then you will get tenure as a professor.
f) If you drive more than 400 miles you will need to buy gasoline.
g) If your guarantee is good then you must have bought your CD player less than 90 days ago.
h) If the water is not too cold then Jan will go swimming.

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