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By:Naila Shuttary Branch:Eee ROLL NO:12D21A0213

This document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs). It provides an overview of VFDs, including their components, operation, benefits, and applications. VFDs are used to control the speed of electric motors by adjusting motor frequency and voltage. They provide benefits like energy savings, better process control, reduced mechanical stress on motors, and inherent power factor correction. Common applications of VFDs include fans, pumps, compressors, and other industrial processes where variable motor speed is needed.

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114 views21 pages

By:Naila Shuttary Branch:Eee ROLL NO:12D21A0213

This document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs). It provides an overview of VFDs, including their components, operation, benefits, and applications. VFDs are used to control the speed of electric motors by adjusting motor frequency and voltage. They provide benefits like energy savings, better process control, reduced mechanical stress on motors, and inherent power factor correction. Common applications of VFDs include fans, pumps, compressors, and other industrial processes where variable motor speed is needed.

Uploaded by

akhil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BY:NAILA SHUTTARY

BRANCH:EEE
ROLL NO:12D21A0213
 INTRODUCTION
 OVERVIEW
 COMPARISON
 PURPOSE
 VFD OPERATION
 COMPONENTS OF VFD
 WHY USE VFD?
 BENEFITS OF VFD
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is a type of motor
controller that drives an electric motor by varying the
frequency and voltage supplied to the electric motor.
 A variable frequency drive is an adjustable speed
drive.
 VFDs are available in a number of different low and
medium voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
 Other names for a VFD are variable speed
drive, adjustable speed drive, adjustable frequency
drive, AC drive, micro drive, and inverter.
 Before semiconductor devices were introduced (<1950):
 AC motors for fixed speed applications
 DC motors for variable speed applications
• After semiconductor devices were introduced (1950s)
 Variable frequency sources available – AC motors in
variable speed applications
 Coupling between flux and torque control
 Application limited to medium performance applications
– fans, blowers, compressors – scalar control
 High performance applications dominated by DC motors –
tractions, elevators, servos, etc
• In 1980s vector controlled semiconductor drives were
introduced
Conventional electric Modern electric drives (With
drives (variable speed) power electronic converters)

• Bulky  Small
• Inefficient  Efficient
• inflexible
 Flexible
 Energy savings on most pump and fan
applications.
 Better process control and regulation.
 Speeding up or slowing down a machine or
process.
 Inherent power-factor correction
 Emergency bypass capability
 Protection from overload currents
 Safe Acceleration
 Buildings:
◦ Primarily commercial

 Applications:
◦ Air handling
◦ District Heating
◦ Room & Zone

 Operation:
◦ Control fans, pumps,
compressors to reduce
energy consumption
 Understanding the basic AC waveform.
principles behind VFD
operation requires
understanding the three
basic sections of the
VFD:
 Input section, draws
AC electric power
from the utility,
 Rectifier section,
converts the AC into
DC power.
 Inverter section,
converts DC back
into a controllable
 RECTIFIER is that special type of converter that
converts AC to DC
 Simplified Circuit showing DC bus components
 The DC link is an important section of the drive as
it provides much of the monitoring and protection
for the drive & motor circuit.
 Simplified Inverter Section of a VFD

Pulse-width-modulated voltage and


current waveforms
The DC waveform looks more
like an AC waveform but the
voltage waveform is much
different.
The power semi-conductors in
the inverter section act as
switches, switches of the DC
bus, and therefore, are pulsing
the motor with some voltage.
A typical square wave takes
its shape on the square-wave
look due to this switching
function ( which explains the
sharp rise to peak) rather than a
rotational, changing state of
amplitude.
This frequency and amplitude
pattern is sometimes called the
carrier frequency of a PWM Pulse-width-modulated voltage and
drive. current waveforms

Pulse- width-modulatION (PWM)


 Saves energy through fan and pump speed control
◦ up to 70% energy savings in pump and fan applications
 e.g. 32% average savings in a ventilation system → Payback
period of 1 year
 Decreases mechanical stress due to pressure spikes
with direct on-line start & stop
◦ VFDs creates a smooth start which reduces the pressure
spikes that reduce system lifetime
 Reduces the starting current of the motor
◦ VFDs minimize the starting current of the motor, which
means electrical installation investments can be lower
 As VFD usage in HVAC applications has increased,
fans, pumps, air handlers, and chillers can benefit
from speed control. Variable frequency drives
provide the following advantages:
 • energy savings
 • low motor starting current
 • reduction of thermal and mechanical
 stresses on motors and belts during starts
 • simple installation
 • high power factor
 • lower KVA
 Typical energy savings with VFD on
centrifugal pumps
Flow is proportional to speed
 Power varies to the cube of the speed change

 20% reduction in speed


= 50% reduction in energy

 50% reduction in speed


= 80% reduction in energy
Fans
 Applications (E.g.)
 Odor control
 Ventilation
 Cooling towers
 Benefits
 Exact air flow to match demand
 Energy savings (20% reduction in
 speed gives ~ 50% saving in energy)
 Constant pressure &Temperature
 Less wear (EG: Extends belt life)
 Reduced audible noise
 Parallel fan operation possible
Pressure Control Pressure
Set point
with VFD

From The Source

reservoir

The VFD adjusts the pump speed based on a feedback


signal from the pressure transmitter to maintain a
constant pressure with changes in flow
INDUCTION MOTOR
 Using VFDs, a small reduction in speed can save
large amount of energy.
 They help to reduce wear and tear.
 This technology can meet even the most stringent
harmonic standards and reduce backup sizing .
 They provide lower KVA,helpin alleviate voltage
sags.
 They help to save money as well as energy losses
are reduced.

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