Mini project report laser security system

Chapter-1

Introduction to Laser Security System

1.1 Introduction:

A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a

building or area. The word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation.These are available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, Ga As laser diode.
This has an energy wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a beam divergence of 3
million radians i.e. equal to a beam width small beam width.Security alarms are used in
residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection against burglary (theft)
or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Car alarms likewise protect
vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for control of inmates.

Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination

systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be
combined with closed-circuit television surveillance systems to automatically record the
activities of intruders, and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors.
Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems with
computer monitoring and control.

1.2 Aim Of The Project:

In general security systems are used for protection.here we are with a security
system with Laser.The main aim of the project is to construct a simple and cheap laser security
system using 555 timer.And also explore its uses in all aspects.

1.3 Motivation Of The Project:

LASER-Ray goes through long distance without scattering effect and the Ray is almost
invisible. Only the radiation point and incident point is visible. So by this security project we can
make an invisible boundary of a sensitive area. There is two part of the system. One is
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 1 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter part is built with a LASER radiator, a pair of
dry cell batteries, an on-off switch and a stand to hold it. The receiver side, there is a focusing
LDR (Light depending Resistor) sensor to sense the LASER continuously. The LDR sensor also
holds with a stand and it connected with the main driver circuit. The circuit has two parts. One is
filtered the signal of discontinuity ray and others is alarm circuit. When anybody crossover the
invisible ray the main circuit sense the discontinuity by sensor and turn on the alarm circuit. If
once the alarm circuit is on it will still ringing until push the reset button. There is two option of
ringing. One is the duration of ringing depends on preset timer and another reset manually. Any
option can be set by DPDT switch. The system has built with low cost and high performance.
The power consumption of the system is very low.

1.4.Technical Approach:

Security is a most important factor today. Technology develops day by

day in the world. The crime gang also improves their technology to perform their operation. So
technology of security should be modern with time to protect the crime works. In this project we
have used laser light to cover a large area. We know laser light goes through long distance
without scattering effect. It’s also visible only at source and incident point, otherwise invisible.
These two properties help us to build up a modern security system, which may name as “laser
security”. When any person or object crossover the laser line the security alarm will ringing and
also the focus light will “on” to focus the entrance of unauthorized person. We can make a
security boundary of single laser light by using mirror at every corner for reflection. The
automatic assumption that a beam of light whose beam diameter is of the order of magnitude of
the collector mirrors is “secure” in principle is strictly true only for propagation in empty space.
It is manually switch dependent sensors and a basic alarm unit.

1.5 Literature survey:

This project is referred from the books below.

● Hack n Mod: How to -- DIY Laser Security Systems

● Home Security Guru: Introduction to Home Security Systems -- Alarms and Sensors
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 2 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
About Author:First published in 1998, Richard Gaughan has contributed to publications such
as "Photonics Spectra," "The Scientist" and other magazines. He is the author of "Accidental
Genius:TheWorld's Greatest By-Chance Discoveries." Gaughan holds a Bachelor of Science in
physics from the University of Chicago.

1.6 Organisation of the Project:

Chapter 1-Introduction to Laser Security System

Chapter 2-Deals with Hardware Description of Laser Security System

Chapter 3-Deals with the Working Principle of the Laser Security System

Chapter 4-Results and Discussions

Chapter 5- Conclusion

1.7 Applications:

● Lasers and laser technologies are widely used in defense and security fields.
● used to protect valuable items,money,room etc..By using different mirror arrangements.

1.8 Conclusion:

Although this project was carried out for security system, it was so designed that
it can be used to any security system. When power switch of LASER is on the input of LASER is
3V from source. When LASER input is 3V the LASER out put is a LASER ray. At switch off
there is no light from LASER. When unauthorized person crossover the laser line then alarm
begins to ring and also focus light will be on. This alarm and focus light will be automatically
stop a fixed period of time. To make a security boundary for coverage a large area of single laser
light using some mirror at every corner for laser light reflection. It is a simple circuit using
LM358 OP-AMP and LM555 Timer. This circuit is triggered when the Laser beam falls on the
LDR interrupts, which sounds the buzzer connected to it. This can be used to protect your
valuable items, money, room etc..

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 3 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
Chapter-2

Hardware Description of Laser Security System

2.1 IC 555 Timer

555: The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics Corporation as the
SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first and only
commercial timer IC available. It provided circuit designers with a relatively cheap, stable, and
user-friendly integrated circuit for both monostable and astable applications. Since this device
was first made commercially available, a myriad of novel and unique circuits have been
developed and presented in several trade, professional, and hobby publications. The past ten
years some manufacturers stopped making these timers because of competition or other reasons.
Yet other companies, like NTE (a subdivision of Philips) picked up where some left off.
Although these days the CMOS version of this IC, like the Motorola MC1455, is mostly used,
the regular type is still available, however there have been many improvements and variations in

the circuitry.

Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of 555 timer

Pin 1 (Ground):
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 4 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
The ground (or common) pin is the most-negative supply potential of the device, which
is normally connected to circuit common (ground) when operated from positive supply voltages.
Pin 2 (Trigger):

This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is used to set the latch, which in
turn causes the output to go high. This is the beginning of the timing sequence in monostable
operation. Triggering is accomplished by taking the pin from above to below a voltage level of
1/3 V+ (or, in general, one-half the voltage appearing at pin 5). The action of the trigger input is
level-sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-change waveforms, as well as pulses, to be used as trigger
sources.
Pin 3 (Output):

The output of the 555 comes from a high-current totem-pole stage made up of
transistors Q20 - Q24. Transistors Q21 and Q22 provide drive for source-type loads, and their
Darlington connection provides a high-state output voltage about 1.7 volts less than the V+
supply level used. Transistor Q24 provides current-sinking capability for low-state loads referred
to V+ (such as typical TTL inputs). Transistor Q24 has a low saturation voltage, which allows it
to interface directly, with good noise margin, when driving current-sinking logic. Both the rise
and fall times of the output waveform are quite fast, typical switching times being 100nS.
Pin 4 (Reset):

This pin is also used to reset the latch and return the output to a low state. The reset
voltage threshold level is 0.7 volt, and a sink current of 0.1mA from this pin is required to reset
the device. These levels are relatively independent of operating V+ level; thus the reset input is
TTL compatible for any supply voltage.
The reset pin will force the output to go low no matter what state the other inputs to the
flip-flop are in. When not used, it is recommended that the reset input be tied to V+ to avoid any
possibility of false resetting.

Pin 5 (Control Voltage):

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 5 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
This pin allows direct access to the 2/3 V+ voltage-divider point, the reference level for
the upper comparator. It also allows indirect access to the lower comparator, as there is a 2:1
divider (R8 - R9) from this point to the lower-comparator reference input.

. This fact is not obvious in many 555 circuits since I have seen many circuits with 'no-pin-5'
connected to anything, but this is the proper procedure. The small ceramic cap may eliminate
false triggering.
Pin 6 (Threshold):

Pin 6 is one input to the upper comparator (the other being pin 5) and is used to reset the
latch, which causes the output to go low.
The voltage range that can safely be applied to the threshold pin is between V+ and
ground. A dc current, termed the threshold current, must also flow into this terminal from the
external circuit. This current is typically 0.1µA, and will define the upper limit of total resistance
allowable from pin 6 to V+. For either timing configuration operating at V+ = 5 volts, this
resistance is 16 MW For 15 volt operation, the maximum value of resistance is 20 MW.
Pin 7 (Discharge):

This pin is connected to the open collector of a NPN transistor (Q14), the emitter of
which goes to ground, so that when the transistor is turned "on", pin 7 is effectively shorted to
ground. Usually the timing capacitor is connected between pin 7 and ground and is discharged
when the transistor turns "on". The conduction state of this transistor is identical in timing to that
of the output stage. It is "on" (low resistance to ground) when the output is low and "off" (high
resistance to ground) when the output is high.
Pin 8 (V +):

The V+ pin (also referred to as Vcc) is the positive supply voltage terminal of the 555 timer
IC. Supply-voltage operating range for the 555 is +4.5 volts (minimum) to +16 volts (maximum),
and it is specified for operation between +5 volts and + 15 volts. There are special and military
devices available that operate at voltages as high as 18 V.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 6 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
Operation:
Press the button attached to pin 2 (trigger). The LED should light up, indicating that the
output is now in a high state. Release the trigger button, the LED will remain lit. Now press the
reset button, this will cause the output to go low and turn the LED off. Release the reset button,
the LED should remain off. Now you have created a circuit that toggles between two stable
states based on which button was last pressed.

2.2.Transistor-BC548

The BC548 is a general purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor found commonly in
European electronic equipment and present-day designs in Australian and British electronics
magazines where a commonly-available low-cost NPN transistor is required. It is a part of a
family of NPN and PNP epitaxial silicon transistors that include higher-quality variants,
originating in 1966 when Philips introduced the metal-cased BC108 family of transistors which
became the most used transistors in Australia and taken up by many European manufacturers.
The BC548 is the modern plastic packaged BC108, and can be used in any circuit designed for
the BC108 or BC148, which includes many Mullard and Philips published designs.

The BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but selected with
higher breakdown voltages while the BC549 is low noise version, and the BC550 both high-
voltage and low-noise. The BC556 to BC560 are the PNP counterparts of the BC546 to BC550,
respectively.

The BC548 is low cost and is available in most European Union and many other
countries. It is often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyists encounter, and is often featured
in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a general-purpose transistor is required.

The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer
electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. As viewed in the
image to the right, and going from left to right, lead 1 (left in diagram) is the collector, lead 2 is
the base, and lead 3 is the emitter. Note that not all transistors with TO-92 cases follow this
arrangement.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 7 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure:2.2 Diagram of transistor BC548

2.3.IC LM358:

The LM358 datasheet specifies that it consists of two independent, high gain, internally
frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from
a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also
possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power
supply voltage. The LM358 and LM2904 are available in a chip sized package (8-Bump micro
SMD) using National’s micro SMD package technology.

Figure 2.3 Diagram of IC LM358

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 8 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure 2.4 Pin diagram of IC LM358

Features:
● Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package.

● Internally frequency compensated for unity gain.

● Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB

● Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

● Wide power supply range:

o single supply: 3V to 32V

o dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V

● Very low supply current drain (500 μA)—essentially independent of supply voltage.

● Low input offset voltage: 2 mV.

● Input common-mode voltage range includes ground.

● Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage.

● Large output voltage swing.

Application areas include transducer amplifiers, DC gain blocks and all the
conventional op-amp circuits, which can now be more easily implemented in single power
supply systems. For example, these circuits can be directly supplied with the standard +5 V,
which is used in logic systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics with no
additional power supply. In linear mode, the input common-mode voltage range includes ground

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 9 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
and the output voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power
supply voltage.

Description:

The LM358 series is made using two internally compensated,

two−stage operational amplifiers. The first stage of each consists of

differential input devices Q20 and Q18 with input buffer transistors

Q21 and Q17 and the differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4.

The first stage performs not only the first stage gain function but

also performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction

functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller compensation

capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus saving chip area. The

transconductance reduction is accomplished by splitting the

collectors of Q20 and Q18. Another feature of this input stage is

that the input common mode range can include the negative supply or

ground, in single supply operation, without saturating either the

input devices or the differential to single−ended converter. The

second stage consists of a standard current source load amplifier

stage. Each amplifier is biased from an internal−voltage regulator

which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each amplifier

good temperature characteristics as well as excellent power supply

rejection.

2.4.Light Dependent Resistor (or) Photo resistor:

A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 10 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in light-
sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor

can have a resistance as high as a few megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can
have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy
to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor
can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has

its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic
devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have
enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities,
also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the
electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms
replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.
This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

Figure:2.5 Diagram of light dependent resistor

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 11 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure:2.6 Symbol of light dependent resistor

Design procedure:

Photoresistors are less light-sensitive devices than photodiodes or phototransistors:

the two latter components are truesemiconductor devices, while a photoresistor is a passive
component and does not have a PN-junction. The photoresistivity of any photoresistor may vary
widely depending on ambient temperature, making them unsuitable for applications requiring
precise measurement of or sensitivity to light.

Photoresistors also exhibit a certain degree of latency between exposure to light and
the subsequent decrease in resistance, usually around 10 milliseconds. The lag time when going
from lit to dark environments is even greater, often as long as one second. This property makes
them unsuitable for sensing rapidly flashing lights, but is sometimes used to smooth the response
of audio signal compression.

Applications:

Photoresistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be

found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarm
devices, night lights, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps and solar road studs, etc.

They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a

small incandescent or neon lamp, or light-emitting diode to control gain reduction. A common
usage of this application can be found in many guitar amplifiers that incorporate an
onboard tremolo effect, as the oscillating light patterns control the level of signal running
through the amp circuit.The use of CdS and CdSe photoresistors is severely restricted in Europe
due to the RoHS ban on cadmium.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 12 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
Lead sulphide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light-dependent resistors) are
used for the mid-infrared spectral region. Ge:Cuphotoconductors are among the best far-
infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

Light Dependent Resistor, Photoresistor, or Photocell:

The light dependent resistor, LDR, is known by many names including the
photoresistor, photo resistor, photoconductor, photoconductive cell, or simply the photocell. It is
probably the term photocell that is most widely used in data and instruction sheets for domestic
equipment.

The photoresistor, or light dependent resistor, LDR, finds many uses as a low cost photo
sensitive element and was used for many years in photographic light meters as well as in other
applications such as flame, smoke and burglar detectors, card readers and lighting controls for
street lamps. Often within the literature the photoresistor is called the photocell as a more generic
term.

Photoresistor discovery:

Photoresistors, or light dependent resistors have been in use for very many years. Photoresistors
have been seen in early forms since the nineteenth century when photoconductivity in selenium
was discovered by Smith in 1873. Since then many variants of photoconductive devices have
been made.

Much useful work was conducted by T. W. Case in 1920 when he published a paper entitled
"Thalofide Cell - a new photo-electric cell".Other substances including PbS, PbSe and PbTe
were studied in the 1930s and 1940s, and then in 1952, Rollin and Simmons developed their
photoconductors using silicon and germanium.

Light dependent resistor symbol:

The circuit symbol used for the light dependent resistor or photoresistor combines its
resistor action while indicating that it is sensitive to light. The basic light dependent resistor

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 13 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
symbol has the rectangle used to indicate its resistor action, and then has two incoming arrows -
the same as those used for photodiodes and phototransistors to indicate its light sensitivity.

Figure:2.7 Light dependent resistor symbol used in circuit diagrams

For most applications, the light dependent resistor symbol used will be that with the
resistor with arrows, but in some instances those drawing circuit diagrams prefer to encase the
resistor in a circle. The more commonly used photoresistor symbol is the resistor without the
circle around it.

Photoresistor mechanism:

A photoresistor or photocell is a component that uses a photconductor between two

contacts. When this is exposed to light a change in resistance is noted.

Photoconductivity - the mechanism behind the photoresistor - results from the generation
of mobile carriers when photons are absorbed by the semiconductor material used for the
photoconductor. While the different types of material used for light dependent resistors are
semiconductors, when used as a photo-resistor, they are used only as a resistive element and
there are no PN junctions. Accordingly the device is purely passive.

There are two types of photoconductor and hence photoresistor:

● Intrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a photoconductive material that

involves excitation of charge carriers from the valence bands to the conduction band.

● Extrinsic photoresistor: This type of photoresistor uses a photoconductive material that

involves excitation of charge carriers between an impurity and the valence band or
conduction.

Extrinisc photoresistors or photocells are generally designed for long wavelength

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 14 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
radiation - often infra-red, but to avoid thermal generation they need to be operated at low
temperatures.

Basic photo resistor structure:

Although there are many ways in which light dependent resistors, or photo resistors can be
manufactured, there are naturally a few more common methods that are seen. Essentially the
photo resistor or photocell consists of a resistive material sensitive to light that is exposed to
light. The photo resistive element comprises section of the material with contacts at either end.

A typical structure for a light dependent or photo resistor uses an active semiconductor
layer that is deposited on an insulating substrate. The semiconductor is normally lightly doped to
enable it to have the required level of conductivity. Contacts are then placed either side of the
exposed area.

Figure 2.8 One form of photo resistor structure

Within the basic photo resistor or photocell structure, the resistance of the material itself is
a key issue. To ensure the resistance changes resulting from the light dominate, contact
resistance is minimised. To achieve this, the area around the contacts is normally heavily doped
to reduce the resistance in this region.

In many instances the area between the contacts is in the form of a zig zag, or inter digital
pattern. This maximises the exposed area and by keeping the distance between the contacts small
it reduces the spurious resistance levels and enhances the gain.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 15 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure:2.9 Photoresistor or photocell with inter digital contact pattern

It is also possible to use a polycrystalline semiconductor that is deposited onto a
substrate such as ceramic. This makes for a very low cost light dependent resistor.

2.5.Resistors:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to
lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow,
to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of
motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or
as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed
of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 16 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure:2.10 Resistor(50k)

Power dissipation:

At any instant of time, the power P (watts) consumed by a resistor of

resistance R (ohms) is calculated as: where V (volts) is the voltage

across the resistor and I (amps) is the current flowing through it. Using Ohm's law, the two other
forms can be derived. This power is converted into heat which must be dissipated by the
resistor's package before its temperature rises excessively.

Resistors are rated according to their maximum power dissipation. Most discrete resistors in
solid-state electronic systems absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and require no
attention to their power rating. Such resistors in their discrete form, including most of the
packages detailed below, are typically rated as 1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 w

Non-ideal properties:

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these
specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-
amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue.The temperature coefficient of the
resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications.

2.6.Buzzer:
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 17 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may
be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the
metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing
the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding
board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.
piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio
signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate
that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep.

Uses:
● Annunciator panels

● Electronic metronomes

● Game show lock-out device

● Microwave ovens and other household appliances

● Sporting events such as basketball games

● Electrical alarms

Figure:2.11 Diagram of buzzer

2.7 Conclusion:
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 18 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
Laser security systems used to be difficult to install and rarely available to
anyone other than the super-rich. Now, there are dozens of different security systems on the
market that utilize lasers and can effectively protect everything from small apartments and
businesses to large areas of property. Most home laser security systems consist of two parts: a
basic alarm unit and an infrared motion detector. Laser security systems of the past used to rely
on connections wired to a keypad, requiring the customer to use special codes to arm and disarm
the system. Since the majority of laser security systems are now wireless, the units can be turned
on or off with a wireless remote or, in some models, by touch tone phone from anywhere in the
world.

Chapter-3

Working principle of Laser Security System

3.1 Working:

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 19 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
Laser security systems used to be difficult to install and rarely available to anyone other than
the super-rich. Now, there are dozens of different security systems on the market that utilize
lasers and can effectively protect everything from small apartments and businesses to large areas
of property. Most home laser security systems consist of two parts: a basic alarm unit and an
infrared motion detector. Laser security systems of the past used to rely on connections wired to
a keypad, requiring the customer to use special codes to arm and disarm the system. Since the
majority of laser security systems are now wireless, the units can be turned on or off with a
wireless remote or, in some models, by touch tone phone from anywhere in the world.

Here,Laser security system is a simple circuit using LM358.t is a simple circuit using
LM358 OP-AMP and LM555 Timer.This circuit is triggered when the Laser beam falls on the
LDR[Light Depending Resistor] interrupts,which sounds the buzzer connected to it. This can be
used to protect your valuable items,money,room etc..your valuable items,money,room etc

In this circuit the IC LM358 is working as a comparator and IC LM555 is wired as a

bistable multivibrator. The transistor BC548 is wired as a switch to provide there negative trigger
at pin 2 of LM555. The 50K is used to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit.

When any one interrupts the laser beam, the LDR will go to darkness which increases the
resistance across LDR, which in turn increases the voltage across it. When the voltage at Non-
Inverting terminal (PIN 3) will greater than Inverting terminal output of transistor goes low and
triggers the 555, which sounds the buzzer.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 20 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure 3.1 Circuit diagram of Laser Security System using 555 timer

This can also be used to protect more than one objects by suitably arranging mirrors. One
possible arrangement is shown below.

Figure 3.2 Mirror arrangements of Laser security system

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 21 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
3.2 Conclusion:

Principle of Laser Security System is mentioned and this chapter also includes the
working of the laser security. This also explains the operation of Laser Security
System.Location of each component.Where the components includes BC548 which is a
transistor, IC 555,IC LM358,Resistors which include 50k,20k,2.2k,10k,1M,LDR( Light
Dependent Resistor ) and Buzzer are clearly shown in figure. A 9v power supply i.e; battery is
uesd in the circuit.Operation of components and role of major components in Laser Security
System is explained under working of this project.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 22 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Chapter-4

Result of Laser Security System

4.1 Result:

The field of alarms and sensors is a very developed one. New and improved types of
alarms and sensors are always coming into the market and the choice between the different types
seems quite difficult. Despite the baffling selection, you should understand that all Security
systems have a very similar basic structure and work in accordance to the same principles. An
Security system is comprised of a main control box to which sensors are connected. When the
sensors identify a break-in, they send out a signal to the control box, which, in turn, sounds the
alarm or performs other predefined tasks.

It is a simple circuit using LM358 OP-AMP and LM555 Timer.This circuit is

triggered when the Laser beam falls on the LDR[Light Depending Resistor] interrupts,which
sounds the buzzer connected to it. This can be used to protect your valuable items,money,room
etc..By using different mirror arrangements you can form different security systems.

Figure 4.1 :The Circuit Diagram of Laser Security System on PCB board

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 23 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Figure 4.2 :The circuit of Laser Security System-1,

Where the laser is focused. on to the top surface of the LRD.

Figure 4.3:The circuit of Laser security system-2

Where the buzzer starts ringing when any obstacle comes in between the laser and LRD.

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 24 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
4.2 Advantages:

● Easy to install and work; both within as well as outside homes

● Very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties like parks, pools, garages or
even driveways.
● Indoor systems utilize the normal power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous.
● Outdoors, they can easily be hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing any
harm.
● Consume less power, though the laser system on the whole is expensive.

4.3 Dis advantages:

● Laser security system requires resources to run,add complexity in IT environment and

requires effort by those using the systems
● Laser is harmful to eyes, so do not look into the laser light and don’t direct it to the body.
It should not be used in home if there are small children. Fix the laser diode and Photo
resistor just above the ground level to prevent accidental looking into it.

4.4 Conclusion:

This chapter briefs about how the laser security system works using 555 timer.
And the advantages of Laser security system for future aspects are listed above.Disadvantages of
the Laser security systems to prevent accidents in the experiments and damages in any
organisation, where they are used in our daily life.The result of Laser security system with the
help of snap shots of the project is also clearly shown .

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 25 of 27
Mini project report laser security system

Chapter- 5

Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion:

The most critical element to the laser security system is the ability to be absolutely
invisible. Until any sort of powder, smoke, or a spec of dust enters the room. Then the laser will
forever be shown to both the people trying to break in and fool the system and, most importantly,
the audience. It’s really convenient for the people breaking in that they don’t need to bring 40
pounds of powder and have to keep applying it to the area to keep those streams visible.

The smallest amount of cloud formation will do as lasers are honest. They will say “ok,
YA GOT ME!” and keep glowing well until the police/guerrillas/security force/soldiers for
fortune show up to try and figure out how in the hell someone actually GOT PASSED OUR
INTRICATE LASER SYSTEM! Because a laser system isn’t a laser system if it doesn’t
inevitably not work and lead to hemming and hawing (the hemming and hawing also comes
standard ).

In the end, we made the laser security in low budget. It had been protect in full
security. Laser security systems are a high tech technology that used to be a part of home
security only available to the wealthy. It is manually switch dependent sensors and a basic alarm

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 26 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
unit. Laser security system ,a person moves in front of the motion sensor, that person’s body heat
triggers the system’s alarm. And the alarm signals the security monitoring company and local
law enforcement. The basic alarm unit will also sound a loud alarm:

5.2 Future Aspects:

The future holds many surprises for us. Selected technologies and philosophies, now in their
infancy, will surely be a part of the security systems manufactured in the next century. Past and
present For anyone involved with alarm systems for more than a few years, it is not too difficult
to remember when a control panel was just a simple metal box with a couple of relays, a built-in
key switch and a cheap ammeter used to check the integrity of the protective circuits. This
simple apparatus was powered solely by dry cells, which, in time, would assume the supporting
role of standby battery when commercial AC was eventually used for power.Soon after, it
became possible to locate the built-in key switch remotely on a wall plate and replace the
ammeter by an adjoining "go/no go" indicator lamp. With the increasing demand for multiple
zones of protection,entry/exit delays, bell time-outs and remote alarm reporting, separate
modules addressing these concerns not only found their way into many manufacturers' catalogs,
but they also added significantly to the cost and complexity of many installation.

The laser has come a long way from its inception some 40 years ago,Laser was a solution
looking for a problem in the 1960s. Now, laser applications abound, and it would take volumes
to describe them.Many lasers in home, in multiple CD and DVD players, and computer CD and
DVD read/write drives. Of course,we don’t have these lasers or the newer devices but for the
laser lithography used to fabricate the highest density silicon circuits. Lasers are well established
in many manufacturing technologies, for precision delivery of intense power for scribing, cutting
welding, and for precise 2D and 3D metro logy. Many thousands of less powerful - but precise -
lasers cutting fabrics, making patterns in glass blocks, customising trophies and so on, really
show how the laser has moved from technical marvel to common tool. Lasers in hospitals,
dermatological suites, dental surgeries and eye clinics benefit many, day in, day out.

We all know that movies present exaggerated images of reality.And that's especially true of
the way laser security systems are presented by Hollywood. The typical image will show a
BRECW,Hyderabad Page 27 of 27
Mini project report laser security system
pattern of criss-crossing red or green shafts of light filling or outlining a room. The hero (or
villain) then carefully steps through the maze, avoiding those lines of light and making it to the
diamond. In reality, laser beams are not visible as they travel through the air, unless there is dust
or moisture in the air. On the other hand, there will be some scattered light from the mirrors and
the detector that can be a giveaway that a laser security system is installed.

References:

[1] http://www.electroschematics.com/4929/laser-based-door-alarm/

[2] http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/mtully/555%20folder/555%20timer.htm

[3] http://www.electronicsforu.com/newelectronics/defaultcampaign.asp

[4]http://www.homesecurityguru.com/introduction-to-home-security-systems-alarms-and-sensor

BRECW,Hyderabad Page 28 of 27