ESc201: Introduction to

Electronics

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT Kanpur

1
Recap: Techniques of Circuit Analysis
Concept of equivalent circuits
Two circuits are equivalent if they have the same current-voltage behavior
Series combinaton Parallel combinaton

Voltage Division
A voltage applied to resistors connected in series is divided among them

Current Division
The total current flowing into a parallel combination of resistors is divided among them

Nodal Analysis
1. Identify and number the nodes
2. Pick Ground node/Reference node wisely, if it is not already specified
3. Writing KCL Equations in Terms of the Node Voltages
Mesh Analysis

1. Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for

analyzing circuits using mesh currents as the circuit
variables.

2. Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.

3. A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other

loop within it.

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4
5
6
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

7
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

8
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginary, not measurable directly)

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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginary, not measurable directly)

I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

I1 i1

I 2 i2

I 3 i1  i2

i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginary, not measurable directly)

I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly)
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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

13
Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

I3

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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

I2

I3

I 2 i1  i3 I 3 i1  i2
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Mesh Currents
How many meshes?

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Mesh Analysis

Steps to determine the mesh currents:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, …, in to the n meshes.

2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to

express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.

3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the

mesh currents.

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Example

i3

i1 i2

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Example

i3

i1 i2

Mesh-1

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Example

i3

i1 i2

Mesh-1

Mesh-2 R3 (i2  i1 )  vB  R4 i2 0

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Example

i3

i1 i2

Mesh-1

Mesh-2 R3 (i2  i1 )  vB  R4 i2 0

Mesh-3
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Example

Mesh-1

Mesh-2 22
Example

Mesh-3

Mesh-4
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Mesh Currents in Circuits Containing Current Sources

15i1  10(i1  i2 )  ?  0

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Current source common to 2 mesh

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Current source common to 2 mesh

i1  2(i1  i3 )  ?  0
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Super Mesh

Super mesh

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Super Mesh

Super mesh

Mesh-3

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Example

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Example: Identify the super mesh

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Example contd..: Identify the super mesh

 6  2(i1  i3 )  4(i2  i3 )  8i2  0

2i3  4(i3  i2 )  2(i3  i1 )  0

i1  i2  3 35
Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
To select the method that results in the smaller number of
equations. For example:

1. Choose nodal analysis for circuit with fewer nodes than

meshes.
*Choose mesh analysis for circuit with fewer meshes than nodes.

*Networks that contain many series connected elements, voltage

sources, or supermeshes are more suitable for mesh analysis.

*Networks with parallel-connected elements, current sources, or

supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis.

2. If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply

nodal analysis. If branch or mesh currents are required, it
may be better to use mesh analysis. 36
 Some more circuit analysis techniques

• Superpositon Method

• Thevenin Method

• Norton Method

Applicable to only linear circuits

Homogeneity Superpositon
 Linear circuits

Homogeneity Superpositon

A1 A1
C y C ya
A2 A2
Inputs Output Inputs Output

B1
C yb
B2
Inputs Output

ƞA1 A1 + B1
C ya + yb
C ƞy A2 + B2
ƞA2
Inputs Output Inputs Output

Reference: MIT 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007 (Anant Agarwal)
Example: Our favorite element
‘Resistor’
V IR
Increasing the current by a constant k

kIR kV Homogeneity

Response to two excitations:

V1 I1 R V2 I 2 R

V  I1  I 2  R I1 R  I 2 R V1  V2
Superpositon
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Superposition Principle

The superposition principle states that the total response is the sum of
the responses to each of the independent sources acting individually.

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 Vs1
C v1
0
Inputs Output

0
C v2
Is2
Inputs Output

Vs1
C v1+v2 = vT
Is2
Inputs Output

1. Find circuit response to each source actng alone

2. Sum up the individual/partal responses to get the total response
 1. Find circuit response to each source actng alone

Vs1 0A
C v1
0
Inputs Output

0
C v2
Is2
Inputs Output

Vs1
2. Sum up the individual/partal responses to C v1+v2 = vT
Is2
get the total response
Inputs Output
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Example-1

Circuit with only voltage source Circuit with only current source
active. Current source is open active. Voltage source is open
circuited. circuited.

iT i1  i2 vT v1  v2
 5  10  20
v1 15 5V v2 5  2    V
15  15  3
vT v1  v2
iT i1  i2
20 35
vT v1  v2 5   V
3 3
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Example-2

iT i1  i2 vT v1  v2
Example-3

10V is discarded by short circuit

2A is discarded by open circuit
Esc 201A
Expt. 1
Esc 201 Lab Objectives
• Observe the phenomena taught in the class
• Have fun building and debugging simple circuits
• Get a favour of design
Instructions – Important ones
• Maintain individual laboratory record
• Come prepared:
• Watch Youtube videos and read handout (both available on course
website) before coming to lab
• You should have a pre-lab writeup [objectve, basic concept, circuit
diagrams, components required, measurements to be done,
calculatons to be done, etc] for the experiment that you will perform
(40% weightage).
• At the end of the lab session, show your lab record with
sketches, graphs, design etc. to your tutor/TA and ensure that
your marks are recorded (Your responsibility!).
• No one will be allowed into the lab afer 2:10pm.
• Do not use mobile phones in the lab. Bring calculators along.
Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
DC Power Supply
• Sine/square/triangular wave • Duty cycle of wave

• Any DC component

Function Generator (FG)

 Menu Keys
Functon Keys

Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

Coaxial Cable
• BNC Connector
• Twin Lead
Type 2 Type 1
Breadboard
• Trigger
• Error/Least-count Menu Keys
• AC and DC mode Functon Keys
• XY mode

Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

 2

1 1

p ly
up
rs
we

3
Po
DC

M
1

DM
DSO/
1

A Potential
Divider
Can you spot the bug?
 What next?
• Read handout carefully and watch video
• Plan your experiment
• Record all the observatons (including instrument error)
• Draw appropriate inferences
• Don’t forget to demonstrate your experiment and get
your laboratory record graded by a tutor/TA.
Enjoy building circuits!