Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks: Marco Zennaro, ICTP Trieste-Italy

INTRODUCTION TO
WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
Marco Zennaro, ICTP Trieste-Italy
Wireless sensor networks
 A Wireless Sensor Network is a self-
configuring network of small sensor
nodes communicating among
themselves using radio signals, and
deployed in quantity to sense, monitor
and understand the physical world.
 Wireless Sensor nodes are called motes.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Wireless sensor networks
log (people per computer)
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 [Culler:2004]

Mote Anatomy
 These motes are highly constrained in
terms of
 Physical size
 CPU power
 Memory (few tens of kilobytes)
 Bandwidth (Maximum of 250 KB/s, lower
rates the norm)
 Power consumption is critical
 If battery powered then energy efficiency
is paramount
 May operate in harsh environments
 Challenging physical environment (heat,
dust, moisture, interference)
A World of Sensors
Predictive
Maintenance
High-Confidence
Energy Saving Transport and
Smart Grid Asset Tracking
Improve
Productivity
Intelligent
Buildings
Enable New
Knowledge
Enhanced Safety &
Security
Improve Food
and H2O
Healthcare
Smart Home
WSN application examples
 Intelligent buildings (or bridges)

 Reduce energy wastage by proper
humidity, ventilation, air
conditioning (HVAC) control
 Needs measurements about room
occupancy, temperature, air flow,
…
 Monitor mechanical stress after
earthquakes

WSN application examples
 Disaster relief operations

 Drop sensor nodes from an
aircraft over a wildfire
 Each node measures temperature
 Derive a “temperature map”
 Biodiversity mapping
 Use sensor nodes to observe
wildlife

Wireless communication
 The two main wireless standards used

by WNS are 802.15.4 and Zigbee
 They are low-power protocols
 Performance is an issue
 Max distance is around 100 m

IEEE Wireless Standards
 802.11 – Wireless Local Area Networks (WiFi)
 802.11a, 802.11b, 80211g, 802.11n
 802.15 – Wireless Personal Access Networks (WPAN)
 Task Group 1 – Bluetooth (802.15.1)
 Task Group 2 – Co-existence (802.15.2)
 Task Group 3 – High Rate WPAN (802.15.3)
 Task Group 4 – Low Rate WPAN (802.15.4 or 802.15 TG4)
 Task Group 5 – Mesh Networking (802.15.5)
 802.16 – Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WiMax)
 802.20 – Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (Mobile-Fi) -
Defunct
 802.22 – Wireless Regional Access Network (WRAN)
 Utilise free space in the allocated TV spectrum

Wireless communication:
802.15.4
 Channels:
 868.0 - 868.6MHz -> 1 channel (Europe)
 902.0-928.0MHz -> 10 channels (EEUU)
 2.40-2.48GHz -> 16 channels (Worldwide)
 Bit Rates:
 868.0 - 868.6MHz -> 20/100/250 Kb/s
 902.0-928.0MHz -> 40/250 Kb/s
 2.40-2.48GHz -> 250 Kb/s

WiFi based WSN
 Advantage: use existing WiFi networks.

 High power Wi-Fi chips are optimized
for fast response, low latency, and

high data rates.
 Low power Wi-Fi chips are optimized
for low power consumption,

particularly when the device is in
Standby mode.

WiFi based WSN

WiFi based WSN

WiFi based WSN
 Examples
 The XBee Wi-Fi modules from
Digi International come in 1mW
and 2mW versions.
 The Flyport provides the
following services: Webserver
(even Ajax apps can be run),
TCP Socket, UDP Socket, SMTP
Client.
 The Gainspan modules.

What is a Smart Object?
 A tiny and low cost computer that may
contain:
 A sensor that can measure physical data
(e.g., temperature, vibration, pollution)
 An actuator capable of performing a task
(e.g., change traffic lights, rotate a mirror)
 A communication device to receive
instructions , send data or possibly route
information
 This device is embedded into objects
 For example, thermometers, car engines,
light switches, gas meters
 We now talk about Internet of Sensor
Introduction to Wireless Things
Networks - October 2012
Internet of Things
Internet of Things

IPv4 or IPv6
 Smart Objects will add tens of billions
of additional devices
 There is no scope for IPv4 to support
Smart Object Networks
 IPv6 is the only viable way forward
 Solution to address exhaustion
 Stateless Auto-configuration thanks to
Neighbour Discovery Protocol
 Each embedded node can be individually
addressed/accessed

Smart Objects Based on what we
know is true today
(Conservative)
World
Population 6.3 Billion 6.8 Billion 7.2 Billion 7.6 Billion
Connected
Devices 500 Million 12.5 Billion 25 Billion 50 Billion
Connected
Devices More connected
devices than people
Per Person 0.08 1.84 3.47 6.58
2008
2003 2010 2015 2020
Recommended reading
 Covers the trends in
Smart Objects
 Detailed application
scenarios
 Written by
 JP Vasseur (Cisco DE)
 Adam Dunkels
(Inventor of Contiki
O/S, uIPv6)

Market: Sun SPOT
21
 Sun SPOT Processor Board

 180 MHz 32 bit ARM920T core - 512K
RAM/4M Flash
 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 radio with integrated
antenna
 USB interface
 32 uA deep sleep mode
 2G/6G 3-axis accelerometer, Temperature
sensor, Light sensor, 8 tri-color LEDs, 6
analog inputs, 2 momentary switches, 5
general purpose I/O pins and 4 high current
output pins OpenWSN — December 2011
Market: Sun SPOT
22
OpenWSN — December 2011

Market: Sun SPOT
23

Market: Sun SPOT
24
 Pros:
 Java based!
 You can use NetBeans to develop your software
 Good community base
 Open Software and Hardware
 Discount for Research Institutions
 Cons:
 Price: 399$ (educational discount available)

Market: Sun SPOT
25
http://www.sunspotworld.com

Market: Zolertia Z1
26
 Zolertia Z1
 Backwards compatibility with motes based
on MSP430+CC2420
 Can run TinyOS and Contiki
 Out of the box support for Phidgets
 95 euros each (75 euros in +50)
 http://www.zolertia.com/

Market: Zolertia Z1
27

Market: Zolertia Z1
28

Market: Libelium
29
 Open Source Project

 Based on Arduino board + Zigbee module
 Their WSN is called Squidbee
 Price is low: 100 euros per Squidbee
 Very supportive community
 www.libelium.com

Market: Libelium
30
 What is Arduino?
 Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping
platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware
and software. It's intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating
interactive objects or environments.
 The microcontroller on the board is programmed

using the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring) and the Arduino development
environment (based on Processing). Arduino
projects can be stand-alone or they can
communicate with software on running on a
computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).
Market: Libelium
31
 Arduino Specs:
 Microcontroller ATmega168
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6
 Flash Memory 16 KB
 SRAM 1 KB
 EEPROM 512 bytes
 Clock Speed 16 MHz

Market: Libelium
32

Market: Libelium
33

Thanks
Marco Zennaro
[email protected]
www.wsnblog.com

Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks: Marco Zennaro, ICTP Trieste-Italy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks: Marco Zennaro, ICTP Trieste-Italy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Wireless Sensor Networks: Marco Zennaro, ICTP Trieste-Italy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION TO

 Wireless Sensor nodes are called motes.

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 [Culler:2004]

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

 Intelligent buildings (or bridges)

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

 Disaster relief operations

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

 The two main wireless standards used

 They are low-power protocols

 Max distance is around 100 m

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

 Advantage: use existing WiFi networks.

for fast response, low latency, and

for low power consumption,

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

 Sun SPOT Processor Board

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

 Open Source Project

OpenWSN — December 2011

 The microcontroller on the board is programmed

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

OpenWSN — December 2011

Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks - October 2012

You might also like