GUROBI OPTIMIZER

EXAMPLE TOUR

c 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

Version 7.0, Copyright
 Contents

1 Introduction 7
2 Example tour 8
2.1 A list of the Gurobi examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Load and solve a model from a le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Build a model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Additional modeling elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Modify a model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Change parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 Automated parameter tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8 Diagnose and cope with infeasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.9 MIP starts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.10 Model-data separation in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.11 Callbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Example Source Code 22

3.1 C Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
callback_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
dense_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
diet_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
facility_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
feasopt_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
xanddive_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
genconstr_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
lp_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
lpmethod_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
lpmod_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
mip1_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
mip2_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
multiobj_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
params_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
piecewise_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
poolsearch_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
qcp_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
qp_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
sensitivity_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
sos_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
sudoku_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
tsp_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

2
 tune_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
workforce1_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
workforce2_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
workforce3_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
workforce4_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
workforce5_c.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.2 C++ Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
callback_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
dense_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
diet_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
facility_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
feasopt_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
xanddive_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
genconstr_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
lp_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
lpmethod_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
lpmod_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
mip1_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
mip2_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
multiobj_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
params_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
piecewise_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
poolsearch_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
sensitivity_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
qcp_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
qp_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
sos_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
sudoku_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
tsp_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
tune_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
workforce1_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
workforce2_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
workforce3_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
workforce4_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
workforce5_c++.cpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
3.3 Java Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Callback.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Dense.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Diet.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Facility.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Feasopt.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Fixanddive.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Genconstr.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Lp.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Lpmethod.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

3
 Lpmod.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Mip1.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Mip2.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Multiobj.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Params.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Piecewise.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Poolsearch.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Qcp.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Qp.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Sensitivity.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Sos.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Sudoku.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Tsp.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Tune.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Workforce1.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Workforce2.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Workforce3.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Workforce4.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Workforce5.java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
3.4 C# Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
callback_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
dense_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
diet_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
facility_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
feasopt_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
xanddive_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
genconstr_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
lp_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
lpmethod_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
lpmod_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
mip1_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
mip2_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
multiobj_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
params_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
piecewise_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
poolsearch_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
qcp_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
qp_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
sensitivity_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
sos_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
sudoku_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
tsp_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
tune_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
workforce1_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
workforce2_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

4
 workforce3_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
workforce4_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
workforce5_cs.cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
3.5 Visual Basic Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
callback_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
dense_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
diet_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
facility_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
feasopt_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
xanddive_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
genconstr_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
lp_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
lpmethod_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
lpmod_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
mip1_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
mip2_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
multiobj_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
params_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
piecewise_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
poolsearch_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
qcp_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
qp_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
sensitivity_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
sos_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
sudoku_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
tsp_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
tune_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
workforce1_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
workforce2_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
workforce3_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
workforce4_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
workforce5_vb.vb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
3.6 Python Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
callback.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
custom.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
dense.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
diet.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
diet2.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
diet3.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
diet4.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
dietmodel.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
facility.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
feasopt.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
xanddive.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
genconstr.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

5
 lp.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
lpmethod.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
lpmod.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
mip1.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
mip2.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
multiobj.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
netow.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
params.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
piecewise.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
poolsearch.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
portfolio.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
qcp.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
qp.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
sensitivity.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
sos.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
sudoku.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
tsp.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
tune.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
workforce1.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
workforce2.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
workforce3.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
workforce4.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
workforce5.py . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
3.7 MATLAB Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
diet.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
intlinprog.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
linprog.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
lp.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
lp2.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
mip1.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
piecewise.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
qcp.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
qp.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
sos.m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
3.8 R Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
lp.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
lp2.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
mip.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
piecewise.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
qcp.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
qp.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
sos.R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

6
 Introduction

The GurobiTM distribution includes an extensive set of examples that illustrate commonly used
features of the Gurobi libraries. Most examples have versions for C, C++, C#, Java, Visual Basic,
and Python. A few, however, illustrate features that are specic to the Python interface.
The distribution also includes examples for our MATLAB R and R interfaces. Note, however,
that our interfaces to these languages are built around the assumption that you will use the rich
matrix-oriented capabilities of the underlying languages to build your optimization models. Thus,
our examples for these languages don't attempt to show you how to build models. We have instead
chosen to provide a few simple examples that demonstrate how to pass matrices into our interface.
This document provides a brief tour of these examples. We won't go through each example in
detail. Instead, we'll start with an Overview of the set of tasks that you are likely to want to perform
with the Gurobi Optimizer. Later sections will then describe how specic examples accomplish each
of these tasks. Alternatively, we provide a Structured List of all of our examples, which you can use
to dive directly into an example of interest to you. In either case, we suggest that you browse the
example source code (in a text editor, or in another browser window) while reading this document.
This document includes Source Code for all of the examples, in all available languages. Source les
are also available in the examples directory of the Gurobi distribution.
If you would like further details on any of the Gurobi routines used in these examples, please
consult the Gurobi Reference Manual.

7
 Example tour

This document provides a quick guided tour of the Gurobi examples; we will try to highlight some
of the most important features of these examples. Full source code is provided in this document, so
you are free to explore the examples in full detail.
Wherever possible, we try to discuss the examples in a manner that is independent of pro-
gramming languages. We will refer to each example using a brief, language independent name.
You will need to map this name to the specic source le name for your language. For example,
the facility example corresponds to six dierent implementations, one in C (facility_c.c), one
in C++ (facility_c++.cpp), one in Java (Facility.java), one in C# (facility_cs.cs), one in Visual
Basic (facility_vb.vb), and one in Python (facility.py). If you would like to look at the language
implementation for a particular example, please refer to the appropriate example source le.
Topics covered in the examples
The easiest place to start your introduction to the Gurobi examples is probably with the examples
that load and solve a model from a le. These demonstrate the most basic capabilities of the Gurobi
libraries. They also demonstrate the use of model attributes, which are an important concept in
the Gurobi optimizer.
Once you are comfortable with these examples, you should move on to the examples that build
a model from scratch. These show you how to create variables and constraints, and add them to
an optimization model.
The next topic covered in this document is model modication. The Gurobi distribution includes
examples that add and remove constraints, add variables, and change variable types, bounds and
objective coecients. You modify a model in much the same way that you build a model from
scratch, but there are some important dierences involving the use of the solution information.
Next, this document covers parameter changes. The params example shows you how to change
parameters, and in particular how to use dierent parameter settings for dierent models.
On a related note, the tuning section demonstrates the use of our automated tuning tool. This
tool searches for parameter settings that improve performance on a particular model.
The infeasibility section considers a few examples that cope with model infeasibility. Some use
an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS) to handle the infeasibility, while others relax constraints.
One useful MIP feature that is worth understanding is MIP starts. A MIP start allows you to
specify a known feasible solution to the MIP solver. The solution provides a bound on the objective
of the best possible solution, which can help to limit the MIP search. The solution also provides a
potential start point for the local search heuristics that are utilized by the Gurobi MIP solver.
It is possible to achieve model-data separation when using our Python interface, as is often done
in modeling languages, but you need to make use of Python modules to do so. The model-data
separation section provides an example of how this is done. It considers three versions of the diet
example. All three use the same function to formulate and solve the actual optimization model, but
they obtain model data from very dierent places.
The nal topic we cover in this document is Gurobi callbacks. Callbacks allow the user to obtain
periodic progress information related to the optimization.

8
2.1 A list of the Gurobi examples
We recommend that you begin by reading the overview of the examples (which begins in the next
section). However, if you'd like to dive directly into a specic example, the following is a list of all
of the examples included in the Gurobi distribution, organized by basic function. The source for the
examples can be found by following the provided links, or in the examples directory of the Gurobi
distribution.
Read a model from a le
• lp - A very simple example that reads a continuous model from a le, optimizes it, and writes
the solution to a le. If the model is infeasible, it writes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem
(IIS) instead. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• mip2 - Reads a MIP model from a le, optimizes it, and then solves the xed version of the
MIP model. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

Build a simple model

• mip1 - Builds a trivial MIP model, solves it, and prints the solution. C, C++, C#, Java,
MATLAB, Python, R, VB.

• qp - Builds a trivial QP model, solves it, converts it to an MIQP model, and solves it again.
C, C++, C#, Java, MATLAB, Python, R, VB.

• qcp - Builds and solves a trivial QCP model. C, C++, C#, Java, MATLAB, Python, R, VB.

• sos - Builds and solves a trivial SOS model. C, C++, C#, Java, MATLAB, Python, R, VB.

• dense - Solves a model stored using dense matrices. We don't recommend using dense ma-
trices, but this example may be helpful if your data is already in this format. C, C++, C#,
Java, Python, VB.

• genconstr - Demonstrates the use of general constraints. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• multiobj - Demonstrates the use of multi-objective optimization. C, C++, C#, Java, Python,
VB.

• piecewise - Demonstrates the use of piecewise-linear objective functions. C, C++, C#, Java,
MATLAB, Python, R, VB.

• poolsearch - Demonstrates the use of solution pools. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

A few simple applications

• diet - Builds and solves the classic diet problem. Demonstrates model construction and simple
model modication - after the initial model is solved, a constraint is added to limit the number
of dairy servings. C, C++, C#, Java, MATLAB, Python, VB.

• diet2, diet3, diet4, dietmodel - Python-only variants of the diet example that illustrate
model-data separation. diet2.py, diet3.py, diet4.py, dietmodel.py.

9
 • facility - Simple facility location model: given a set of plants and a set of warehouses, with
transportation costs between them, this example nds the least expensive set of plants to open
in order to satisfy product demand. This example demonstrates the use of MIP starts  the
example computes an initial, heuristic solution and passes that solution to the MIP solver. C,
C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• netow - A Python-only example that solves a multi-commodity network ow model. It

demonstrates the use of several Python modeling constructs, including dictionaries, tuples,
tupledict, and tuplelist objects. Python.

• portfolio - A Python-only example that solves a nancial portfolio optimization model, where
the historical return data is stored using the pandas package and the result is plotted using the
matplotlib package. It demonstrates the use of pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib in conjunction
with Gurobi. Python.

• sudoku - Reads a Sudoku puzzle dataset from a le, builds a MIP model to solve that model,
solves it, and prints the solution. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• workforce1 - Formulates and solves a workforce scheduling model. If the model is infeasible,
the example computes and prints an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS). C, C++, C#,
Java, Python, VB.

• workforce2 - An enhancement of workforce1. This example solves the same workforce

scheduling model, but if the model is infeasible, it computes an IIS, removes one of the
associated constraints from the model, and re-solves. This process is repeated until the model
becomes feasible. Demonstrates constraint removal. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• workforce3 - A dierent enhancement of workforce1. This example solves the same work-
force scheduling model, but if the model is infeasible, it adds articial variables to each con-
straint and minimizes the sum of the articial variables. This corresponds to nding the
minimum total change in the right-hand side vector required in order to make the model
feasible. Demonstrates variable addition. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• workforce4 - An enhancement of workforce3. This example solves the same workforce

scheduling model, but it starts with articial variables in each constraint. It rst minimizes
the sum of the articial variables. Then, it introduces a new quadratic objective to balance the
workload among the workers. Demonstrates optimization with multiple objective functions.
C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• workforce5 - An alternative enhancement of workforce3. This example solves the same

workforce scheduling model, but it starts with articial variables in each constraint. It for-
mulates a multi-objective model where the primary objective is to minimize the sum of the
articial variables (uncovered shifts), and the secondary objective is to minimize the maxi-
mum dierence in the number of shifts worked between any pair of workers. Demonstrates
multi-objective optimization. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

10
Illustrating specic features
• feasopt - Reads a MIP model from a le, adds articial slack variables to relax each constraint,
and then minimizes the sum of the articial variables. It then computes the same relaxation
using the feasibility relaxation feature. The example demonstrates simple model modication
by adding slack variables. It also demonstrates the feasibility relaxation feature. C, C++,
C#, Java, Python, VB.

• lpmethod - Demonstrates the use of dierent LP algorithms. Reads a continuous model from
a le and solves it using multiple algorithms, reporting which is the quickest for that model.
C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• lpmod - Demonstrates the use of advanced starts in LP. Reads a continuous model from a
le, solves it, and then modies one variable bound. The resulting model is then solved in two
dierent ways: starting from the solution of the original model, or restarting from scratch. C,
C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• params - Demonstrates the use of Gurobi parameters. Reads a MIP model from a le, and
then spends 5 seconds solving the model with each of four dierent values of the MIPFocus
parameter. It compares the optimality gaps for the four dierent runs, and continues with
the MIPFocus value that produced the smallest gap. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• sensitivity - MIP sensitivity analysis. Reads a MIP model, solves it, and then computes the
objective impact of xing each binary variable in the model to 0 or 1. Demonstrates simple
MIP model modication by changing variable bounds. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• tune - Uses the parameter tuning tool to search for improved parameter settings for a model.
C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

• xanddive - Implements a simple MIP heuristic. It reads a MIP model from a le, relaxes the
integrality conditions, and then solves the relaxation. It then chooses a set of integer variables
that take integer or nearly integer values in the relaxation, xes them to the nearest integer,
and solves the relaxation again. This process is repeated until the relaxation is either integer
feasible or linearly infeasible. The example demonstrates dierent types of model modication
(relaxing integrality conditions, changing variable bounds, etc.). C, C++, C#, Java, Python,
VB.

More advanced features

• tsp - Solves a traveling salesman problem using lazy constraints. C, C++, C#, Java, Python,
VB.

• callback - Demonstrates the use of Gurobi callbacks. C, C++, C#, Java, Python, VB.

2.2 Load and solve a model from a le

Examples: callback, feasopt, xanddive, lp, lpmethod, lpmod, mip2, params, sensitivity
One of the most basic tasks you can perform with the Gurobi libraries is to read a model from
a le, optimize it, and report the result. The lp (lp_c.c, lp_c++.cpp, lp_cs.cs, Lp.java, lp.py,

11
lp_vb.vb) and mip2 (mip2_c.c, mip2_c++.cpp, mip2_cs.cs, Mip2.java, mip2.py, mip2_vb.vb)
examples are simple illustratations of how this is done in the various supported Gurobi languages.
While the specics vary from one language to another, the basic structure remains the same for all
languages.
After initializing the Gurobi environment, the examples begin by reading the model from the
specied le. In C, you call the GRBreadmodel() function:
error = GRBreadmodel(masterenv, argv[1], &model);
In C++, this is done by constructing a GRBModel object:
GRBModel model = GRBModel(env, argv[1]);
In C# and Java, this is also done by constructing a GRBModel object:
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
In Python, this is done via the read global function:
model = read(sys.argv[1])
The next step is to invoke the Gurobi optimizer on the model. In C, you call GRBoptimize()
on the model variable:
error = GRBoptimize(model);
In C++, Java, and Python, this is accomplished by calling the optimize method on the model
object:
model.optimize();
In C#, the rst letter of the method name is capitalized:
model.Optimize();
A successful optimize call populates a set of solution attributes in the model. For example, once
the call completes, the X variable attribute contains the solution value for each variable. Similarly,
for continuous models, the Pi constraint attribute contains the dual value for each constraint.
The examples then retrieve the value of the model Status attribute to determine the result of
the optimization. In the lp example, an optimal solution is written to a solution le (model.sol).
There are many other things you can do once you have read and solved the model. For example,
lp checks the solution status  which is highly recommended. If the model is found to be infeasible,
this example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS) to isolate the source of the
infeasibility.

2.3 Build a model

Examples: diet, facility, genconstr, mip1, multiobj, piecewise, poolsearch, qcp, qp, sos, sudoku,
workforce1, workforce2, workforce3, workforce4, workforce5
Several of the Gurobi examples build models from scratch. We start by focusing on two: mip1
and sos. Both build very simple models to illustrate the basic process.
Typically, the rst step in building a model is to create an empty model. This is done using the
GRBnewmodel function in C:

12
 error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "mip1", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

You can optionally create a set of variables when you create the model, as well as specifying bounds,
objective coecients, and names for these variables. These examples add new variables separately.
In C++, C#, and Java, you create a new model using the GRBModel constructor. In Java, this
looks like:

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

In Python, the class is called Model, and its constructor is similar to the GRBModel constructor for
C++ and Java.
Once the model has been created, the typical next step is to add variables. In C, you use the
GRBaddvars function to add one or more variables:

error = GRBaddvars(model, 3, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, obj, NULL, NULL, vtype, NULL);

In C++, Java, and Python, you use the addVar method on the Model object (AddVar in C#). In
Java, this looks like:

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, -1.0, GRB.BINARY, "x");

The new variable's lower bound, upper bound, objective coecient, type, and name are specied
as arguments. In C++ and Python, you can omit these arguments and use default values; see the
Gurobi Reference Manual for details.
The next step is to add constraints to the model. Linear constraints are added through the
GRBaddconstr function in C:

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, ind, val, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

To add a linear constraint in C, you must specify a list of variable indices and coecients for the
left-hand side, a sense for the constraint (e.g., GRB_LESS_EQUAL), and a right-hand side constant.
You can also give the constraint a name; if you omit the name, Gurobi will assign a default name
for the constraint.
In C++, C#, Java, and Python, you build a linear constraint by rst building linear expressions
for the left- and right-hand sides. In Java, which doesn't support operator overloading, you build
an expression as follows:

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(2.0, y); expr.addTerm(3.0, z);

You then use the addConstr method on the GRBModel object to add a constraint using these linear
expressions for the left- and right-hand sides:

model.addConstr(expr, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

For C++, C#, and Python, the standard mathematical operators such as +, *, <= have been
overloaded so that the linear expression resembles a traditional mathematical expression. In C++:

model.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4, "c0");

13
 Once the model has been built, the typical next step is to optimize it (using GRBoptimize in
C, model.optimize in C++, Java, and Python, or model.Optimize in C#). You can then query
the X attribute on the variables to retrieve the solution (and the VarName attribute to retrieve the
variable name for each variable). In C, the X attribute is retrieved as follows:

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, sol);

In C++:

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

In Java:

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

In C#:

Console.WriteLine(x.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + x.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
Console.WriteLine(y.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + y.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
Console.WriteLine(z.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" " + z.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

In Python:

for v in m.getVars():
print(v.varName, v.x)

When querying or modifying attribute values for an array of constraints or variables, it is

generally more ecient to perform the action on the whole array at once. This is quite natural
in the C interface, where most of the attribute routines take array arguments. In the C++, C#,
Java, and Python interfaces, you can use the get and set methods on the GRBModel object to work
directly with arrays of attribute values (getAttr/setAttr in Python). In the sudoku Java example,
this is done as follows:

double[][][] x = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

14
 We should point out one important subtlely in our interface. We use a lazy update approach to
building and modifying a model. When you make changes, they are added to a queue. The queue is
only ushed when you optimize the model (or write it to a le). In the uncommon situation where
you want to query information about your model before optimizing it, you should call the update
method before making your query.

2.4 Additional modeling elements

Examples: genconstr, multiobj, piecewise, qcp, qp, sos
A mathematical programming model in its traditional form consists of a linear objective, a set of
linear constraints, and a set of continuous or integer decision variables. Gurobi supports a number
of additional modeling constructs. In addition to linear constraints, Gurobi also supports SOS
constraints, quadratic constraints, and general constraints. In addition to a single linear objective,
Gurobi also supports quadratic objectives, piecewise-linear objectives, and multiple linear objectives.
Consult the corresponding examples from the Gurobi distribution for simple examples of how to
use each of these modeling elements.

2.5 Modify a model

Examples: diet, feasopt, xanddive, lpmod, sensitivity, workforce3, workforce4, workforce5
This section considers model modication. Modication can take many forms, including adding
constraints or variables, deleting constraints or variables, modifying constraint and variable at-
tributes, changing constraint coecients, etc. The Gurobi examples don't cover all possible modi-
cations, but they cover the most common types.
diet
This example builds a linear model that solves the classic diet problem: to nd the minimum cost
diet that satises a set of daily nutritional requirements. Once the model has been formulated and
solved, it adds an additional constraint to limit the number of servings of dairy products and solves
the model again. Let's focus on the model modication.
Adding constraints to a model that has already been solved is no dierent from adding constraints
when constructing an initial model. In Python, we can introduce a limit of 6 dairy servings through
the following constraint:

m.addConstr(buy['milk'] + buy['ice cream'] <= 6, "limit_dairy")

For linear models, the previously computed solution can be used as an ecient warm start for
the modied model. The Gurobi solver retains the previous solution, so the next optimize call
automatically starts from the previous solution.
lpmod
Changing a variable bound is also straightforward. The lpmod example changes a single variable
bound, then re-solves the model in two dierent ways. A variable bound can be changed by modi-
fying the UB or LB attribute of the variable. In C:

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_UB, var, 0.0);

In Python:

15
 minVar.ub = 0

The model is re-solved simply by calling the optimize method again. For a continuous model, this
starts the optimization from the previous solution. To illustrate the dierence when solving the
model from an initial, unsolved state, the lpmod example calls the reset function. In C:

error = GRBresetmodel(model);

In C++, Java, and Python:

m.reset()

In C#:

m.Reset()

When we call the optimize method after resetting the model, optimization starts from scratch.
Although the dierence in computation time is insignicant for this tiny example, a warm start can
make a big dierence for larger models.
xanddive
The fixanddive example provides another example of bound modication. In this case, we repeat-
edly modify a set of variable bounds, utilizing warm starts each time. In C, variables are xed as
follows:

for (j = 0; j < nfix; ++j)

{
fixval = floor(fractional[j].X + 0.5);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", fractional[j].index, fixval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", fractional[j].index, fixval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

In Python, they are xed as follows:

for i in range(nfix):
v = fractional[i]
fixval = int(v.x + 0.5)
v.lb = fixval
v.ub = fixval

Again, the subsequent call to optimize starts from the previous solution.
sensitivity
The sensitivity example computes the amount by which the optimal objective changes if each
binary variable is xed at either 0 or 1. For each binary variable, the example creates and solves a
copy of the model with new upper and lower bounds. This example is a MIP, so Gurobi can not
make use of advanced start information. As a result, the model is solved from scratch after each
bound modication.

16
feasopt
The last modication example we consider is feasopt, which adds variables to existing constraints
and also changes the optimization objective. Setting the objective to zero is straightforward: simply
call setObjective with a zero argument:

m.setObjective(0)
Adding new variables is somewhat more complex. In the example, we want to add articial vari-
able(s) to each constraint in order to allow the constraint to be relaxed. We use two articial
variables for equality constraints and one for inequality constraints. The Python code for adding a
single articial variable to constraint c is:

feasModel.addVar(obj=1.0, name="ArtP_" + c.Constrname, column=Column([1], [c]))

We use the column argument of the addVar method to specify the set of constraints in which the new
variable participates, as well as the associated coecients. In this example, the new variable only
participates in the constraint to be relaxed. Default values are used here for all variables attributes
except the objective and the variable name.

2.6 Change parameters

Examples: callback, xanddive, lp, lpmethod, mip2, params, sensitivity
This section illustrates the use of Gurobi parameters. Example params reads a MIP model from
a le, then solves the model using four dierent values of the MIPFocus parameter, running for ve
seconds per value (MIPFocus chooses the high-level strategy that the MIP solver uses to solve the
problem). It then chooses the parameter value that produced the smallest MIP gap, and continues
solving the model until it achieves optimality.
The mechanics of setting a parameter are quite simple. To set the MIPFocus parameter in C, do
the following:

GRBsetintparam(GRBgetenv(model), GRB_INT_PAR_MIPFOCUS, i);

In C++:

model.set(GRB_IntParam_MIPFocus, i);
In Java:

model.set(GRB.IntParam.MIPFocus, i);
In C#:

model.Parameters.MIPFocus = 1
or

model.Set(GRB.IntParam.MIPFocus, i);
In Python:

model.Params.MIPFocus = i

17
 We should add a comment on how parameter settings propagate between dierent models. When
we set the TimeLimit parameter on the base model, then make a copy of that model, the parameter
setting is carried over to the copy. When we set the MIPFocus parameter on the copy, that parameter
change has no eect on the other copies, nor on the original model.

2.7 Automated parameter tuning

Example: tune
The next example we consider is tune, which demonstrates the use of our automated parameter
tuning tool. This tool searches for parameter settings that improve performance on a model. While
you would typically invoke the tool through the command line, using our grbtune program, it can
also be invoked from our APIs. We'll provide only a cursory description of the tool here. We
recommend that you consult the Parameter Tuning Tool section of the Gurobi Reference Manual
for more precise details.
Our tuning example demonstrates a typical use of the tuning tool. You would start by invoking
the tool on a model. In C:

error = GRBtunemodel(model);
In Java:

model.tune();
This routine solves the model multiple times, with dierent parameter settings, to nd settings that
improve performance.
Once tuning is complete, you would then use GetTuneResult to retrieve the result. In C:

error = GRBgettuneresult(model, 0);

In Java:

model.getTuneResult(0);
The numerical argument indicates which tuning result to retrieve (0 is the best result, 1 is the
second-best, etc.). This routine loads the requested parameter set into the environment associated
with the argument model.
Once the tune parameter settings have been loaded into the model, you can then call Optimize
to use these parameters to solve the model, or you can call Write to write these parameters to a
.prm le.

2.8 Diagnose and cope with infeasibility

Examples: feasopt, lp, workforce1, workforce2, workforce3
When solving optimization models, there are some situations where the specied constraints
cannot be satised. When this happens, you often need to either identify and repair the root cause
of the infeasibility, or alternatively nd a set of constraints to relax in order to obtain a feasible
model. The workforce1, workforce2, and workforce3 illustrate these dierent strategies.
Starting with the simplest of the three examples, workforce1 formulates a simple workforce
scheduling model and solves it. If the model is infeasible, it computes an Irreducible Inconsistent

18
Subsystem (IIS). The user can then inspect this information to understand and hopefully address
the source of the infeasibility in the model.
Example workforce2 is similar, except that if the model is infeasible, the example repeatedly
identies an IIS and removes one of the associated constraints from the model until the model
becomes feasible. Note that it is sucient to remove one constraint from the IIS to address that
source of infeasibility, but that one IIS may not capture all sources of infeasibility. It is therefore
necessary to repeat the process until the model is feasible.
Example workforce3 takes a dierent approach to addressing infeasibility. Rather than iden-
tifying and removing IIS members, it allows the constraints of the model to be relaxed. Like the
feasopt example, an articial variable is added to each constraint. The example sets the objective
on the original variables to zero, and then solves a model that minimizes the total magnitude of the
constraint relaxation.
The feasopt example demonstrates another approach to relaxing an infeasible model. It com-
putes a feasibility relaxation for the infeasible model. A feasibility relaxation is a model that, when
solved, minimizes the amount by which the solution violates the bounds and linear constraints of
the original model. This method is invoked as follows:
In C:
error = GRBfeasrelax(feasmodel, GRB_FEASRELAX_LINEAR, 1,
NULL, NULL, rhspen, &feasobj);
In C++:
feasmodel1.feasRelax(GRB_FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
In C#:
feasmodel1.FeasRelax(GRB.FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
In Java:
feasmodel1.feasRelax(GRB.FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
In Python:
feasmodel1.FeasRelaxS(0, True, False, True);
The arguments to this method select the objective function for the relaxed model, the specic
set of bounds and constraints that are allowed to be relaxed, and the penalties for relaxing specic
bounds and constraints.

2.9 MIP starts

Example: facility
A MIP modeler often knows how to compute a feasible solution to their problem. In cases where
the MIP solver is slow in nding an initial feasible solution, it can helpful for the modeler to provide
a feasible solution along with the model itself. This is done through the Start attribute on the
variables. This is illustrated in the facility example.
The facility example solves a simple facility location problem. The model contains a set
of warehouses, and a set of plants that produce the products required in the warehouses. Each

19
plant has a maximum production capacity and a xed operating cost. Additionally, there is a cost
associated with shipping products from a plant to a warehouse. The goal is to decide which plants
should satisfy the demand for the product, given the associated capacities and costs.
The example uses a simple heuristic for choosing an initial solution: it closes the plant with the
highest xed cost. The associated solution may not be optimal, but it could produce a reasonable
starting solution for the MIP optimization. The MIP start is passed to the MIP solver by setting
the Start attribute before the optimization begins. In C, we set the start attribute to open all
plants using the following code:
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", opencol(p), 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
In Python:
for p in range(nPlants):
open[p].start = 1.0
When you run the example, the MIP solver reports that the start produced a feasible initial
solution:
Loaded MIP start with objective 210500
This initial solution turns out to be optimal for the sample data. Although the computation
dierence is insignicant for this tiny example, providing a good starting solution can sometimes
help for more dicult models.
Note that the MIP start in this example only species values for some of the variables  the
variables that determine which plants to leave open and which plants to close. The Gurobi MIP
solve uses whatever start information is provided to try to construct a complete solution.

2.10 Model-data separation in Python

Examples: diet2.py, diet3.py, diet4.py
When building an optimization model in a modeling language, it is typical to separate the
optimization model itself from the data used to create an instance of the model. These two model
ingredients are often stored in completely dierent les. We show how a similar result can be
achieved in our Python interface with our diet2.py, diet3.py, and diet4.py examples. These
examples illustrate alternate approaches to providing data to the optimization model: diet2.py
embeds the data in the source le, diet3.py reads the data from an SQL database (using the
Python sqlite3 package), and diet4.py reads the data from an Excel spreadsheet (using the
Python xlrd package). dietmodel.py contains the optimization model itself. The same model is
used by diet2.py, diet3.py, and diet4.py.
The key construct that enables the separation of the model from the data is the Python module.
A module is simply a set of functions and variables, stored in a le. You import a module into
a program using the import statement. diet2.py, diet3.py, and diet4.py all populate a set of
variables, and then pass them to the solve function of the dietmodel module using the following
pair of statements:

20
import dietmodel
dietmodel.solve(categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition, foods, cost, nutritionValues)
The rst statement imports the dietmodel module, which must be stored in le dietmodel.py
in the current directory. The second passes the model data to the solve function in the newly
imported module.

2.11 Callbacks
Example: callback
The nal example we consider is callback, which demonstrates the use of Gurobi callbacks.
Callbacks are used to report on the progress of the optimization or to modify the behavior of the
Gurobi solver. To use a callback, the user writes a routine that implements the desired behavior.
The routine is passed to the Gurobi optimizer when optimization begins, and the routine is called
regularly during the optimization process. One argument of the user routine is a where value, which
indicates from where in the optimization process the callback is invoked. The user callback routine
can call the optimization library to query certain values. We refer the reader to the callback section
of the Gurobi Reference Manual for more precise details.
Our callback example implements a simple termination scheme: the user passes a node count
into the callback, and the callback asks the optimizer to terminate when that node count is reached.
This is implemented in C as follows:

GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_NODCNT, &nodecnt);

if (nodecnt > limit)
GRBterminate(model);
In Python, this is implemented as:

nodecnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODCNT)
if nodecnt > model._mynodelimit:
model.terminate()
To obtain the current node count, the user routine calls the cbget routine (the GRBcbget function
in C, or the cbGet method on the model object in C++, C#, Java, and Python).
Our callback example also prints progress information. In C:

GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_NODCNT, &nodecnt);

if (nodecnt - mydata->lastmsg >= 100) {
...
printf("%7.0f ...", nodecnt, ...);
}
In Python:

nodecnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODCNT)
if nodecnt % 100 == 0:
print(int(nodecnt), "...")
Again, the user callback calls the cbGet routine to query the state of the optimization.

21
 Example Source Code

We have included source code for all of the distributed examples in this section. The identical
example source code is included in the examples directory in the Gurobi distribution.

3.1 C Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi C examples. The same source code can be
found in the examples/c directory of the Gurobi distribution.

callback_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that
monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
screen and to a log file.

The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the

optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
conditions have been satisfied:
1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
solution has been found.
Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
(MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
termination criterion.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

/* Define structure to pass my data to the callback function */

struct callback_data {
double lastiter;
double lastnode;

22
 double *solution;
FILE *logfile;
};

/* Define my callback function */

int __stdcall
mycallback(GRBmodel *model,
void *cbdata,
int where,
void *usrdata)
{
struct callback_data *mydata = (struct callback_data *) usrdata;

if (where == GRB_CB_POLLING) {
/* Ignore polling callback */
} else if (where == GRB_CB_PRESOLVE) {
/* Presolve callback */
int cdels, rdels;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_PRE_COLDEL, &cdels);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_PRE_ROWDEL, &rdels);
if (cdels || rdels) {
printf("%7d columns and %7d rows are removed\n", cdels, rdels);
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_SIMPLEX) {
/* Simplex callback */
double itcnt, obj, pinf, dinf;
int ispert;
char ch;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_SPX_ITRCNT, &itcnt);
if (itcnt - mydata->lastiter >= 100) {
mydata->lastiter = itcnt;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_SPX_OBJVAL, &obj);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_SPX_ISPERT, &ispert);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_SPX_PRIMINF, &pinf);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_SPX_DUALINF, &dinf);
if (ispert == 0) ch = ' ';
else if (ispert == 1) ch = 'S';
else ch = 'P';
printf("%7.0f %14.7e%c %13.6e %13.6e\n", itcnt, obj, ch, pinf, dinf);
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIP) {
/* General MIP callback */
double nodecnt, objbst, objbnd, actnodes, itcnt;
int solcnt, cutcnt;

23
 GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_NODCNT, &nodecnt);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_OBJBST, &objbst);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_OBJBND, &objbnd);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_SOLCNT, &solcnt);
if (nodecnt - mydata->lastnode >= 100) {
mydata->lastnode = nodecnt;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_NODLFT, &actnodes);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_ITRCNT, &itcnt);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIP_CUTCNT, &cutcnt);
printf("%7.0f %7.0f %8.0f %13.6e %13.6e %7d %7d\n",
nodecnt, actnodes, itcnt, objbst, objbnd, solcnt, cutcnt);
}
if (fabs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0 + fabs(objbst))) {
printf("Stop early - 10%% gap achieved\n");
GRBterminate(model);
}
if (nodecnt >= 10000 && solcnt) {
printf("Stop early - 10000 nodes explored\n");
GRBterminate(model);
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIPSOL) {
/* MIP solution callback */
double nodecnt, obj;
int solcnt;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPSOL_NODCNT, &nodecnt);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPSOL_OBJ, &obj);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPSOL_SOLCNT, &solcnt);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPSOL_SOL, mydata->solution);
printf("**** New solution at node %.0f, obj %g, sol %d, x[0] = %.2f ****\n",
nodecnt, obj, solcnt, mydata->solution[0]);
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIPNODE) {
int status;
/* MIP node callback */
printf("**** New node ****\n");
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPNODE_STATUS, &status);
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPNODE_REL, mydata->solution);
GRBcbsolution(cbdata, mydata->solution, NULL);
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_BARRIER) {
/* Barrier callback */
int itcnt;
double primobj, dualobj, priminf, dualinf, compl;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_ITRCNT, &itcnt);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_PRIMOBJ, &primobj);

24
 GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_DUALOBJ, &dualobj);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_PRIMINF, &priminf);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_DUALINF, &dualinf);
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_BARRIER_COMPL, &compl);
printf("%d %.4e %.4e %.4e %.4e %.4e\n",
itcnt, primobj, dualobj, priminf, dualinf, compl);
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MESSAGE) {
/* Message callback */
char *msg;
GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MSG_STRING, &msg);
fprintf(mydata->logfile, "%s", msg);
}
return 0;
}

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int numvars, solcount, optimstatus, j;
double objval, x;
char *varname;
struct callback_data mydata;

mydata.lastiter = -GRB_INFINITY;
mydata.lastnode = -GRB_INFINITY;
mydata.solution = NULL;
mydata.logfile = NULL;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: callback_c filename\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Open log file */

mydata.logfile = fopen("cb.log", "w");
if (!mydata.logfile) {
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open cb.log for callback message\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Create environment */

25
 error = GRBloadenv(&env, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Turn off display and heuristics */

error = GRBsetintparam(env, GRB_INT_PAR_OUTPUTFLAG, 0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetdblparam(env, GRB_DBL_PAR_HEURISTICS, 0.0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model from file */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Allocate space for solution */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_NUMVARS, &numvars);

if (error) goto QUIT;

mydata.solution = malloc(numvars*sizeof(double));
if (mydata.solution == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Set callback function */

error = GRBsetcallbackfunc(model, mycallback, (void *) &mydata);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_SOLCOUNT, &solcount);

if (error) goto QUIT;

26
 error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (solcount == 0) {
printf("No solution found, optimization status = %d\n", optimstatus);
goto QUIT;
}

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("Solution found, objective = %.4e\n", objval);

for ( j = 0; j < numvars; ++j ) {

error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, GRB_STR_ATTR_VARNAME, j, &varname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, j, &x);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (x != 0.0) {
printf("%s %f\n", varname, x);
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Close log file */

if (mydata.logfile)
fclose(mydata.logfile);

/* Free solution */

if (mydata.solution)
free(mydata.solution);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

27
 /* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

28
dense_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q

(and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
already have your data in this format.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

/*
Solve an LP/QP/MILP/MIQP represented using dense matrices. This
routine assumes that A and Q are both stored in row-major order.
It returns 1 if the optimization succeeds. When successful,
it returns the optimal objective value in 'objvalP', and the
optimal solution vector in 'solution'.
*/

static int
dense_optimize(GRBenv *env,
int rows,
int cols,
double *c, /* linear portion of objective function */
double *Q, /* quadratic portion of objective function */
double *A, /* constraint matrix */
char *sense, /* constraint senses */
double *rhs, /* RHS vector */
double *lb, /* variable lower bounds */
double *ub, /* variable upper bounds */
char *vtype, /* variable types (continuous, binary, etc.) */
double *solution,
double *objvalP)
{
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int i, j, optimstatus;
int error = 0;

29
 int success = 0;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "dense", cols, c, lb, ub, vtype, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBaddconstrs(model, rows, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, sense, rhs, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Populate A matrix */

for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (A[i*cols+j] != 0) {
error = GRBchgcoeffs(model, 1, &i, &j, &A[i*cols+j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}
}

/* Populate Q matrix */

if (Q) {
for (i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
if (Q[i*cols+j] != 0) {
error = GRBaddqpterms(model, 1, &i, &j, &Q[i*cols+j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}
}
}

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'dense.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "dense.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

30
 error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, objvalP);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, cols, solution);

if (error) goto QUIT;

success = 1;
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

return success;
}

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
int error = 0;
double c[] = {1, 1, 0};
double Q[3][3] = {{1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1}};
double A[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 0}};
char sense[] = {'>', '>'};
double rhs[] = {4, 1};
double lb[] = {0, 0, 0};
double sol[3];
int solved;

31
 double objval;

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "dense.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve the model */

solved = dense_optimize(env, 2, 3, c, &Q[0][0], &A[0][0], sense, rhs, lb,

NULL, NULL, sol, &objval);

if (solved)
printf("Solved: x=%.4f, y=%.4f, z=%.4f\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);

QUIT:

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

32
diet_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints

to an existing model. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int printSolution(GRBmodel* model, int nCategories, int nFoods);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int i, j;
int *cbeg, *cind, idx;
double *cval, *rhs;
char *sense;

/* Nutrition guidelines, based on

USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/ */

const int nCategories = 4;

char *Categories[] =
{ "calories", "protein", "fat", "sodium" };
double minNutrition[] = { 1800, 91, 0, 0 };
double maxNutrition[] = { 2200, GRB_INFINITY, 65, 1779 };

/* Set of foods */
const int nFoods = 9;
char* Foods[] =
{ "hamburger", "chicken", "hot dog", "fries",
"macaroni", "pizza", "salad", "milk", "ice cream" };
double cost[] =
{ 2.49, 2.89, 1.50, 1.89, 2.09, 1.99, 2.49, 0.89, 1.59 };

/* Nutrition values for the foods */

33
 double nutritionValues[][4] = {
{ 410, 24, 26, 730 },
{ 420, 32, 10, 1190 },
{ 560, 20, 32, 1800 },
{ 380, 4, 19, 270 },
{ 320, 12, 10, 930 },
{ 320, 15, 12, 820 },
{ 320, 31, 12, 1230 },
{ 100, 8, 2.5, 125 },
{ 330, 8, 10, 180 }
};

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "diet.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "diet", nFoods + nCategories,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize decision variables for the foods to buy */

for (j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", j, cost[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", j, Foods[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize decision variables for the nutrition information,

which we limit via bounds */
for (j = 0; j < nCategories; ++j)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", j + nFoods, minNutrition[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", j + nFoods, maxNutrition[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", j + nFoods, Categories[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* The objective is to minimize the costs */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

34
/* Nutrition constraints */
cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nCategories);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nCategories * (nFoods + 1));
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nCategories * (nFoods + 1));
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
rhs = malloc(sizeof(double) * nCategories);
if (!rhs) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nCategories);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;
idx = 0;
for (i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i)
{
cbeg[i] = idx;
rhs[i] = 0.0;
sense[i] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
{
cind[idx] = j;
cval[idx++] = nutritionValues[j][i];
}
cind[idx] = nFoods + i;
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
}

error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nCategories, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,

rhs, Categories);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = printSolution(model, nCategories, nFoods);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy\n");

cind[0] = 7;
cval[0] = 1.0;
cind[1] = 8;
cval[1] = 1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, cind, cval, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 6.0,
"limit_dairy");
if (error) goto QUIT;

35
 /* Solve */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = printSolution(model, nCategories, nFoods);
if (error) goto QUIT;

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(rhs);
free(sense);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

int printSolution(GRBmodel* model, int nCategories, int nFoods)

{
int error, status, i, j;
double obj, x;
char* vname;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);

36
 if (error) return error;
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);
if (error) return error;
printf("\nCost: %f\n\nBuy:\n", obj);
for (j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", j, &x);
if (error) return error;
if (x > 0.0001)
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", j, &vname);
if (error) return error;
printf("%s %f\n", vname, x);
}
}
printf("\nNutrition:\n");
for (i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", i + nFoods, &x);
if (error) return error;
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", i + nFoods, &vname);
if (error) return error;
printf("%s %f\n", vname, x);
}
}
else
{
printf("No solution\n");
}

return 0;
}

37
facility_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants

to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
transportation and fixed costs?

Based on an example from Frontline Systems:

http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
Used with permission.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define opencol(p) p
#define transportcol(w,p) nPlants*(w+1)+p
#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int p, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx, rowct;
double *cval = NULL;
double *rhs = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR];
int cnamect = 0;
char **cname = NULL;
double maxFixed = -GRB_INFINITY, sol, obj;

/* Number of plants and warehouses */

const int nPlants = 5;
const int nWarehouses = 4;

38
/* Warehouse demand in thousands of units */
double Demand[] = { 15, 18, 14, 20 };

/* Plant capacity in thousands of units */

double Capacity[] = { 20, 22, 17, 19, 18 };

/* Fixed costs for each plant */

double FixedCosts[] =
{ 12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, 16000 };

/* Transportation costs per thousand units */

double TransCosts[4][5] = {
{ 4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500 },
{ 2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000 },
{ 1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000 },
{ 2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200 }
};

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "facility.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "facility", nPlants * (nWarehouses + 1),
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize decision variables for plant open variables */

for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
col = opencol(p);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, FixedCosts[p]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
sprintf(vname, "Open%i", p);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize decision variables for transportation decision variables:

how much to transport from a plant p to a warehouse w */
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{

39
 for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
col = transportcol(w, p);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, TransCosts[w][p]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
sprintf(vname, "Trans%i.%i", p, w);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Make space for constraint data */

rowct = (nPlants > nWarehouses) ? nPlants : nWarehouses;
cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * rowct);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * (nPlants * (nWarehouses + 1)));
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * (nPlants * (nWarehouses + 1)));
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
rhs = malloc(sizeof(double) * rowct);
if (!rhs) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * rowct);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;
cname = calloc(rowct, sizeof(char*));
if (!cname) goto QUIT;

/* Production constraints
Note that the limit sets the production to zero if
the plant is closed */
idx = 0;
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
cbeg[p] = idx;
rhs[p] = 0.0;
sense[p] = GRB_LESS_EQUAL;
cname[p] = malloc(sizeof(char) * MAXSTR);
if (!cname[p]) goto QUIT;
cnamect++;
sprintf(cname[p], "Capacity%i", p);
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{

40
 cind[idx] = transportcol(w, p);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = opencol(p);
cval[idx++] = -Capacity[p];
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nPlants, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
rhs, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Demand constraints */
idx = 0;
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
cbeg[w] = idx;
sense[w] = GRB_EQUAL;
sprintf(cname[w], "Demand%i", w);
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
cind[idx] = transportcol(w, p);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nWarehouses, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
Demand, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest
fixed costs; open all others */

/* First, open all plants */

for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", opencol(p), 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost */

printf("Initial guess:\n");
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
if (FixedCosts[p] > maxFixed)
{
maxFixed = FixedCosts[p];
}

41
 }
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
if (FixedCosts[p] == maxFixed)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", opencol(p), 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("Closing plant %i\n\n", p);
break;
}
}

/* Use barrier to solve root relaxation */

error = GRBsetintparam(GRBgetenv(model),
GRB_INT_PAR_METHOD,
GRB_METHOD_BARRIER);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Print solution */
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\nTOTAL COSTS: %f\n", obj);
printf("SOLUTION:\n");
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", opencol(p), &sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (sol > 0.99)
{
printf("Plant %i open:\n", p);
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", transportcol(w, p), &sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (sol > 0.0001)
{
printf(" Transport %f units to warehouse %i\n", sol, w);
}
}
}
else

42
 {
printf("Plant %i closed!\n", p);
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(rhs);
free(sense);
for (p = 0; p < cnamect; ++p) {
free(cname[p]);
}
free(cname);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

43
feasopt_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial

variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
to a feasible solution to the input model.
We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
GRBmodel *feasmodel = NULL;
double *rhspen = NULL;
int error = 0;
int i, j;
int numvars, numconstrs;
char sense;
int vind[1];
double vval[1];
double feasobj;
char *cname, *vname;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: feasopt_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "feasopt.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);

44
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later */

feasmodel = GRBcopymodel(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* clear objective */
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (j = 0; j < numvars; ++j)
{
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", j, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* add slack variables */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumConstrs", &numconstrs);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (i = 0; i < numconstrs; ++i)
{
error = GRBgetcharattrelement(model, "Sense", i, &sense);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (sense != '>')
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "ConstrName", i, &cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
vname = malloc(sizeof(char) * (6 + strlen(cname)));
if (!vname) goto QUIT;
strcpy(vname, "ArtN_");
strcat(vname, cname);
vind[0] = i;
vval[0] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddvar(model, 1, vind, vval, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_INFINITY,
GRB_CONTINUOUS, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
free(vname);
}
if (sense != '<')
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "ConstrName", i, &cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
vname = malloc(sizeof(char) * (6 + strlen(cname)));
if (!vname) goto QUIT;
strcpy(vname, "ArtP_");

45
 strcat(vname, cname);
vind[0] = i;
vval[0] = 1.0;
error = GRBaddvar(model, 1, vind, vval, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_INFINITY,
GRB_CONTINUOUS, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
free(vname);
}
}

/* Optimize modified model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBwrite(model, "feasopt.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Use FeasRelax feature */

rhspen = (double *) malloc(numconstrs*sizeof(double));

if (rhspen == NULL) {
printf("ERROR: out of memory\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* set penalties for artificial variables */

for (i = 0; i < numconstrs; i++) rhspen[i] = 1;

/* create a FeasRelax model with the original objective recovered

and enforcement on minimum of aretificial variables */
error = GRBfeasrelax(feasmodel, GRB_FEASRELAX_LINEAR, 1,
NULL, NULL, rhspen, &feasobj);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* optimize FeasRelax model */

error = GRBwrite(feasmodel, "feasopt1.lp");
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBoptimize(feasmodel);
if (error) goto QUIT;

QUIT:

46
 /* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free models, env and etc. */

if (rhspen) free(rhspen);

GRBfreemodel(model);
GRBfreemodel(feasmodel);

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

47
xanddive_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,

sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
linearly infeasible. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

typedef struct
{
int index;
double X;
}
var_t ;

int vcomp(const void* v1, const void* v2);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL, *modelenv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int j, iter, nfix;
int numvars, numintvars, numfractional;
int *intvars = NULL;
int status;
char vtype, *vname;
double sol, obj, fixval;
var_t *fractional = NULL;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: fixanddive_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

48
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "fixanddive.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model */
error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Collect integer variables and relax them */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumIntVars", &numintvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
intvars = malloc(sizeof(int) * numintvars);
if (!intvars) goto QUIT;
fractional = malloc(sizeof(var_t) * numintvars);
if (!fractional) goto QUIT;
numfractional = 0;
for (j = 0; j < numvars; j++)
{
error = GRBgetcharattrelement(model, "VType", j, &vtype);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (vtype != GRB_CONTINUOUS)
{
intvars[numfractional++] = j;
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", j, GRB_CONTINUOUS);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

modelenv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!modelenv) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetintparam(modelenv, "OutputFlag", 0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value
in the relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat. */

for (iter = 0; iter < 1000; ++iter)

{

/* create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of

increasing distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest

49
 integer value */

numfractional = 0;
for (j = 0; j < numintvars; ++j)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", intvars[j], &sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (fabs(sol - floor(sol + 0.5)) > 1e-5)
{
fractional[numfractional].index = intvars[j];
fractional[numfractional++].X = sol;
}
}

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);

if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("Iteration %i, obj %f, fractional %i\n",
iter, obj, numfractional);

if (numfractional == 0)
{
printf("Found feasible solution - objective %f\n", obj);
break;
}

/* Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value */

qsort(fractional, numfractional, sizeof(var_t), vcomp);
nfix = numfractional / 4;
nfix = (nfix > 1) ? nfix : 1;
for (j = 0; j < nfix; ++j)
{
fixval = floor(fractional[j].X + 0.5);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", fractional[j].index, fixval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", fractional[j].index, fixval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName",
fractional[j].index, &vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf(" Fix %s to %f ( rel %f )\n", vname, fixval, fractional[j].X);
}

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

50
 /* Check optimization result */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);

if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Relaxation is infeasible\n");
break;
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(intvars);
free(fractional);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

int vcomp(const void* v1, const void* v2)

{
double sol1, sol2, frac1, frac2;
sol1 = fabs(((var_t *)v1)->X);
sol2 = fabs(((var_t *)v2)->X);
frac1 = fabs(sol1 - floor(sol1 + 0.5));

51
 frac2 = fabs(sol2 - floor(sol2 + 0.5));
return (frac1 < frac2) ? -1 : ((frac1 == frac2) ? 0 : 1);
}

52
genconstr_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling

* some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
* want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
* of the logical for
*
* L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
* (x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
* (~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
* (~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)
*
* We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
* negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
* variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
* the minimum of the clauses (so if it one, we can satisfy all clauses)
* and put these two variables in the objective.
* i.e. the Objective function will be
*
* maximize Obj0 + Obj1
*
* Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)
* Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4
*
* thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
* clauses; one if and only if at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
* zero otherwise.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define MAXSTR 128

#define NLITERALS 4
#define NCLAUSES 8
#define NOBJ 2
#define NVARS (2 * NLITERALS + NCLAUSES + NOBJ)
#define LIT(n) (n)
#define NOTLIT(n) (NLITERALS + n)
#define CLA(n) (2 * NLITERALS + n)
#define OBJ(n) (2 * NLITERALS + NCLAUSES + n)

53
int
main(void)
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int cind[NVARS];
double cval[NVARS];
char buffer[MAXSTR];
int col, i, status, nSolutions;
double objval;

/* Example data */
const int Clauses[][3] = {{LIT(0), NOTLIT(1), LIT(2)},
{LIT(1), NOTLIT(2), LIT(3)},
{LIT(2), NOTLIT(3), LIT(0)},
{LIT(3), NOTLIT(0), LIT(1)},
{NOTLIT(0), NOTLIT(1), LIT(2)},
{NOTLIT(1), NOTLIT(2), LIT(3)},
{NOTLIT(2), NOTLIT(3), LIT(0)},
{NOTLIT(3), NOTLIT(0), LIT(1)}};

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "genconstr_c.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "genconstr_c", NVARS, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize decision variables and objective */

for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
col = LIT(i);
sprintf(buffer, "X%d", i);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;

col = NOTLIT(i);
sprintf(buffer, "notX%d", i);

54
 error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {

col = CLA(i);
sprintf(buffer, "Clause%d", i);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

for (i = 0; i < NOBJ; i++) {

col = OBJ(i);
sprintf(buffer, "Obj%d", i);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, 1.0);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Link Xi and notXi */

for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
sprintf(buffer,"CNSTR_X%d",i);
cind[0] = LIT(i);
cind[1] = NOTLIT(i);
cval[0] = cval[1] = 1;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, buffer);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Link clauses and literals */

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
sprintf(buffer,"CNSTR_Clause%d",i);
error = GRBaddgenconstrOr(model, buffer, CLA(i), 3, Clauses[i]);
if (error) goto QUIT;

55
 }

/* Link objs with clauses */

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
cind[i] = CLA(i);
cval[i] = 1;
}
error = GRBaddgenconstrMin(model, "CNSTR_Obj0", OBJ(0), NCLAUSES, cind, GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* note that passing 4 instead of 4.0 will produce undefined behavior */

error = GRBaddgenconstrIndicator(model, "CNSTR_Obj1",
OBJ(1), 1, NCLAUSES, cind, cval,
GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set global objective sense */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MAXIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Save problem */
error = GRBwrite(model, "genconstr_c.mps");
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBwrite(model, "genconstr_c.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Status checking */
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;

56
 }

/* Print result */
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (objval > 1.9)

printf("Logical expression is satisfiable\n");
else if (objval > 0.9)
printf("At least four clauses can be satisfied\n");
else
printf("Not even three clauses can be satisfied\n");

QUIT:

if (model != NULL) GRBfreemodel(model);

if (env != NULL) GRBfreeenv(env);

return error;
}

57
lp_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
and writes it to a file */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *masterenv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
GRBenv *modelenv = NULL;
int error = 0;
int optimstatus;
double objval;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: lp_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&masterenv, "lp.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model from file */

error = GRBreadmodel(masterenv, argv[1], &model);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

58
/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* If model is infeasible or unbounded, turn off presolve and resolve */

if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
modelenv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!modelenv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Change parameter on model environment. The model now has

a copy of the master environment, so changing the master will
no longer affect the model. */

error = GRBsetintparam(modelenv, "PRESOLVE", 0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n\n", objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INFEASIBLE) {
printf("Model is infeasible\n\n");

error = GRBcomputeIIS(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBwrite(model, "model.ilp");

if (error) goto QUIT;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_UNBOUNDED) {
printf("Model is unbounded\n\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped with status = %d\n\n", optimstatus);
}

59
QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(masterenv));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(masterenv);

return 0;
}

60
lpmethod_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;

show which value gives the shortest solve time. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL, *menv;
GRBmodel *m = NULL;
int error = 0;
int i;
int optimstatus;
int bestMethod = -1;
double bestTime;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: lpmethod_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "lpmethod.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model */
error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &m);
if (error) goto QUIT;
menv = GRBgetenv(m);
error = GRBgetdblparam(menv, "TimeLimit", &bestTime);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve the model with different values of Method */

for (i = 0; i <= 2; ++i)
{
error = GRBresetmodel(m);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, "Method", i);
if (error) goto QUIT;

61
 error = GRBoptimize(m);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(m, "Status", &optimstatus);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
error = GRBgetdblattr(m, "Runtime", &bestTime);
if (error) goto QUIT;
bestMethod = i;
/* Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time
with other methods */
error = GRBsetdblparam(menv, "TimeLimit", bestTime);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Report which method was fastest */

if (bestMethod == -1) {
printf("Unable to solve this model\n");
} else {
printf("Solved in %f seconds with Method: %i\n",
bestTime, bestMethod);
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(m);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

62
lpmod_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
(i.e. 'from scratch'). */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int j;
int numvars, isMIP, status, minVar = 0;
double minVal = GRB_INFINITY, sol, lb;
char *varname;
double warmCount, warmTime, coldCount, coldTime;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: lpmod_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "lpmod.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model and determine whether it is an LP */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &isMIP);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (isMIP)
{
printf("The model is not a linear program\n");

63
 goto QUIT;
}

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||

(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
printf("The model cannot be solved because it is ");
printf("infeasible or unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}

if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* Find the smallest variable value */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (j = 0; j < numvars; ++j)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", j, &sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "LB", j, &lb);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if ((sol > 0.0001) && (sol < minVal) &&
(lb == 0.0))
{
minVal = sol;
minVar = j;
}
}

error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", minVar, &varname);

if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\n*** Setting %s from %f to zero ***\n\n", varname, minVal);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", minVar, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

64
 /* Solve from this starting point */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Save iteration & time info */

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "IterCount", &warmCount);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "Runtime", &warmTime);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Reset the model and resolve */

printf("\n*** Resetting and solving ");
printf("without an advanced start ***\n\n");
error = GRBresetmodel(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Save iteration & time info */

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "IterCount", &coldCount);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "Runtime", &coldTime);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\n*** Warm start: %f iterations, %f seconds\n",

warmCount, warmTime);
printf("*** Cold start: %f iterations, %f seconds\n",
coldCount, coldTime);

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

65
 /* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

66
mip1_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:

maximize x + y + 2 z
subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z binary
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
double sol[3];
int ind[3];
double val[3];
double obj[3];
char vtype[3];
int optimstatus;
double objval;

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "mip1.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "mip1", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables */

obj[0] = 1; obj[1] = 1; obj[2] = 2;

vtype[0] = GRB_BINARY; vtype[1] = GRB_BINARY; vtype[2] = GRB_BINARY;

67
 error = GRBaddvars(model, 3, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, obj, NULL, NULL, vtype,
NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Change objective sense to maximization */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* First constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1; ind[2] = 2;

val[0] = 1; val[1] = 2; val[2] = 3;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, ind, val, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Second constraint: x + y >= 1 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1;
val[0] = 1; val[1] = 1;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, ind, val, GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'mip1.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "mip1.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, sol);

if (error) goto QUIT;

68
 printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);

printf(" x=%.0f, y=%.0f, z=%.0f\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);

} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

69
mip2_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and

prints the objective values from all feasible solutions
generated while solving the MIP. Then it creates the fixed
model and solves that model. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
GRBmodel *fixed = NULL;
int error = 0;
int ismip;
int j, k, solcount, numvars;
double objn, vobj, xn;
int optimstatus, foptimstatus;
double objval, fobjval;
char *varname;
double x;

/* To change settings for a loaded model, we need to get

the model environment, which will be freed when the model
is freed. */

GRBenv *menv, *fenv;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: mip2_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "mip2.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

70
/* Read model from file */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &ismip);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if (ismip == 0) {
printf("Model is not a MIP\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Get model environment */

menv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!menv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Solve model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n\n", objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n\n");
goto QUIT;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INFEASIBLE) {
printf("Model is infeasible\n\n");
goto QUIT;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_UNBOUNDED) {
printf("Model is unbounded\n\n");
goto QUIT;

71
 } else {
printf("Optimization was stopped with status = %d\n\n", optimstatus);
goto QUIT;
}

/* Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives */

error = GRBsetintparam(menv, "OutputFlag", 0);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "SolCount", &solcount);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\n");
for ( k = 0; k < solcount; ++k ) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, "SolutionNumber", k);
objn = 0.0;
for ( j = 0; j < numvars; ++j ) {
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", j, &vobj);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "Xn", j, &xn);
if (error) goto QUIT;
objn += vobj * xn;
}
printf("Solution %i has objective: %f\n", k, objn);
}
printf("\n");

error = GRBsetintparam(menv, "OutputFlag", 1);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create a fixed model, turn off presolve and solve */

fixed = GRBfixedmodel(model);
if (!fixed) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not create fixed model\n");
goto QUIT;
}

fenv = GRBgetenv(fixed);
if (!fenv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get fixed model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

72
 error = GRBsetintparam(fenv, "PRESOLVE", 0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBoptimize(fixed);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(fixed, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &foptimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if (foptimstatus != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: fixed model isn't optimal\n");
goto QUIT;
}

error = GRBgetdblattr(fixed, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &fobjval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if (fabs(fobjval - objval) > 1.0e-6 * (1.0 + fabs(objval))) {

fprintf(stderr, "Error: objective values are different\n");
}

/* Print values of nonzero variables */

for ( j = 0; j < numvars; ++j ) {
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(fixed, "VarName", j, &varname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(fixed, "X", j, &x);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (x != 0.0) {
printf("%s %f\n", varname, x);
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free models */

73
 GRBfreemodel(model);
GRBfreemodel(fixed);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

74
multiobj_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of

* elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
* be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(void)
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBenv *menv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
double *cval = NULL;
char buffer[MAXSTR];
int e, i, status, nSolutions;
double objn;

/* Sample data */
const int groundSetSize = 20;
const int nSubsets = 4;
const int Budget = 12;
double Set[][20] =
{ { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 } };
int SetObjPriority[] = {3, 2, 2, 1};
double SetObjWeight[] = {1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0};

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "multiobj_c.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

75
 /* Create initial model */
error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "multiobj_c", groundSetSize, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* get model environment */

menv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!menv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize decision variables for ground set:

* x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering. */
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
sprintf(buffer, "El%d", e);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", e, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", e, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Make space for constraint data */

cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * groundSetSize);
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * groundSetSize);
if (!cval) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

* Budget */
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
cind[e] = e;
cval[e] = 1.0;
}
sprintf (buffer, "Budget");
error = GRBaddconstr(model, groundSetSize, cind, cval, GRB_LESS_EQUAL,
(double)Budget, buffer);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set global sense for ALL objectives */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MAXIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Limit how many solutions to collect */

76
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_POOLSOLUTIONS, 100);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set number of objectives */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_NUMOBJ, 4);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set and configure i-th objective */

for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_OBJNUMBER, i);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_OBJNPRIORITY, SetObjPriority[i]);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNWEIGHT, SetObjWeight[i]);

if (error) goto QUIT;

sprintf(buffer, "Set%d", i+1);

error = GRBsetstrattr(model, GRB_STR_ATTR_OBJNNAME, buffer);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNRELTOL, 0.01);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNABSTOL, 1.0 + i);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* note that we already set cind[e] = e */

error = GRBsetdblattrlist(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJN, groundSetSize,
cind, Set[i]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Save problem */
error = GRBwrite(model, "multiobj_c.lp");
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBwrite(model, "multiobj_c.mps");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Status checking */

77
 error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* Print best selected set */

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, groundSetSize, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("Selected elements in best solution:\n\t");

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (cval[e] < .9) continue;
printf("El%d ", e);
}

/* Print number of solutions stored */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_SOLCOUNT, &nSolutions);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\nNumber of solutions found: %d\n", nSolutions);

/* Print objective values of solutions */

if (nSolutions > 10) nSolutions = 10;

printf("Objective values for first %d solutions):\n", nSolutions);
for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_OBJNUMBER, i);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\tSet %d:", i);

for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_SOLUTIONNUMBER, e);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNVAL, &objn);

if (error) goto QUIT;

78
 printf(" %6g", objn);
}
printf("\n");
}

QUIT:

if (cind != NULL) free(cind);

if (cval != NULL) free(cval);
if (model != NULL) GRBfreemodel(model);
if (env != NULL) GRBfreeenv(env);

return error;
}

79
params_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Use parameters that are associated with a model.

A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.

The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
is resumed until the optimal solution is found.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL, *modelenv = NULL, *bestenv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL, *bestmodel = NULL;
int error = 0;
int ismip, i, mipfocus;
double bestgap, gap;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: params_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "params.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model and verify that it is a MIP */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &ismip);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (ismip == 0)
{
printf("The model is not an integer program\n");
exit(1);
}

80
/* Set a 5 second time limit */
modelenv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!modelenv) {
printf("Cannot retrieve model environment\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBsetdblparam(modelenv, "TimeLimit", 5);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus */

bestmodel = GRBcopymodel(model);
if (!bestmodel) {
printf("Cannot copy model\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBoptimize(bestmodel);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(bestmodel, "MIPGap", &bestgap);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (i = 1; i <= 3; ++i)
{
error = GRBresetmodel(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
modelenv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!modelenv) {
printf("Cannot retrieve model environment\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBsetintparam(modelenv, "MIPFocus", i);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "MIPGap", &gap);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (bestgap > gap)
{
GRBmodel *tmp = bestmodel;
bestmodel = model;
model = tmp;
bestgap = gap;
}
}

/* Finally, free the extra model, reset the time limit and
continue to solve the best model to optimality */

81
 GRBfreemodel(model);
bestenv = GRBgetenv(bestmodel);
if (!bestenv) {
printf("Cannot retrieve best model environment\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBsetdblparam(bestenv, "TimeLimit", GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBoptimize(bestmodel);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintparam(bestenv, "MIPFocus", &mipfocus);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("Solved with MIPFocus: %i\n", mipfocus);

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free best model */

GRBfreemodel(bestmodel);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

82
piecewise_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

minimize f(x) - y + g(z)

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z <= 1

where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It

formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

double f(double u) { return exp(-u); }

double g(double u) { return 2 * u * u - 4 * u; }

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
double lb, ub;
int npts, i;
double *ptu = NULL;
double *ptf = NULL;
double *ptg = NULL;
int ind[3];
double val[3];
int ismip;
double objval;
double sol[3];

/* Create environment */

83
 error = GRBloadenv(&env, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create a new model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables */

lb = 0.0; ub = 1.0;

error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 0.0, lb, ub, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "x");

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 0.0, lb, ub, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "y");
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 0.0, lb, ub, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "z");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set objective for y */

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJ, 1, -1.0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z */

npts = 101;
ptu = (double *) malloc(npts * sizeof(double));
ptf = (double *) malloc(npts * sizeof(double));
ptg = (double *) malloc(npts * sizeof(double));

for (i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptu[i] = lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1);
ptf[i] = f(ptu[i]);
ptg[i] = g(ptu[i]);
}

error = GRBsetpwlobj(model, 0, npts, ptu, ptf);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetpwlobj(model, 2, npts, ptu, ptg);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1; ind[2] = 2;

84
val[0] = 1; val[1] = 2; val[2] = 3;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, ind, val, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add constraint: x + y >= 1 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1;
val[0] = 1; val[1] = 1;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, ind, val, GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model as an LP */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &ismip);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, "X", 0, 3, sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("IsMIP: %d\n", ismip);

printf("x %g\ny %g\nz %g\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);
printf("Obj: %g\n", objval);
printf("\n");

/* Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x */

for (i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptf[i] = -ptf[i];
}

error = GRBsetpwlobj(model, 0, npts, ptu, ptf);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model as a MIP */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &ismip);

85
 if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, "X", 0, 3, sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("IsMIP: %d\n", ismip);

printf("x %g\ny %g\nz %g\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);
printf("Obj: %g\n", objval);

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(ptu);
free(ptf);
free(ptg);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

86
poolsearch_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

* problem by using PoolSearchMode */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define MAXSTR 128

int main(void)
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBenv *menv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
char buffer[MAXSTR];
int e, status, nSolutions, prlen;
double objval, *cval = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;

/* Sample data */
const int groundSetSize = 10;
double objCoef[10] =
{32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1};
double knapsackCoef[10] =
{16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1};
double Budget = 33;

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "poolsearch_c.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "poolsearch_c", groundSetSize, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* get model environment */

menv = GRBgetenv(model);

87
 if (!menv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

/* set objective function */

error = GRBsetdblattrarray(model, "Obj", 0, groundSetSize, objCoef);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* set variable types and names */

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
sprintf(buffer, "El%d", e);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", e, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", e, buffer);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Make space for constraint data */

cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * groundSetSize);
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++)
cind[e] = e;

/* Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

* Budget */
sprintf (buffer, "Budget");
error = GRBaddconstr(model, groundSetSize, cind, knapsackCoef,
GRB_LESS_EQUAL, Budget, buffer);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* set global sense for ALL objectives */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MAXIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Limit how many solutions to collect */

error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_POOLSOLUTIONS, 1024);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Limit the search space by setting a gap for the worst possible solution that will be accept
error = GRBsetdblparam(menv, GRB_DBL_PAR_POOLGAP, 0.10);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* do a systematic search for the k-best solutions */

88
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_POOLSEARCHMODE, 2);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* save problem */
error = GRBwrite(model, "poolsearch_c.lp");
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBwrite(model, "poolsearch_c.mps");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Status checking */
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;

if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %d\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* make space for optimal solution */

cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * groundSetSize);
if (!cval) goto QUIT;

/* Print best selected set */

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, groundSetSize, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("Selected elements in best solution:\n\t");

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (cval[e] < .9) continue;
printf("El%d ", e);
}

/* print number of solutions stored */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_SOLCOUNT, &nSolutions);

89
 if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\nNumber of solutions found: %d\nValues:", nSolutions);

/* print objective values of alternative solutions */

prlen = 0;
for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_SOLUTIONNUMBER, e);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_POOLOBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

prlen += printf(" %g", objval);

if (prlen >= 75 && e+1 < nSolutions) {
prlen = printf("\n ");
}
}
printf("\n");

/* print fourth best set if available */

if (nSolutions >= 4) {
error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_SOLUTIONNUMBER, 3);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* get the solution vector */

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_XN, 0, groundSetSize, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("Selected elements in fourth best solution:\n\t");

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (cval[e] < .9) continue;
printf("El%d ", e);
}
printf("\n");
}

QUIT:
if (model != NULL) GRBfreemodel(model);
if (env != NULL) GRBfreeenv(env);
if (cind != NULL) free(cind);
if (cval != NULL) free(cval);
return error;
}

90
qcp_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:

maximize x
subject to x + y + z = 1
x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
double sol[3];
int ind[3];
double val[3];
double obj[] = {1, 0, 0};
int qrow[3];
int qcol[3];
double qval[3];
int optimstatus;
double objval;

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "qcp.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "qcp", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables */

91
 error = GRBaddvars(model, 3, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, obj, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Change sense to maximization */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Linear constraint: x + y + z = 1 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1; ind[2] = 2;

val[0] = 1; val[1] = 1; val[2] = 1;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, "c0");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 */

qrow[0] = 0; qcol[0] = 0; qval[0] = 1.0;

qrow[1] = 1; qcol[1] = 1; qval[1] = 1.0;
qrow[2] = 2; qcol[2] = 2; qval[2] = -1.0;

error = GRBaddqconstr(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 3, qrow, qcol, qval,

GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 0.0, "qc0");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Rotated cone: x^2 <= yz */

qrow[0] = 0; qcol[0] = 0; qval[0] = 1.0;

qrow[1] = 1; qcol[1] = 2; qval[1] = -1.0;

error = GRBaddqconstr(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 2, qrow, qcol, qval,

GRB_LESS_EQUAL, 0.0, "qc1");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'qcp.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "qcp.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

92
 /* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, sol);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);

printf(" x=%.2f, y=%.2f, z=%.2f\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);

} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

93
qp_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.

*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
double sol[3];
int ind[3];
double val[3];
int qrow[5];
int qcol[5];
double qval[5];
char vtype[3];
int optimstatus;
double objval;

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "qp.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "qp", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables */

94
error = GRBaddvars(model, 3, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Quadratic objective terms */

qrow[0] = 0; qrow[1] = 0; qrow[2] = 1; qrow[3] = 1; qrow[4] = 2;

qcol[0] = 0; qcol[1] = 1; qcol[2] = 1; qcol[3] = 2; qcol[4] = 2;
qval[0] = 1; qval[1] = 1; qval[2] = 1; qval[3] = 1; qval[4] = 1;

error = GRBaddqpterms(model, 5, qrow, qcol, qval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Linear objective term */

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJ, 0, 2.0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* First constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1; ind[2] = 2;

val[0] = 1; val[1] = 2; val[2] = 3;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, ind, val, GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Second constraint: x + y >= 1 */

ind[0] = 0; ind[1] = 1;
val[0] = 1; val[1] = 1;

error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, ind, val, GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'qp.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "qp.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

95
 error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, sol);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);

printf(" x=%.4f, y=%.4f, z=%.4f\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);

} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
}

/* Modify variable types */

vtype[0] = GRB_INTEGER; vtype[1] = GRB_INTEGER; vtype[2] = GRB_INTEGER;

error = GRBsetcharattrarray(model, GRB_CHAR_ATTR_VTYPE, 0, 3, vtype);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'qp2.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "qp2.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

96
 if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, sol);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);

printf(" x=%.4f, y=%.4f, z=%.4f\n", sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]);

} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

97
sensitivity_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
the impact on the objective function value is reported.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL, *modelenv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
int ismip, status, numvars, i, j;
double origobjval, lb, ub, objval;
double *origx = NULL;
char vtype, *vname;

if (argc < 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: sensitivity_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "sensitivity.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read and solve model */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "IsMIP", &ismip);

if (error) goto QUIT;
if (ismip == 0) {
printf("Model is not a MIP\n");

98
 exit(1);
}

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);

if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimization ended with status %d\n", status);
exit(1);
}

/* Store the optimal solution */

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &origobjval);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
origx = (double *) malloc(numvars * sizeof(double));
if (origx == NULL) {
printf("Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, "X", 0, numvars, origx);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Disable solver output for subsequent solves */

modelenv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!modelenv) {
printf("Cannot retrieve model environment\n");
exit(1);
}
error = GRBsetintparam(modelenv, "OutputFlag", 0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model */

for (i = 0; i < numvars; i++) {

error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "LB", i, &lb);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "UB", i, &ub);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetcharattrelement(model, "VType", i, &vtype);

99
 if (error) goto QUIT;

if (lb == 0 && ub == 1
&& (vtype == GRB_BINARY || vtype == GRB_INTEGER)) {

/* Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution */

if (origx[i] < 0.5) {

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", i, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", i, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
} else {
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", i, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", i, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Update MIP start for the other variables */

for (j = 0; j < numvars; j++) {

if (j != i) {
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Start", j, origx[j]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", i, &vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("Objective sensitivity for variable %s is %g\n",
vname, objval - origobjval);
} else {
printf("Objective sensitivity for variable %s is infinite\n",
vname);

100
 }

/* Restore the original variable bounds */

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", i, 0.0);

if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", i, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(origx);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

101
sos_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0;
double x[3];
double obj[3];
double ub[3];
int sostype[2];
int sosbeg[2];
int sosind[4];
double soswt[4];
int optimstatus;
double objval;

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "sos.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "sos", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables */

obj[0] = -2; obj[1] = -1; obj[2] = -1;

ub[0] = 1.0; ub[1] = 1.0; ub[2] = 2.0;
error = GRBaddvars(model, 3, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, obj, NULL, ub, NULL,
NULL);

102
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Build first SOS1: x0=0 or x1=0 */

sosind[0] = 0; sosind[1] = 1;
soswt[0] = 1.0; soswt[1] = 2.0;
sosbeg[0] = 0; sostype[0] = GRB_SOS_TYPE1;

/* Build second SOS1: x0=0 or x2=0 */

sosind[2] = 0; sosind[3] = 2;
soswt[2] = 1.0; soswt[3] = 2.0;
sosbeg[1] = 2; sostype[1] = GRB_SOS_TYPE1;

/* Add SOSs to model */

error = GRBaddsos(model, 2, 4, sostype, sosbeg, sosind, soswt);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'sos.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "sos.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);

if (error) goto QUIT;

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, 3, x);

if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);

printf(" x=%.4f, y=%.4f, z=%.4f\n", x[0], x[1], x[2]);

103
 } else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
} else {
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

104
sudoku_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */
/*
Sudoku example.

The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
same value.

In the MIP formulation, binary variables x[i,j,v] indicate whether

cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x[i,j,v] = 1)
2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x[i,j,v] = 1)
3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x[i,j,v] = 1)
4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x[i,j,v] = 1)

Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define SUBDIM 3
#define DIM (SUBDIM*SUBDIM)

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
FILE *fp = NULL;
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int board[DIM][DIM];
char inputline[100];
int ind[DIM];
double val[DIM];
double lb[DIM*DIM*DIM];
char vtype[DIM*DIM*DIM];
char *names[DIM*DIM*DIM];
char namestorage[10*DIM*DIM*DIM];
char *cursor;
int optimstatus;

105
 double objval;
int zero = 0;
int i, j, v, ig, jg, count;
int error = 0;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: sudoku_c datafile\n");
exit(1);
}

fp = fopen(argv[1], "r");
if (fp == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: unable to open input file %s\n", argv[1]);
exit(1);
}

for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++) {

fgets(inputline, 100, fp);
if (strlen(inputline) < 9) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: not enough board positions specified\n");
exit(1);
}
for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++) {
board[i][j] = (int) inputline[j] - (int) '1';
if (board[i][j] < 0 || board[i][j] >= DIM)
board[i][j] = -1;
}
}

/* Create an empty model */

cursor = namestorage;
for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++) {
for (v = 0; v < DIM; v++) {
if (board[i][j] == v)
lb[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v] = 1;
else
lb[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v] = 0;
vtype[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v] = GRB_BINARY;

names[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v] = cursor;
sprintf(names[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v], "x[%d,%d,%d]", i, j, v+1);
cursor += strlen(names[i*DIM*DIM+j*DIM+v]) + 1;
}

106
 }
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "sudoku.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create new model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "sudoku", DIM*DIM*DIM, NULL, lb, NULL,

vtype, names);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Each cell gets a value */

for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++) {
for (v = 0; v < DIM; v++) {
ind[v] = i*DIM*DIM + j*DIM + v;
val[v] = 1.0;
}

error = GRBaddconstr(model, DIM, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Each value must appear once in each row */

for (v = 0; v < DIM; v++) {

for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++) {
for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++) {
ind[i] = i*DIM*DIM + j*DIM + v;
val[i] = 1.0;
}

error = GRBaddconstr(model, DIM, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Each value must appear once in each column */

for (v = 0; v < DIM; v++) {

107
 for (i = 0; i < DIM; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < DIM; j++) {
ind[j] = i*DIM*DIM + j*DIM + v;
val[j] = 1.0;
}

error = GRBaddconstr(model, DIM, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Each value must appear once in each subgrid */

for (v = 0; v < DIM; v++) {

for (ig = 0; ig < SUBDIM; ig++) {
for (jg = 0; jg < SUBDIM; jg++) {
count = 0;
for (i = ig*SUBDIM; i < (ig+1)*SUBDIM; i++) {
for (j = jg*SUBDIM; j < (jg+1)*SUBDIM; j++) {
ind[count] = i*DIM*DIM + j*DIM + v;
val[count] = 1.0;
count++;
}
}

error = GRBaddconstr(model, DIM, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}
}

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write model to 'sudoku.lp' */

error = GRBwrite(model, "sudoku.lp");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Capture solution information */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimstatus);

if (error) goto QUIT;

108
 error = GRBgetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

printf("\nOptimization complete\n");
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL)
printf("Optimal objective: %.4e\n", objval);
else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD)
printf("Model is infeasible or unbounded\n");
else
printf("Optimization was stopped early\n");
printf("\n");

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

109
tsp_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of
points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
tours that don't visit every node. The lazy constraint callback
adds new constraints to cut them off.
*/

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

/* Define structure to pass data to the callback function */

struct callback_data {
int n;
};

/* Given an integer-feasible solution 'sol', find the smallest

sub-tour. Result is returned in 'tour', and length is
returned in 'tourlenP'. */

static void
findsubtour(int n,
double *sol,
int *tourlenP,
int *tour)
{
int i, node, len, start;
int bestind, bestlen;
int *seen = NULL;

seen = (int *) malloc(n*sizeof(int));

if (seen == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}

110
 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
seen[i] = 0;

start = 0;
bestlen = n+1;
bestind = -1;
while (start < n) {
for (node = 0; node < n; node++)
if (seen[node] == 0)
break;
if (node == n)
break;
for (len = 0; len < n; len++) {
tour[start+len] = node;
seen[node] = 1;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (sol[node*n+i] > 0.5 && !seen[i]) {
node = i;
break;
}
}
if (i == n) {
len++;
if (len < bestlen) {
bestlen = len;
bestind = start;
}
start += len;
break;
}
}
}

for (i = 0; i < bestlen; i++)

tour[i] = tour[bestind+i];
*tourlenP = bestlen;

free(seen);
}

/* Subtour elimination callback. Whenever a feasible solution is found,

find the shortest subtour, and add a subtour elimination constraint
if that tour doesn't visit every node. */

111
int __stdcall
subtourelim(GRBmodel *model,
void *cbdata,
int where,
void *usrdata)
{
struct callback_data *mydata = (struct callback_data *) usrdata;
int n = mydata->n;
int *tour = NULL;
double *sol = NULL;
int i, j, len, nz;
int error = 0;

if (where == GRB_CB_MIPSOL) {
sol = (double *) malloc(n*n*sizeof(double));
tour = (int *) malloc(n*sizeof(int));
if (sol == NULL || tour == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}

GRBcbget(cbdata, where, GRB_CB_MIPSOL_SOL, sol);

findsubtour(n, sol, &len, tour);

if (len < n) {
int *ind = NULL;
double *val = NULL;

ind = (int *) malloc(len*(len-1)/2*sizeof(int));

val = (double *) malloc(len*(len-1)/2*sizeof(double));

if (ind == NULL || val == NULL) {

fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Add subtour elimination constraint */

nz = 0;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
for (j = i+1; j < len; j++)
ind[nz++] = tour[i]*n+tour[j];
for (i = 0; i < nz; i++)
val[i] = 1.0;

112
 error = GRBcblazy(cbdata, nz, ind, val, GRB_LESS_EQUAL, len-1);

free(ind);
free(val);
}

free(sol);
free(tour);
}

return error;
}

/* Euclidean distance between points 'i' and 'j'. */

static double
distance(double *x,
double *y,
int i,
int j)
{
double dx = x[i] - x[j];
double dy = y[i] - y[j];

return sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy);

}

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int i, j, len, n, solcount;
int error = 0;
char name[100];
double *x = NULL;
double *y = NULL;
int *ind = NULL;
double *val = NULL;
struct callback_data mydata;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: tsp_c size\n");

113
 exit(1);
}

n = atoi(argv[1]);
if (n == 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "Argument must be a positive integer.\n");
} else if (n > 100) {
printf("It will be a challenge to solve a TSP this large.\n");
}

x = (double *) malloc(n*sizeof(double));
y = (double *) malloc(n*sizeof(double));
ind = (int *) malloc(n*sizeof(int));
val = (double *) malloc(n*sizeof(double));

if (x == NULL || y == NULL || ind == NULL || val == NULL) {

fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Create random points */

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

x[i] = ((double) rand())/RAND_MAX;
y[i] = ((double) rand())/RAND_MAX;
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "tsp.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create an empty model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "tsp", 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Add variables - one for every pair of nodes */

/* Note: If edge from i to j is chosen, then x[i*n+j] = x[j*n+i] = 1. */
/* The cost is split between the two variables. */

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
sprintf(name, "x_%d_%d", i, j);

114
 error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, distance(x, y, i, j)/2,
0.0, 1.0, GRB_BINARY, name);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Degree-2 constraints */

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
ind[j] = i*n+j;
val[j] = 1.0;
}

sprintf(name, "deg2_%d", i);

error = GRBaddconstr(model, n, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 2, name);

if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Forbid edge from node back to itself */

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_UB, i*n+i, 0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Symmetric TSP */

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
ind[0] = i*n+j;
ind[1] = i+j*n;
val[0] = 1;
val[1] = -1;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, 2, ind, val, GRB_EQUAL, 0, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Set callback function */

mydata.n = n;

error = GRBsetcallbackfunc(model, subtourelim, (void *) &mydata);

115
 if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Must set LazyConstraints parameter when using lazy constraints */

error = GRBsetintparam(GRBgetenv(model), GRB_INT_PAR_LAZYCONSTRAINTS, 1);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize model */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Extract solution */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_SOLCOUNT, &solcount);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if (solcount > 0) {
int *tour = NULL;
double *sol = NULL;

sol = (double *) malloc(n*n*sizeof(double));

tour = (int *) malloc(n*sizeof(int));
if (sol == NULL || tour == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory\n");
exit(1);
}

error = GRBgetdblattrarray(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, n*n, sol);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Print tour */

findsubtour(n, sol, &len, tour);

printf("Tour: ");
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
printf("%d ", tour[i]);
printf("\n");

free(tour);
free(sol);
}

QUIT:

116
 /* Free data */

free(x);
free(y);
free(ind);
free(val);

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

117
tune_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.

It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
and solves the model using these parameters. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int tuneresultcount;
int error = 0;

if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: tune_c filename\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Create environment */

error = GRBloadenv(&env, "tune_c.log");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Read model from file */

error = GRBreadmodel(env, argv[1], &model);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set the TuneResults parameter to 1 */

error = GRBsetintparam(GRBgetenv(model), GRB_INT_PAR_TUNERESULTS, 1);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Tune the model */

error = GRBtunemodel(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;

118
 /* Get the number of tuning results */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_TUNE_RESULTCOUNT, &tuneresultcount);

if (error) goto QUIT;

if (tuneresultcount > 0) {

/* Load the best tuned parameters into the model's environment */

error = GRBgettuneresult(model, 0);

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Write tuned parameters to a file */

error = GRBwrite(model, "tune.prm");

if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Solve the model using the tuned parameters */

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error) {
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

119
workforce1_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts
besides what is reported via IIS. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s

#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR];
double obj;
int i, iis, numconstrs;
char *cname;

/* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

/* Sets of days and workers */

char* Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };

120
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

/* Number of workers required for each shift */

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

/* Amount each worker is paid to work one shift */

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce1.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce1", nWorkers * nShifts,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize assignment decision variables:

x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned
to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);
sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, pay[w]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;

121
 }
}

/* The objective is to minimize the total pay costs */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Make space for constraint data */

cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nShifts);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

to each shift s */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
printf("The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)

122
 {
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("The optimal objective is %f\n", obj);
goto QUIT;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* do IIS */
printf("The model is infeasible; computing IIS\n");
error = GRBcomputeIIS(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\nThe following constraint(s) cannot be satisfied:\n");
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumConstrs", &numconstrs);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (i = 0; i < numconstrs; ++i)
{
error = GRBgetintattrelement(model, "IISConstr", i, &iis);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (iis)
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "ConstrName", i, &cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("%s\n", cname);
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

123
 free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(sense);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

124
workforce2_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
find all conflicting constraints. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s

#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR];
double obj;
int i, iis, numconstrs, numremoved = 0;
char *cname;
char **removed = NULL;

/* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

/* Sets of days and workers */

char* Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",

125
 "Sun14" };
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

/* Number of workers required for each shift */

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

/* Amount each worker is paid to work one shift */

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce2.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce2", nWorkers * nShifts,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize assignment decision variables:

x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned
to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);
sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, pay[w]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);

126
 if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* The objective is to minimize the total pay costs */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Make space for constraint data */

cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nShifts);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

to each shift s */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
printf("The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}

127
 if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("The optimal objective is %f\n", obj);
goto QUIT;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* do IIS */
printf("The model is infeasible; computing IIS\n");

/* Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumConstrs", &numconstrs);
if (error) goto QUIT;
removed = calloc(numconstrs, sizeof(char*));
if (!removed) goto QUIT;
while (1)
{
error = GRBcomputeIIS(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("\nThe following constraint cannot be satisfied:\n");
for (i = 0; i < numconstrs; ++i)
{
error = GRBgetintattrelement(model, "IISConstr", i, &iis);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (iis)
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "ConstrName", i, &cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("%s\n", cname);
/* Remove a single constraint from the model */
removed[numremoved] = malloc(sizeof(char) * (1+strlen(cname)));
if (!removed[numremoved]) goto QUIT;
strcpy(removed[numremoved++], cname);
cind[0] = i;
error = GRBdelconstrs(model, 1, cind);
if (error) goto QUIT;
break;
}
}

128
 printf("\n");
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
printf("The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
break;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}
}

printf("\nThe following constraints were removed to get a feasible LP:\n");

for (i = 0; i < numremoved; ++i)
{
printf("%s ", removed[i]);
}
printf("\n");

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(cbeg);
free(cind);

129
 free(cval);
free(sense);
for (i=0; i<numremoved; ++i)
{
free(removed[i]);
}
free(removed);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

130
workforce3_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
they need to be relaxed. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s

#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR];
double obj;
int i, j, orignumvars, numvars, numconstrs;
double *rhspen = NULL;
double sol;
char *sname;

/* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

/* Sets of days and workers */

char* Shifts[] =

131
 { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

/* Number of workers required for each shift */

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

/* Amount each worker is paid to work one shift */

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce3.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce3", nWorkers * nShifts,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize assignment decision variables:

x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned
to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);
sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", col, pay[w]);

132
 if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* The objective is to minimize the total pay costs */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Make space for constraint data */

cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * nWorkers);
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nShifts);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

to each shift s */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
printf("The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded\n");

133
 goto QUIT;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
error = GRBgetdblattr(model, "ObjVal", &obj);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("The optimal objective is %f\n", obj);
goto QUIT;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);
goto QUIT;
}

/* Relax the constraints to make the model feasible */

printf("The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints\n");

/* Determine the matrix size before relaxing the constraints */

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &orignumvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumConstrs", &numconstrs);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Use FeasRelax feature with penalties for constraint violations */

rhspen = malloc(sizeof(double) * numconstrs);
if (!rhspen) goto QUIT;
for (i = 0; i < numconstrs; i++) rhspen[i] = 1;
error = GRBfeasrelax(model, GRB_FEASRELAX_LINEAR, 0,
NULL, NULL, rhspen, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
printf("The relaxed model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
goto QUIT;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", status);

134
 goto QUIT;
}

printf("\nSlack values:\n");
error = GRBgetintattr(model, "NumVars", &numvars);
if (error) goto QUIT;
for (j = orignumvars; j < numvars; ++j)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", j, &sol);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (sol > 1e-6)
{
error = GRBgetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", j, &sname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
printf("%s = %f\n", sname, sol);
}
}

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(sense);
free(rhspen);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

135
 return 0;
}

136
workforce4_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
tries to balance the workload among the workers. */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,

int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status);

#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s

#define slackcol(s) nShifts*nWorkers+s
#define totSlackcol nShifts*(nWorkers+1)
#define totShiftscol(w) nShifts*(nWorkers+1)+1+w
#define avgShiftscol (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)
#define diffShiftscol(w) (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)+1+w
#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;
char vname[MAXSTR], cname[MAXSTR];
double val;

137
 /* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

/* Sets of days and workers */

char* Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

/* Number of workers required for each shift */

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce4.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce4",
(nShifts + 1) * (nWorkers + 1),
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize assignment decision variables:

x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
use binary variables. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);

138
 sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Initialize slack decision variables */

for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sSlack", Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", slackcol(s), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize total slack decision variable */

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totSlackcol, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker */

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sTotShifts", Workers[w]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totShiftscol(w), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* The objective is to minimize the sum of the slacks */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, "ModelSense", GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", totSlackcol, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Make space for constraint data */

cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * nShifts);
if (!sense) goto QUIT;

139
 /* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers
to each shift s, plus the slack */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: set totSlack column equal to the total slack */

idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = totSlackcol;
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL,
0.0, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker */

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w,s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
sprintf(cname, "totShifts%s", Workers[w]);
cind[idx] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[idx++] = -1.0;

140
 error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Optimize */
error = solveAndPrint(model, nShifts, nWorkers, Workers, &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) goto QUIT;

/* Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds */

error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totSlackcol, &val);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", totSlackcol, val);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", totSlackcol, val);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Variable to count the average number of shifts worked */

error = GRBaddvar(model, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, 0, GRB_INFINITY, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"avgShifts");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;

note that these variables can take negative values. */
error = GRBaddvars(model, nWorkers, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)

{
sprintf(vname, "%sDiff", Workers[w]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", diffShiftscol(w), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "LB", diffShiftscol(w), -GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked */

idx = 0;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = avgShiftscol;

141
 cval[idx++] = -nWorkers;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, "avgShifts");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts */

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[0] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[0] = 1.0;
cind[1] = avgShiftscol;
cval[1] = -1.0;
cind[2] = diffShiftscol(w);
cval[2] = -1.0;
sprintf(cname, "%sDiff", Workers[w]);
error = GRBaddconstr(model, 3, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
average number of shifts worked */
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "Obj", totSlackcol, 0.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)

{
cind[w] = diffShiftscol(w);
cval[w] = 1.0;
}
error = GRBaddqpterms(model, nWorkers, cind, cind, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = solveAndPrint(model, nShifts, nWorkers, Workers, &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) goto QUIT;

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);

142
 }

/* Free data */

free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(sense);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,

int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status)
{
int error, w;
double val;

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) return error;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", status);

if (error) return error;

if ((*status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (*status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||

(*status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
return 0;
}
if (*status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", *status);
return 0;

143
 }

/* Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker */
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totSlackcol, &val);
if (error) return error;

printf("\nTotal slack required: %f\n", val);

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totShiftscol(w), &val);
if (error) return error;
printf("%s worked %f shifts\n", Workers[w], val);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

144
workforce5_c.c
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
(i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "gurobi_c.h"

int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,

int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status);

#define xcol(w,s) nShifts*w+s

#define slackcol(s) nShifts*nWorkers+s
#define totSlackcol nShifts*(nWorkers+1)
#define totShiftscol(w) nShifts*(nWorkers+1)+1+w
#define minShiftcol (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)
#define maxShiftcol (nShifts+1)*(nWorkers+1)+1
#define MAXSTR 128

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBenv *env = NULL;
GRBenv *menv = NULL;
GRBmodel *model = NULL;
int error = 0, status;
int s, w, col;
int *cbeg = NULL;
int *cind = NULL;
int idx;
double *cval = NULL;
char *sense = NULL;

145
 char vname[MAXSTR], cname[MAXSTR];

/* Sample data */
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 8;

/* Sets of days and workers */

char* Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
char* Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi" };

/* Number of workers required for each shift */

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

/* Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift */

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

/* Create environment */
error = GRBloadenv(&env, "workforce5.log");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Create initial model */

error = GRBnewmodel(env, &model, "workforce5",
(nShifts + 1) * (nWorkers + 1) + 2,
NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* get model environment */

menv = GRBgetenv(model);
if (!menv) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: could not get model environment\n");
goto QUIT;
}

146
/* Initialize assignment decision variables:
x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
use binary variables. */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
col = xcol(w, s);
sprintf(vname, "%s.%s", Workers[w], Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetcharattrelement(model, "VType", col, GRB_BINARY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattrelement(model, "UB", col, availability[w][s]);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", col, vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}
}

/* Initialize slack decision variables */

for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sSlack", Shifts[s]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", slackcol(s), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize total slack decision variable */

error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totSlackcol, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Initialize variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker */

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
sprintf(vname, "%sTotShifts", Workers[w]);
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", totShiftscol(w), vname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Initialize max and min #shifts variables */

sprintf(vname, "minShifts");
error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", minShiftcol, vname);
sprintf(vname, "maxShifts");

147
 error = GRBsetstrattrelement(model, "VarName", maxShiftcol, vname);

/* Make space for constraint data */

cbeg = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts);
if (!cbeg) goto QUIT;
cind = malloc(sizeof(int) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cind) goto QUIT;
cval = malloc(sizeof(double) * nShifts * (nWorkers + 1));
if (!cval) goto QUIT;
sense = malloc(sizeof(char) * (nShifts + nWorkers));
if (!sense) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

to each shift s, plus the slack */
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cbeg[s] = idx;
sense[s] = GRB_EQUAL;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w, s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
error = GRBaddconstrs(model, nShifts, idx, cbeg, cind, cval, sense,
shiftRequirements, Shifts);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: set totSlack column equal to the total slack */

idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = slackcol(s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
cind[idx] = totSlackcol;
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL,
0.0, "totSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker */

148
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
idx = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
cind[idx] = xcol(w,s);
cval[idx++] = 1.0;
}
sprintf(cname, "totShifts%s", Workers[w]);
cind[idx] = totShiftscol(w);
cval[idx++] = -1.0;
error = GRBaddconstr(model, idx, cind, cval, GRB_EQUAL, 0.0, cname);
if (error) goto QUIT;
}

/* Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less <=/>= to the

* number of shifts among all workers */
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; w++) {
cind[w] = totShiftscol(w);
}
error = GRBaddgenconstrMin(model, NULL, minShiftcol, nWorkers, cind, GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBaddgenconstrMax(model, NULL, maxShiftcol, nWorkers, cind, -GRB_INFINITY);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set global sense for ALL objectives */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE, GRB_MINIMIZE);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set number of objectives */

error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_NUMOBJ, 2);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Set and configure objective 0 */

error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_OBJNUMBER, 0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_OBJNPRIORITY, 2);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNWEIGHT, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattr(model, GRB_STR_ATTR_OBJNNAME, "TotalSlack");
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNRELTOL, 0.10);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNABSTOL, 2.0);

149
 if (error) goto QUIT;
cind[0] = totSlackcol;
cval[0] = 1.0;
error = GRBsetdblattrlist(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJN, 1, cind, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* set and configure objective 1 */

error = GRBsetintparam(menv, GRB_INT_PAR_OBJNUMBER, 1);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetintattr(model, GRB_INT_ATTR_OBJNPRIORITY, 1);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetdblattr(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJNWEIGHT, 1.0);
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBsetstrattr(model, GRB_STR_ATTR_OBJNNAME, "Fairness");
if (error) goto QUIT;
cind[0] = maxShiftcol;
cval[0] = 1.0;
cind[1] = minShiftcol;
cval[1] = -1.0;
error = GRBsetdblattrlist(model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJN, 2, cind, cval);
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Save problem */
error = GRBwrite(model, "workforce5.lp");
if (error) goto QUIT;
error = GRBwrite(model, "workforce5.mps");
if (error) goto QUIT;

/* Optimize */
error = solveAndPrint(model, nShifts, nWorkers, Workers, &status);
if (error) goto QUIT;
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) goto QUIT;

QUIT:

/* Error reporting */

if (error)
{
printf("ERROR: %s\n", GRBgeterrormsg(env));
exit(1);
}

/* Free data */

150
 free(cbeg);
free(cind);
free(cval);
free(sense);

/* Free model */

GRBfreemodel(model);

/* Free environment */

GRBfreeenv(env);

return 0;
}

int solveAndPrint(GRBmodel* model,

int nShifts, int nWorkers, char** Workers,
int* status)
{
int error, w;
double val;

error = GRBoptimize(model);
if (error) return error;

error = GRBgetintattr(model, "Status", status);

if (error) return error;

if ((*status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (*status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||

(*status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
printf("The model cannot be solved "
"because it is infeasible or unbounded\n");
return 0;
}
if (*status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
printf("Optimization was stopped with status %i\n", *status);
return 0;
}

/* Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker */
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totSlackcol, &val);

151
 if (error) return error;

printf("\nTotal slack required: %f\n", val);

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
error = GRBgetdblattrelement(model, "X", totShiftscol(w), &val);
if (error) return error;
printf("%s worked %f shifts\n", Workers[w], val);
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

152
3.2 C++ Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi C++ examples. The same source code can
be found in the examples/c++ directory of the Gurobi distribution.

callback_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that
monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
screen and to a log file.

The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the

optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
conditions have been satisfied:
1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
solution has been found.
Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
(MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
termination criterion.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <fstream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

class mycallback: public GRBCallback

{
public:
double lastiter;
double lastnode;
int numvars;
GRBVar* vars;
ofstream* logfile;
mycallback(int xnumvars, GRBVar* xvars, ofstream* xlogfile) {
lastiter = lastnode = -GRB_INFINITY;
numvars = xnumvars;
vars = xvars;
logfile = xlogfile;
}

153
 protected:
void callback () {
try {
if (where == GRB_CB_POLLING) {
// Ignore polling callback
} else if (where == GRB_CB_PRESOLVE) {
// Presolve callback
int cdels = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_PRE_COLDEL);
int rdels = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_PRE_ROWDEL);
if (cdels || rdels) {
cout << cdels << " columns and " << rdels
<< " rows are removed" << endl;
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_SIMPLEX) {
// Simplex callback
double itcnt = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_SPX_ITRCNT);
if (itcnt - lastiter >= 100) {
lastiter = itcnt;
double obj = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_SPX_OBJVAL);
int ispert = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_SPX_ISPERT);
double pinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_SPX_PRIMINF);
double dinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_SPX_DUALINF);
char ch;
if (ispert == 0) ch = ' ';
else if (ispert == 1) ch = 'S';
else ch = 'P';
cout << itcnt << " " << obj << ch << " "
<< pinf << " " << dinf << endl;
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIP) {
// General MIP callback
double nodecnt = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_NODCNT);
double objbst = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_OBJBST);
double objbnd = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_OBJBND);
int solcnt = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_SOLCNT);
if (nodecnt - lastnode >= 100) {
lastnode = nodecnt;
int actnodes = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_NODLFT);
int itcnt = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_ITRCNT);
int cutcnt = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_MIP_CUTCNT);
cout << nodecnt << " " << actnodes << " " << itcnt
<< " " << objbst << " " << objbnd << " "
<< solcnt << " " << cutcnt << endl;
}
if (fabs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0 + fabs(objbst))) {

154
 cout << "Stop early - 10% gap achieved" << endl;
abort();
}
if (nodecnt >= 10000 && solcnt) {
cout << "Stop early - 10000 nodes explored" << endl;
abort();
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIPSOL) {
// MIP solution callback
int nodecnt = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIPSOL_NODCNT);
double obj = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_MIPSOL_OBJ);
int solcnt = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_MIPSOL_SOLCNT);
double* x = getSolution(vars, numvars);
cout << "**** New solution at node " << nodecnt
<< ", obj " << obj << ", sol " << solcnt
<< ", x[0] = " << x[0] << " ****" << endl;
delete[] x;
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MIPNODE) {
// MIP node callback
cout << "**** New node ****" << endl;
if (getIntInfo(GRB_CB_MIPNODE_STATUS) == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
double* x = getNodeRel(vars, numvars);
setSolution(vars, x, numvars);
delete[] x;
}
} else if (where == GRB_CB_BARRIER) {
// Barrier callback
int itcnt = getIntInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_ITRCNT);
double primobj = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_PRIMOBJ);
double dualobj = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_DUALOBJ);
double priminf = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_PRIMINF);
double dualinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_DUALINF);
double cmpl = getDoubleInfo(GRB_CB_BARRIER_COMPL);
cout << itcnt << " " << primobj << " " << dualobj << " "
<< priminf << " " << dualinf << " " << cmpl << endl;
} else if (where == GRB_CB_MESSAGE) {
// Message callback
string msg = getStringInfo(GRB_CB_MSG_STRING);
*logfile << msg;
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error number: " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during callback" << endl;

155
 }
}
};

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: callback_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

// Open log file

ofstream logfile("cb.log");
if (!logfile.is_open()) {
cout << "Cannot open cb.log for callback message" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar *vars = 0;

try {
// Create environment
env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);

// Turn off display and heuristics

model.set(GRB_IntParam_OutputFlag, 0);
model.set(GRB_DoubleParam_Heuristics, 0.0);

// Create a callback object and associate it with the model

int numvars = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars);
vars = model.getVars();
mycallback cb = mycallback(numvars, vars, &logfile);

model.setCallback(&cb);

// Solve model and capture solution information

model.optimize();

cout << endl << "Optimization complete" << endl;

156
 if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_SolCount) == 0) {
cout << "No solution found, optimization status = "
<< model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) << endl;
} else {
cout << "Solution found, objective = "
<< model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
for (int j = 0; j < numvars; j++) {
GRBVar v = vars[j];
double x = v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X);
if (x != 0.0) {
cout << v.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " " << x << endl;
}
}
}

} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error number: " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

// Close log file

logfile.close();

delete[] vars;
delete env;

return 0;
}

157
dense_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q

(and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
already have your data in this format.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

static bool
dense_optimize(GRBEnv* env,
int rows,
int cols,
double* c, /* linear portion of objective function */
double* Q, /* quadratic portion of objective function */
double* A, /* constraint matrix */
char* sense, /* constraint senses */
double* rhs, /* RHS vector */
double* lb, /* variable lower bounds */
double* ub, /* variable upper bounds */
char* vtype, /* variable types (continuous, binary, etc.) */
double* solution,
double* objvalP)
{
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
int i, j;
bool success = false;

/* Add variables to the model */

GRBVar* vars = model.addVars(lb, ub, NULL, vtype, NULL, cols);

/* Populate A matrix */

for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

GRBLinExpr lhs = 0;

158
 for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (A[i*cols+j] != 0)
lhs += A[i*cols+j]*vars[j];
model.addConstr(lhs, sense[i], rhs[i]);
}

GRBQuadExpr obj = 0;

for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)

obj += c[j]*vars[j];
for (i = 0; i < cols; i++)
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (Q[i*cols+j] != 0)
obj += Q[i*cols+j]*vars[i]*vars[j];

model.setObjective(obj);

model.optimize();

model.write("dense.lp");

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
*objvalP = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);
for (i = 0; i < cols; i++)
solution[i] = vars[i].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X);
success = true;
}

delete[] vars;

return success;
}

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
try {
env = new GRBEnv();
double c[] = {1, 1, 0};
double Q[3][3] = {{1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1}};
double A[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 0}};
char sense[] = {'>', '>'};
double rhs[] = {4, 1};

159
 double lb[] = {0, 0, 0};
bool success;
double objval, sol[3];

success = dense_optimize(env, 2, 3, c, &Q[0][0], &A[0][0], sense, rhs,

lb, NULL, NULL, sol, &objval);

cout << "x: " << sol[0] << " y: " << sol[1] << " z: " << sol[2] << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete env;
return 0;
}

160
diet_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints

to an existing model. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

void printSolution(GRBModel& model, int nCategories, int nFoods,

GRBVar* buy, GRBVar* nutrition) throw(GRBException);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBVar* nutrition = 0;
GRBVar* buy = 0;
try
{

// Nutrition guidelines, based on

// USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
// http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/
const int nCategories = 4;
string Categories[] =
{ "calories", "protein", "fat", "sodium" };
double minNutrition[] = { 1800, 91, 0, 0 };
double maxNutrition[] = { 2200, GRB_INFINITY, 65, 1779 };

// Set of foods
const int nFoods = 9;
string Foods[] =
{ "hamburger", "chicken", "hot dog", "fries",
"macaroni", "pizza", "salad", "milk", "ice cream" };
double cost[] =
{ 2.49, 2.89, 1.50, 1.89, 2.09, 1.99, 2.49, 0.89, 1.59 };

// Nutrition values for the foods

double nutritionValues[][nCategories] = {
{ 410, 24, 26, 730 }, // hamburger
{ 420, 32, 10, 1190 }, // chicken
{ 560, 20, 32, 1800 }, // hot dog
{ 380, 4, 19, 270 }, // fries

161
 { 320, 12, 10, 930 }, // macaroni
{ 320, 15, 12, 820 }, // pizza
{ 320, 31, 12, 1230 }, // salad
{ 100, 8, 2.5, 125 }, // milk
{ 330, 8, 10, 180 } // ice cream
};

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "diet");

// Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

// which we limit via bounds
nutrition = model.addVars(minNutrition, maxNutrition, 0, 0,
Categories, nCategories);

// Create decision variables for the foods to buy

buy = model.addVars(0, 0, cost, 0, Foods, nFoods);

// The objective is to minimize the costs

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Nutrition constraints
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i)
{
GRBLinExpr ntot = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
{
ntot += nutritionValues[j][i] * buy[j];
}
model.addConstr(ntot == nutrition[i], Categories[i]);
}

// Solve
model.optimize();
printSolution(model, nCategories, nFoods, buy, nutrition);

cout << "\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy" << endl;

model.addConstr(buy[7] + buy[8] <= 6.0, "limit_dairy");

// Solve
model.optimize();
printSolution(model, nCategories, nFoods, buy, nutrition);

162
 }
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] nutrition;
delete[] buy;
delete env;
return 0;
}

void printSolution(GRBModel& model, int nCategories, int nFoods,

GRBVar* buy, GRBVar* nutrition) throw(GRBException)
{
if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "\nCost: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
cout << "\nBuy:" << endl;
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
{
if (buy[j].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) > 0.0001)
{
cout << buy[j].get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " " <<
buy[j].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
}
}
cout << "\nNutrition:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i)
{
cout << nutrition[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " " <<
nutrition[i].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
}
}
else
{
cout << "No solution" << endl;
}
}

163
facility_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants

to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
transportation and fixed costs?

Based on an example from Frontline Systems:

http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
Used with permission.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBVar* open = 0;
GRBVar** transport = 0;
int transportCt = 0;
try
{

// Number of plants and warehouses

const int nPlants = 5;
const int nWarehouses = 4;

// Warehouse demand in thousands of units

double Demand[] = { 15, 18, 14, 20 };

// Plant capacity in thousands of units

double Capacity[] = { 20, 22, 17, 19, 18 };

// Fixed costs for each plant

double FixedCosts[] =
{ 12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, 16000 };

// Transportation costs per thousand units

double TransCosts[][nPlants] = {
{ 4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500 },

164
 { 2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000 },
{ 1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000 },
{ 2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200 }
};

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "facility");

// Plant open decision variables: open[p] == 1 if plant p is open.

open = model.addVars(nPlants, GRB_BINARY);

int p;
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
ostringstream vname;
vname << "Open" << p;
open[p].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, FixedCosts[p]);
open[p].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

// Transportation decision variables: how much to transport from

// a plant p to a warehouse w
transport = new GRBVar* [nWarehouses];
int w;
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
transport[w] = model.addVars(nPlants);
transportCt++;

for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)

{
ostringstream vname;
vname << "Trans" << p << "." << w;
transport[w][p].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, TransCosts[w][p]);
transport[w][p].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Production constraints
// Note that the right-hand limit sets the production to zero if

165
 // the plant is closed
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
GRBLinExpr ptot = 0;
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
ptot += transport[w][p];
}
ostringstream cname;
cname << "Capacity" << p;
model.addConstr(ptot <= Capacity[p] * open[p], cname.str());
}

// Demand constraints
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
GRBLinExpr dtot = 0;
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
dtot += transport[w][p];
}
ostringstream cname;
cname << "Demand" << w;
model.addConstr(dtot == Demand[w], cname.str());
}

// Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest
// fixed costs; open all others

// First, open all plants

for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
open[p].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Start, 1.0);
}

// Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost

cout << "Initial guess:" << endl;
double maxFixed = -GRB_INFINITY;
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
if (FixedCosts[p] > maxFixed)
{
maxFixed = FixedCosts[p];
}
}

166
 for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
if (FixedCosts[p] == maxFixed)
{
open[p].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Start, 0.0);
cout << "Closing plant " << p << endl << endl;
break;
}
}

// Use barrier to solve root relaxation

model.set(GRB_IntParam_Method, GRB_METHOD_BARRIER);

// Solve
model.optimize();

// Print solution
cout << "\nTOTAL COSTS: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
cout << "SOLUTION:" << endl;
for (p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
{
if (open[p].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) > 0.99)
{
cout << "Plant " << p << " open:" << endl;
for (w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
{
if (transport[w][p].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) > 0.0001)
{
cout << " Transport " <<
transport[w][p].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) <<
" units to warehouse " << w << endl;
}
}
}
else
{
cout << "Plant " << p << " closed!" << endl;
}
}

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;

167
 }
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] open;
for (int i = 0; i < transportCt; ++i) {
delete[] transport[i];
}
delete[] transport;
delete env;
return 0;
}

168
feasopt_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial

variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
to a feasible solution to the input model.
We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
cout << "Usage: feasopt_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBConstr* c = 0;
try
{
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel feasmodel = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);

// Create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later */

GRBModel feasmodel1 = GRBModel(feasmodel);

// clear objective
feasmodel.setObjective(GRBLinExpr(0.0));

// add slack variables

c = feasmodel.getConstrs();
for (int i = 0; i < feasmodel.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumConstrs); ++i)
{
char sense = c[i].get(GRB_CharAttr_Sense);
if (sense != '>')
{

169
 double coef = -1.0;
feasmodel.addVar(0.0, GRB_INFINITY, 1.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, 1,
&c[i], &coef, "ArtN_" +
c[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_ConstrName));
}
if (sense != '<')
{
double coef = 1.0;
feasmodel.addVar(0.0, GRB_INFINITY, 1.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, 1,
&c[i], &coef, "ArtP_" +
c[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_ConstrName));
}
}

// optimize modified model

feasmodel.optimize();
feasmodel.write("feasopt.lp");

// use FeasRelax feature */

feasmodel1.feasRelax(GRB_FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
feasmodel1.write("feasopt1.lp");
feasmodel1.optimize();
}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] c;
delete env;
return 0;
}

170
xanddive_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,

sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
linearly infeasible. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <deque>
using namespace std;

bool vcomp(GRBVar*, GRBVar*) throw(GRBException);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
cout << "Usage: fixanddive_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBVar* x = 0;
try
{
// Read model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);

// Collect integer variables and relax them

// Note that we use GRBVar* to copy variables
deque<GRBVar*> intvars;
x = model.getVars();
for (int j = 0; j < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars); ++j)
{
if (x[j].get(GRB_CharAttr_VType) != GRB_CONTINUOUS)
{
intvars.push_back(&x[j]);
x[j].set(GRB_CharAttr_VType, GRB_CONTINUOUS);

171
 }
}

model.set(GRB_IntParam_OutputFlag, 0);
model.optimize();

// Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

// quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value
// in the relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat.

for (int iter = 0; iter < 1000; ++iter)

{

// create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of

// increasing distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest
// integer value

deque<GRBVar*> fractional;
for (size_t j = 0; j < intvars.size(); ++j)
{
double sol = fabs(intvars[j]->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X));
if (fabs(sol - floor(sol + 0.5)) > 1e-5)
{
fractional.push_back(intvars[j]);
}
}

cout << "Iteration " << iter << ", obj " <<
model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << ", fractional " <<
fractional.size() << endl;

if (fractional.size() == 0)
{
cout << "Found feasible solution - objective " <<
model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
break;
}

// Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value

sort(fractional.begin(), fractional.end(), vcomp);
int nfix = fractional.size() / 4;
nfix = (nfix > 1) ? nfix : 1;
for (int i = 0; i < nfix; ++i)
{
GRBVar* v = fractional[i];

172
 double fixval = floor(v->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) + 0.5);
v->set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, fixval);
v->set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, fixval);
cout << " Fix " << v->get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " to " <<
fixval << " ( rel " << v->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << " )" <<
endl;
}

model.optimize();

// Check optimization result

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "Relaxation is infeasible" << endl;
break;
}
}

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] x;
delete env;
return 0;
}

bool vcomp(GRBVar* v1,

GRBVar* v2) throw(GRBException)
{
double sol1 = fabs(v1->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X));
double sol2 = fabs(v2->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X));
double frac1 = fabs(sol1 - floor(sol1 + 0.5));
double frac2 = fabs(sol2 - floor(sol2 + 0.5));
return (frac1 < frac2);
}

173
genconstr_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling

* some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
* want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
* of the logical for
*
* L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
* (x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
* (~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
* (~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)
*
* We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
* negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
* variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
* the minimum of the clauses (so if it one, we can satisfy all clauses)
* and put these two variables in the objective.
* i.e. the Objective function will be
*
* maximize Obj0 + Obj1
*
* Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)
* Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4
*
* thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
* clauses; one if and only if at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
* zero otherwise.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

#define n 4
#define NLITERALS 4 // same as n
#define NCLAUSES 8
#define NOBJ 2

int
main(void)
{
GRBEnv *env = 0;

174
try{
// Example data
// e.g. {0, n+1, 2} means clause (x0 or ~x1 or x2)
const int Clauses[][3] = {{ 0, n+1, 2}, { 1, n+2, 3},
{ 2, n+3, 0}, { 3, n+0, 1},
{n+0, n+1, 2}, {n+1, n+2, 3},
{n+2, n+3, 0}, {n+3, n+0, 1}};

int i, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
env = new GRBEnv("genconstr_c++.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "genconstr_c++");

// Initialize decision variables and objective

GRBVar Lit[NLITERALS];
GRBVar NotLit[NLITERALS];
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
ostringstream vname;
vname << "X" << i;
Lit[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, vname.str());

vname.str("");
vname << "notX" << i;
NotLit[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, vname.str());
}

GRBVar Cla[NCLAUSES];
for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
ostringstream vname;
vname << "Clause" << i;
Cla[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, vname.str());
}

GRBVar Obj[NOBJ];
for (i = 0; i < NOBJ; i++) {
ostringstream vname;
vname << "Obj" << i;
Obj[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, GRB_BINARY, vname.str());
}

175
 // Link Xi and notXi
GRBLinExpr lhs;
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
ostringstream cname;
cname << "CNSTR_X" << i;
lhs = 0;
lhs += Lit[i];
lhs += NotLit[i];
model.addConstr(lhs == 1.0, cname.str());
}

// Link clauses and literals

GRBVar clause[3];
for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (Clauses[i][j] >= n) clause[j] = NotLit[Clauses[i][j]-n];
else clause[j] = Lit[Clauses[i][j]];
}
ostringstream cname;
cname << "CNSTR_Clause" << i;
model.addGenConstrOr(Cla[i], clause, 3, cname.str());
}

// Link objs with clauses

model.addGenConstrMin(Obj[0], Cla, NCLAUSES,
GRB_INFINITY, "CNSTR_Obj0");
lhs = 0;
for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
lhs += Cla[i];
}
model.addGenConstrIndicator(Obj[1], 1, lhs >= 4.0, "CNSTR_Obj1");

// Set global objective sense

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

// Save problem
model.write("genconstr_c++.mps");
model.write("genconstr_c++.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

176
 if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
cout << "The model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// Print result
double objval = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);

if (objval > 1.9)

cout << "Logical expression is satisfiable" << endl;
else if (objval > 0.9)
cout << "At least four clauses can be satisfied" << endl;
else
cout << "Not even three clauses can be satisfied" << endl;

} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

// Free environment
delete env;

return 0;
}

177
lp_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
and writes it to a file */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: lp_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(env, argv[1]);

model.optimize();

int optimstatus = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_Presolve, 0);
model.optimize();
optimstatus = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);
}

if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
double objval = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);
cout << "Optimal objective: " << objval << endl;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INFEASIBLE) {
cout << "Model is infeasible" << endl;

// compute and write out IIS

model.computeIIS();
model.write("model.ilp");

178
 } else if (optimstatus == GRB_UNBOUNDED) {
cout << "Model is unbounded" << endl;
} else {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status = "
<< optimstatus << endl;
}

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

179
lpmethod_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;

show which value gives the shortest solve time. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{

if (argc < 2)
{
cout << "Usage: lpmethod_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

try {
// Read model
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();
GRBModel m = GRBModel(env, argv[1]);

// Solve the model with different values of Method

int bestMethod = -1;
double bestTime = m.get(GRB_DoubleParam_TimeLimit);
for (int i = 0; i <= 2; ++i) {
m.reset();
m.set(GRB_IntParam_Method, i);
m.optimize();
if (m.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
bestTime = m.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Runtime);
bestMethod = i;
// Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time
// with other methods
m.set(GRB_DoubleParam_TimeLimit, bestTime);
}
}

// Report which method was fastest

if (bestMethod == -1) {
cout << "Unable to solve this model" << endl;
} else {

180
 cout << "Solved in " << bestTime
<< " seconds with Method: " << bestMethod << endl;
}
} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

181
lpmod_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
(i.e. 'from scratch'). */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
cout << "Usage: lpmod_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBVar* v = 0;
try
{
// Read model and determine whether it is an LP
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);
if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) != 0)
{
cout << "The model is not a linear program" << endl;
return 1;
}

model.optimize();

int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||

(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
cout << "The model cannot be solved because it is "
<< "infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 1;

182
}

if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 0;
}

// Find the smallest variable value

double minVal = GRB_INFINITY;
int minVar = 0;
v = model.getVars();
for (int j = 0; j < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars); ++j)
{
double sol = v[j].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X);
if ((sol > 0.0001) && (sol < minVal) &&
(v[j].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB) == 0.0))
{
minVal = sol;
minVar = j;
}
}

cout << "\n*** Setting " << v[minVar].get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName)

<< " from " << minVal << " to zero ***" << endl << endl;
v[minVar].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, 0.0);

// Solve from this starting point

model.optimize();

// Save iteration & time info

double warmCount = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_IterCount);
double warmTime = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Runtime);

// Reset the model and resolve

cout << "\n*** Resetting and solving "
<< "without an advanced start ***\n" << endl;
model.reset();
model.optimize();

// Save iteration & time info

double coldCount = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_IterCount);
double coldTime = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Runtime);

cout << "\n*** Warm start: " << warmCount << " iterations, " <<

183
 warmTime << " seconds" << endl;
cout << "*** Cold start: " << coldCount << " iterations, " <<
coldTime << " seconds" << endl;

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] v;
delete env;
return 0;
}

184
mip1_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:

maximize x + y + 2 z
subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z binary
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
try {
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, "z");

// Set objective: maximize x + y + 2 z

model.setObjective(x + y + 2 * z, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.addConstr(x + y >= 1, "c1");

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

185
 cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

186
mip2_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and

prints the objective values from all feasible solutions
generated while solving the MIP. Then it creates the fixed
model and solves that model. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: mip2_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar *vars = 0, *fvars = 0;
try {
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) == 0) {
throw GRBException("Model is not a MIP");
}

model.optimize();

int optimstatus = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

cout << "Optimization complete" << endl;

double objval = 0;
if (optimstatus == GRB_OPTIMAL) {
objval = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);
cout << "Optimal objective: " << objval << endl;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) {
cout << "Model is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 0;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_INFEASIBLE) {
cout << "Model is infeasible" << endl;

187
 return 0;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB_UNBOUNDED) {
cout << "Model is unbounded" << endl;
return 0;
} else {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status = "
<< optimstatus << endl;
return 0;
}

/* Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives */

int numvars = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars);

vars = model.getVars();
model.set(GRB_IntParam_OutputFlag, 0);

cout << endl;

for ( int k = 0; k < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_SolCount); ++k ) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_SolutionNumber, k);
double objn = 0.0;

for (int j = 0; j < numvars; j++) {

GRBVar v = vars[j];
objn += v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj) * v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Xn);
}

cout << "Solution " << k << " has objective: " << objn << endl;
}
cout << endl;
model.set(GRB_IntParam_OutputFlag, 1);

/* Create a fixed model, turn off presolve and solve */

GRBModel fixed = model.fixedModel();

fixed.set(GRB_IntParam_Presolve, 0);

fixed.optimize();

int foptimstatus = fixed.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if (foptimstatus != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cerr << "Error: fixed model isn't optimal" << endl;
return 0;
}

188
 double fobjval = fixed.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);

if (fabs(fobjval - objval) > 1.0e-6 * (1.0 + fabs(objval))) {

cerr << "Error: objective values are different" << endl;
return 0;
}

/* Print values of nonzero variables */

fvars = fixed.getVars();
for (int j = 0; j < numvars; j++) {
GRBVar v = fvars[j];
if (v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) != 0.0) {
cout << v.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
}
}

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] fvars;
delete[] vars;
delete env;
return 0;
}

189
multiobj_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of

* elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
* be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int
main(void)
{
GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar *Elem = 0;
int e, i, status, nSolutions;

try{
// Sample data
const int groundSetSize = 20;
const int nSubsets = 4;
const int Budget = 12;
double Set[][20] =
{ { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 } };
int SetObjPriority[] = {3, 2, 2, 1};
double SetObjWeight[] = {1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0};

// Create environment
env = new GRBEnv("multiobj_c++.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "multiobj_c++");

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering.
Elem = model.addVars(groundSetSize, GRB_BINARY);
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
ostringstream vname;
vname << "El" << e;

190
 Elem[e].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

// Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs;
lhs = 0;
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
lhs += Elem[e];
}
model.addConstr(lhs <= Budget, "Budget");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.set(GRB_IntParam_PoolSolutions, 100);

// Set number of objectives

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_NumObj, 4);

// Set and configure i-th objective

for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_ObjNumber, i);
model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ObjNPriority, SetObjPriority[i]);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNWeight, SetObjWeight[i]);

ostringstream vname;
vname << "Set" << i;
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ObjNName, vname.str());
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNRelTol, 0.01);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNAbsTol, 1.0 + i);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjN, Elem, Set[i], groundSetSize);
}

// Save problem
model.write("multiobj_c++.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||

191
 status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
cout << "The model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// Print best selected set

cout << "Selected elements in best solution:" << endl << "\t";
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) < .9) continue;
cout << " El" << e;
}
cout << endl;

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_SolCount);
cout << "Number of solutions found: " << nSolutions << endl;

// Print objective values of solutions

if (nSolutions > 10) nSolutions = 10;
cout << "Objective values for first " << nSolutions;
cout << " solutions:" << endl;
for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_ObjNumber, i);

cout << "\tSet" << i;

for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
cout << " ";
model.set(GRB_IntParam_SolutionNumber, e);
double val = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNVal);
cout << std::setw(6) << val;
}
cout << endl;
}

}
catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}

192
 catch (...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

// Free environment/vars
delete[] Elem;
delete env;
return 0;
}

193
params_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Use parameters that are associated with a model.

A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.

The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
is resumed until the optimal solution is found.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
cout << "Usage: params_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBModel *bestModel = 0, *m = 0;
try
{
// Read model and verify that it is a MIP
env = new GRBEnv();
m = new GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);
if (m->get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) == 0)
{
cout << "The model is not an integer program" << endl;
return 1;
}

// Set a 5 second time limit

m->set(GRB_DoubleParam_TimeLimit, 5);

// Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus

bestModel = new GRBModel(*m);
bestModel->optimize();
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i)
{
m->reset();

194
 m->set(GRB_IntParam_MIPFocus, i);
m->optimize();
if (bestModel->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_MIPGap) >
m->get(GRB_DoubleAttr_MIPGap))
{
swap(bestModel, m);
}
}

// Finally, delete the extra model, reset the time limit and
// continue to solve the best model to optimality
delete m;
m = 0;
bestModel->set(GRB_DoubleParam_TimeLimit, GRB_INFINITY);
bestModel->optimize();
cout << "Solved with MIPFocus: " <<
bestModel->get(GRB_IntParam_MIPFocus) << endl;

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete bestModel;
delete m;
delete env;
return 0;
}

195
piecewise_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

minimize f(x) - y + g(z)

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z <= 1

where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It

formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

double f(double u) { return exp(-u); }

double g(double u) { return 2 * u * u - 4 * u; }

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
double *ptu = NULL;
double *ptf = NULL;
double *ptg = NULL;

try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();

// Create a new model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

double lb = 0.0, ub = 1.0;

196
GRBVar x = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "x");
GRBVar y = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective for y

model.setObjective(-y);

// Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z

int npts = 101;

ptu = new double[npts];
ptf = new double[npts];
ptg = new double[npts];

for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptu[i] = lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1);
ptf[i] = f(ptu[i]);
ptg[i] = g(ptu[i]);
}

model.setPWLObj(x, npts, ptu, ptf);

model.setPWLObj(z, npts, ptu, ptg);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.addConstr(x + y >= 1, "c1");

// Optimize model as an LP

model.optimize();

cout << "IsMIP: " << model.get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) << endl;

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

197
 cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

cout << endl;

// Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptf[i] = -ptf[i];
}

model.setPWLObj(x, npts, ptu, ptf);

// Optimize model as a MIP

model.optimize();

cout << "IsMIP: " << model.get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) << endl;

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] ptu;
delete[] ptf;
delete[] ptg;

return 0;
}

198
poolsearch_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

* problem by using PoolSearchMode */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar *Elem = 0;
int e, status, nSolutions;

try {
// Sample data
const int groundSetSize = 10;
double objCoef[10] =
{32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1};
double knapsackCoef[10] =
{16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1};
double Budget = 33;

// Create environment
env = new GRBEnv("poolsearch_c++.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "poolsearch_c++");

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen
Elem = model.addVars(groundSetSize, GRB_BINARY);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, Elem, objCoef, groundSetSize);

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {

ostringstream vname;
vname << "El" << e;
Elem[e].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

199
 // Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most
// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs;
lhs = 0;
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
lhs += Elem[e] * knapsackCoef[e];
}
model.addConstr(lhs <= Budget, "Budget");

// set global sense for ALL objectives

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.set(GRB_IntParam_PoolSolutions, 1024);

// Limit the search space by setting a gap for the worst possible solution that will be acce
model.set(GRB_DoubleParam_PoolGap, 0.10);

// do a systematic search for the k-best solutions

model.set(GRB_IntParam_PoolSearchMode, 2);

// save problem
model.write("poolsearch_c++.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if (status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB_INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB_UNBOUNDED ) {
cout << "The model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// Print best selected set

cout << "Selected elements in best solution:" << endl << "\t";
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {

200
 if (Elem[e].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) < .9) continue;
cout << " El" << e;
}
cout << endl;

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_SolCount);
cout << "Number of solutions found: " << nSolutions << endl;

// Print objective values of solutions

for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_SolutionNumber, e);
cout << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_PoolObjVal) << " ";
if (e%15 == 14) cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;

// print fourth best set if available

if (nSolutions >= 4) {
model.set(GRB_IntParam_SolutionNumber, 3);

cout << "Selected elements in fourth best solution:" << endl << "\t";
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_Xn) < .9) continue;
cout << " El" << e;
}
cout << endl;
}
}
catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

// Free environment/vars
delete[] Elem;
delete env;
return 0;
}

201
sensitivity_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
the impact on the objective function value is reported.
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: sensitivity_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBVar* vars = NULL;

double* origX = NULL;

try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();

// Read and solve model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(env, argv[1]);

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_IsMIP) == 0) {
cout << "Model is not a MIP" << endl;
return 1;
}

model.optimize();

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization ended with status "
<< model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) << endl;
return 1;

202
}

// Store the optimal solution

double origObjVal = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal);

vars = model.getVars();
int numVars = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars);
origX = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X, vars, numVars);

// Disable solver output for subsequent solves

model.set(GRB_IntParam_OutputFlag, 0);

// Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model

for (int i = 0; i < numVars; i++) {

GRBVar v = vars[i];
char vType = v.get(GRB_CharAttr_VType);

if (v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB) == 0 && v.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB) == 1

&& (vType == GRB_BINARY || vType == GRB_INTEGER)) {

// Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution

if (origX[i] < 0.5) {

v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, 1.0);
v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Start, 1.0);
} else {
v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, 0.0);
v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Start, 0.0);
}

// Update MIP start for the other variables

for (int j = 0; j < numVars; j++) {

if (j != i) {
vars[j].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Start, origX[j]);
}
}

// Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information

model.optimize();

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status) == GRB_OPTIMAL) {

203
 cout << "Objective sensitivity for variable "
<< v.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " is "
<< (model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) - origObjVal) << endl;
} else {
cout << "Objective sensitivity for variable "
<< v.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " is infinite" << endl;
}

// Restore the original variable bounds

v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, 0.0);
v.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, 1.0);
}
}

} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] vars;
delete[] origX;

return 0;
}

204
qcp_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:

maximize x
subject to x + y + z = 1
x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)
*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
try {
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, GRB_INFINITY, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, GRB_INFINITY, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, GRB_INFINITY, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBLinExpr obj = x;
model.setObjective(obj, GRB_MAXIMIZE);

// Add linear constraint: x + y + z = 1

model.addConstr(x + y + z == 1, "c0");

// Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

model.addQConstr(x*x + y*y <= z*z, "qc0");

// Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

model.addQConstr(x*x <= y*z, "qc1");

205
 // Optimize model

model.optimize();

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

206
qp_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.

*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
try {
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBQuadExpr obj = x*x + x*y + y*y + y*z + z*z + 2*x;

model.setObjective(obj);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4

model.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z >= 4, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.addConstr(x + y >= 1, "c1");

// Optimize model

207
 model.optimize();

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

// Change variable types to integer

x.set(GRB_CharAttr_VType, GRB_INTEGER);
y.set(GRB_CharAttr_VType, GRB_INTEGER);
z.set(GRB_CharAttr_VType, GRB_INTEGER);

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

cout << x.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "

<< x.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << y.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< y.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
cout << z.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< z.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

208
sos_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar *x = 0;
try {
env = new GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);

// Create variables

double ub[] = {1, 1, 2};

double obj[] = {-2, -1, -1};
string names[] = {"x0", "x1", "x2"};

x = model.addVars(NULL, ub, obj, NULL, names, 3);

// Add first SOS1: x0=0 or x1=0

GRBVar sosv1[] = {x[0], x[1]};

double soswt1[] = {1, 2};

model.addSOS(sosv1, soswt1, 2, GRB_SOS_TYPE1);

// Add second SOS1: x0=0 or x2=0 */

GRBVar sosv2[] = {x[0], x[2]};

double soswt2[] = {1, 2};

model.addSOS(sosv2, soswt2, 2, GRB_SOS_TYPE1);

// Optimize model

209
 model.optimize();

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

cout << x[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " "
<< x[i].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;

cout << "Obj: " << model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;

} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch(...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] x;
delete env;
return 0;
}

210
sudoku_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */
/*
Sudoku example.

The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
same value.

In the MIP formulation, binary variables x[i,j,v] indicate whether

cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x[i,j,v] = 1)
2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x[i,j,v] = 1)
3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x[i,j,v] = 1)
4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x[i,j,v] = 1)

Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

*/

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

#define sd 3
#define n (sd*sd)

string itos(int i) {stringstream s; s << i; return s.str(); }

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
try {
GRBEnv env = GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(env);

GRBVar vars[n][n][n];
int i, j, v;

// Create 3-D array of model variables

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (v = 0; v < n; v++) {

211
 string s = "G_" + itos(i) + "_" + itos(j) + "_" + itos(v);
vars[i][j][v] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB_BINARY, s);
}
}
}

// Add constraints

// Each cell must take one value

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (v = 0; v < n; v++)
expr += vars[i][j][v];
string s = "V_" + itos(i) + "_" + itos(j);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB_EQUAL, 1.0, s);
}
}

// Each value appears once per row

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (v = 0; v < n; v++) {
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr += vars[i][j][v];
string s = "R_" + itos(i) + "_" + itos(v);
model.addConstr(expr == 1.0, s);
}
}

// Each value appears once per column

for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {

for (v = 0; v < n; v++) {
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
expr += vars[i][j][v];
string s = "C_" + itos(j) + "_" + itos(v);
model.addConstr(expr == 1.0, s);
}
}

// Each value appears once per sub-grid

212
for (v = 0; v < n; v++) {
for (int i0 = 0; i0 < sd; i0++) {
for (int j0 = 0; j0 < sd; j0++) {
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (int i1 = 0; i1 < sd; i1++) {
for (int j1 = 0; j1 < sd; j1++) {
expr += vars[i0*sd+i1][j0*sd+j1][v];
}
}

string s = "Sub_" + itos(v) + "_" + itos(i0) + "_" + itos(j0);

model.addConstr(expr == 1.0, s);
}
}
}

// Fix variables associated with pre-specified cells

char input[10];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> input;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
int val = (int) input[j] - 48 - 1; // 0-based

if (val >= 0)
vars[i][j][val].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, 1.0);
}
}

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

// Write model to file

model.write("sudoku.lp");

cout << endl;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (v = 0; v < n; v++) {
if (vars[i][j][v].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) > 0.5)
cout << v+1;
}

213
 }
cout << endl;
}
cout << endl;
} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

return 0;
}

214
tsp_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of

points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
tours that don't visit every node. The lazy constraint callback
adds new constraints to cut them off. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cmath>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

string itos(int i) {stringstream s; s << i; return s.str(); }

double distance(double* x, double* y, int i, int j);
void findsubtour(int n, double** sol, int* tourlenP, int* tour);

// Subtour elimination callback. Whenever a feasible solution is found,

// find the smallest subtour, and add a subtour elimination constraint
// if the tour doesn't visit every node.

class subtourelim: public GRBCallback

{
public:
GRBVar** vars;
int n;
subtourelim(GRBVar** xvars, int xn) {
vars = xvars;
n = xn;
}
protected:
void callback() {
try {
if (where == GRB_CB_MIPSOL) {
// Found an integer feasible solution - does it visit every node?
double **x = new double*[n];
int *tour = new int[n];
int i, j, len;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
x[i] = getSolution(vars[i], n);

215
 findsubtour(n, x, &len, tour);

if (len < n) {
// Add subtour elimination constraint
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
for (j = i+1; j < len; j++)
expr += vars[tour[i]][tour[j]];
addLazy(expr <= len-1);
}

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

delete[] x[i];
delete[] x;
delete[] tour;
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error number: " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during callback" << endl;
}
}
};

// Given an integer-feasible solution 'sol', find the smallest

// sub-tour. Result is returned in 'tour', and length is
// returned in 'tourlenP'.

void
findsubtour(int n,
double** sol,
int* tourlenP,
int* tour)
{
bool* seen = new bool[n];
int bestind, bestlen;
int i, node, len, start;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

seen[i] = false;

start = 0;
bestlen = n+1;
bestind = -1;

216
 node = 0;
while (start < n) {
for (node = 0; node < n; node++)
if (!seen[node])
break;
if (node == n)
break;
for (len = 0; len < n; len++) {
tour[start+len] = node;
seen[node] = true;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (sol[node][i] > 0.5 && !seen[i]) {
node = i;
break;
}
}
if (i == n) {
len++;
if (len < bestlen) {
bestlen = len;
bestind = start;
}
start += len;
break;
}
}
}

for (i = 0; i < bestlen; i++)

tour[i] = tour[bestind+i];
*tourlenP = bestlen;

delete[] seen;
}

// Euclidean distance between points 'i' and 'j'.

double
distance(double* x,
double* y,
int i,
int j)
{
double dx = x[i]-x[j];
double dy = y[i]-y[j];

217
 return sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);
}

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: tsp_c++ size" << endl;
return 1;
}

int n = atoi(argv[1]);
double* x = new double[n];
double* y = new double[n];

int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
x[i] = ((double) rand())/RAND_MAX;
y[i] = ((double) rand())/RAND_MAX;
}

GRBEnv *env = NULL;

GRBVar **vars = NULL;

vars = new GRBVar*[n];

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
vars[i] = new GRBVar[n];

try {
int j;

env = new GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);

// Must set LazyConstraints parameter when using lazy constraints

model.set(GRB_IntParam_LazyConstraints, 1);

// Create binary decision variables

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
vars[i][j] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, distance(x, y, i, j),

218
 GRB_BINARY, "x_"+itos(i)+"_"+itos(j));
vars[j][i] = vars[i][j];
}
}

// Degree-2 constraints

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr += vars[i][j];
model.addConstr(expr == 2, "deg2_"+itos(i));
}

// Forbid edge from node back to itself

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

vars[i][i].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, 0);

// Set callback function

subtourelim cb = subtourelim(vars, n);

model.setCallback(&cb);

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

// Extract solution

if (model.get(GRB_IntAttr_SolCount) > 0) {
double **sol = new double*[n];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
sol[i] = model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X, vars[i], n);

int* tour = new int[n];

int len;

findsubtour(n, sol, &len, tour);

assert(len == n);

cout << "Tour: ";

for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
cout << tour[i] << " ";
cout << endl;

219
 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
delete[] sol[i];
delete[] sol;
delete[] tour;
}

} catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error number: " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during optimization" << endl;
}

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

delete[] vars[i];
delete[] vars;
delete[] x;
delete[] y;
delete env;
return 0;
}

220
tune_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.

It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
and solves the model using these parameters. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2) {
cout << "Usage: tune_c++ filename" << endl;
return 1;
}

GRBEnv *env = 0;
try {
env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env, argv[1]);

// Set the TuneResults parameter to 1

model.set(GRB_IntParam_TuneResults, 1);

// Tune the model

model.tune();

// Get the number of tuning results

int resultcount = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_TuneResultCount);

if (resultcount > 0) {

// Load the tuned parameters into the model's environment

model.getTuneResult(0);

221
 // Write tuned parameters to a file

model.write("tune.prm");

// Solve the model using the tuned parameters

model.optimize();
}
} catch(GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
} catch (...) {
cout << "Error during tuning" << endl;
}

delete env;
return 0;
}

222
workforce1_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts
besides what is reported via IIS. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBConstr* c = 0;
GRBVar** x = 0;
int xCt = 0;
try
{

// Sample data
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

// Sets of days and workers

string Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][nShifts] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },

223
 { 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = new GRBVar*[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
x[w] = model.addVars(nShifts);
xCt++;
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
ostringstream vname;
vname << Workers[w] << "." << Shifts[s];
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, availability[w][s]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, pay[w]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
lhs += x[w][s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

224
 // Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
cout << "The model cannot be solved "
<< "because it is unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "The optimal objective is " <<
model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
return 0;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// do IIS
cout << "The model is infeasible; computing IIS" << endl;
model.computeIIS();
cout << "\nThe following constraint(s) "
<< "cannot be satisfied:" << endl;
c = model.getConstrs();
for (int i = 0; i < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumConstrs); ++i)
{
if (c[i].get(GRB_IntAttr_IISConstr) == 1)
{
cout << c[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_ConstrName) << endl;
}
}

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

225
 delete[] c;
for (int i = 0; i < xCt; ++i) {
delete[] x[i];
}
delete[] x;
delete env;
return 0;
}

226
workforce2_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
find all conflicting constraints. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
#include <deque>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBConstr* c = 0;
GRBVar** x = 0;
int xCt = 0;
try
{

// Sample data
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

// Sets of days and workers

string Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][nShifts] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },

227
 { 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = new GRBVar*[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
x[w] = model.addVars(nShifts);
xCt++;
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
ostringstream vname;
vname << Workers[w] << "." << Shifts[s];
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, availability[w][s]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, pay[w]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
lhs += x[w][s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

228
// Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
cout << "The model cannot be solved "
<< "because it is unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "The optimal objective is " <<
model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
return 0;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// do IIS
cout << "The model is infeasible; computing IIS" << endl;
deque<string> removed;

// Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved

while (1)
{
model.computeIIS();
cout << "\nThe following constraint cannot be satisfied:" << endl;
c = model.getConstrs();
for (int i = 0; i < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumConstrs); ++i)
{
if (c[i].get(GRB_IntAttr_IISConstr) == 1)
{
cout << c[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_ConstrName) << endl;
// Remove a single constraint from the model
removed.push_back(c[i].get(GRB_StringAttr_ConstrName));
model.remove(c[i]);
break;
}
}
delete[] c;
c = 0;

229
 cout << endl;
model.optimize();
status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
cout << "The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded" << endl;
return 0;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
break;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}
}
cout << "\nThe following constraints were removed "
<< "to get a feasible LP:" << endl;

for (deque<string>::iterator r = removed.begin();

r != removed.end();
++r)
{
cout << *r << " ";
}
cout << endl;

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] c;
for (int i = 0; i < xCt; ++i) {
delete[] x[i];
}

230
 delete[] x;
delete env;
return 0;
}

231
workforce3_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
they need to be relaxed. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBConstr* c = 0;
GRBVar** x = 0;
GRBVar* vars = 0;
int xCt = 0;
try
{

// Sample data
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

// Sets of days and workers

string Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][nShifts] =

232
 { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = new GRBVar*[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
x[w] = model.addVars(nShifts);
xCt++;
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
ostringstream vname;
vname << Workers[w] << "." << Shifts[s];
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, availability[w][s]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_Obj, pay[w]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
{
lhs += x[w][s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

233
 // Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);
if (status == GRB_UNBOUNDED)
{
cout << "The model cannot be solved "
<< "because it is unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status == GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "The optimal objective is " <<
model.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjVal) << endl;
return 0;
}
if ((status != GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) && (status != GRB_INFEASIBLE))
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

// Relax the constraints to make the model feasible

cout << "The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints" << endl;
int orignumvars = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars);
model.feasRelax(0, false, false, true);
model.optimize();
status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);
if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) || (status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED))
{
cout << "The relaxed model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return 1;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
{
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return 1;
}

cout << "\nSlack values:" << endl;

vars = model.getVars();
for (int i = orignumvars; i < model.get(GRB_IntAttr_NumVars); ++i)
{

234
 GRBVar sv = vars[i];
if (sv.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) > 1e-6)
{
cout << sv.get(GRB_StringAttr_VarName) << " = " <<
sv.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
}
}

}
catch (GRBException e)
{
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...)
{
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

delete[] c;
for (int i = 0; i < xCt; ++i) {
delete[] x[i];
}
delete[] x;
delete[] vars;
delete env;
return 0;
}

235
workforce4_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

* particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
* first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
* the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
* tries to balance the workload among the workers. */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int solveAndPrint(GRBModel& model, GRBVar& totSlack,

int nWorkers, string* Workers,
GRBVar* totShifts) throw(GRBException);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv* env = 0;
GRBVar** x = 0;
GRBVar* slacks = 0;
GRBVar* totShifts = 0;
GRBVar* diffShifts = 0;
int xCt = 0;

try
{
// Sample data
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 7;

// Sets of days and workers

string Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

236
// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift
double availability[][nShifts] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model
env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
x = new GRBVar*[nWorkers];
int s, w;

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {

x[w] = model.addVars(nShifts);
xCt++;

for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {

ostringstream vname;

vname << Workers[w] << "." << Shifts[s];

x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, availability[w][s]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_CharAttr_VType, GRB_BINARY);
x[w][s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
// be satisfied
slacks = model.addVars(nShifts);
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
ostringstream vname;

vname << Shifts[s] << "Slack";

slacks[s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

237
 // Variable to represent the total slack
GRBVar totSlack = model.addVar(0, GRB_INFINITY, 0, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

totShifts = model.addVars(nWorkers);
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
ostringstream vname;

vname << Workers[w] << "TotShifts";

totShifts[w].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs = 0;
lhs += slacks[s];

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {

lhs += x[w][s];
}

model.addConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);

}

// Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s)
{
lhs += slacks[s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == totSlack, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs += x[w][s];
}
ostringstream vname;
vname << "totShifts" << Workers[w];

238
 model.addConstr(lhs == totShifts[w], vname.str());
}

// Objective: minimize the total slack

GRBLinExpr obj = 0;
obj += totSlack;
model.setObjective(obj);

// Optimize
int status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
return 1;

// Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds

totSlack.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, totSlack.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X));
totSlack.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, totSlack.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X));

// Variable to count the average number of shifts worked

GRBVar avgShifts =
model.addVar(0, GRB_INFINITY, 0, GRB_CONTINUOUS, "avgShifts");

// Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;

// note that these variables can take negative values.
diffShifts = model.addVars(nWorkers);
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
ostringstream vname;
vname << Workers[w] << "Diff";
diffShifts[w].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
diffShifts[w].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_LB, -GRB_INFINITY);
}

// Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked

lhs = 0;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs += totShifts[w];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == nWorkers * avgShifts, "avgShifts");

// Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = 0;
lhs += totShifts[w];
lhs -= avgShifts;
ostringstream vname;
vname << Workers[w] << "Diff";

239
 model.addConstr(lhs == diffShifts[w], vname.str());
}

// Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
// average number of shifts worked
GRBQuadExpr qobj;
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
qobj += diffShifts[w] * diffShifts[w];
}
model.setObjective(qobj);

// Optimize
status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
return 1;
}
catch (GRBException e) {
cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

for (int i = 0; i < xCt; ++i) {

delete[] x[i];
}
delete[] x;
delete[] slacks;
delete[] totShifts;
delete[] diffShifts;
delete env;

return 0;
}

int solveAndPrint(GRBModel& model,

GRBVar& totSlack,
int nWorkers,
string* Workers,
GRBVar* totShifts) throw(GRBException)
{
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

240
 if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) ||
(status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED) ) {
cout << "The model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return status;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
cout << endl << "Total slack required: " <<
totSlack.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
cout << Workers[w] << " worked " <<
totShifts[w].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << " shifts" << endl;
}
cout << endl;

return status;
}

241
workforce5_c++.cpp
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
(i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

#include "gurobi_c++.h"
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;

int solveAndPrint(GRBModel& model, GRBVar& totSlack,

int nWorkers, string* Workers,
GRBVar* totShifts) throw(GRBException);

int
main(int argc,
char *argv[])
{
GRBEnv *env = 0;
GRBVar **x = 0;
GRBVar *slacks = 0;
GRBVar *totShifts = 0;
int xCt = 0;
int s, w;

try {
// Sample data
const int nShifts = 14;
const int nWorkers = 8;

// Sets of days and workers

string Shifts[] =
{ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string Workers[] =
{ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi" };

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =

242
{ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][14] =
{ { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Create environment
env = new GRBEnv("workforce5_c++.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = GRBModel(*env);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ModelName, "workforce5_c++");

// Initialize assignment decision variables:

// x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
// This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
x = new GRBVar*[nWorkers];
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; w++) {
x[w] = model.addVars(nShifts, GRB_BINARY);
xCt++;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; s++) {
ostringstream vname;

vname << Workers[w] << "." << Shifts[s];

x[w][s].set(GRB_DoubleAttr_UB, availability[w][s]);
x[w][s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}
}

// Initialize slack decision variables

slacks = model.addVars(nShifts);
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; s++) {
ostringstream vname;

vname << Shifts[s] << "Slack";

slacks[s].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

243
 // Variable to represent the total slack
GRBVar totSlack = model.addVar(0, GRB_INFINITY, 0, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Initialize variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

totShifts = model.addVars(nWorkers);
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; w++) {
ostringstream vname;

vname << Workers[w] << "TotShifts";

totShifts[w].set(GRB_StringAttr_VarName, vname.str());
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s, plus the slack
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; s++) {
lhs = 0;
lhs += slacks[s];
for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; w++) {
lhs += x[w][s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Constraint: set totSlack column equal to the total slack

lhs = 0;
for (s = 0; s < nShifts; s++) {
lhs += slacks[s];
}
model.addConstr(lhs == totSlack, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (w = 0; w < nWorkers; w++) {
lhs = 0;

for (s = 0; s < nShifts; s++) {

lhs += x[w][s];
}

ostringstream vname;
vname << "totShifts" << Workers[w];
model.addConstr(lhs == totShifts[w], vname.str());

244
 }

// Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less <=/>= to the

// number of shifts among all workers
GRBVar minShift = model.addVar(0, GRB_INFINITY, 0, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"minShift");
GRBVar maxShift = model.addVar(0, GRB_INFINITY, 0, GRB_CONTINUOUS,
"maxShift");
model.addGenConstrMin(minShift, totShifts, nWorkers, GRB_INFINITY, "minShift");
model.addGenConstrMax(maxShift, totShifts, nWorkers, -GRB_INFINITY, "maxShift");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ModelSense, GRB_MINIMIZE);

// Set number of objectives

model.set(GRB_IntAttr_NumObj, 2);

// Set and configure objective 0

model.set(GRB_IntParam_ObjNumber, 0);
model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ObjNPriority, 2);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNWeight, 1.0);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ObjNName, "TotalSlack");
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNRelTol, 0.1);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNAbsTol, 2.0);
totSlack.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjN, 1.0);

// set and configure objective 1

model.set(GRB_IntParam_ObjNumber, 1);
model.set(GRB_IntAttr_ObjNPriority, 1);
model.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjNWeight, 1.0);
model.set(GRB_StringAttr_ObjNName, "Fairness");
maxShift.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjN, 1.0);
minShift.set(GRB_DoubleAttr_ObjN, -1.0);

// Save problem
model.write("workforce5++.lp");

// Optimize
int status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);

// Delete local variables

if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL)
return 1;
}
catch (GRBException e){

245
 cout << "Error code = " << e.getErrorCode() << endl;
cout << e.getMessage() << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "Exception during optimization" << endl;
}

for (s = 0; s < xCt; s++)

delete[] x[s];
delete[] x;
delete[] slacks;
delete[] totShifts;
delete env;
return 0;
}

int solveAndPrint(GRBModel& model,

GRBVar& totSlack,
int nWorkers,
string* Workers,
GRBVar* totShifts) throw(GRBException)
{
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB_IntAttr_Status);

if ((status == GRB_INF_OR_UNBD) ||
(status == GRB_INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB_UNBOUNDED) ) {
cout << "The model cannot be solved " <<
"because it is infeasible or unbounded" << endl;
return status;
}
if (status != GRB_OPTIMAL) {
cout << "Optimization was stopped with status " << status << endl;
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
cout << endl << "Total slack required: " <<
totSlack.get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << endl;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
cout << Workers[w] << " worked " <<
totShifts[w].get(GRB_DoubleAttr_X) << " shifts" << endl;
}
cout << endl;

246
 return status;
}

247
3.3 Java Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi Java examples. The same source code can
be found in the examples/java directory of the Gurobi distribution.

Callback.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that
monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
screen and to a log file.

The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the

optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
conditions have been satisfied:
1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
solution has been found.
Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
(MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
termination criterion.
*/

import gurobi.*;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

public class Callback extends GRBCallback {

private double lastiter;
private double lastnode;
private GRBVar[] vars;
private FileWriter logfile;

public Callback(GRBVar[] xvars, FileWriter xlogfile) {

lastiter = lastnode = -GRB.INFINITY;
vars = xvars;
logfile = xlogfile;
}

protected void callback() {

try {
if (where == GRB.CB_POLLING) {

248
 // Ignore polling callback
} else if (where == GRB.CB_PRESOLVE) {
// Presolve callback
int cdels = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_PRE_COLDEL);
int rdels = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_PRE_ROWDEL);
if (cdels != 0 || rdels != 0) {
System.out.println(cdels + " columns and " + rdels
+ " rows are removed");
}
} else if (where == GRB.CB_SIMPLEX) {
// Simplex callback
double itcnt = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_SPX_ITRCNT);
if (itcnt - lastiter >= 100) {
lastiter = itcnt;
double obj = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_SPX_OBJVAL);
int ispert = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_SPX_ISPERT);
double pinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_SPX_PRIMINF);
double dinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_SPX_DUALINF);
char ch;
if (ispert == 0) ch = ' ';
else if (ispert == 1) ch = 'S';
else ch = 'P';
System.out.println(itcnt + " " + obj + ch + " "
+ pinf + " " + dinf);
}
} else if (where == GRB.CB_MIP) {
// General MIP callback
double nodecnt = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_NODCNT);
double objbst = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_OBJBST);
double objbnd = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_OBJBND);
int solcnt = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_SOLCNT);
if (nodecnt - lastnode >= 100) {
lastnode = nodecnt;
int actnodes = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_NODLFT);
int itcnt = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_ITRCNT);
int cutcnt = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_MIP_CUTCNT);
System.out.println(nodecnt + " " + actnodes + " "
+ itcnt + " " + objbst + " " + objbnd + " "
+ solcnt + " " + cutcnt);
}
if (Math.abs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0 + Math.abs(objbst))) {
System.out.println("Stop early - 10% gap achieved");
abort();
}
if (nodecnt >= 10000 && solcnt > 0) {

249
 System.out.println("Stop early - 10000 nodes explored");
abort();
}
} else if (where == GRB.CB_MIPSOL) {
// MIP solution callback
int nodecnt = (int) getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIPSOL_NODCNT);
double obj = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_MIPSOL_OBJ);
int solcnt = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_MIPSOL_SOLCNT);
double[] x = getSolution(vars);
System.out.println("**** New solution at node " + nodecnt
+ ", obj " + obj + ", sol " + solcnt
+ ", x[0] = " + x[0] + " ****");
} else if (where == GRB.CB_MIPNODE) {
// MIP node callback
System.out.println("**** New node ****");
if (getIntInfo(GRB.CB_MIPNODE_STATUS) == GRB.OPTIMAL) {
double[] x = getNodeRel(vars);
setSolution(vars, x);
}
} else if (where == GRB.CB_BARRIER) {
// Barrier callback
int itcnt = getIntInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_ITRCNT);
double primobj = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_PRIMOBJ);
double dualobj = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_DUALOBJ);
double priminf = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_PRIMINF);
double dualinf = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_DUALINF);
double cmpl = getDoubleInfo(GRB.CB_BARRIER_COMPL);
System.out.println(itcnt + " " + primobj + " " + dualobj + " "
+ priminf + " " + dualinf + " " + cmpl);
} else if (where == GRB.CB_MESSAGE) {
// Message callback
String msg = getStringInfo(GRB.CB_MSG_STRING);
if (msg != null) logfile.write(msg);
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode());
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error during callback");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

250
if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Callback filename");
System.exit(1);
}

FileWriter logfile = null;

try {
// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Turn off display and heuristics

model.set(GRB.IntParam.OutputFlag, 0);
model.set(GRB.DoubleParam.Heuristics, 0.0);

// Open log file

logfile = new FileWriter("cb.log");

// Create a callback object and associate it with the model

GRBVar[] vars = model.getVars();
Callback cb = new Callback(vars, logfile);

model.setCallback(cb);

// Solve model and capture solution information

model.optimize();

System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Optimization complete");
if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.SolCount) == 0) {
System.out.println("No solution found, optimization status = "
+ model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status));
} else {
System.out.println("Solution found, objective = "
+ model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));

String[] vnames = model.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, vars);

double[] x = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

for (int j = 0; j < vars.length; j++) {

if (x[j] != 0.0) System.out.println(vnames[j] + " " + x[j]);

251
 }
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode());
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error during optimization");
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
// Close log file
if (logfile != null) {
try { logfile.close(); } catch (IOException e) {}
}
}
}
}

252
Dense.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q

(and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
already have your data in this format.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Dense {

protected static boolean

dense_optimize(GRBEnv env,
int rows,
int cols,
double[] c, // linear portion of objective function
double[][] Q, // quadratic portion of objective function
double[][] A, // constraint matrix
char[] sense, // constraint senses
double[] rhs, // RHS vector
double[] lb, // variable lower bounds
double[] ub, // variable upper bounds
char[] vtype, // variable types (continuous, binary, etc.)
double[] solution) {

boolean success = false;

try {
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Add variables to the model

GRBVar[] vars = model.addVars(lb, ub, null, vtype, null);

// Populate A matrix

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

253
 GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (A[i][j] != 0)
expr.addTerm(A[i][j], vars[j]);
model.addConstr(expr, sense[i], rhs[i], "");
}

// Populate objective

GRBQuadExpr obj = new GRBQuadExpr();

if (Q != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (Q[i][j] != 0)
obj.addTerm(Q[i][j], vars[i], vars[j]);
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (c[j] != 0)
obj.addTerm(c[j], vars[j]);
model.setObjective(obj);
}

// Solve model

model.optimize();

// Extract solution

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
success = true;

for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)

solution[j] = vars[j].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X);
}

model.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}

return success;
}

254
 public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

double c[] = new double[] {1, 1, 0};

double Q[][] = new double[][] {{1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1}};
double A[][] = new double[][] {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 0}};
char sense[] = new char[] {'>', '>'};
double rhs[] = new double[] {4, 1};
double lb[] = new double[] {0, 0, 0};
boolean success;
double sol[] = new double[3];

success = dense_optimize(env, 2, 3, c, Q, A, sense, rhs,

lb, null, null, sol);

if (success) {
System.out.println("x: " + sol[0] + ", y: " + sol[1] + ", z: " + sol[2]);
}

// Dispose of environment
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

255
Diet.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints

to an existing model. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Diet {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Nutrition guidelines, based on

// USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
// http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/
String Categories[] =
new String[] { "calories", "protein", "fat", "sodium" };
int nCategories = Categories.length;
double minNutrition[] = new double[] { 1800, 91, 0, 0 };
double maxNutrition[] = new double[] { 2200, GRB.INFINITY, 65, 1779 };

// Set of foods
String Foods[] =
new String[] { "hamburger", "chicken", "hot dog", "fries",
"macaroni", "pizza", "salad", "milk", "ice cream" };
int nFoods = Foods.length;
double cost[] =
new double[] { 2.49, 2.89, 1.50, 1.89, 2.09, 1.99, 2.49, 0.89,
1.59 };

// Nutrition values for the foods

double nutritionValues[][] = new double[][] {
{ 410, 24, 26, 730 }, // hamburger
{ 420, 32, 10, 1190 }, // chicken
{ 560, 20, 32, 1800 }, // hot dog
{ 380, 4, 19, 270 }, // fries
{ 320, 12, 10, 930 }, // macaroni
{ 320, 15, 12, 820 }, // pizza
{ 320, 31, 12, 1230 }, // salad
{ 100, 8, 2.5, 125 }, // milk
{ 330, 8, 10, 180 } // ice cream
};

// Model

256
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "diet");

// Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

// which we limit via bounds
GRBVar[] nutrition = new GRBVar[nCategories];
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i) {
nutrition[i] =
model.addVar(minNutrition[i], maxNutrition[i], 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Categories[i]);
}

// Create decision variables for the foods to buy

GRBVar[] buy = new GRBVar[nFoods];
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j) {
buy[j] =
model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, cost[j], GRB.CONTINUOUS, Foods[j]);
}

// The objective is to minimize the costs

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Nutrition constraints
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i) {
GRBLinExpr ntot = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j) {
ntot.addTerm(nutritionValues[j][i], buy[j]);
}
model.addConstr(ntot, GRB.EQUAL, nutrition[i], Categories[i]);
}

// Solve
model.optimize();
printSolution(model, buy, nutrition);

System.out.println("\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy");

GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(1.0, buy[7]);
lhs.addTerm(1.0, buy[8]);
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, 6.0, "limit_dairy");

// Solve
model.optimize();
printSolution(model, buy, nutrition);

257
 // Dispose of model and environment
model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

private static void printSolution(GRBModel model, GRBVar[] buy,

GRBVar[] nutrition) throws GRBException {
if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("\nCost: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
System.out.println("\nBuy:");
for (int j = 0; j < buy.length; ++j) {
if (buy[j].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) > 0.0001) {
System.out.println(buy[j].get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " " +
buy[j].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
}
}
System.out.println("\nNutrition:");
for (int i = 0; i < nutrition.length; ++i) {
System.out.println(nutrition[i].get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " " +
nutrition[i].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
}
} else {
System.out.println("No solution");
}
}
}

258
Facility.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants

to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
transportation and fixed costs?

Based on an example from Frontline Systems:

http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
Used with permission.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Facility {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Warehouse demand in thousands of units

double Demand[] = new double[] { 15, 18, 14, 20 };

// Plant capacity in thousands of units

double Capacity[] = new double[] { 20, 22, 17, 19, 18 };

// Fixed costs for each plant

double FixedCosts[] =
new double[] { 12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, 16000 };

// Transportation costs per thousand units

double TransCosts[][] =
new double[][] { { 4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500 },
{ 2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000 },
{ 1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000 },
{ 2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200 } };

// Number of plants and warehouses

int nPlants = Capacity.length;
int nWarehouses = Demand.length;

// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "facility");

259
 // Plant open decision variables: open[p] == 1 if plant p is open.
GRBVar[] open = new GRBVar[nPlants];
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
open[p] = model.addVar(0, 1, FixedCosts[p], GRB.BINARY, "Open" + p);
}

// Transportation decision variables: how much to transport from

// a plant p to a warehouse w
GRBVar[][] transport = new GRBVar[nWarehouses][nPlants];
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
transport[w][p] =
model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, TransCosts[w][p], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"Trans" + p + "." + w);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Production constraints
// Note that the right-hand limit sets the production to zero if
// the plant is closed
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
GRBLinExpr ptot = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
ptot.addTerm(1.0, transport[w][p]);
}
GRBLinExpr limit = new GRBLinExpr();
limit.addTerm(Capacity[p], open[p]);
model.addConstr(ptot, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, limit, "Capacity" + p);
}

// Demand constraints
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
GRBLinExpr dtot = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
dtot.addTerm(1.0, transport[w][p]);
}
model.addConstr(dtot, GRB.EQUAL, Demand[w], "Demand" + w);
}

// Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest
// fixed costs; open all others

260
// First, open all plants
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
open[p].set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Start, 1.0);
}

// Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost

System.out.println("Initial guess:");
double maxFixed = -GRB.INFINITY;
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (FixedCosts[p] > maxFixed) {
maxFixed = FixedCosts[p];
}
}
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (FixedCosts[p] == maxFixed) {
open[p].set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Start, 0.0);
System.out.println("Closing plant " + p + "\n");
break;
}
}

// Use barrier to solve root relaxation

model.set(GRB.IntParam.Method, GRB.METHOD_BARRIER);

// Solve
model.optimize();

// Print solution
System.out.println("\nTOTAL COSTS: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
System.out.println("SOLUTION:");
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (open[p].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) > 0.99) {
System.out.println("Plant " + p + " open:");
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
if (transport[w][p].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) > 0.0001) {
System.out.println(" Transport " +
transport[w][p].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) +
" units to warehouse " + w);
}
}
} else {
System.out.println("Plant " + p + " closed!");
}
}

261
 // Dispose of model and environment
model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

262
Feasopt.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial

variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
to a feasible solution to the input model.
We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Feasopt {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Feasopt filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel feasmodel = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later */

GRBModel feasmodel1 = new GRBModel(feasmodel);

// Clear objective
feasmodel.setObjective(new GRBLinExpr());

// Add slack variables

GRBConstr[] c = feasmodel.getConstrs();
for (int i = 0; i < c.length; ++i) {
char sense = c[i].get(GRB.CharAttr.Sense);
if (sense != '>') {
GRBConstr[] constrs = new GRBConstr[] { c[i] };
double[] coeffs = new double[] { -1 };
feasmodel.addVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, constrs,
coeffs, "ArtN_" +
c[i].get(GRB.StringAttr.ConstrName));
}
if (sense != '<') {
GRBConstr[] constrs = new GRBConstr[] { c[i] };

263
 double[] coeffs = new double[] { 1 };
feasmodel.addVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, constrs,
coeffs, "ArtP_" +
c[i].get(GRB.StringAttr.ConstrName));
}
}

// Optimize modified model

feasmodel.optimize();
feasmodel.write("feasopt.lp");

// use FeasRelax feature */

feasmodel1.feasRelax(GRB.FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
feasmodel1.write("feasopt1.lp");
feasmodel1.optimize();

// Dispose of model and environment

feasmodel1.dispose();
feasmodel.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

264
Fixanddive.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,

sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
linearly infeasible. */

import gurobi.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Fixanddive {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Comparison class used to sort variable list based on relaxation

// fractionality

class FractionalCompare implements Comparator<GRBVar> {

public int compare(GRBVar v1, GRBVar v2) {
try {
double sol1 = Math.abs(v1.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
double sol2 = Math.abs(v2.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
double frac1 = Math.abs(sol1 - Math.floor(sol1 + 0.5));
double frac2 = Math.abs(sol2 - Math.floor(sol2 + 0.5));
if (frac1 < frac2) {
return -1;
} else if (frac1 == frac2) {
return 0;
} else {
return 1;
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
return 0;
}
}

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Fixanddive filename");
System.exit(1);
}

265
 try {
// Read model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Collect integer variables and relax them

ArrayList<GRBVar> intvars = new ArrayList<GRBVar>();
for (GRBVar v : model.getVars()) {
if (v.get(GRB.CharAttr.VType) != GRB.CONTINUOUS) {
intvars.add(v);
v.set(GRB.CharAttr.VType, GRB.CONTINUOUS);
}
}

model.set(GRB.IntParam.OutputFlag, 0);
model.optimize();

// Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

// quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value
// in the relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat.

for (int iter = 0; iter < 1000; ++iter) {

// create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of

// increasing distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest
// integer value

ArrayList<GRBVar> fractional = new ArrayList<GRBVar>();

for (GRBVar v : intvars) {
double sol = Math.abs(v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
if (Math.abs(sol - Math.floor(sol + 0.5)) > 1e-5) {
fractional.add(v);
}
}

System.out.println("Iteration " + iter + ", obj " +

model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal) + ", fractional " +
fractional.size());

if (fractional.size() == 0) {
System.out.println("Found feasible solution - objective " +
model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
break;
}

266
 // Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value

Collections.sort(fractional, new FractionalCompare());

int nfix = Math.max(fractional.size() / 4, 1);
for (int i = 0; i < nfix; ++i) {
GRBVar v = fractional.get(i);
double fixval = Math.floor(v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) + 0.5);
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB, fixval);
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, fixval);
System.out.println(" Fix " + v.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) +
" to " + fixval + " ( rel " + v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) + " )");
}

model.optimize();

// Check optimization result

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Relaxation is infeasible");
break;
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

267
Genconstr.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling

some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
of the logical for

L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and

(x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
(~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
(~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)

We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
the minimum of the clauses (so if it one, we can satisfy all clauses)
and put these two variables in the objective.
i.e. the Objective function will be

maximize Obj0 + Obj1

Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)

Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4

thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
clauses; one if and only if at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
zero otherwise.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Genconstr {

public static final int n = 4;

public static final int NLITERALS = 4; // same as n
public static final int NCLAUSES = 8;
public static final int NOBJ = 2;

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
// Example data:
// e.g. {0, n+1, 2} means clause (x0 or ~x1 or x2)

268
int Clauses[][] = new int[][]
{{ 0, n+1, 2}, { 1, n+2, 3},
{ 2, n+3, 0}, { 3, n+0, 1},
{n+0, n+1, 2}, {n+1, n+2, 3},
{n+2, n+3, 0}, {n+3, n+0, 1}};

int i, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("Genconstr.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "Genconstr");

// Initialize decision variables and objective

GRBVar[] Lit = new GRBVar[NLITERALS];

GRBVar[] NotLit = new GRBVar[NLITERALS];
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
Lit[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "X" + String.valueOf(i));
NotLit[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "notX" + String.valueOf(i));
}

GRBVar[] Cla = new GRBVar[NCLAUSES];

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
Cla[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "Clause" + String.valueOf(i));
}

GRBVar[] Obj = new GRBVar[NOBJ];

for (i = 0; i < NOBJ; i++) {
Obj[i] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, GRB.BINARY, "Obj" + String.valueOf(i));
}

// Link Xi and notXi

GRBLinExpr lhs;
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(1.0, Lit[i]);
lhs.addTerm(1.0, NotLit[i]);
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, "CNSTR_X" + String.valueOf(i));
}

// Link clauses and literals

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {

269
 GRBVar[] clause = new GRBVar[3];
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (Clauses[i][j] >= n) clause[j] = NotLit[Clauses[i][j]-n];
else clause[j] = Lit[Clauses[i][j]];
}
model.addGenConstrOr(Cla[i], clause, "CNSTR_Clause" + String.valueOf(i));
}

// Link objs with clauses

model.addGenConstrMin(Obj[0], Cla, GRB.INFINITY, "CNSTR_Obj0");
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, Cla[i]);
}
model.addGenConstrIndicator(Obj[1], 1, lhs, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0, "CNSTR_Obj1");

// Set global objective sense

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Save problem
model.write("Genconstr.mps");
model.write("Genconstr.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (status == GRB.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
System.exit(1);
}
if (status != GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
System.exit(1);
}

// Print result
double objval = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal);

if (objval > 1.9)

270
 System.out.println("Logical expression is satisfiable");
else if (objval > 0.9)
System.out.println("At least four clauses can be satisfied");
else
System.out.println("Not even three clauses can be satisfied");

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

271
Lp.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
and writes it to a file */

import gurobi.*;

public class Lp {
public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Lp filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

model.optimize();

int optimstatus = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.Presolve, 0);
model.optimize();
optimstatus = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
}

if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
double objval = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal);
System.out.println("Optimal objective: " + objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) {
System.out.println("Model is infeasible");

// Compute and write out IIS

model.computeIIS();
model.write("model.ilp");
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("Model is unbounded");
} else {

272
 System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status = "
+ optimstatus);
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

273
Lpmethod.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;

show which value gives the shortest solve time. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Lpmethod {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Lpmethod filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
// Read model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Solve the model with different values of Method

int bestMethod = -1;
double bestTime = model.get(GRB.DoubleParam.TimeLimit);
for (int i = 0; i <= 2; ++i) {
model.reset();
model.set(GRB.IntParam.Method, i);
model.optimize();
if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
bestTime = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Runtime);
bestMethod = i;
// Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time
// with other methods
model.set(GRB.DoubleParam.TimeLimit, bestTime);
}
}

// Report which method was fastest

if (bestMethod == -1) {
System.out.println("Unable to solve this model");
} else {
System.out.println("Solved in " + bestTime
+ " seconds with Method: " + bestMethod);
}

274
 // Dispose of model and environment
model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". "
+ e.getMessage());
}
}
}

275
Lpmod.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
(i.e. 'from scratch'). */

import gurobi.*;

public class Lpmod {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Lpmod filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
// Read model and determine whether it is an LP
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP) != 0) {
System.out.println("The model is not a linear program");
System.exit(1);
}

model.optimize();

int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved because it is "
+ "infeasible or unbounded");
System.exit(1);
}

if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
System.exit(0);
}

276
 // Find the smallest variable value
double minVal = GRB.INFINITY;
GRBVar minVar = null;
for (GRBVar v : model.getVars()) {
double sol = v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X);
if ((sol > 0.0001) && (sol < minVal) &&
(v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB) == 0.0)) {
minVal = sol;
minVar = v;
}
}

System.out.println("\n*** Setting " +

minVar.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " from " + minVal +
" to zero ***\n");
minVar.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, 0.0);

// Solve from this starting point

model.optimize();

// Save iteration & time info

double warmCount = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.IterCount);
double warmTime = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Runtime);

// Reset the model and resolve

System.out.println("\n*** Resetting and solving "
+ "without an advanced start ***\n");
model.reset();
model.optimize();

double coldCount = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.IterCount);

double coldTime = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Runtime);

System.out.println("\n*** Warm start: " + warmCount + " iterations, " +

warmTime + " seconds");
System.out.println("*** Cold start: " + coldCount + " iterations, " +
coldTime + " seconds");

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());

277
 }
}
}

278
Mip1.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:

maximize x + y + 2 z
subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z binary
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Mip1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("mip1.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "z");

// Set objective: maximize x + y + 2 z

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(1.0, y); expr.addTerm(2.0, z);
model.setObjective(expr, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(2.0, y); expr.addTerm(3.0, z);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(1.0, y);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model

279
 model.optimize();

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

280
Mip2.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and

prints the objective values from all feasible solutions
generated while solving the MIP. Then it creates the fixed
model and solves that model. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Mip2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Mip2 filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP) == 0) {
System.out.println("Model is not a MIP");
System.exit(1);
}

model.optimize();

int optimstatus = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

double objval = 0;
if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
objval = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal);
System.out.println("Optimal objective: " + objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) {
System.out.println("Model is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) {
System.out.println("Model is infeasible");
return;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("Model is unbounded");
return;
} else {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status = "
+ optimstatus);

281
 return;
}

/* Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives */

GRBVar[] vars = model.getVars();
model.set(GRB.IntParam.OutputFlag, 0);

System.out.println();
for (int k = 0; k < model.get(GRB.IntAttr.SolCount); ++k) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.SolutionNumber, k);
double objn = 0.0;

for (int j = 0; j < vars.length; j++) {

objn += vars[j].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Obj)
* vars[j].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Xn);
}

System.out.println("Solution " + k + " has objective: " + objn);

}
System.out.println();
model.set(GRB.IntParam.OutputFlag, 1);

/* Create a fixed model, turn off presolve and solve */

GRBModel fixed = model.fixedModel();

fixed.set(GRB.IntParam.Presolve, 0);

fixed.optimize();

int foptimstatus = fixed.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (foptimstatus != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.err.println("Error: fixed model isn't optimal");
return;
}

double fobjval = fixed.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal);

if (Math.abs(fobjval - objval) > 1.0e-6 * (1.0 + Math.abs(objval))) {

System.err.println("Error: objective values are different");
return;
}

GRBVar[] fvars = fixed.getVars();

282
 double[] x = fixed.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, fvars);
String[] vnames = fixed.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, fvars);

for (int j = 0; j < fvars.length; j++) {

if (x[j] != 0.0) {
System.out.println(vnames[j] + " " + x[j]);
}
}

// Dispose of models and environment

fixed.dispose();
model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". "
+ e.getMessage());
}
}
}

283
Multiobj.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of

elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Multiobj {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {
// Sample data
int groundSetSize = 20;
int nSubsets = 4;
int Budget = 12;
double Set[][] = new double[][]
{ { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 } };
int SetObjPriority[] = new int[] {3, 2, 2, 1};
double SetObjWeight[] = new double[] {1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0};
int e, i, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("Multiobj.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "Multiobj");

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering.
GRBVar[] Elem = model.addVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY);
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
String vname = "El" + String.valueOf(e);
Elem[e].set(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, vname);
}

// Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {

284
 lhs.addTerm(1.0, Elem[e]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.set(GRB.IntParam.PoolSolutions, 100);

// Set number of objectives

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.NumObj, 4);

// Set and configure i-th objective

for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.ObjNumber, i);
model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ObjNPriority, SetObjPriority[i]);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNWeight, SetObjWeight[i]);

String vname = "Set" + String.valueOf(i);

model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ObjNName, vname);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNRelTol, 0.01);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNAbsTol, 1.0 + i);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjN, Elem, Set[i], 0, groundSetSize);
}

// Save problem
model.write("Multiobj.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (status == GRB.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
System.exit(1);
}
if (status != GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
System.exit(1);

285
 }

// Print best selected set

System.out.println("Selected elements in best solution:");
System.out.println("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) < .9) continue;
System.out.print(" El" + e);
}
System.out.println();

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.SolCount);
System.out.println("Number of solutions found: " + nSolutions);

// Print objective values of solutions

if (nSolutions > 10) nSolutions = 10;
System.out.println("Objective values for first " + nSolutions);
System.out.println(" solutions:");
for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.ObjNumber, i);

System.out.print("\tSet" + i);
for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
System.out.print(" ");
model.set(GRB.IntParam.SolutionNumber, e);
double val = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNVal);
System.out.print(" " + val);
}
System.out.println();
}
model.dispose();
env.dispose();
} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code = " + e.getErrorCode());
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}

286
Params.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Use parameters that are associated with a model.

A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.

The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
is resumed until the optimal solution is found.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Params {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Params filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
// Read model and verify that it is a MIP
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel m = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (m.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP) == 0) {
System.out.println("The model is not an integer program");
System.exit(1);
}

// Set a 5 second time limit

m.set(GRB.DoubleParam.TimeLimit, 5);

// Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus

GRBModel bestModel = new GRBModel(m);
bestModel.optimize();
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) {
m.reset();
m.set(GRB.IntParam.MIPFocus, i);
m.optimize();
if (bestModel.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.MIPGap) >
m.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.MIPGap)) {
GRBModel swap = bestModel;
bestModel = m;
m = swap;

287
 }
}

// Finally, delete the extra model, reset the time limit and
// continue to solve the best model to optimality
m.dispose();
bestModel.set(GRB.DoubleParam.TimeLimit, GRB.INFINITY);
bestModel.optimize();
System.out.println("Solved with MIPFocus: " +
bestModel.get(GRB.IntParam.MIPFocus));

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

288
Piecewise.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

minimize f(x) - y + g(z)

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z <= 1

where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It

formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Piecewise {

private static double f(double u) { return Math.exp(-u); }

private static double g(double u) { return 2 * u * u - 4 * u; }

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Create a new model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

double lb = 0.0, ub = 1.0;

GRBVar x = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective for y

289
 GRBLinExpr obj = new GRBLinExpr();
obj.addTerm(-1.0, y);
model.setObjective(obj);

// Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z

int npts = 101;

double[] ptu = new double[npts];
double[] ptf = new double[npts];
double[] ptg = new double[npts];

for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptu[i] = lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1);
ptf[i] = f(ptu[i]);
ptg[i] = g(ptu[i]);
}

model.setPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf);

model.setPWLObj(z, ptu, ptg);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(2.0, y); expr.addTerm(3.0, z);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(1.0, y);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model as an LP

model.optimize();

System.out.println("IsMIP: " + model.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP));

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

290
 System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));

System.out.println();

// Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptf[i] = -ptf[i];
}

model.setPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf);

// Optimize model as a MIP

model.optimize();

System.out.println("IsMIP: " + model.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP));

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

291
Poolsearch.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

problem by using PoolSearchMode */

import gurobi.*;

public class Poolsearch {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
// Sample data
int groundSetSize = 10;
double objCoef[] = new double[] {32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1};
double knapsackCoef[] = new double[] {16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1};
double Budget = 33;
int e, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("Poolsearch.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "Poolsearch");

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen
GRBVar[] Elem = model.addVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Obj, Elem, objCoef, 0, groundSetSize);

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {

Elem[e].set(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, "El" + String.valueOf(e));
}

// Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
lhs.addTerm(knapsackCoef[e], Elem[e]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget");

// set global sense for ALL objectives

292
model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.set(GRB.IntParam.PoolSolutions, 1024);

// Limit the search space by setting a gap for the worst possible solution that will be ac
model.set(GRB.DoubleParam.PoolGap, 0.10);

// do a systematic search for the k-best solutions

model.set(GRB.IntParam.PoolSearchMode, 2);

// save problem
model.write("Poolsearch.lp");

// Optimize
model.optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (status == GRB.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
System.exit(1);
}
if (status != GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
System.exit(1);
}

// Print best selected set

System.out.println("Selected elements in best solution:");
System.out.print("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) < .9) continue;
System.out.print(" El" + e);
}
System.out.println();

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.SolCount);
System.out.println("Number of solutions found: " + nSolutions);

293
 // Print objective values of solutions
for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.SolutionNumber, e);
System.out.print(model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.PoolObjVal) + " ");
if (e%15 == 14) System.out.println();
}
System.out.println();

// print fourth best set if available

if (nSolutions >= 4) {
model.set(GRB.IntParam.SolutionNumber, 3);

System.out.println("Selected elements in fourth best solution:");

System.out.print("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.Xn) < .9) continue;
System.out.print(" El" + e);
}
System.out.println();
}

model.dispose();
env.dispose();
} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

294
Qcp.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:

maximize x
subject to x + y + z = 1
x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Qcp {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("qcp.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBLinExpr obj = new GRBLinExpr();

obj.addTerm(1.0, x);
model.setObjective(obj, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Add linear constraint: x + y + z = 1

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(1.0, y); expr.addTerm(1.0, z);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, "c0");

// Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

GRBQuadExpr qexpr = new GRBQuadExpr();

qexpr.addTerm(1.0, x, x);
qexpr.addTerm(1.0, y, y);
qexpr.addTerm(-1.0, z, z);
model.addQConstr(qexpr, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, 0.0, "qc0");

295
 // Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

qexpr = new GRBQuadExpr();

qexpr.addTerm(1.0, x, x);
qexpr.addTerm(-1.0, y, z);
model.addQConstr(qexpr, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, 0.0, "qc1");

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal) + " " +

obj.getValue());
System.out.println();

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

296
Qp.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.

*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Qp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("qp.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBQuadExpr obj = new GRBQuadExpr();

obj.addTerm(1.0, x, x);
obj.addTerm(1.0, x, y);
obj.addTerm(1.0, y, y);
obj.addTerm(1.0, y, z);
obj.addTerm(1.0, z, z);
obj.addTerm(2.0, x);
model.setObjective(obj);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();

expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(2.0, y); expr.addTerm(3.0, z);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

297
 expr = new GRBLinExpr();
expr.addTerm(1.0, x); expr.addTerm(1.0, y);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal) + " " +

obj.getValue());
System.out.println();

// Change variable types to integer

x.set(GRB.CharAttr.VType, GRB.INTEGER);
y.set(GRB.CharAttr.VType, GRB.INTEGER);
z.set(GRB.CharAttr.VType, GRB.INTEGER);

// Optimize again

model.optimize();

System.out.println(x.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +x.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(y.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +y.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
System.out.println(z.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName)
+ " " +z.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

System.out.println("Obj: " + model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal) + " " +

obj.getValue());

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

298
 } catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

299
Sensitivity.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
the impact on the objective function value is reported.
*/

import gurobi.*;

public class Sensitivity {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Sensitivity filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read and solve model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.IsMIP) == 0) {
System.out.println("Model is not a MIP");
System.exit(1);
}

model.optimize();

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) != GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization ended with status "
+ model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status));
System.exit(1);
}

// Store the optimal solution

300
double origObjVal = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal);
GRBVar[] vars = model.getVars();
double[] origX = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

// Disable solver output for subsequent solves

model.set(GRB.IntParam.OutputFlag, 0);

// Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model

for (int i = 0; i < vars.length; i++) {

GRBVar v = vars[i];
char vType = v.get(GRB.CharAttr.VType);

if (v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB) == 0 && v.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB) == 1

&& (vType == GRB.BINARY || vType == GRB.INTEGER)) {

// Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution

if (origX[i] < 0.5) {

v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB, 1.0);
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Start, 1.0);
} else {
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, 0.0);
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Start, 0.0);
}

// Update MIP start for the other variables

for (int j = 0; j < vars.length; j++) {

if (j != i) {
vars[j].set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Start, origX[j]);
}
}

// Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information

model.optimize();

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status) == GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Objective sensitivity for variable "
+ v.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " is "
+ (model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal) - origObjVal));
} else {
System.out.println("Objective sensitivity for variable "

301
 + v.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " is infinite");
}

// Restore the original variable bounds

v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB, 0.0);
v.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, 1.0);
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode());
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

302
Sos.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Sos {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

double ub[] = {1, 1, 2};

double obj[] = {-2, -1, -1};
String names[] = {"x0", "x1", "x2"};

GRBVar[] x = model.addVars(null, ub, obj, null, names);

// Add first SOS1: x0=0 or x1=0

GRBVar sosv1[] = {x[0], x[1]};

double soswt1[] = {1, 2};

model.addSOS(sosv1, soswt1, GRB.SOS_TYPE1);

// Add second SOS1: x0=0 or x2=0

GRBVar sosv2[] = {x[0], x[2]};

double soswt2[] = {1, 2};

model.addSOS(sosv2, soswt2, GRB.SOS_TYPE1);

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)

System.out.println(x[i].get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " "
+ x[i].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

303
 // Dispose of model and environment
model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

304
Sudoku.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */
/*
Sudoku example.

The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
same value.

In the MIP formulation, binary variables x[i,j,v] indicate whether

cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x[i,j,v] = 1)
2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x[i,j,v] = 1)
3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x[i,j,v] = 1)
4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x[i,j,v] = 1)

Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

*/

import gurobi.*;
import java.io.*;

public class Sudoku {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 9;
int s = 3;

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Sudoku filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create 3-D array of model variables

GRBVar[][][] vars = new GRBVar[n][n][n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
String st = "G_" + String.valueOf(i) + "_" + String.valueOf(j)

305
 + "_" + String.valueOf(v);
vars[i][j][v] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, st);
}
}
}

// Add constraints

GRBLinExpr expr;

// Each cell must take one value

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
expr = new GRBLinExpr();
expr.addTerms(null, vars[i][j]);
String st = "V_" + String.valueOf(i) + "_" + String.valueOf(j);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, st);
}
}

// Each value appears once per row

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr.addTerm(1.0, vars[i][j][v]);
String st = "R_" + String.valueOf(i) + "_" + String.valueOf(v);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, st);
}
}

// Each value appears once per column

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
expr.addTerm(1.0, vars[i][j][v]);
String st = "C_" + String.valueOf(j) + "_" + String.valueOf(v);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, st);
}
}

306
// Each value appears once per sub-grid

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {

for (int i0 = 0; i0 < s; i0++) {
for (int j0 = 0; j0 < s; j0++) {
expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int i1 = 0; i1 < s; i1++) {
for (int j1 = 0; j1 < s; j1++) {
expr.addTerm(1.0, vars[i0*s+i1][j0*s+j1][v]);
}
}
String st = "Sub_" + String.valueOf(v) + "_" + String.valueOf(i0)
+ "_" + String.valueOf(j0);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, st);
}
}
}

// Fix variables associated with pre-specified cells

File file = new File(args[0]);

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
byte[] input = new byte[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

fis.read(input);
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
int val = (int) input[j] - 48 - 1; // 0-based

if (val >= 0)
vars[i][j][val].set(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB, 1.0);
}
// read the endline byte
fis.read();
}

// Optimize model

model.optimize();

// Write model to file

model.write("sudoku.lp");

double[][][] x = model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

307
 System.out.println();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
if (x[i][j][v] > 0.5) {
System.out.print(v+1);
}
}
}
System.out.println();
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("IO Error");
}
}
}

308
Tsp.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

// Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of

// points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
// 'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
// two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
// tours that don't visit every node. The lazy constraint callback
// adds new constraints to cut them off.

import gurobi.*;

public class Tsp extends GRBCallback {

private GRBVar[][] vars;

public Tsp(GRBVar[][] xvars) {

vars = xvars;
}

// Subtour elimination callback. Whenever a feasible solution is found,

// find the subtour that contains node 0, and add a subtour elimination
// constraint if the tour doesn't visit every node.

protected void callback() {

try {
if (where == GRB.CB_MIPSOL) {
// Found an integer feasible solution - does it visit every node?
int n = vars.length;
int[] tour = findsubtour(getSolution(vars));

if (tour.length < n) {
// Add subtour elimination constraint
GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int i = 0; i < tour.length; i++)
for (int j = i+1; j < tour.length; j++)
expr.addTerm(1.0, vars[tour[i]][tour[j]]);
addLazy(expr, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, tour.length-1);
}
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

309
 // Given an integer-feasible solution 'sol', return the smallest
// sub-tour (as a list of node indices).

protected static int[] findsubtour(double[][] sol)

{
int n = sol.length;
boolean[] seen = new boolean[n];
int[] tour = new int[n];
int bestind, bestlen;
int i, node, len, start;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

seen[i] = false;

start = 0;
bestlen = n+1;
bestind = -1;
node = 0;
while (start < n) {
for (node = 0; node < n; node++)
if (!seen[node])
break;
if (node == n)
break;
for (len = 0; len < n; len++) {
tour[start+len] = node;
seen[node] = true;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (sol[node][i] > 0.5 && !seen[i]) {
node = i;
break;
}
}
if (i == n) {
len++;
if (len < bestlen) {
bestlen = len;
bestind = start;
}
start += len;
break;
}
}
}

310
 int result[] = new int[bestlen];
for (i = 0; i < bestlen; i++)
result[i] = tour[bestind+i];
return result;
}

// Euclidean distance between points 'i' and 'j'

protected static double distance(double[] x,

double[] y,
int i,
int j) {
double dx = x[i]-x[j];
double dy = y[i]-y[j];
return Math.sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Tsp ncities");
System.exit(1);
}

int n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Must set LazyConstraints parameter when using lazy constraints

model.set(GRB.IntParam.LazyConstraints, 1);

double[] x = new double[n];

double[] y = new double[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

x[i] = Math.random();
y[i] = Math.random();
}

// Create variables

311
 GRBVar[][] vars = new GRBVar[n][n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
vars[i][j] = model.addVar(0.0, 1.0, distance(x, y, i, j),
GRB.BINARY,
"x"+String.valueOf(i)+"_"+String.valueOf(j));
vars[j][i] = vars[i][j];
}

// Degree-2 constraints

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr.addTerm(1.0, vars[i][j]);
model.addConstr(expr, GRB.EQUAL, 2.0, "deg2_"+String.valueOf(i));
}

// Forbid edge from node back to itself

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

vars[i][i].set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, 0.0);

model.setCallback(new Tsp(vars));
model.optimize();

if (model.get(GRB.IntAttr.SolCount) > 0) {
int[] tour = findsubtour(model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars));
assert tour.length == n;

System.out.print("Tour: ");
for (int i = 0; i < tour.length; i++)
System.out.print(String.valueOf(tour[i]) + " ");
System.out.println();
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
e.printStackTrace();

312
 }
}
}

313
Tune.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.

It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
and solves the model using these parameters. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Tune {

public static void main(String[] args) {

if (args.length < 1) {
System.out.println("Usage: java Tune filename");
System.exit(1);
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Set the TuneResults parameter to 1

model.set(GRB.IntParam.TuneResults, 1);

// Tune the model

model.tune();

// Get the number of tuning results

int resultcount = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.TuneResultCount);

if (resultcount > 0) {

// Load the tuned parameters into the model's environment

model.getTuneResult(0);

// Write the tuned parameters to a file

model.write("tune.prm");

// Solve the model using the tuned parameters

model.optimize();
}

// Dispose of model and environment

314
 model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". "
+ e.getMessage());
}
}
}

315
Workforce1.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts
besides what is reported via IIS. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Workforce1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
String Shifts[] =
new String[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
String Workers[] =
new String[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.length;

int nWorkers = Workers.length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][] =
new double[][] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model

316
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[][] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers][nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w][s] =
model.addVar(0, availability[w][s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("The optimal objective is " +
model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD &&
status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ){
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);

317
 return;
}

// Compute IIS
System.out.println("The model is infeasible; computing IIS");
model.computeIIS();
System.out.println("\nThe following constraint(s) "
+ "cannot be satisfied:");
for (GRBConstr c : model.getConstrs()) {
if (c.get(GRB.IntAttr.IISConstr) == 1) {
System.out.println(c.get(GRB.StringAttr.ConstrName));
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

318
Workforce2.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
find all conflicting constraints. */

import gurobi.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Workforce2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
String Shifts[] =
new String[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
String Workers[] =
new String[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.length;

int nWorkers = Workers.length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][] =
new double[][] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model

319
 GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[][] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers][nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w][s] =
model.addVar(0, availability[w][s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("The optimal objective is " +
model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD &&
status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);

320
 return;
}

// Do IIS
System.out.println("The model is infeasible; computing IIS");
LinkedList<String> removed = new LinkedList<String>();

// Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved

while (true) {
model.computeIIS();
System.out.println("\nThe following constraint cannot be satisfied:");
for (GRBConstr c : model.getConstrs()) {
if (c.get(GRB.IntAttr.IISConstr) == 1) {
System.out.println(c.get(GRB.StringAttr.ConstrName));
// Remove a single constraint from the model
removed.add(c.get(GRB.StringAttr.ConstrName));
model.remove(c);
break;
}
}

System.out.println();
model.optimize();
status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);

if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
break;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD &&
status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " +
status);
return;
}
}

System.out.println("\nThe following constraints were removed "

+ "to get a feasible LP:");
for (String s : removed) {
System.out.print(s + " ");

321
 }
System.out.println();

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

322
Workforce3.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
they need to be relaxed. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Workforce3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
String Shifts[] =
new String[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
String Workers[] =
new String[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.length;

int nWorkers = Workers.length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double pay[] = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][] =
new double[][] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model

323
 GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[][] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers][nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w][s] =
model.addVar(0, availability[w][s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.UNBOUNDED) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("The optimal objective is " +
model.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjVal));
return;
}
if (status != GRB.INF_OR_UNBD &&
status != GRB.INFEASIBLE ) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);

324
 return;
}

// Relax the constraints to make the model feasible

System.out.println("The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints");
int orignumvars = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.NumVars);
model.feasRelax(0, false, false, true);
model.optimize();
status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The relaxed model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
}
if (status != GRB.OPTIMAL) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return;
}

System.out.println("\nSlack values:");
GRBVar[] vars = model.getVars();
for (int i = orignumvars; i < model.get(GRB.IntAttr.NumVars); ++i) {
GRBVar sv = vars[i];
if (sv.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) > 1e-6) {
System.out.println(sv.get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName) + " = " +
sv.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}

325
Workforce4.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
tries to balance the workload among the workers. */

import gurobi.*;

public class Workforce4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
String Shifts[] =
new String[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
String Workers[] =
new String[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.length;

int nWorkers = Workers.length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][] =
new double[][] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

326
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "assignment");

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
GRBVar[][] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers][nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w][s] =
model.addVar(0, availability[w][s], 0, GRB.BINARY,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
// be satisfied
GRBVar[] slacks = new GRBVar[nShifts];
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
slacks[s] =
model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Shifts[s] + "Slack");
}

// Variable to represent the total slack

GRBVar totSlack = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

GRBVar[] totShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
totShifts[w] = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "TotShifts");
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s, plus the slack
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);

327
 }

// Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-1.0, totSlack);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-1.0, totShifts[w]);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totShifts" + Workers[w]);
}

// Objective: minimize the total slack

GRBLinExpr obj = new GRBLinExpr();
obj.addTerm(1.0, totSlack);
model.setObjective(obj);

// Optimize
int status =
solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL ) {
return;
}

// Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds

totSlack.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.UB, totSlack.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
totSlack.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.LB, totSlack.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));

// Variable to count the average number of shifts worked

GRBVar avgShifts =
model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "avgShifts");

// Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;

// note that these variables can take negative values.
GRBVar[] diffShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
diffShifts[w] = model.addVar(-GRB.INFINITY, GRB.INFINITY, 0,

328
 GRB.CONTINUOUS, Workers[w] + "Diff");
}

// Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked

lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-nWorkers, avgShifts);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, totShifts[w]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "avgShifts");

// Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-1, diffShifts[w]);
lhs.addTerm(-1, avgShifts);
lhs.addTerm( 1, totShifts[w]);
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, Workers[w] + "Diff");
}

// Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
// average number of shifts worked
GRBQuadExpr qobj = new GRBQuadExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
qobj.addTerm(1.0, diffShifts[w], diffShifts[w]);
}
model.setObjective(qobj);

// Optimize
status =
solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL ) {
return;
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

329
 private static int solveAndPrint(GRBModel model, GRBVar totSlack,
int nWorkers, String[] Workers,
GRBVar[] totShifts) throws GRBException {

model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return status;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL ) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
System.out.println("\nTotal slack required: " +
totSlack.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
System.out.println(Workers[w] + " worked " +
totShifts[w].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) + " shifts");
}
System.out.println("\n");
return status;
}

330
Workforce5.java
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
(i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

import gurobi.*;

public class Workforce5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
String Shifts[] =
new String[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
String Workers[] =
new String[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi" };

int nShifts = Shifts.length;

int nWorkers = Workers.length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double shiftRequirements[] =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double availability[][] =
new double[][] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

331
 // Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ModelName, "Workforce5");

// Initialize assignment decision variables:

// x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
// This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
GRBVar[][] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers][nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w][s] =
model.addVar(0, availability[w][s], 0, GRB.BINARY,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
// be satisfied
GRBVar[] slacks = new GRBVar[nShifts];
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
slacks[s] =
model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Shifts[s] + "Slack");
}

// Variable to represent the total slack

GRBVar totSlack = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

GRBVar[] totShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
totShifts[w] = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "TotShifts");
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s, plus the slack

332
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-1.0, totSlack);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.addTerm(-1.0, totShifts[w]);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.addTerm(1.0, x[w][s]);
}
model.addConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totShifts" + Workers[w]);
}

// Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less <=/>= to the

// number of shifts among all workers
GRBVar minShift = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"minShift");
GRBVar maxShift = model.addVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"maxShift");
model.addGenConstrMin(minShift, totShifts, GRB.INFINITY, "minShift");
model.addGenConstrMax(maxShift, totShifts, -GRB.INFINITY, "maxShift");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ModelSense, GRB.MINIMIZE);

// Set number of objectives

model.set(GRB.IntAttr.NumObj, 2);

// Set and configure objective 0

model.set(GRB.IntParam.ObjNumber, 0);
model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ObjNPriority, 2);

333
 model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNWeight, 1.0);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ObjNName, "TotalSlack");
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNRelTol, 0.1);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNAbsTol, 2.0);
totSlack.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjN, 1.0);

// set and configure objective 1

model.set(GRB.IntParam.ObjNumber, 1);
model.set(GRB.IntAttr.ObjNPriority, 1);
model.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjNWeight, 1.0);
model.set(GRB.StringAttr.ObjNName, "Fairness");
maxShift.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjN, 1.0);
minShift.set(GRB.DoubleAttr.ObjN, -1.0);

// Save problem
model.write("Workforce5.lp");

// Optimize
int status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);

if (status != GRB.OPTIMAL)
return;

// Dispose of model and environment

model.dispose();
env.dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
System.out.println("Error code: " + e.getErrorCode() + ". " +
e.getMessage());
}
}

private static int solveAndPrint(GRBModel model, GRBVar totSlack,

int nWorkers, String[] Workers,
GRBVar[] totShifts) throws GRBException {

model.optimize();
int status = model.get(GRB.IntAttr.Status);
if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
System.out.println("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return status;

334
 }
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL ) {
System.out.println("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
System.out.println("\nTotal slack required: " +
totSlack.get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X));
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
System.out.println(Workers[w] + " worked " +
totShifts[w].get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X) + " shifts");
}
System.out.println("\n");
return status;
}

335
3.4 C# Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi C# examples. The same source code can be
found in the examples/c# directory of the Gurobi distribution.

callback_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that
monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
screen and to a log file.

The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the

optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
conditions have been satisfied:
1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
solution has been found.
Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
(MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
termination criterion.
*/

using System;
using System.IO;
using Gurobi;

class callback_cs : GRBCallback

{
private double lastiter;
private double lastnode;
private GRBVar[] vars;
private StreamWriter logfile;

public callback_cs(GRBVar[] xvars, StreamWriter xlogfile)

{
lastiter = lastnode = -GRB.INFINITY;
vars = xvars;
logfile = xlogfile;
}

protected override void Callback()

336
{
try {
if (where == GRB.Callback.POLLING) {
// Ignore polling callback
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.PRESOLVE) {
// Presolve callback
int cdels = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.PRE_COLDEL);
int rdels = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.PRE_ROWDEL);
if (cdels != 0 || rdels != 0) {
Console.WriteLine(cdels + " columns and " + rdels
+ " rows are removed");
}
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.SIMPLEX) {
// Simplex callback
double itcnt = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_ITRCNT);
if (itcnt - lastiter >= 100) {
lastiter = itcnt;
double obj = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_OBJVAL);
int ispert = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_ISPERT);
double pinf = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_PRIMINF);
double dinf = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_DUALINF);
char ch;
if (ispert == 0) ch = ' ';
else if (ispert == 1) ch = 'S';
else ch = 'P';
Console.WriteLine(itcnt + " " + obj + ch + " "
+ pinf + " " + dinf);
}
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.MIP) {
// General MIP callback
double nodecnt = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODCNT);
double objbst = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBST);
double objbnd = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBND);
int solcnt = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_SOLCNT);
if (nodecnt - lastnode >= 100) {
lastnode = nodecnt;
int actnodes = (int) GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODLFT);
int itcnt = (int) GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_ITRCNT);
int cutcnt = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_CUTCNT);
Console.WriteLine(nodecnt + " " + actnodes + " "
+ itcnt + " " + objbst + " " + objbnd + " "
+ solcnt + " " + cutcnt);
}
if (Math.Abs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0 + Math.Abs(objbst))) {
Console.WriteLine("Stop early - 10% gap achieved");

337
 Abort();
}
if (nodecnt >= 10000 && solcnt > 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Stop early - 10000 nodes explored");
Abort();
}
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.MIPSOL) {
// MIP solution callback
int nodecnt = (int) GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_NODCNT);
double obj = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_OBJ);
int solcnt = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_SOLCNT);
double[] x = GetSolution(vars);
Console.WriteLine("**** New solution at node " + nodecnt
+ ", obj " + obj + ", sol " + solcnt
+ ", x[0] = " + x[0] + " ****");
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.MIPNODE) {
// MIP node callback
Console.WriteLine("**** New node ****");
if (GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPNODE_STATUS) == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
double[] x = GetNodeRel(vars);
SetSolution(vars, x);
}
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.BARRIER) {
// Barrier callback
int itcnt = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_ITRCNT);
double primobj = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_PRIMOBJ);
double dualobj = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_DUALOBJ);
double priminf = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_PRIMINF);
double dualinf = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_DUALINF);
double cmpl = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_COMPL);
Console.WriteLine(itcnt + " " + primobj + " " + dualobj + " "
+ priminf + " " + dualinf + " " + cmpl);
} else if (where == GRB.Callback.MESSAGE) {
// Message callback
string msg = GetStringInfo(GRB.Callback.MSG_STRING);
if (msg != null) logfile.Write(msg);
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode);
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
} catch (Exception e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error during callback");
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
}

338
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: callback_cs filename");
return;
}

StreamWriter logfile = null;

try {
// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Turn off display and heuristics

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0;
model.Parameters.Heuristics = 0.0;

// Open log file

logfile = new StreamWriter("cb.log");

// Create a callback object and associate it with the model

GRBVar[] vars = model.GetVars();
callback_cs cb = new callback_cs(vars, logfile);

model.SetCallback(cb);

// Solve model and capture solution information

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine("");
Console.WriteLine("Optimization complete");
if (model.SolCount == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("No solution found, optimization status = "
+ model.Status);
} else {
Console.WriteLine("Solution found, objective = " + model.ObjVal);

string[] vnames = model.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, vars);

double[] x = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

339
 for (int j = 0; j < vars.Length; j++) {
if (x[j] != 0.0) Console.WriteLine(vnames[j] + " " + x[j]);
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode);
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
} catch (Exception e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error during optimization");
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
} finally {
// Close log file
if (logfile != null) logfile.Close();
}
}
}

340
dense_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q

(and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
already have your data in this format.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class dense_cs {

protected static bool

dense_optimize(GRBEnv env,
int rows,
int cols,
double[] c, // linear portion of objective function
double[,] Q, // quadratic portion of objective function
double[,] A, // constraint matrix
char[] sense, // constraint senses
double[] rhs, // RHS vector
double[] lb, // variable lower bounds
double[] ub, // variable upper bounds
char[] vtype, // variable types (continuous, binary, etc.)
double[] solution) {

bool success = false;

try {
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Add variables to the model

GRBVar[] vars = model.AddVars(lb, ub, null, vtype, null);

// Populate A matrix

341
 for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
GRBLinExpr expr = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (A[i,j] != 0)
expr.AddTerm(A[i,j], vars[j]); // Note: '+=' would be much slower
model.AddConstr(expr, sense[i], rhs[i], "");
}

// Populate objective

GRBQuadExpr obj = new GRBQuadExpr();

if (Q != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (Q[i,j] != 0)
obj.AddTerm(Q[i,j], vars[i], vars[j]); // Note: '+=' would be much slower
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
if (c[j] != 0)
obj.AddTerm(c[j], vars[j]); // Note: '+=' would be much slower
model.SetObjective(obj);
}

// Solve model

model.Optimize();

// Extract solution

if (model.Status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
success = true;

for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)

solution[j] = vars[j].X;
}

model.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}

return success;
}

public static void Main(String[] args) {

342
 try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

double[] c = new double[] {1, 1, 0};

double[,] Q = new double[,] {{1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1}};
double[,] A = new double[,] {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 0}};
char[] sense = new char[] {'>', '>'};
double[] rhs = new double[] {4, 1};
double[] lb = new double[] {0, 0, 0};
bool success;
double[] sol = new double[3];

success = dense_optimize(env, 2, 3, c, Q, A, sense, rhs,

lb, null, null, sol);

if (success) {
Console.WriteLine("x: " + sol[0] + ", y: " + sol[1] + ", z: " + sol[2]);
}

// Dispose of environment
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

343
diet_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints

to an existing model. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class diet_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Nutrition guidelines, based on

// USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
// http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/
string[] Categories =
new string[] { "calories", "protein", "fat", "sodium" };
int nCategories = Categories.Length;
double[] minNutrition = new double[] { 1800, 91, 0, 0 };
double[] maxNutrition = new double[] { 2200, GRB.INFINITY, 65, 1779 };

// Set of foods
string[] Foods =
new string[] { "hamburger", "chicken", "hot dog", "fries",
"macaroni", "pizza", "salad", "milk", "ice cream" };
int nFoods = Foods.Length;
double[] cost =
new double[] { 2.49, 2.89, 1.50, 1.89, 2.09, 1.99, 2.49, 0.89,
1.59 };

// Nutrition values for the foods

double[,] nutritionValues = new double[,] {
{ 410, 24, 26, 730 }, // hamburger
{ 420, 32, 10, 1190 }, // chicken
{ 560, 20, 32, 1800 }, // hot dog
{ 380, 4, 19, 270 }, // fries
{ 320, 12, 10, 930 }, // macaroni
{ 320, 15, 12, 820 }, // pizza
{ 320, 31, 12, 1230 }, // salad
{ 100, 8, 2.5, 125 }, // milk
{ 330, 8, 10, 180 } // ice cream
};

344
// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "diet";

// Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

// which we limit via bounds
GRBVar[] nutrition = new GRBVar[nCategories];
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i) {
nutrition[i] =
model.AddVar(minNutrition[i], maxNutrition[i], 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Categories[i]);
}

// Create decision variables for the foods to buy

GRBVar[] buy = new GRBVar[nFoods];
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j) {
buy[j] =
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, cost[j], GRB.CONTINUOUS, Foods[j]);
}

// The objective is to minimize the costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Nutrition constraints
for (int i = 0; i < nCategories; ++i) {
GRBLinExpr ntot = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < nFoods; ++j)
ntot.AddTerm(nutritionValues[j,i], buy[j]);
model.AddConstr(ntot == nutrition[i], Categories[i]);
}

// Solve
model.Optimize();
PrintSolution(model, buy, nutrition);

Console.WriteLine("\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy");

model.AddConstr(buy[7] + buy[8] <= 6.0, "limit_dairy");

// Solve
model.Optimize();
PrintSolution(model, buy, nutrition);

345
 // Dispose of model and env
model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}

private static void PrintSolution(GRBModel model, GRBVar[] buy,

GRBVar[] nutrition) {
if (model.Status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("\nCost: " + model.ObjVal);
Console.WriteLine("\nBuy:");
for (int j = 0; j < buy.Length; ++j) {
if (buy[j].X > 0.0001) {
Console.WriteLine(buy[j].VarName + " " + buy[j].X);
}
}
Console.WriteLine("\nNutrition:");
for (int i = 0; i < nutrition.Length; ++i) {
Console.WriteLine(nutrition[i].VarName + " " + nutrition[i].X);
}
} else {
Console.WriteLine("No solution");
}
}
}

346
facility_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants

to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
transportation and fixed costs?

Based on an example from Frontline Systems:

http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
Used with permission.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class facility_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Warehouse demand in thousands of units

double[] Demand = new double[] { 15, 18, 14, 20 };

// Plant capacity in thousands of units

double[] Capacity = new double[] { 20, 22, 17, 19, 18 };

// Fixed costs for each plant

double[] FixedCosts =
new double[] { 12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, 16000 };

// Transportation costs per thousand units

double[,] TransCosts =
new double[,] { { 4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500 },
{ 2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000 },
{ 1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000 },
{ 2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200 } };

// Number of plants and warehouses

int nPlants = Capacity.Length;
int nWarehouses = Demand.Length;

// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

347
 GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "facility";

// Plant open decision variables: open[p] == 1 if plant p is open.

GRBVar[] open = new GRBVar[nPlants];
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
open[p] = model.AddVar(0, 1, FixedCosts[p], GRB.BINARY, "Open" + p);
}

// Transportation decision variables: how much to transport from

// a plant p to a warehouse w
GRBVar[,] transport = new GRBVar[nWarehouses,nPlants];
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
transport[w,p] =
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, TransCosts[w,p], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"Trans" + p + "." + w);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Production constraints
// Note that the right-hand limit sets the production to zero if
// the plant is closed
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
GRBLinExpr ptot = 0.0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w)
ptot.AddTerm(1.0, transport[w,p]);
model.AddConstr(ptot <= Capacity[p] * open[p], "Capacity" + p);
}

// Demand constraints
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
GRBLinExpr dtot = 0.0;
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p)
dtot.AddTerm(1.0, transport[w,p]);
model.AddConstr(dtot == Demand[w], "Demand" + w);
}

// Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest
// fixed costs; open all others

348
// First, open all plants
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
open[p].Start = 1.0;
}

// Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost

Console.WriteLine("Initial guess:");
double maxFixed = -GRB.INFINITY;
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (FixedCosts[p] > maxFixed) {
maxFixed = FixedCosts[p];
}
}
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (FixedCosts[p] == maxFixed) {
open[p].Start = 0.0;
Console.WriteLine("Closing plant " + p + "\n");
break;
}
}

// Use barrier to solve root relaxation

model.Parameters.Method = GRB.METHOD_BARRIER;

// Solve
model.Optimize();

// Print solution
Console.WriteLine("\nTOTAL COSTS: " + model.ObjVal);
Console.WriteLine("SOLUTION:");
for (int p = 0; p < nPlants; ++p) {
if (open[p].X > 0.99) {
Console.WriteLine("Plant " + p + " open:");
for (int w = 0; w < nWarehouses; ++w) {
if (transport[w,p].X > 0.0001) {
Console.WriteLine(" Transport " +
transport[w,p].X + " units to warehouse " + w);
}
}
} else {
Console.WriteLine("Plant " + p + " closed!");
}
}

// Dispose of model and env

349
 model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

350
feasopt_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial

variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
to a feasible solution to the input model.
We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables. */

using Gurobi;
using System;

class feasopt_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: feasopt_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel feasmodel = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later */

GRBModel feasmodel1 = new GRBModel(feasmodel);

// Clear objective
feasmodel.SetObjective(new GRBLinExpr());

// Add slack variables

GRBConstr[] c = feasmodel.GetConstrs();
for (int i = 0; i < c.Length; ++i) {
char sense = c[i].Sense;
if (sense != '>') {
GRBConstr[] constrs = new GRBConstr[] { c[i] };
double[] coeffs = new double[] { -1 };
feasmodel.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, constrs,
coeffs, "ArtN_" + c[i].ConstrName);
}
if (sense != '<') {

351
 GRBConstr[] constrs = new GRBConstr[] { c[i] };
double[] coeffs = new double[] { 1 };
feasmodel.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, constrs,
coeffs, "ArtP_" +
c[i].ConstrName);
}
}

// Optimize modified model

feasmodel.Optimize();
feasmodel.Write("feasopt.lp");

// Use FeasRelax feature */

feasmodel1.FeasRelax(GRB.FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true);
feasmodel1.Write("feasopt1.lp");
feasmodel1.Optimize();

// Dispose of model and env

feasmodel1.Dispose();
feasmodel.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

352
xanddive_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,

sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
linearly infeasible. */

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Gurobi;

class fixanddive_cs
{
// Comparison class used to sort variable list based on relaxation
// fractionality

class FractionalCompare : IComparer<GRBVar>

{
public int Compare(GRBVar v1, GRBVar v2)
{
try {
double sol1 = Math.Abs(v1.X);
double sol2 = Math.Abs(v2.X);
double frac1 = Math.Abs(sol1 - Math.Floor(sol1 + 0.5));
double frac2 = Math.Abs(sol2 - Math.Floor(sol2 + 0.5));
if (frac1 < frac2) {
return -1;
} else if (frac1 > frac2) {
return 1;
} else {
return 0;
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
return 0;
}
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
if (args.Length < 1) {

353
 Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: fixanddive_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
// Read model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Collect integer variables and relax them

List<GRBVar> intvars = new List<GRBVar>();
foreach (GRBVar v in model.GetVars()) {
if (v.VType != GRB.CONTINUOUS) {
intvars.Add(v);
v.VType = GRB.CONTINUOUS;
}
}

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0;
model.Optimize();

// Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

// quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value
// in the relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat.

for (int iter = 0; iter < 1000; ++iter) {

// create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of

// increasing distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest
// integer value

List<GRBVar> fractional = new List<GRBVar>();

foreach (GRBVar v in intvars) {
double sol = Math.Abs(v.X);
if (Math.Abs(sol - Math.Floor(sol + 0.5)) > 1e-5) {
fractional.Add(v);
}
}

Console.WriteLine("Iteration " + iter + ", obj " +

model.ObjVal + ", fractional " + fractional.Count);

if (fractional.Count == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Found feasible solution - objective " +
model.ObjVal);

354
 break;
}

// Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value

fractional.Sort(new FractionalCompare());
int nfix = Math.Max(fractional.Count / 4, 1);
for (int i = 0; i < nfix; ++i) {
GRBVar v = fractional[i];
double fixval = Math.Floor(v.X + 0.5);
v.LB = fixval;
v.UB = fixval;
Console.WriteLine(" Fix " + v.VarName +
" to " + fixval + " ( rel " + v.X + " )");
}

model.Optimize();

// Check optimization result

if (model.Status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Relaxation is infeasible");
break;
}
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}
}

355
genconstr_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling

some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
of the logical for

L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and

(x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
(~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
(~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)

We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
the minimum of the clauses (so if it one, we can satisfy all clauses)
and put these two variables in the objective.
i.e. the Objective function will be

maximize Obj0 + Obj1

Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)

Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4

thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
clauses; one if and only if at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
zero otherwise.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class genconstr_cs {

public const int n = 4;

public const int NLITERALS = 4; // same as n
public const int NCLAUSES = 8;
public const int NOBJ = 2;

static void Main() {

try {
// Example data:
// e.g. {0, n+1, 2} means clause (x0 or ~x1 or x2)

356
int[,] Clauses = new int[,]
{{ 0, n+1, 2}, { 1, n+2, 3},
{ 2, n+3, 0}, { 3, n+0, 1},
{n+0, n+1, 2}, {n+1, n+2, 3},
{n+2, n+3, 0}, {n+3, n+0, 1}};

int i, status;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("genconstr_cs.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.ModelName = "genconstr_cs";

// Initialize decision variables and objective

GRBVar[] Lit = new GRBVar[NLITERALS];

GRBVar[] NotLit = new GRBVar[NLITERALS];
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
Lit[i] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, string.Format("X{0}", i));
NotLit[i] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, string.Format("notX{0}", i));
}

GRBVar[] Cla = new GRBVar[NCLAUSES];

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
Cla[i] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, string.Format("Clause{0}", i));
}

GRBVar[] Obj = new GRBVar[NOBJ];

for (i = 0; i < NOBJ; i++) {
Obj[i] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, GRB.BINARY, string.Format("Obj{0}", i));
}

// Link Xi and notXi

GRBLinExpr lhs;
for (i = 0; i < NLITERALS; i++) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Lit[i]);
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, NotLit[i]);
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, string.Format("CNSTR_X{0}", i));
}

// Link clauses and literals

for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {

357
 GRBVar[] clause = new GRBVar[3];
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (Clauses[i,j] >= n) clause[j] = NotLit[Clauses[i,j]-n];
else clause[j] = Lit[Clauses[i,j]];
}
model.AddGenConstrOr(Cla[i], clause, string.Format("CNSTR_Clause{0}", i));
}

// Link objs with clauses

model.AddGenConstrMin(Obj[0], Cla, GRB.INFINITY, "CNSTR_Obj0");
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (i = 0; i < NCLAUSES; i++) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Cla[i]);
}
model.AddGenConstrIndicator(Obj[1], 1, lhs, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0, "CNSTR_Obj1");

// Set global objective sense

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE;

// Save problem
model.Write("genconstr_cs.mps");
model.Write("genconstr_cs.lp");

// Optimize
model.Optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.Status;

if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status);
return;
}

// Print result
double objval = model.ObjVal;

if (objval > 1.9)

358
 Console.WriteLine("Logical expression is satisfiable");
else if (objval > 0.9)
Console.WriteLine("At least four clauses can be satisfied");
else
Console.WriteLine("Not even three clauses can be satisfied");

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message);
}
}
}

359
lp_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
and writes it to a file. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class lp_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: lp_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

model.Optimize();

int optimstatus = model.Status;

if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) {
model.Parameters.Presolve = 0;
model.Optimize();
optimstatus = model.Status;
}

if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
double objval = model.ObjVal;
Console.WriteLine("Optimal objective: " + objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is infeasible");

// compute and write out IIS

model.ComputeIIS();
model.Write("model.ilp");

360
 } else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is unbounded");
} else {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status = "
+ optimstatus);
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

361
lpmethod_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;

show which value gives the shortest solve time. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class lpmethod_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: lpmethod_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
// Read model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Solve the model with different values of Method

int bestMethod = -1;
double bestTime = model.Parameters.TimeLimit;
for (int i = 0; i <= 2; ++i)
{
model.Reset();
model.Parameters.Method = i;
model.Optimize();
if (model.Status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL)
{
bestTime = model.Runtime;
bestMethod = i;
// Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time
// with other methods
model.Parameters.TimeLimit = bestTime;
}
}

// Report which method was fastest

if (bestMethod == -1) {
Console.WriteLine("Unable to solve this model");
} else {

362
 Console.WriteLine("Solved in " + bestTime
+ " seconds with Method: " + bestMethod);
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

363
lpmod_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
(i.e. 'from scratch'). */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class lpmod_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: lpmod_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
// Read model and determine whether it is an LP
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (model.IsMIP != 0) {
Console.WriteLine("The model is not a linear program");
Environment.Exit(1);
}

model.Optimize();

int status = model.Status;

if ((status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) ||
(status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED)) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved because it is "
+ "infeasible or unbounded");
Environment.Exit(1);
}

if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
Environment.Exit(0);

364
 }

// Find the smallest variable value

double minVal = GRB.INFINITY;
GRBVar minVar = null;
foreach (GRBVar v in model.GetVars()) {
double sol = v.X;
if ((sol > 0.0001) && (sol < minVal) && (v.LB == 0.0)) {
minVal = sol;
minVar = v;
}
}

Console.WriteLine("\n*** Setting " +

minVar.VarName + " from " + minVal +
" to zero ***\n");
minVar.UB = 0.0;

// Solve from this starting point

model.Optimize();

// Save iteration & time info

double warmCount = model.IterCount;
double warmTime = model.Runtime;

// Reset the model and resolve

Console.WriteLine("\n*** Resetting and solving "
+ "without an advanced start ***\n");
model.Reset();
model.Optimize();

double coldCount = model.IterCount;

double coldTime = model.Runtime;

Console.WriteLine("\n*** Warm start: " + warmCount + " iterations, " +

warmTime + " seconds");
Console.WriteLine("*** Cold start: " + coldCount + " iterations, " +
coldTime + " seconds");

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +

365
 e.Message);
}
}
}

366
mip1_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:

maximize x + y + 2 z
subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z binary
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class mip1_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("mip1.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "x");

GRBVar y = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "y");
GRBVar z = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "z");

// Set objective: maximize x + y + 2 z

model.SetObjective(x + y + 2 * z, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + y >= 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);

367
 Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal);

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

368
mip2_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and

prints the objective values from all feasible solutions
generated while solving the MIP. Then it creates the fixed
model and solves that model. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class mip2_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: mip2_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (model.IsMIP == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is not a MIP");
return;
}

model.Optimize();

int optimstatus = model.Status;

double objval = 0;
if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
objval = model.ObjVal;
Console.WriteLine("Optimal objective: " + objval);
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is infeasible");
return;
} else if (optimstatus == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is unbounded");
return;
} else {

369
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status = "
+ optimstatus);
return;
}

/* Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives */

GRBVar[] vars = model.GetVars();

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0;

Console.WriteLine();
for (int k = 0; k < model.SolCount; ++k) {
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = k;
double objn = 0.0;

for (int j = 0; j < vars.Length; j++) {

objn += vars[j].Obj * vars[j].Xn;
}

Console.WriteLine("Solution " + k + " has objective: " + objn);

}
Console.WriteLine();
model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 1;

/* Create a fixed model, turn off presolve and solve */

GRBModel fixedmodel = model.FixedModel();

fixedmodel.Parameters.Presolve = 0;

fixedmodel.Optimize();

int foptimstatus = fixedmodel.Status;

if (foptimstatus != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Error: fixed model isn't optimal");
return;
}

double fobjval = fixedmodel.ObjVal;

if (Math.Abs(fobjval - objval) > 1.0e-6 * (1.0 + Math.Abs(objval))) {

Console.WriteLine("Error: objective values are different");
return;
}

370
 GRBVar[] fvars = fixedmodel.GetVars();
double[] x = fixedmodel.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, fvars);
string[] vnames = fixedmodel.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, fvars);

for (int j = 0; j < fvars.Length; j++) {

if (x[j] != 0.0) Console.WriteLine(vnames[j] + " " + x[j]);
}

// Dispose of models and env

fixedmodel.Dispose();
model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

371
multiobj_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of

elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class multiobj_cs {
static void Main() {

try {
// Sample data
int groundSetSize = 20;
int nSubsets = 4;
int Budget = 12;
double[,] Set = new double[,]
{ { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 } };
int[] SetObjPriority = new int[] {3, 2, 2, 1};
double[] SetObjWeight = new double[] {1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0};
int e, i, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("multiobj_cs.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.ModelName = "multiobj_cs";

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering.
GRBVar[] Elem = model.AddVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY);
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
string vname = string.Format("El{0}", e);
Elem[e].VarName = vname;
}

// Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();

372
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Elem[e]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE;

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolSolutions = 100;

// Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 4;

// Set and configure i-th objective

for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.Parameters.ObjNumber = i;
model.ObjNPriority = SetObjPriority[i];
model.ObjNWeight = SetObjWeight[i];

string vname = string.Format("Set{0}", i);

model.ObjNName = vname;
model.ObjNRelTol = 0.01;
model.ObjNAbsTol = 1.0 + i;
for (int j = 0; j < groundSetSize; j++)
Elem[j].ObjN = Set[i,j];
}

// Save problem
model.Write("multiobj_cs.lp");

// Optimize
model.Optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.Status;

if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {

373
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status);
return;
}

// Print best selected set

Console.WriteLine("Selected elements in best solution:");
Console.Write("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].X < .9) continue;
Console.Write("El{0} ", e);
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount;
Console.WriteLine("Number of solutions found: {0}", nSolutions);

// Print objective values of solutions

if (nSolutions > 10) nSolutions = 10;
Console.WriteLine("Objective values for first {0} solutions:", nSolutions);
for (i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
model.Parameters.ObjNumber = i;

Console.Write("\tSet" + i);
for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = e;
Console.Write("{0,8}", model.ObjNVal);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();
} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code = {0}", e);
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}
}
}

374
params_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Use parameters that are associated with a model.

A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.

The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
is resumed until the optimal solution is found.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class params_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: params_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
// Read model and verify that it is a MIP
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel m = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);
if (m.IsMIP == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("The model is not an integer program");
Environment.Exit(1);
}

// Set a 5 second time limit

m.Parameters.TimeLimit = 5.0;

// Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus

GRBModel bestModel = new GRBModel(m);
bestModel.Optimize();
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) {
m.Reset();
m.Parameters.MIPFocus = i;
m.Optimize();
if (bestModel.MIPGap > m.MIPGap) {
GRBModel swap = bestModel;
bestModel = m;
m = swap;

375
 }
}

// Finally, delete the extra model, reset the time limit and
// continue to solve the best model to optimality
m.Dispose();
bestModel.Parameters.TimeLimit = GRB.INFINITY;
bestModel.Optimize();
Console.WriteLine("Solved with MIPFocus: " +
bestModel.Parameters.MIPFocus);

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}
}

376
piecewise_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

minimize f(x) - y + g(z)

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
x + y >= 1
x, y, z <= 1

where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It

formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class piecewise_cs
{

private static double f(double u) { return Math.Exp(-u); }

private static double g(double u) { return 2 * u * u - 4 * u; }

static void Main()

{
try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Create a new model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

double lb = 0.0, ub = 1.0;

GRBVar x = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

377
 // Set objective for y

model.SetObjective(-y);

// Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z

int npts = 101;

double[] ptu = new double[npts];
double[] ptf = new double[npts];
double[] ptg = new double[npts];

for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {

ptu[i] = lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1);
ptf[i] = f(ptu[i]);
ptg[i] = g(ptu[i]);
}

model.SetPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf);

model.SetPWLObj(z, ptu, ptg);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + y >= 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model as an LP

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine("IsMIP: " + model.IsMIP);

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal);

Console.WriteLine();

// Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

378
 for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++) {
ptf[i] = -ptf[i];
}

model.SetPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf);

// Optimize model as a MIP

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine("IsMIP: " + model.IsMIP);

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal);

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

379
poolsearch_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

problem by using PoolSearchMode */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class poolsearch_cs {

static void Main() {

try{
// Sample data
int groundSetSize = 10;
double[] objCoef = new double[] {32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1};
double[] knapsackCoef = new double[] {16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1};
double Budget = 33;
int e, status, nSolutions;

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("poolsearch_cs.log");

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.ModelName = "poolsearch_cs";

// Initialize decision variables for ground set:

// x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen
GRBVar[] Elem = model.AddVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY);
model.Set(GRB.DoubleAttr.Obj, Elem, objCoef, 0, groundSetSize);

for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {

Elem[e].VarName = string.Format("El{0}", e);
}

// Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

// Budget
GRBLinExpr lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
lhs.AddTerm(knapsackCoef[e], Elem[e]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget");

380
// set global sense for ALL objectives
model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE;

// Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolSolutions = 1024;

// Limit the search space by setting a gap for the worst possible solution that will be ac
model.Parameters.PoolGap = 0.10;

// do a systematic search for the k-best solutions

model.Parameters.PoolSearchMode = 2;

// save problem
model.Write("poolsearch_cs.lp");

// Optimize
model.Optimize();

// Status checking
status = model.Status;

if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " +
"because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status);
return;
}

// Print best selected set

Console.WriteLine("Selected elements in best solution:");
Console.Write("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].X < .9) continue;
Console.Write("El{0} ", e);
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount;
Console.WriteLine("Number of solutions found: {0}", nSolutions);

381
 // Print objective values of solutions
for (e = 0; e < nSolutions; e++) {
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = e;
Console.Write("{0} ", model.PoolObjVal);
if (e%15 == 14) Console.WriteLine();
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Print fourth best set if available

if (nSolutions >= 4) {
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = 3;

Console.WriteLine("Selected elements in fourth best solution:");

Console.Write("\t");
for (e = 0; e < groundSetSize; e++) {
if (Elem[e].Xn < .9) continue;
Console.Write("El{0} ", e);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();
} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message);
}
}

382
qcp_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:

maximize x
subject to x + y + z = 1
x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class qcp_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("qcp.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBLinExpr obj = x;
model.SetObjective(obj, GRB.MAXIMIZE);

// Add linear constraint: x + y + z = 1

model.AddConstr(x + y + z == 1.0, "c0");

// Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

model.AddQConstr(x*x + y*y <= z*z, "qc0");

// Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

model.AddQConstr(x*x <= y*z, "qc1");

383
 // Optimize model

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal + " " + obj.Value);

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

384
qp_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

minimize x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x

subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
x + y >= 1

It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.

*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class qp_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv("qp.log");
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

GRBVar x = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x");

GRBVar y = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y");
GRBVar z = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z");

// Set objective

GRBQuadExpr obj = x*x + x*y + y*y + y*z + z*z + 2*x;

model.SetObjective(obj);

// Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z >= 4.0, "c0");

// Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + y >= 1.0, "c1");

// Optimize model

model.Optimize();

385
 Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);
Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal + " " + obj.Value);

// Change variable types to integer

x.VType = GRB.INTEGER;
y.VType = GRB.INTEGER;
z.VType = GRB.INTEGER;

// Optimize model

model.Optimize();

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName + " " + x.X);

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName + " " + y.X);
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName + " " + z.X);

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " + model.ObjVal + " " + obj.Value);

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

386
sensitivity_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
the impact on the objective function value is reported.
*/

using System;
using Gurobi;

class sensitivity_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: sensitivity_cs filename");
return;
}

try {

// Create environment

GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read and solve model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

if (model.IsMIP == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Model is not a MIP");
return;
}

model.Optimize();

if (model.Status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization ended with status " + model.Status);
return;
}

// Store the optimal solution

387
 double origObjVal = model.ObjVal;
GRBVar[] vars = model.GetVars();
double[] origX = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

// Disable solver output for subsequent solves

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0;

// Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model

for (int i = 0; i < vars.Length; i++) {

GRBVar v = vars[i];
char vType = v.VType;

if (v.LB == 0 && v.UB == 1

&& (vType == GRB.BINARY || vType == GRB.INTEGER)) {

// Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution

if (origX[i] < 0.5) {

v.LB = 1.0;
v.Start = 1.0;
} else {
v.UB = 0.0;
v.Start = 0.0;
}

// Update MIP start for the other variables

for (int j = 0; j < vars.Length; j++) {

if (j != i) {
vars[j].Start = origX[j];
}
}

// Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information

model.Optimize();

if (model.Status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Objective sensitivity for variable "
+ v.VarName + " is " + (model.ObjVal - origObjVal));
} else {
Console.WriteLine("Objective sensitivity for variable "
+ v.VarName + " is infinite");

388
 }

// Restore the original variable bounds

v.LB = 0.0;
v.UB = 1.0;
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode);
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
}
}
}

389
sos_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class sos_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create variables

double[] ub = {1, 1, 2};

double[] obj = {-2, -1, -1};
string[] names = {"x0", "x1", "x2"};

GRBVar[] x = model.AddVars(null, ub, obj, null, names);

// Add first SOS1: x0=0 or x1=0

GRBVar[] sosv1 = {x[0], x[1]};

double[] soswt1 = {1, 2};

model.AddSOS(sosv1, soswt1, GRB.SOS_TYPE1);

// Add second SOS1: x0=0 or x2=0

GRBVar[] sosv2 = {x[0], x[2]};

double[] soswt2 = {1, 2};

model.AddSOS(sosv2, soswt2, GRB.SOS_TYPE1);

// Optimize model

model.Optimize();

390
 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
Console.WriteLine(x[i].VarName + " " + x[i].X);

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

391
sudoku_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/*
Sudoku example.

The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
same value.

In the MIP formulation, binary variables x[i,j,v] indicate whether

cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x[i,j,v] = 1)
2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x[i,j,v] = 1)
3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x[i,j,v] = 1)
4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x[i,j,v] = 1)

Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

*/

using System;
using System.IO;
using Gurobi;

class sudoku_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int n = 9;
int s = 3;

if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: sudoku_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Create 3-D array of model variables

GRBVar[,,] vars = new GRBVar[n,n,n];

392
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
string st = "G_" + i.ToString() + "_" + j.ToString()
+ "_" + v.ToString();
vars[i,j,v] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, st);
}
}
}

// Add constraints

GRBLinExpr expr;

// Each cell must take one value

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
expr = 0.0;
for (int v = 0; v < n; v++)
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[i,j,v]);
string st = "V_" + i.ToString() + "_" + j.ToString();
model.AddConstr(expr == 1.0, st);
}
}

// Each value appears once per row

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
expr = 0.0;
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[i,j,v]);
string st = "R_" + i.ToString() + "_" + v.ToString();
model.AddConstr(expr == 1.0, st);
}
}

// Each value appears once per column

for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
expr = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[i,j,v]);

393
 string st = "C_" + j.ToString() + "_" + v.ToString();
model.AddConstr(expr == 1.0, st);
}
}

// Each value appears once per sub-grid

for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {

for (int i0 = 0; i0 < s; i0++) {
for (int j0 = 0; j0 < s; j0++) {
expr = 0.0;
for (int i1 = 0; i1 < s; i1++) {
for (int j1 = 0; j1 < s; j1++) {
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[i0*s+i1,j0*s+j1,v]);
}
}
string st = "Sub_" + v.ToString() + "_" + i0.ToString()
+ "_" + j0.ToString();
model.AddConstr(expr == 1.0, st);
}
}
}

// Fix variables associated with pre-specified cells

StreamReader sr = File.OpenText(args[0]);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

string input = sr.ReadLine();
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
int val = (int) input[j] - 48 - 1; // 0-based

if (val >= 0)
vars[i,j,val].LB = 1.0;
}
}

// Optimize model

model.Optimize();

// Write model to file

model.Write("sudoku.lp");

double[,,] x = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars);

394
 Console.WriteLine();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (int v = 0; v < n; v++) {
if (x[i,j,v] > 0.5) {
Console.Write(v+1);
}
}
}
Console.WriteLine();
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

395
tsp_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

// Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of

// points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
// 'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
// two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
// tours that don't visit every node. The lazy constraint callback
// adds new constraints to cut them off.

using System;
using Gurobi;

class tsp_cs : GRBCallback {

private GRBVar[,] vars;

public tsp_cs(GRBVar[,] xvars) {

vars = xvars;
}

// Subtour elimination callback. Whenever a feasible solution is found,

// find the smallest subtour, and add a subtour elimination
// constraint if the tour doesn't visit every node.

protected override void Callback() {

try {
if (where == GRB.Callback.MIPSOL) {
// Found an integer feasible solution - does it visit every node?

int n = vars.GetLength(0);
int[] tour = findsubtour(GetSolution(vars));

if (tour.Length < n) {
// Add subtour elimination constraint
GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < tour.Length; i++)
for (int j = i+1; j < tour.Length; j++)
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[tour[i], tour[j]]);
AddLazy(expr <= tour.Length-1);
}
}
} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
}

396
}

// Given an integer-feasible solution 'sol', return the smallest

// sub-tour (as a list of node indices).

protected static int[] findsubtour(double[,] sol)

{
int n = sol.GetLength(0);
bool[] seen = new bool[n];
int[] tour = new int[n];
int bestind, bestlen;
int i, node, len, start;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++)

seen[i] = false;

start = 0;
bestlen = n+1;
bestind = -1;
node = 0;
while (start < n) {
for (node = 0; node < n; node++)
if (!seen[node])
break;
if (node == n)
break;
for (len = 0; len < n; len++) {
tour[start+len] = node;
seen[node] = true;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (sol[node, i] > 0.5 && !seen[i]) {
node = i;
break;
}
}
if (i == n) {
len++;
if (len < bestlen) {
bestlen = len;
bestind = start;
}
start += len;
break;
}
}

397
 }

for (i = 0; i < bestlen; i++)

tour[i] = tour[bestind+i];
System.Array.Resize(ref tour, bestlen);

return tour;
}

// Euclidean distance between points 'i' and 'j'

protected static double distance(double[] x,

double[] y,
int i,
int j) {
double dx = x[i]-x[j];
double dy = y[i]-y[j];
return Math.Sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);
}

public static void Main(String[] args) {

if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.WriteLine("Usage: tsp_cs nnodes");
return;
}

int n = Convert.ToInt32(args[0]);

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

// Must set LazyConstraints parameter when using lazy constraints

model.Parameters.LazyConstraints = 1;

double[] x = new double[n];

double[] y = new double[n];

Random r = new Random();

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
x[i] = r.NextDouble();
y[i] = r.NextDouble();
}

398
 // Create variables

GRBVar[,] vars = new GRBVar[n, n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) {
vars[i, j] = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, distance(x, y, i, j),
GRB.BINARY, "x"+i+"_"+j);
vars[j, i] = vars[i, j];
}
}

// Degree-2 constraints

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

GRBLinExpr expr = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars[i, j]);
model.AddConstr(expr == 2.0, "deg2_"+i);
}

// Forbid edge from node back to itself

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

vars[i, i].UB = 0.0;

model.SetCallback(new tsp_cs(vars));
model.Optimize();

if (model.SolCount > 0) {
int[] tour = findsubtour(model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars));

Console.Write("Tour: ");
for (int i = 0; i < tour.Length; i++)
Console.Write(tour[i] + " ");
Console.WriteLine();
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);

399
 Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace);
}
}
}

400
tune_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.

It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
and solves the model using these parameters. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class tune_cs
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 1) {
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: tune_cs filename");
return;
}

try {
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Read model from file

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env, args[0]);

// Set the TuneResults parameter to 1

model.Parameters.TuneResults = 1;

// Tune the model

model.Tune();

// Get the number of tuning results

int resultcount = model.TuneResultCount;

if (resultcount > 0) {

// Load the tuned parameters into the model's environment

model.GetTuneResult(0);

// Write the tuned parameters to a file

model.Write("tune.prm");

// Solve the model using the tuned parameters

model.Optimize();
}

401
 // Dispose of model and environment
model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " + e.Message);
}
}
}

402
workforce1_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts
besides what is reported via IIS. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class workforce1_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
string[] Shifts =
new string[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string[] Workers =
new string[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.Length;

int nWorkers = Workers.Length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double[] shiftRequirements =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double[] pay = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double[,] availability =
new double[,] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

403
 // Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "assignment";

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[,] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers,nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w,s] =
model.AddVar(0, availability[w,s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0.0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w, s]);
model.AddConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.Optimize();
int status = model.Status;
if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " + model.ObjVal);
return;
}
if ((status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) &&
(status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE)) {

404
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return;
}

// Do IIS
Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; computing IIS");
model.ComputeIIS();
Console.WriteLine("\nThe following constraint(s) "
+ "cannot be satisfied:");
foreach (GRBConstr c in model.GetConstrs()) {
if (c.IISConstr == 1) {
Console.WriteLine(c.ConstrName);
}
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}
}

405
workforce2_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
find all conflicting constraints. */

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Gurobi;

class workforce2_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
string[] Shifts =
new string[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string[] Workers =
new string[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.Length;

int nWorkers = Workers.Length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double[] shiftRequirements =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double[] pay = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double[,] availability =
new double[,] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

406
// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "assignment";

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[,] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers,nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w,s] =
model.AddVar(0, availability[w,s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0.0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w)
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w, s]);
model.AddConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.Optimize();
int status = model.Status;
if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " + model.ObjVal);
return;
}
if ((status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) &&
(status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE)) {

407
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return;
}

// Do IIS
Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; computing IIS");
LinkedList<string> removed = new LinkedList<string>();

// Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved

while (true) {
model.ComputeIIS();
Console.WriteLine("\nThe following constraint cannot be satisfied:");
foreach (GRBConstr c in model.GetConstrs()) {
if (c.IISConstr == 1) {
Console.WriteLine(c.ConstrName);
// Remove a single constraint from the model
removed.AddFirst(c.ConstrName);
model.Remove(c);
break;
}
}

Console.WriteLine();
model.Optimize();
status = model.Status;

if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
break;
}
if ((status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) &&
(status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE)) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " +
status);
return;
}
}

Console.WriteLine("\nThe following constraints were removed "

+ "to get a feasible LP:");
foreach (string s in removed) {

408
 Console.Write(s + " ");
}
Console.WriteLine();

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}
}

409
workforce3_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
they need to be relaxed. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class workforce3_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
string[] Shifts =
new string[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string[] Workers =
new string[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.Length;

int nWorkers = Workers.Length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double[] shiftRequirements =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

double[] pay = new double[] { 10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double[,] availability =
new double[,] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

410
// Model
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "assignment";

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
// solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
GRBVar[,] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers,nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w,s] =
model.AddVar(0, availability[w,s], pay[w], GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
GRBLinExpr lhs = 0.0;
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w,s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Optimize
model.Optimize();
int status = model.Status;
if (status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is unbounded");
return;
}
if (status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " + model.ObjVal);
return;
}
if ((status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) &&

411
 (status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE)) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return;
}

// Relax the constraints to make the model feasible

Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints");
int orignumvars = model.NumVars;
model.FeasRelax(0, false, false, true);
model.Optimize();
status = model.Status;
if ((status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) ||
(status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED)) {
Console.WriteLine("The relaxed model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return;
}

Console.WriteLine("\nSlack values:");
GRBVar[] vars = model.GetVars();
for (int i = orignumvars; i < model.NumVars; ++i) {
GRBVar sv = vars[i];
if (sv.X > 1e-6) {
Console.WriteLine(sv.VarName + " = " + sv.X);
}
}

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}
}

412
workforce4_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
tries to balance the workload among the workers. */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class workforce4_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
string[] Shifts =
new string[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string[] Workers =
new string[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu" };

int nShifts = Shifts.Length;

int nWorkers = Workers.Length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double[] shiftRequirements =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double[,] availability =
new double[,] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Model

413
 GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();
GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);

model.ModelName = "assignment";

// Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

// to shift s. This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
GRBVar[,] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers, nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w,s] =
model.AddVar(0, availability[w,s], 0, GRB.BINARY,
Workers[w] + "." + Shifts[s]);
}
}

// Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
// be satisfied
GRBVar[] slacks = new GRBVar[nShifts];
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
slacks[s] =
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Shifts[s] + "Slack");
}

// Variable to represent the total slack

GRBVar totSlack = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

GRBVar[] totShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
totShifts[w] = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
Workers[w] + "TotShifts");
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

// to each shift s, plus the slack
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {

414
 lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w, s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs == shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs == totSlack, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w, s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs == totShifts[w], "totShifts" + Workers[w]);
}

// Objective: minimize the total slack

model.SetObjective(1.0*totSlack);

// Optimize
int status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
return;
}

// Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds

totSlack.UB = totSlack.X;
totSlack.LB = totSlack.X;

// Variable to count the average number of shifts worked

GRBVar avgShifts =
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "avgShifts");

// Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;

// note that these variables can take negative values.
GRBVar[] diffShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
diffShifts[w] = model.AddVar(-GRB.INFINITY, GRB.INFINITY, 0,
GRB.CONTINUOUS, Workers[w] + "Diff");
}

415
 // Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, totShifts[w]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs == nWorkers * avgShifts, "avgShifts");

// Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
model.AddConstr(totShifts[w] - avgShifts == diffShifts[w],
Workers[w] + "Diff");
}

// Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
// average number of shifts worked
GRBQuadExpr qobj = new GRBQuadExpr();
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
qobj.AddTerm(1.0, diffShifts[w], diffShifts[w]);
}
model.SetObjective(qobj);

// Optimize
status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
return;
}

// Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode + ". " +
e.Message);
}
}

private static int solveAndPrint(GRBModel model, GRBVar totSlack,

int nWorkers, String[] Workers,
GRBVar[] totShifts)
{
model.Optimize();
int status = model.Status;
if ((status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) ||

416
 (status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) ||
(status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED)) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");
return status;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " + status);
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
Console.WriteLine("\nTotal slack required: " + totSlack.X);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
Console.WriteLine(Workers[w] + " worked " +
totShifts[w].X + " shifts");
}
Console.WriteLine("\n");
return status;
}
}

417
workforce5_cs.cs
/* Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

/* Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
(i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

using System;
using Gurobi;

class workforce5_cs
{
static void Main()
{
try {

// Sample data
// Sets of days and workers
string[] Shifts =
new string[] { "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" };
string[] Workers =
new string[] { "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi" };

int nShifts = Shifts.Length;

int nWorkers = Workers.Length;

// Number of workers required for each shift

double[] shiftRequirements =
new double[] { 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 };

// Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

double[,] availability =
new double[,] { { 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 },
{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },

418
 { 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } };

// Create environment
GRBEnv env = new GRBEnv();

// Create initial model

GRBModel model = new GRBModel(env);
model.ModelName = "workforce5_cs";

// Initialize assignment decision variables:

// x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
// This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
// use binary variables.
GRBVar[,] x = new GRBVar[nWorkers, nShifts];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
x[w,s] =
model.AddVar(0, availability[w,s], 0, GRB.BINARY,
string.Format("{0}.{1}", Workers[w], Shifts[s]));
}
}

// Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
// be satisfied
GRBVar[] slacks = new GRBVar[nShifts];
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
slacks[s] =
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
string.Format("{0}Slack", Shifts[s]));
}

// Variable to represent the total slack

GRBVar totSlack = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"totSlack");

// Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

GRBVar[] totShifts = new GRBVar[nWorkers];
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
totShifts[w] = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
string.Format("{0}TotShifts", Workers[w]));
}

GRBLinExpr lhs;

// Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

419
 // to each shift s, plus the slack
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w,s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements[s], Shifts[s]);
}

// Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.AddTerm(-1.0, totSlack);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks[s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totSlack");

// Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
lhs = new GRBLinExpr();
lhs.AddTerm(-1.0, totShifts[w]);
for (int s = 0; s < nShifts; ++s) {
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x[w,s]);
}
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, string.Format("totShifts{0}", Workers[w]));
}

// Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less <=/>= to the

// number of shifts among all workers
GRBVar minShift = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"minShift");
GRBVar maxShift = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS,
"maxShift");
model.AddGenConstrMin(minShift, totShifts, GRB.INFINITY, "minShift");
model.AddGenConstrMax(maxShift, totShifts, -GRB.INFINITY, "maxShift");

// Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE;

// Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 2;

// Set and configure objective 0

model.Parameters.ObjNumber = 0;

420
 model.ObjNPriority = 2;
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0;
model.ObjNName = "TotalSlack";
model.ObjNRelTol = 0.1;
model.ObjNAbsTol = 2.0;
totSlack.ObjN = 1.0;

// set and configure objective 1

model.Parameters.ObjNumber = 1;
model.ObjNPriority = 1;
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0;
model.ObjNName = "Fairness";
maxShift.ObjN = 1.0;
minShift.ObjN = -1.0;

// Save problem
model.Write("workforce5_cs.lp");

// Optimize
int status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts);

if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL)
return;

// Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose();
env.Dispose();

} catch (GRBException e) {
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message);
}
}

private static int solveAndPrint(GRBModel model, GRBVar totSlack,

int nWorkers, String[] Workers,
GRBVar[] totShifts)
{

model.Optimize();
int status = model.Status;
if (status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD ||
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE ||
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED ) {
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved "
+ "because it is infeasible or unbounded");

421
 return status;
}
if (status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL ) {
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status);
return status;
}

// Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
Console.WriteLine("\nTotal slack required: {0}", totSlack.X);
for (int w = 0; w < nWorkers; ++w) {
Console.WriteLine("{0} worked {1} shifts", Workers[w], totShifts[w].X);
}
Console.WriteLine("\n");
return status;
}

422
3.5 Visual Basic Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi Visual Basic examples. The same source
code can be found in the examples/vb directory of the Gurobi distribution.

callback_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that
' monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
' termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
' screen and to a log file.
'
' The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the
' optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
' conditions have been satisfied:
' 1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
' 2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
' solution has been found.
' Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
' (MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
' termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
' termination criterion.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class callback_vb
Inherits GRBCallback
Private vars As GRBVar()
Private lastnode As Double
Private lastiter As Double

Public Sub New(ByVal xvars As GRBVar())

vars = xvars
lastnode = lastiter = -1
End Sub

Protected Overloads Overrides Sub Callback()

Try
If where = GRB.Callback.PRESOLVE Then
' Presolve callback
Dim cdels As Integer = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.PRE_COLDEL)
Dim rdels As Integer = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.PRE_ROWDEL)
Console.WriteLine(cdels & " columns and " & rdels & " rows are removed")

423
 ElseIf where = GRB.Callback.SIMPLEX Then
' Simplex callback
Dim itcnt As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_ITRCNT)
If itcnt Mod - lastiter >= 100 Then
lastiter = itcnt
Dim obj As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_OBJVAL)
Dim pinf As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_PRIMINF)
Dim dinf As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_DUALINF)
Dim ispert As Integer = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.SPX_ISPERT)
Dim ch As Char
If ispert = 0 Then
ch = " "c
ElseIf ispert = 1 Then
ch = "S"c
Else
ch = "P"c
End If
Console.WriteLine(itcnt & " " & obj & ch & " " & pinf & " " & dinf)
End If
ElseIf where = GRB.Callback.MIP Then
' General MIP callback
Dim nodecnt As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODCNT)
If nodecnt - lastnode >= 100 Then
lastnode = nodecnt
Dim objbst As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBST)
Dim objbnd As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBND)
If Math.Abs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0R + Math.Abs(objbst)) Then
Abort()
End If
Dim actnodes As Integer = CInt(GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODLFT))
Dim itcnt As Integer = CInt(GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_ITRCNT))
Dim solcnt As Integer = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_SOLCNT)
Dim cutcnt As Integer = GetIntInfo(GRB.Callback.MIP_CUTCNT)
Console.WriteLine(nodecnt & " " & actnodes & " " & itcnt & " " & _
objbst & " " & objbnd & " " & solcnt & " " & cutcnt)
End If
ElseIf where = GRB.Callback.MIPSOL Then
' MIP solution callback
Dim obj As Double = GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_OBJ)
Dim nodecnt As Integer = CInt(GetDoubleInfo(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_NODCNT))
Dim x As Double() = GetSolution(vars)
Console.WriteLine("**** New solution at node " & nodecnt & ", obj " & _
obj & ", x(0) = " & x(0) & "****")
End If
Catch e As GRBException

424
 Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace)
End Try
End Sub

Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: callback_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

Dim vars As GRBVar() = model.GetVars()

' Create a callback object and associate it with the model

model.SetCallback(New callback_vb(vars))
model.Optimize()

Dim x As Double() = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars)

Dim vnames As String() = model.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, vars)

For j As Integer = 0 To vars.Length - 1

If x(j) <> 0.0R Then
Console.WriteLine(vnames(j) & " " & x(j))
End If
Next

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

425
dense_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:
'
' minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2
' subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
' x + y >= 1
'
' The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q
' (and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
' that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
' already have your data in this format.

Imports Gurobi

Class dense_vb

Protected Shared Function _

dense_optimize(env As GRBEnv, _
rows As Integer, _
cols As Integer, _
c As Double(), _
Q As Double(,), _
A As Double(,), _
sense As Char(), _
rhs As Double(), _
lb As Double(), _
ub As Double(), _
vtype As Char(), _
solution As Double()) As Boolean

Dim success As Boolean = False

Try
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Add variables to the model

Dim vars As GRBVar() = model.AddVars(lb, ub, Nothing, vtype, Nothing)

' Populate A matrix

For i As Integer = 0 To rows - 1

Dim expr As New GRBLinExpr()

426
 For j As Integer = 0 To cols - 1
If A(i, j) <> 0 Then
expr.AddTerm(A(i, j), vars(j))
End If
Next
model.AddConstr(expr, sense(i), rhs(i), "")
Next

' Populate objective

Dim obj As New GRBQuadExpr()

If Q IsNot Nothing Then
For i As Integer = 0 To cols - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To cols - 1
If Q(i, j) <> 0 Then
obj.AddTerm(Q(i, j), vars(i), vars(j))
End If
Next
Next
For j As Integer = 0 To cols - 1
If c(j) <> 0 Then
obj.AddTerm(c(j), vars(j))
End If
Next
model.SetObjective(obj)
End If

' Solve model

model.Optimize()

' Extract solution

If model.Status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

success = True

For j As Integer = 0 To cols - 1

solution(j) = vars(j).X
Next
End If

model.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)

427
 End Try

Return success
End Function

Public Shared Sub Main(args As String())

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()

Dim c As Double() = New Double() {1, 1, 0}

Dim Q As Double(,) = New Double(,) {{1, 1, 0}, {0, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 1}}
Dim A As Double(,) = New Double(,) {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 0}}
Dim sense As Char() = New Char() {">"C, ">"C}
Dim rhs As Double() = New Double() {4, 1}
Dim lb As Double() = New Double() {0, 0, 0}
Dim success As Boolean
Dim sol As Double() = New Double(2) {}

success = dense_optimize(env, 2, 3, c, Q, A, sense, rhs, lb, Nothing, _

Nothing, sol)

If success Then
Console.WriteLine("x: " & sol(0) & ", y: " & sol(1) & ", z: " & sol(2))
End If

' Dispose of environment

env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try

End Sub
End Class

428
diet_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints
' to an existing model.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class diet_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Nutrition guidelines, based on

' USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
' http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/
Dim Categories As String() = New String() {"calories", "protein", "fat", _
"sodium"}
Dim nCategories As Integer = Categories.Length
Dim minNutrition As Double() = New Double() {1800, 91, 0, 0}
Dim maxNutrition As Double() = New Double() {2200, GRB.INFINITY, 65, 1779}

' Set of foods

Dim Foods As String() = New String() {"hamburger", "chicken", "hot dog", _
"fries", "macaroni", "pizza", _
"salad", "milk", "ice cream"}
Dim nFoods As Integer = Foods.Length
Dim cost As Double() = New Double() {2.49, 2.89, 1.5R, 1.89, 2.09, 1.99, _
2.49, 0.89, 1.59}

' Nutrition values for the foods

' hamburger
' chicken
' hot dog
' fries
' macaroni
' pizza
' salad
' milk
' ice cream
Dim nutritionValues As Double(,) = New Double(,) {{410, 24, 26, 730}, _
{420, 32, 10, 1190}, _
{560, 20, 32, 1800}, _
{380, 4, 19, 270}, _
{320, 12, 10, 930}, _

429
 {320, 15, 12, 820}, _
{320, 31, 12, 1230}, _
{100, 8, 2.5, 125}, _
{330, 8, 10, 180}}

' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "diet"

' Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

' which we limit via bounds
Dim nutrition As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nCategories - 1) {}
For i As Integer = 0 To nCategories - 1
nutrition(i) = model.AddVar(minNutrition(i), maxNutrition(i), 0, _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, Categories(i))
Next

' Create decision variables for the foods to buy

Dim buy As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nFoods - 1) {}
For j As Integer = 0 To nFoods - 1
buy(j) = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, cost(j), GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Foods(j))
Next

' The objective is to minimize the costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Nutrition constraints

For i As Integer = 0 To nCategories - 1
Dim ntot As GRBLinExpr = 0
For j As Integer = 0 To nFoods - 1
ntot.AddTerm(nutritionValues(j, i), buy(j))
Next
model.AddConstr(ntot = nutrition(i), Categories(i))
Next

' Solve
model.Optimize()
PrintSolution(model, buy, nutrition)

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Adding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy")

model.AddConstr(buy(7) + buy(8) <= 6, "limit_dairy")

430
 ' Solve
model.Optimize()

PrintSolution(model, buy, nutrition)

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub

Private Shared Sub PrintSolution(ByVal model As GRBModel, ByVal buy As GRBVar(), _

ByVal nutrition As GRBVar())
If model.Status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Cost: " & model.ObjVal)
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Buy:")
For j As Integer = 0 To buy.Length - 1
If buy(j).X > 0.0001 Then
Console.WriteLine(buy(j).VarName & " " & buy(j).X)
End If
Next
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Nutrition:")
For i As Integer = 0 To nutrition.Length - 1
Console.WriteLine(nutrition(i).VarName & " " & nutrition(i).X)
Next
Else
Console.WriteLine("No solution")
End If
End Sub
End Class

431
facility_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants
' to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
' costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
' transportation and fixed costs?
'
' Based on an example from Frontline Systems:
' http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
' Used with permission.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class facility_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Warehouse demand in thousands of units

Dim Demand As Double() = New Double() {15, 18, 14, 20}

' Plant capacity in thousands of units

Dim Capacity As Double() = New Double() {20, 22, 17, 19, 18}

' Fixed costs for each plant

Dim FixedCosts As Double() = New Double() {12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, _
16000}

' Transportation costs per thousand units

Dim TransCosts As Double(,) = New Double(,) {{4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500}, _
{2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000}, _
{1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000}, _
{2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200}}

' Number of plants and warehouses

Dim nPlants As Integer = Capacity.Length
Dim nWarehouses As Integer = Demand.Length

' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "facility"

432
' Plant open decision variables: open(p) == 1 if plant p is open.
Dim open As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nPlants - 1) {}
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
open(p) = model.AddVar(0, 1, FixedCosts(p), GRB.BINARY, "Open" & p)
Next

' Transportation decision variables: how much to transport from

' a plant p to a warehouse w
Dim transport As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWarehouses - 1, nPlants - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWarehouses - 1
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
transport(w, p) = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, _
TransCosts(w, p), GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
"Trans" & p & "." & w)
Next
Next

' The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs
model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Production constraints

' Note that the right-hand limit sets the production to zero if
' the plant is closed
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
Dim ptot As GRBLinExpr = 0
For w As Integer = 0 To nWarehouses - 1
ptot.AddTerm(1.0, transport(w, p))
Next
model.AddConstr(ptot <= Capacity(p) * open(p), "Capacity" & p)
Next

' Demand constraints

For w As Integer = 0 To nWarehouses - 1
Dim dtot As GRBLinExpr = 0
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
dtot.AddTerm(1.0, transport(w, p))
Next
model.AddConstr(dtot = Demand(w), "Demand" & w)
Next

' Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest
' fixed costs; open all others

' First, open all plants

For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1

433
 open(p).Start = 1.0
Next

' Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost
Console.WriteLine("Initial guess:")
Dim maxFixed As Double = -GRB.INFINITY
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
If FixedCosts(p) > maxFixed Then
maxFixed = FixedCosts(p)
End If
Next
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
If FixedCosts(p) = maxFixed Then
open(p).Start = 0.0
Console.WriteLine("Closing plant " & p & vbLf)
Exit For
End If
Next

' Use barrier to solve root relaxation

model.Parameters.Method = GRB.METHOD_BARRIER

' Solve
model.Optimize()

' Print solution

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "TOTAL COSTS: " & model.ObjVal)
Console.WriteLine("SOLUTION:")
For p As Integer = 0 To nPlants - 1
If open(p).X > 0.99 Then
Console.WriteLine("Plant " & p & " open:")
For w As Integer = 0 To nWarehouses - 1
If transport(w, p).X > 0.0001 Then
Console.WriteLine(" Transport " & _
transport(w, p).X & _
" units to warehouse " & w)
End If
Next
Else
Console.WriteLine("Plant " & p & " closed!")
End If

Next

' Dispose of model and env

434
 model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

435
feasopt_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial
' variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
' artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
' to a feasible solution to the input model.
' We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
' use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
' that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
' solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables.

Imports Gurobi
Imports System

Class feasopt_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: feasopt_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim feasmodel As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

'Create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later

Dim feasmodel1 As New GRBModel(feasmodel)

' Clear objective

feasmodel.SetObjective(New GRBLinExpr())

' Add slack variables

Dim c As GRBConstr() = feasmodel.GetConstrs()
For i As Integer = 0 To c.Length - 1
Dim sense As Char = c(i).Sense
If sense <> ">"c Then
Dim constrs As GRBConstr() = New GRBConstr() {c(i)}
Dim coeffs As Double() = New Double() {-1}
feasmodel.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
constrs, coeffs, _
"ArtN_" & c(i).ConstrName)
End If
If sense <> "<"c Then

436
 Dim constrs As GRBConstr() = New GRBConstr() {c(i)}
Dim coeffs As Double() = New Double() {1}
feasmodel.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 1.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
constrs, coeffs, _
"ArtP_" & c(i).ConstrName)
End If
Next

' Optimize modified model

feasmodel.Optimize()
feasmodel.Write("feasopt.lp")

' Use FeasRelax feature */

feasmodel1.FeasRelax(GRB.FEASRELAX_LINEAR, true, false, true)
feasmodel1.Write("feasopt1.lp")
feasmodel1.Optimize()

' Dispose of model and env

feasmodel1.Dispose()
feasmodel.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

437
xanddive_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,
' sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
' the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
' Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
' linearly infeasible.

Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports Gurobi

Class fixanddive_vb
' Comparison class used to sort variable list based on relaxation
' fractionality

Private Class FractionalCompare : Implements IComparer(Of GRBVar)

Public Function Compare(ByVal v1 As GRBVar, ByVal v2 As GRBVar) As Integer _
Implements IComparer(Of Gurobi.GRBVar).Compare
Try
Dim sol1 As Double = Math.Abs(v1.X)
Dim sol2 As Double = Math.Abs(v2.X)
Dim frac1 As Double = Math.Abs(sol1 - Math.Floor(sol1 + 0.5))
Dim frac2 As Double = Math.Abs(sol2 - Math.Floor(sol2 + 0.5))
If frac1 < frac2 Then
Return -1
ElseIf frac1 > frac2 Then
Return 1
Else
Return 0
End If
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
Return 0
End Function
End Class

Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: fixanddive_vb filename")
Return
End If

438
Try
' Read model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

' Collect integer variables and relax them

Dim intvars As New List(Of GRBVar)()
For Each v As GRBVar In model.GetVars()
If v.VType <> GRB.CONTINUOUS Then
intvars.Add(v)
v.VType = GRB.CONTINUOUS
End If
Next

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0
model.Optimize()

' Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

' quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value
' in the relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat.

For iter As Integer = 0 To 999

' create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of

' increasing distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest
' integer value

Dim fractional As New List(Of GRBVar)()

For Each v As GRBVar In intvars
Dim sol As Double = Math.Abs(v.X)
If Math.Abs(sol - Math.Floor(sol + 0.5)) > 0.00001 Then
fractional.Add(v)
End If
Next

Console.WriteLine("Iteration " & iter & ", obj " & _

model.ObjVal & ", fractional " & fractional.Count)

If fractional.Count = 0 Then
Console.WriteLine("Found feasible solution - objective " & _
model.ObjVal)
Exit For
End If

439
 ' Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value

fractional.Sort(New FractionalCompare())
Dim nfix As Integer = Math.Max(fractional.Count / 4, 1)
For i As Integer = 0 To nfix - 1
Dim v As GRBVar = fractional(i)
Dim fixval As Double = Math.Floor(v.X + 0.5)
v.LB = fixval
v.UB = fixval
Console.WriteLine(" Fix " & v.VarName & " to " & fixval & _
" ( rel " & v.X & " )")
Next

model.Optimize()

' Check optimization result

If model.Status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Console.WriteLine("Relaxation is infeasible")
Exit For
End If
Next

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " + e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

440
genconstr_vb.vb

' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling
' some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
' want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
' of the logical for
'
' L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
' (x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
' (~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
' (~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)
'
' We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
' negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
' variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
' the minimum of the clauses (so if it one, we can satisfy all clauses)
' and put these two variables in the objective.
' i.e. the Objective function will be
'
' maximize Obj0 + Obj1
'
' Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)
' Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4
'
' thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
' clauses; one if and only of at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
' zero otherwise.
'

Imports Gurobi

Class genconstr_vb

Public Const n As Integer = 4

Public Const NLITERALS As Integer = 4 'same as n
Public Const NCLAUSES As Integer = 8
Public Const NOBJ As Integer = 2

Shared Sub Main()

Try

' Example data:

441
 ' e.g. {0, n+1, 2} means clause (x0 or ~x1 or x2)
Dim Clauses As Integer(,) = New Integer(,) { _
{ 0, n + 1, 2}, { 1, n + 2, 3}, _
{ 2, n + 3, 0}, { 3, n + 0, 1}, _
{n + 0, n + 1, 2}, {n + 1, n + 2, 3}, _
{n + 2, n + 3, 0}, {n + 3, n + 0, 1}}

Dim i As Integer, status As Integer

' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv("genconstr_vb.log")

' Create initial model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env)
model.ModelName = "genconstr_vb"

' Initialize decision variables and objective

Dim Lit As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(NLITERALS - 1) {}
Dim NotLit As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(NLITERALS - 1) {}
For i = 0 To NLITERALS - 1
Lit(i) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, String.Format("X{0}", i))
NotLit(i) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, String.Format("notX{0}", i))
Next

Dim Cla As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(NCLAUSES - 1) {}

For i = 0 To NCLAUSES - 1
Cla(i) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, String.Format("Clause{0}", i))
Next

Dim Obj As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(NOBJ - 1) {}

For i = 0 To NOBJ - 1
Obj(i) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, GRB.BINARY, String.Format("Obj{0}", i))
Next

' Link Xi and notXi

Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr
For i = 0 To NLITERALS - 1
lhs = New GRBLinExpr()
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Lit(i))
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, NotLit(i))
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 1.0, String.Format("CNSTR_X{0}", i))
Next

' Link clauses and literals

For i = 0 To NCLAUSES - 1

442
 Dim clause As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(2) {}
For j As Integer = 0 To 2
If Clauses(i, j) >= n Then
clause(j) = NotLit(Clauses(i, j) - n)
Else
clause(j) = Lit(Clauses(i, j))
End If
Next
model.AddGenConstrOr(Cla(i), clause, String.Format("CNSTR_Clause{0}", i))
Next

' Link objs with clauses

model.AddGenConstrMin(Obj(0), Cla, GRB.INFINITY, "CNSTR_Obj0")
lhs = New GRBLinExpr()
For i = 0 To NCLAUSES - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Cla(i))
Next
model.AddGenConstrIndicator(Obj(1), 1, lhs, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, 4.0, "CNSTR_Obj1")

' Set global objective sense

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE

' Save problem

model.Write("genconstr_vb.mps")
model.Write("genconstr_vb.lp")

' Optimize
model.Optimize()

' Status checking

status = model.Status

If status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD OrElse _

status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE OrElse _
status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is infeasible or unbounded")
Return
End If

If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status)
Return
End If

443
 ' Print result
Dim objval As Double = model.ObjVal

If objval > 1.9 Then

Console.WriteLine("Logical expression is satisfiable")
ElseIf objval > 0.9 Then
Console.WriteLine("At least four clauses can be satisfied")
Else
Console.WriteLine("Not even three clauses can be satisfied")
End If

' Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message)

End Try
End Sub
End Class

444
lp_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.
' If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
' presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
' the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
' and writes it to a file.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class lp_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: lp_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As GRBEnv = New GRBEnv("lp1.log")
Dim model As GRBModel = New GRBModel(env, args(0))

model.Optimize()

Dim optimstatus As Integer = model.Status

If optimstatus = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD Then

model.Parameters.Presolve = 0
model.Optimize()
optimstatus = model.Status
End If

If optimstatus = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Dim objval As Double = model.ObjVal
Console.WriteLine("Optimal objective: " & objval)
ElseIf optimstatus = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE Then
Console.WriteLine("Model is infeasible")
model.ComputeIIS()
model.Write("model.ilp")
ElseIf optimstatus = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("Model is unbounded")
Else
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status = " & _

445
 optimstatus)
End If

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

446
lpmethod_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;
' show which value gives the shortest solve time.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class lpmethod_vb

Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: lpmethod_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
' Read model and verify that it is a MIP
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

' Solve the model with different values of Method

Dim bestMethod As Integer = -1
Dim bestTime As Double = model.get(GRB.DoubleParam.TimeLimit)
For i As Integer = 0 To 2
model.Reset()
model.Parameters.Method = i
model.Optimize()
If model.Status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
bestTime = model.Runtime
bestMethod = i
' Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time
' with other methods
model.Parameters.TimeLimit = bestTime
End If
Next

' Report which method was fastest

If bestMethod = -1 Then
Console.WriteLine("Unable to solve this model")
Else
Console.WriteLine("Solved in " & bestTime & _
" seconds with Method: " & bestMethod)

447
 End If

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

448
lpmod_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.
' If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
' sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
' first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
' (i.e. from scratch).

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class lpmod_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: lpmod_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
' Read model and determine whether it is an LP
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))
If model.IsMIP <> 0 Then
Console.WriteLine("The model is not a linear program")
Environment.Exit(1)
End If

model.Optimize()

Dim status As Integer = model.Status

If (status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) OrElse _

(status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) OrElse _
(status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved because it is " & _
"infeasible or unbounded")
Environment.Exit(1)
End If

If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & status)
Environment.Exit(0)
End If

449
 ' Find the smallest variable value
Dim minVal As Double = GRB.INFINITY
Dim minVar As GRBVar = Nothing
For Each v As GRBVar In model.GetVars()
Dim sol As Double = v.X
If (sol > 0.0001) AndAlso _
(sol < minVal) AndAlso _
(v.LB = 0.0) Then
minVal = sol
minVar = v
End If
Next

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "*** Setting " & _

minVar.VarName & " from " & minVal & " to zero ***" & vbLf)
minVar.UB = 0

' Solve from this starting point

model.Optimize()

' Save iteration & time info

Dim warmCount As Double = model.IterCount
Dim warmTime As Double = model.Runtime

' Reset the model and resolve

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "*** Resetting and solving " & _
"without an advanced start ***" & vbLf)
model.Reset()
model.Optimize()

Dim coldCount As Double = model.IterCount

Dim coldTime As Double = model.Runtime

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "*** Warm start: " & warmCount & _

" iterations, " & warmTime & " seconds")

Console.WriteLine("*** Cold start: " & coldCount & " iterations, " & _
coldTime & " seconds")

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException

450
 Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

451
mip1_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:
'
' maximize x + y + 2 z
' subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
' x + y >= 1
' x, y, z binary

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class mip1_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try
Dim env As GRBEnv = New GRBEnv("mip1.log")
Dim model As GRBModel = New GRBModel(env)

' Create variables

Dim x As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "x")

Dim y As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "y")
Dim z As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, "z")

' Set objective: maximize x + y + 2 z

model.SetObjective(x + y + 2 * z, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

' Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4.0, "c0")

' Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4.0, "c1")

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

452
 Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal)

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

453
mip2_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and
' prints the objective values from all feasible solutions
' generated while solving the MIP. Then it creates the fixed
' model and solves that model.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class mip2_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: mip2_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As GRBEnv = New GRBEnv("lp1.log")
Dim model As GRBModel = New GRBModel(env, args(0))

If model.IsMIP = 0 Then
Console.WriteLine("Model is not a MIP")
Return
End If

model.Optimize()

Dim optimstatus As Integer = model.Status

If optimstatus = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD Then

model.Parameters.Presolve = 0
model.Optimize()
optimstatus = model.Status
End If

Dim objval As Double

If optimstatus = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

objval = model.ObjVal
Console.WriteLine("Optimal objective: " & objval)
ElseIf optimstatus = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE Then

454
 Console.WriteLine("Model is infeasible")
model.ComputeIIS()
model.Write("model.ilp")
Return
ElseIf optimstatus = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("Model is unbounded")
Return
Else
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status = " & _
optimstatus)
Return
End If

' Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives

Dim vars() As GRBVar = model.GetVars()
model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0

Console.WriteLine()
For k As Integer = 0 To model.SolCount - 1
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = k
Dim objn As Double = 0.0

For j As Integer = 0 To vars.Length - 1

objn += vars(j).Obj * vars(j).Xn
Next

Console.WriteLine("Solution " & k & " has objective: " & objn)
Next
Console.WriteLine()
model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 1

' Solve fixed model

Dim fixedmodel As GRBModel = model.FixedModel()
fixedmodel.Parameters.Presolve = 0
fixedmodel.Optimize()

Dim foptimstatus As Integer = fixedmodel.Status

If foptimstatus <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Error: fixed model isn't optimal")
Return
End If

Dim fobjval As Double = fixedmodel.ObjVal

If Math.Abs(fobjval - objval) > 0.000001 * (1.0 + Math.Abs(objval)) Then

455
 End If

Dim fvars() As GRBVar = fixedmodel.GetVars()

Dim x() As Double = fixedmodel.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, fvars)
Dim vnames() As String = fixedmodel.Get(GRB.StringAttr.VarName, fvars)

For j As Integer = 0 To fvars.Length - 1

If x(j) <> 0 Then
Console.WriteLine(vnames(j) & " " & x(j))
End If
Next

' Dispose of models and env

fixedmodel.Dispose()
model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

456
multiobj_vb.vb

' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of
' elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
' be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization.

Imports Gurobi

Class multiobj_vb

Shared Sub Main()

Try
' Sample data
Dim groundSetSize As Integer = 20
Dim nSubsets As Integer = 4
Dim Budget As Integer = 12

Dim [Set] As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _

{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, _
{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0}, _
{0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0}}

Dim SetObjPriority As Integer() = New Integer() {3, 2, 2, 1}

Dim SetObjWeight As Double() = New Double() {1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0}
Dim e As Integer, i As Integer, status As Integer, nSolutions As Integer

' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv("multiobj_vb.log")

' Create initial model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env)
model.ModelName = "multiobj_vb"

' Initialize decision variables for ground set:

' x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering.
Dim Elem As GRBVar() = model.AddVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY)
For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
Dim vname As String = "El" & e.ToString()
Elem(e).VarName = vname
Next

457
 ' Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most
' Budget
Dim lhs As New GRBLinExpr()
For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, Elem(e))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget")

' Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE

' Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolSolutions = 100

' Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 4

' Set and configure i-th objective

For i = 0 To nSubsets - 1
model.Parameters.ObjNumber = i
model.ObjNPriority = SetObjPriority(i)
model.ObjNWeight = SetObjWeight(i)

Dim vname As String = String.Format("Set{0}", i)

model.ObjNName = vname
model.ObjNRelTol = 0.01
model.ObjNAbsTol = 1.0 + i
For j As Integer = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
Elem(j).ObjN = [Set](i, j)
Next
Next

' Save problem

model.Write("multiobj_vb.lp")

' Optimize
model.Optimize()

' Status checking

status = model.Status

If status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD OrElse _

status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE OrElse _
status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _

458
 "because it is infeasible or unbounded")
Return
End If
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status)
Return
End If

' Print best selected set

Console.WriteLine("Selected elements in best solution:")
Console.Write(vbTab)
For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
If Elem(e).X < 0.9 Then
Continue For
End If
Console.Write("El{0} ", e)
Next
Console.WriteLine()

' Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount
Console.WriteLine("Number of solutions found: {0}", nSolutions)

' Print objective values of solutions

If nSolutions > 10 Then
nSolutions = 10
End If
Console.WriteLine("Objective values for first {0} solutions:", nSolutions)
For i = 0 To nSubsets - 1
model.Parameters.ObjNumber = i

Console.Write(vbTab & "Set" & i)

For e = 0 To nSolutions - 1
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = e
Console.Write("{0,8}", model.ObjNVal)
Next
Console.WriteLine()
Next

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code = {0}", e)
Console.WriteLine(e.Message)

459
 End Try
End Sub
End Class

460
params_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */

' Use parameters that are associated with a model.

' A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.

' The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
' is resumed until the optimal solution is found.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class params_vb
Shared Sub Main(args As String())
If args.Length < 1 Then
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: params_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
' Read model and verify that it is a MIP
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim m As New GRBModel(env, args(0))
If m.IsMIP = 0 Then
Console.WriteLine("The model is not an integer program")
Environment.Exit(1)
End If

' Set a 5 second time limit

m.Parameters.TimeLimit = 5.0

' Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus

Dim bestModel As New GRBModel(m)
bestModel.Optimize()
For i As Integer = 1 To 3
m.Reset()
m.Parameters.MIPFocus = i
m.Optimize()
If bestModel.MIPGap > m.MIPGap Then
Dim swap As GRBModel = bestModel
bestModel = m
m = swap
End If
Next

461
 ' Finally, delete the extra model, reset the time limit and
' continue to solve the best model to optimality
m.Dispose()
bestModel.Parameters.TimeLimit = GRB.INFINITY
bestModel.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine("Solved with MIPFocus: " & bestModel.Parameters.MIPFocus)

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode & ". " + e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

462
piecewise_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

'
' minimize f(x) - y + g(z)
' subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
' x + y >= 1
' x, y, z <= 1
'
' where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It
' formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
' g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
' into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
' to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class piecewise_vb
Shared Function f(u As Double) As Double
Return Math.Exp(-u)
End Function
Shared Function g(u As Double) As Double
Return 2 * u * u - 4 * u
End Function

Shared Sub Main()

Try
' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv()

' Create a new model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Create variables

Dim lb As Double = 0.0, ub As Double = 1.0

Dim x As GRBVar = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x")

Dim y As GRBVar = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y")
Dim z As GRBVar = model.AddVar(lb, ub, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z")

463
 ' Set objective for y

model.SetObjective(-y)

' Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z

Dim npts As Integer = 101

Dim ptu As Double() = New Double(npts - 1) {}
Dim ptf As Double() = New Double(npts - 1) {}
Dim ptg As Double() = New Double(npts - 1) {}

For i As Integer = 0 To npts - 1

ptu(i) = lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1)
ptf(i) = f(ptu(i))
ptg(i) = g(ptu(i))
Next

model.SetPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf)

model.SetPWLObj(z, ptu, ptg)

' Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4.0, "c0")

' Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + y >= 1.0, "c1")

' Optimize model as an LP

model.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine("IsMIP: " & model.IsMIP)

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal)

Console.WriteLine()

' Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

For i As Integer = 0 To npts - 1

464
 ptf(i) = -ptf(i)
Next

model.SetPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf)

' Optimize model as a MIP

model.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine("IsMIP: " & model.IsMIP)

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal)

' Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode & ". " + e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

465
poolsearch_vb.vb

' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

' problem by using PoolSearchMode

Imports Gurobi

Class poolsearch_vb

Shared Sub Main()

Try

'Sample data
Dim groundSetSize As Integer = 10

Dim objCoef As Double() = New Double() { _

32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1}

Dim knapsackCoef As Double() = New Double() { _

16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1}

Dim Budget As Double = 33

Dim e As Integer, status As Integer, nSolutions As Integer

' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv("poolsearch_vb.log")

' Create initial model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env)
model.ModelName = "poolsearch_vb"

' Initialize decision variables for ground set:

' x[e] == k if element e is chosen k-times.
Dim Elem As GRBVar() = model.AddVars(groundSetSize, GRB.BINARY)
model.[Set](GRB.DoubleAttr.Obj, Elem, objCoef, 0, groundSetSize)

For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
Elem(e).VarName = String.Format("El{0}", e)
Next

' Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most Budget

Dim lhs As New GRBLinExpr()

466
For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
lhs.AddTerm(knapsackCoef(e), Elem(e))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.LESS_EQUAL, Budget, "Budget")

' set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE

' Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolSolutions = 1024

' Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolGap = 0.1

' Limit how many solutions to collect

model.Parameters.PoolSearchMode = 2

' save problem

model.Write("poolsearch_vb.lp")

' Optimize
model.Optimize()

' Status checking

status = model.Status

If status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD OrElse _

status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE OrElse _
status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unboun
Return
End If
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status)
Return
End If

' Print best selected set

Console.WriteLine("Selected elements in best solution:")
Console.Write(vbTab)
For e = 0 To groundSetSize - 1
If Elem(e).X < 0.9 Then
Continue For
End If
Console.Write("El{0} ", e)

467
 Next
Console.WriteLine()

' Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount
Console.WriteLine("Number of solutions found: ", nSolutions)

' Print objective values of solutions

For e = 0 To nSolutions - 1
model.Parameters.SolutionNumber = e
Console.Write("{0} ", model.PoolObjVal)
If e Mod 15 = 14 Then
Console.WriteLine()
End If
Next
Console.WriteLine()

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message)

End Try
End Sub

End Class

468
qcp_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:
'
' maximize x
' subject to x + y + z = 1
' x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
' x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)

Imports Gurobi

Class qcp_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv("qcp.log")
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Create variables

Dim x As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x")

Dim y As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y")
Dim z As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, GRB.INFINITY, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z")

' Set objective

Dim obj As GRBLinExpr = x

model.SetObjective(obj, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

' Add linear constraint: x + y + z = 1

model.AddConstr(x + y + z = 1.0, "c0")

' Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

model.AddQConstr(x * x + y * y <= z * z, "qc0")

' Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

model.AddQConstr(x * x <= y * z, "qc1")

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

469
 Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)
Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal & " " & obj.Value)

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

470
qp_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:
'
' minimize x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x
' subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
' x + y >= 1
'
' It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.
'

Imports Gurobi

Class qp_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv("qp.log")
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Create variables

Dim x As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "x")

Dim y As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "y")
Dim z As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "z")

' Set objective

Dim obj As New GRBQuadExpr()

obj = x*x + x*y + y*y + y*z + z*z + 2*x
model.SetObjective(obj)

' Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4

model.AddConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z >= 4.0, "c0")

' Add constraint: x + y >= 1

model.AddConstr(x + y >= 1.0, "c1")

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)

471
 Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal & " " & obj.Value)

' Change variable types to integer

x.VType = GRB.INTEGER
y.VType = GRB.INTEGER
z.VType = GRB.INTEGER

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

Console.WriteLine(x.VarName & " " & x.X)

Console.WriteLine(y.VarName & " " & y.X)
Console.WriteLine(z.VarName & " " & z.X)

Console.WriteLine("Obj: " & model.ObjVal & " " & obj.Value)

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

472
sensitivity_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

' from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
' to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
' the impact on the objective function value is reported.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class sensitivity_vb
Shared Sub Main(args As String())
If args.Length < 1 Then
Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: sensitivity_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try

' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv()

' Read and solve model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

If model.IsMIP = 0 Then
Console.WriteLine("Model is not a MIP")
Return
End If

model.Optimize()

If model.Status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Console.WriteLine("Optimization ended with status " & _
model.Status)
Return
End If

' Store the optimal solution

Dim origObjVal As Double = model.ObjVal

Dim vars As GRBVar() = model.GetVars()

473
 Dim origX As Double() = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars)

' Disable solver output for subsequent solves

model.Parameters.OutputFlag = 0

' Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model

For i As Integer = 0 To vars.Length - 1

Dim v As GRBVar = vars(i)
Dim vType As Char = v.VType

If v.LB = 0 AndAlso _
v.UB = 1 AndAlso _
(vType = GRB.BINARY OrElse vType = GRB.INTEGER) Then

' Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution

If origX(i) < 0.5 Then

v.LB = 1.0
v.Start = 1.0
Else
v.UB = 0.0
v.Start = 0.0
End If

' Update MIP start for the other variables

For j As Integer = 0 To vars.Length - 1

If j <> i Then
vars(j).Start = origX(j)
End If
Next

' Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information

model.Optimize()

If model.Status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Console.WriteLine("Objective sensitivity for variable " & _
v.VarName & " is " & (model.ObjVal - origObjVal))
Else
Console.WriteLine("Objective sensitivity for variable " & _
v.VarName & " is infinite")
End If

474
 ' Restore the original variable bounds

v.LB = 0.0
v.UB = 1.0
End If
Next

' Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode)
Console.WriteLine(e.Message)
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

475
sos_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
' The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
' and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class sos_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Create variables

Dim ub As Double() = {1, 1, 2}

Dim obj As Double() = {-2, -1, -1}
Dim names As String() = {"x0", "x1", "x2"}

Dim x As GRBVar() = model.AddVars(Nothing, ub, obj, Nothing, names)

' Add first SOS1: x0=0 or x1=0

Dim sosv1 As GRBVar() = {x(0), x(1)}

Dim soswt1 As Double() = {1, 2}

model.AddSOS(sosv1, soswt1, GRB.SOS_TYPE1)

' Add second SOS1: x0=0 or x2=0

Dim sosv2 As GRBVar() = {x(0), x(2)}

Dim soswt2 As Double() = {1, 2}

model.AddSOS(sosv2, soswt2, GRB.SOS_TYPE1)

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

For i As Integer = 0 To 2
Console.WriteLine(x(i).VarName & " " & x(i).X)
Next

476
 ' Dispose of model and env
model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

477
sudoku_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Sudoku example.
'
' The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
' of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
' No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
' same value.

' In the MIP formulation, binary variables x(i,j,v) indicate whether

' cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
' 1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x(i,j,v) = 1)
' 2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x(i,j,v) = 1)
' 3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x(i,j,v) = 1)
' 4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x(i,j,v) = 1)
'
' Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

Imports System
Imports System.IO
Imports Gurobi

Class sudoku_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args as String())
Dim n As Integer = 9
Dim s As Integer = 3

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: sudoku_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Create 3-D array of model variables

Dim vars As GRBVar(,,) = New GRBVar(n - 1, n - 1, n - 1) {}

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
Dim st As String = "G_" & i & "_" & j & "_" & v

478
 vars(i, j, v) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, GRB.BINARY, st)
Next
Next
Next

' Add constraints

Dim expr As GRBLinExpr

' Each cell must take one value

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr = 0
For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(i, j, v))
Next
Dim st As String = "V_" & i & "_" & j
model.AddConstr(expr = 1, st)
Next
Next

' Each value appears once per row

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr = 0
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(i, j, v))
Next
Dim st As String = "R_" & i & "_" & v
model.AddConstr(expr = 1, st)
Next
Next

' Each value appears once per column

For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr = 0
For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(i, j, v))
Next
Dim st As String = "C_" & j & "_" & v
model.AddConstr(expr = 1, st)

479
 Next
Next

' Each value appears once per sub-grid

For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For i0 As Integer = 0 To s - 1
For j0 As Integer = 0 To s - 1
expr = 0
For i1 As Integer = 0 To s - 1
For j1 As Integer = 0 To s - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(i0 * s + i1, j0 * s + j1, v))
Next
Next
Dim st As String = "Sub_" & v & "_" & i0 & "_" & j0
model.AddConstr(expr = 1, st)
Next
Next
Next

' Fix variables associated with pre-specified cells

Dim sr As StreamReader = File.OpenText(args(0))

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
Dim input As String = sr.ReadLine()
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
Dim val As Integer = Microsoft.VisualBasic.Asc(input(j)) - 48 - 1
' 0-based
If val >= 0 Then
vars(i, j, val).LB = 1.0
End If
Next
Next

' Optimize model

model.Optimize()

' Write model to file

model.Write("sudoku.lp")

Dim x As Double(,,) = model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars)

Console.WriteLine()

480
 For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For v As Integer = 0 To n - 1
If x(i, j, v) > 0.5 Then
Console.Write(v + 1)
End If
Next
Next
Console.WriteLine()
Next

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

481
tsp_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of
' points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
' 'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
' two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
' tours that don't visit every node. The lazy constraint callback
' adds new constraints to cut them off.

Imports Gurobi

Class tsp_vb
Inherits GRBCallback
Private vars As GRBVar(,)

Public Sub New(xvars As GRBVar(,))

vars = xvars
End Sub

' Subtour elimination callback. Whenever a feasible solution is found,

' find the smallest subtour, and add a subtour elimination constraint
' if the tour doesn't visit every node.

Protected Overrides Sub Callback()

Try
If where = GRB.Callback.MIPSOL Then
' Found an integer feasible solution - does it visit every node?

Dim n As Integer = vars.GetLength(0)

Dim tour As Integer() = findsubtour(GetSolution(vars))

If tour.Length < n Then

' Add subtour elimination constraint
Dim expr As GRBLinExpr = 0
For i As Integer = 0 To tour.Length - 1
For j As Integer = i + 1 To tour.Length - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(tour(i), tour(j)))
Next
Next
AddLazy(expr <= tour.Length - 1)
End If
End If
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)

482
 Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace)
End Try
End Sub

' Given an integer-feasible solution 'sol', returns the smallest

' sub-tour (as a list of node indices).

Protected Shared Function findsubtour(sol As Double(,)) As Integer()

Dim n As Integer = sol.GetLength(0)
Dim seen As Boolean() = New Boolean(n - 1) {}
Dim tour As Integer() = New Integer(n - 1) {}
Dim bestind As Integer, bestlen As Integer
Dim i As Integer, node As Integer, len As Integer, start As Integer

For i = 0 To n - 1
seen(i) = False
Next

start = 0
bestlen = n+1
bestind = -1
node = 0
While start < n
For node = 0 To n - 1
if Not seen(node)
Exit For
End if
Next
if node = n
Exit While
End if
For len = 0 To n - 1
tour(start+len) = node
seen(node) = true
For i = 0 To n - 1
if sol(node, i) > 0.5 AndAlso Not seen(i)
node = i
Exit For
End If
Next
If i = n
len = len + 1
If len < bestlen
bestlen = len
bestind = start

483
 End If
start = start + len
Exit For
End If
Next
End While

For i = 0 To bestlen - 1
tour(i) = tour(bestind+i)
Next
System.Array.Resize(tour, bestlen)

Return tour
End Function

' Euclidean distance between points 'i' and 'j'

Protected Shared Function distance(x As Double(), y As Double(), _

i As Integer, j As Integer) As Double
Dim dx As Double = x(i) - x(j)
Dim dy As Double = y(i) - y(j)
Return Math.Sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
End Function

Public Shared Sub Main(args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.WriteLine("Usage: tsp_vb nnodes")
Return
End If

Dim n As Integer = Convert.ToInt32(args(0))

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

' Must set LazyConstraints parameter when using lazy constraints

model.Parameters.LazyConstraints = 1

Dim x As Double() = New Double(n - 1) {}

Dim y As Double() = New Double(n - 1) {}

Dim r As New Random()

484
For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
x(i) = r.NextDouble()
y(i) = r.NextDouble()
Next

' Create variables

Dim vars As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(n - 1, n - 1) {}

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
For j As Integer = 0 To i
vars(i, j) = model.AddVar(0.0, 1.0, distance(x, y, i, j), _
GRB.BINARY, "x" & i & "_" & j)
vars(j, i) = vars(i, j)
Next
Next

' Degree-2 constraints

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
Dim expr As GRBLinExpr = 0
For j As Integer = 0 To n - 1
expr.AddTerm(1.0, vars(i, j))
Next
model.AddConstr(expr = 2.0, "deg2_" & i)
Next

' Forbid edge from node back to itself

For i As Integer = 0 To n - 1
vars(i, i).UB = 0.0
Next

model.SetCallback(New tsp_vb(vars))
model.Optimize()

If model.SolCount > 0 Then

Dim tour As Integer() = findsubtour(model.Get(GRB.DoubleAttr.X, vars))

Console.Write("Tour: ")
For i As Integer = 0 To tour.Length - 1
Console.Write(tour(i) & " ")
Next
Console.WriteLine()
End If

485
 ' Dispose of model and environment
model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
Console.WriteLine(e.StackTrace)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

486
tune_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc. */
'
' This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.
' It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
' and solves the model using these parameters.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class tune_vb
Shared Sub Main(ByVal args As String())

If args.Length < 1 Then

Console.Out.WriteLine("Usage: tune_vb filename")
Return
End If

Try
Dim env As New GRBEnv()

' Read model from file

Dim model As New GRBModel(env, args(0))

' Set the TuneResults parameter to 1

model.Parameters.TuneResults = 1

' Tune the model

model.Tune()

' Get the number of tuning results

Dim resultcount As Integer = model.TuneResultCount

If resultcount > 0 Then

' Load the tuned parameters into the model's environment

model.GetTuneResult(0)

' Write the tuned parameters to a file

model.Write("tune.prm")

' Solve the model using the tuned parameters

model.Optimize()
End If

487
 ' Dispose of model and environment
model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

488
workforce1_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
' particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
' conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts
' besides what is reported via IIS.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class workforce1_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Sample data

' Sets of days and workers
Dim Shifts As String() = New String() {"Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", _
"Fri5", "Sat6", "Sun7", "Mon8", _
"Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", _
"Fri12", "Sat13", "Sun14"}
Dim Workers As String() = New String() {"Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", _
"Ed", "Fred", "Gu"}

Dim nShifts As Integer = Shifts.Length

Dim nWorkers As Integer = Workers.Length

' Number of workers required for each shift

Dim shiftRequirements As Double() = New Double() {3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, _
5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, _
7, 5}

' Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

Dim pay As Double() = New Double() {10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11}

' Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

Dim availability As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, _
{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}

489
 ' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "assignment"

' Assignment variables: x(w)(s) == 1 if worker w is assigned

' to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
' solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
Dim x As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1, nShifts - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
x(w, s) = model.AddVar(0, availability(w, s), pay(w), _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Workers(w) & "." & Shifts(s))
Next
Next

' The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements(s) workers

' to each shift s
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr = 0
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = shiftRequirements(s), Shifts(s))
Next

' Optimize
model.Optimize()
Dim status As Integer = model.Status
If status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is unbounded")
Exit Sub
End If
If status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " & model.ObjVal)
Exit Sub
End If
If (status <> GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) AndAlso _
(status <> GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) Then

490
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & status)
Exit Sub
End If

' Do IIS
Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; computing IIS")
model.ComputeIIS()
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "The following constraint(s) " & _
"cannot be satisfied:")
For Each c As GRBConstr In model.GetConstrs()
If c.IISConstr = 1 Then
Console.WriteLine(c.ConstrName)
End If

Next

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

491
workforce2_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
' particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
' find all conflicting constraints.

Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Imports Gurobi

Class workforce2_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Sample data

' Sets of days and workers
Dim Shifts As String() = New String() {"Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", _
"Fri5", "Sat6", "Sun7", "Mon8", _
"Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", _
"Fri12", "Sat13", "Sun14"}
Dim Workers As String() = New String() {"Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", _
"Ed", "Fred", "Gu"}

Dim nShifts As Integer = Shifts.Length

Dim nWorkers As Integer = Workers.Length

' Number of workers required for each shift

Dim shiftRequirements As Double() = New Double() {3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, _
5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, _
7, 5}

' Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

Dim pay As Double() = New Double() {10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11}

' Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

Dim availability As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, _
{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}

492
' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "assignment"

' Assignment variables: x(w)(s) == 1 if worker w is assigned

' to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
' solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
Dim x As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1, nShifts - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
x(w, s) = model.AddVar(0, availability(w, s), pay(w), _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Workers(w) & "." & Shifts(s))
Next
Next

' The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements(s) workers

' to each shift s
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr = 0
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = shiftRequirements(s), Shifts(s))
Next

' Optimize
model.Optimize()
Dim status As Integer = model.Status
If status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is unbounded")
Exit Sub
End If
If status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " & model.ObjVal)
Exit Sub
End If
If (status <> GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) AndAlso _
(status <> GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) Then

493
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & status)
Exit Sub
End If

' Do IIS
Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; computing IIS")
Dim removed As LinkedList(Of String) = New LinkedList(Of String)()

' Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved

While True
model.ComputeIIS()
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "The following constraint cannot be satisfied:")
For Each c As GRBConstr In model.GetConstrs()
If c.IISConstr = 1 Then
Console.WriteLine(c.ConstrName)
' Remove a single constraint from the model
removed.AddFirst(c.ConstrName)
model.Remove(c)
Exit For
End If
Next

Console.WriteLine()
model.Optimize()
status = model.Status

If status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then

Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is unbounded")
Exit Sub
End If
If status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Exit While
End If
If (status <> GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) AndAlso _
(status <> GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & _
status)
Exit Sub
End If
End While

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "The following constraints were removed " & _

"to get a feasible LP:")
For Each s As String In removed

494
 Console.Write(s & " ")
Next

Console.WriteLine()

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

495
workforce3_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

' Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
' particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
' to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
' they need to be relaxed.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class workforce3_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Sample data

' Sets of days and workers
Dim Shifts As String() = New String() {"Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", _
"Fri5", "Sat6", "Sun7", "Mon8", _
"Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", _
"Fri12", "Sat13", "Sun14"}
Dim Workers As String() = New String() {"Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", _
"Ed", "Fred", "Gu"}

Dim nShifts As Integer = Shifts.Length

Dim nWorkers As Integer = Workers.Length

' Number of workers required for each shift

Dim shiftRequirements As Double() = New Double() {3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, _
5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, _
7, 5}

' Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

Dim pay As Double() = New Double() {10, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 11}

' Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

Dim availability As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, _
{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}

496
' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()
Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "assignment"

' Assignment variables: x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned

' to shift s. Since an assignment model always produces integer
' solutions, we use continuous variables and solve as an LP.
Dim x As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1, nShifts - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
x(w, s) = model.AddVar(0, availability(w, s), pay(w), _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Workers(w) & "." & Shifts(s))
Next
Next

' The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

' to each shift s
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr = 0.0
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = shiftRequirements(s), Shifts(s))
Next

' Optimize
model.Optimize()
Dim status As Integer = model.Status
If status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is unbounded")
Return
End If
If status = GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("The optimal objective is " & model.ObjVal)
Return
End If
If (status <> GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) AndAlso _
(status <> GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) Then

497
 Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & _
status)
Return
End If

' Relax the constraints to make the model feasible

Console.WriteLine("The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints")
Dim orignumvars As Integer = model.NumVars
model.FeasRelax(0, False, False, True)
model.Optimize()
status = model.Status
If (status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) OrElse _
(status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) OrElse _
(status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) Then
Console.WriteLine("The relaxed model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is infeasible or unbounded")
Return
End If
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " & status)
Return
End If

Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Slack values:")

Dim vars As GRBVar() = model.GetVars()
For i As Integer = orignumvars To model.NumVars - 1
Dim sv As GRBVar = vars(i)
If sv.X > 1E-06 Then
Console.WriteLine(sv.VarName & " = " & sv.X)
End If
Next

' Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " + e.ErrorCode & ". " + e.Message)
End Try
End Sub
End Class

498
workforce4_vb.vb
' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
'
' Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
' particular day. We use Pareto optimization to solve the model:
' first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
' the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
' tries to balance the workload among the workers.

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class workforce4_vb
Shared Sub Main()
Try

' Sample data

' Sets of days and workers
Dim Shifts As String() = New String() {"Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", _
"Fri5", "Sat6", "Sun7", "Mon8", _
"Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", _
"Fri12", "Sat13", "Sun14"}
Dim Workers As String() = New String() {"Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", _
"Ed", "Fred", "Gu"}

Dim nShifts As Integer = Shifts.Length

Dim nWorkers As Integer = Workers.Length

' Number of workers required for each shift

Dim shiftRequirements As Double() = New Double() {3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, _
5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, _
7, 5}

' Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

Dim availability As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, _
{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}

' Model
Dim env As New GRBEnv()

499
 Dim model As New GRBModel(env)

model.ModelName = "assignment"

' Assignment variables: x(w)(s) == 1 if worker w is assigned

' to shift s. This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we
' must use binary variables.
Dim x As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1, nShifts - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
x(w, s) = model.AddVar(0, availability(w, s), 0, _
GRB.BINARY, _
Workers(w) & "." & Shifts(s))
Next
Next

' Add a new slack variable to each shift constraint so that the
' shifts can be satisfied
Dim slacks As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nShifts - 1) {}
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
slacks(s) = _
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Shifts(s) & "Slack")
Next

' Variable to represent the total slack

Dim totSlack As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, "totSlack")

' Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

Dim totShifts As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
totShifts(w) = _
model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
Workers(w) & "TotShifts")
Next

Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr

' Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements(s) workers

' to each shift s, plus the slack
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs = 0
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks(s))
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1

500
 lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = shiftRequirements(s), Shifts(s))
Next

' Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = 0
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks(s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = totSlack, "totSlack")

' Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs = 0
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = totShifts(w), "totShifts" & Workers(w))
Next

' Objective: minimize the total slack

model.SetObjective(1.0*totSlack)

' Optimize
Dim status As Integer = _
solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts)
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Exit Sub
End If

' Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds
totSlack.UB = totSlack.X
totSlack.LB = totSlack.X

' Variable to count the average number of shifts worked

Dim avgShifts As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, _
GRB.CONTINUOUS, "avgShifts")

' Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;
' note that these variables can take negative values.
Dim diffShifts As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
diffShifts(w) = _
model.AddVar(-GRB.INFINITY, GRB.INFINITY, 0, _

501
 GRB.CONTINUOUS, Workers(w) & "Diff")
Next

' Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked

lhs = 0
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, totShifts(w))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs = nWorkers * avgShifts, "avgShifts")

' Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
model.AddConstr(totShifts(w) - avgShifts = diffShifts(w), _
Workers(w) & "Diff")
Next

' Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference

' from the average number of shifts worked
Dim qobj As GRBQuadExpr = New GRBQuadExpr
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
qobj.AddTerm(1.0, diffShifts(w), diffShifts(w))
Next
model.SetObjective(qobj)

' Optimize
status = solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts)
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Exit Sub
End If

' Dispose of model and env

model.Dispose()
env.Dispose()

Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: " & e.ErrorCode & ". " & e.Message)
End Try
End Sub

Private Shared Function solveAndPrint(ByVal model As GRBModel, _

ByVal totSlack As GRBVar, _
ByVal nWorkers As Integer, _
ByVal Workers As String(), _
ByVal totShifts As GRBVar()) As Integer
model.Optimize()

502
 Dim status As Integer = model.Status
solveAndPrint = status
If (status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD) OrElse _
(status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE) OrElse _
(status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED) Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved because " & _
"it is infeasible or unbounded")
Exit Function
End If
If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status " _
& status)
Exit Function
End If

' Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Total slack required: " & totSlack.X)
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
Console.WriteLine(Workers(w) & " worked " & _
totShifts(w).X & " shifts")
Next

Console.WriteLine(vbLf)
End Function
End Class

503
workforce5_vb.vb

' Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

'
' Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a
' particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
' The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
' (i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
' minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
' shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
' to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

Imports System
Imports Gurobi

Class workforce5_vb
Shared Sub Main()

Try

' Sample data

' Sets of days and workers
Dim Shifts As String() = New String() { _
"Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6", "Sun7", _
"Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13", "Sun14"}

Dim Workers As String() = New String() { _

"Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi"}

Dim nShifts As Integer = Shifts.Length

Dim nWorkers As Integer = Workers.Length

' Number of workers required for each shift

Dim shiftRequirements As Double() = New Double() { _
3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5}

' Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

Dim availability As Double(,) = New Double(,) { _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0}, _
{0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _
{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1}, _
{0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1}, _

504
 {1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}}

' Create environment

Dim env As New GRBEnv()

' Create initial model

Dim model As New GRBModel(env)
model.ModelName = "workforce5_vb"

' Initialize assignment decision variables:

' x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
' This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must
' use binary variables.
Dim x As GRBVar(,) = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1, nShifts - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
x(w, s) = model.AddVar(0, availability(w, s), 0, GRB.BINARY, _
String.Format("{0}.{1}", Workers(w), Shifts(s)))
Next
Next

' Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
' be satisfied
Dim slacks As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nShifts - 1) {}
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
slacks(s) = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
String.Format("{0}Slack", Shifts(s)))
Next

' Variable to represent the total slack

Dim totSlack As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "totSlack"

' Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

Dim totShifts As GRBVar() = New GRBVar(nWorkers - 1) {}
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
totShifts(w) = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, _
String.Format("{0}TotShifts", Workers(w)))
Next

Dim lhs As GRBLinExpr

' Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

' to each shift s, plus the slack
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs = New GRBLinExpr()

505
 lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks(s))
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, shiftRequirements(s), Shifts(s))
Next

' Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

lhs = New GRBLinExpr()
lhs.AddTerm(-1.0, totSlack)
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, slacks(s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, "totSlack")

' Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
lhs = New GRBLinExpr()
lhs.AddTerm(-1.0, totShifts(w))
For s As Integer = 0 To nShifts - 1
lhs.AddTerm(1.0, x(w, s))
Next
model.AddConstr(lhs, GRB.EQUAL, 0, String.Format("totShifts{0}", Workers(w)))
Next

' Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less <=/>= to the

' number of shifts among all workers
Dim minShift As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "minShift"
Dim maxShift As GRBVar = model.AddVar(0, GRB.INFINITY, 0, GRB.CONTINUOUS, "maxShift"
model.AddGenConstrMin(minShift, totShifts, GRB.INFINITY, "minShift")
model.AddGenConstrMax(maxShift, totShifts, -GRB.INFINITY, "maxShift")

' Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

' Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 2

' Set and configure objective 0

model.Parameters.ObjNumber = 0
model.ObjNPriority = 2
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0
model.ObjNName = "TotalSlack"
model.ObjNRelTol = 0.1
model.ObjNAbsTol = 2.0

506
 totSlack.ObjN = 1.0

' set and configure objective 1

model.Parameters.ObjNumber = 1
model.ObjNPriority = 1
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0
model.ObjNName = "Fairness"
maxShift.ObjN = 1.0
minShift.ObjN = -1.0

' Save problem

model.Write("workforce5_vb.lp")

' Optimize
Dim status As Integer = _
solveAndPrint(model, totSlack, nWorkers, Workers, totShifts)

If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then

Return
End If

' Dispose of model and environment

model.Dispose()

env.Dispose()
Catch e As GRBException
Console.WriteLine("Error code: {0}. {1}", e.ErrorCode, e.Message)
End Try
End Sub

Private Shared Function solveAndPrint(ByVal model As GRBModel, _

ByVal totSlack As GRBVar, _
ByVal nWorkers As Integer, _
ByVal Workers As String(), _
ByVal totShifts As GRBVar()) As Integer

model.Optimize()
Dim status As Integer = model.Status
If status = GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD OrElse _
status = GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE OrElse _
status = GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED Then
Console.WriteLine("The model cannot be solved " & _
"because it is infeasible or unbounded")
Return status
End If

507
 If status <> GRB.Status.OPTIMAL Then
Console.WriteLine("Optimization was stopped with status {0}", status)
Return status
End If

' Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
Console.WriteLine(vbLf & "Total slack required: {0}", totSlack.X)
For w As Integer = 0 To nWorkers - 1
Console.WriteLine("{0} worked {1} shifts", Workers(w), totShifts(w).X)
Next
Console.WriteLine(vbLf)
Return status
End Function

End Class

508
3.6 Python Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi Python examples. The same source code can
be found in the examples/python directory of the Gurobi distribution.

callback.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads a model from a file, sets up a callback that

# monitors optimization progress and implements a custom
# termination strategy, and outputs progress information to the
# screen and to a log file.
#
# The termination strategy implemented in this callback stops the
# optimization of a MIP model once at least one of the following two
# conditions have been satisfied:
# 1) The optimality gap is less than 10%
# 2) At least 10000 nodes have been explored, and an integer feasible
# solution has been found.
# Note that termination is normally handled through Gurobi parameters
# (MIPGap, NodeLimit, etc.). You should only use a callback for
# termination if the available parameters don't capture your desired
# termination criterion.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

# Define my callback function

def mycallback(model, where):

if where == GRB.Callback.POLLING:
# Ignore polling callback
pass
elif where == GRB.Callback.PRESOLVE:
# Presolve callback
cdels = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.PRE_COLDEL)
rdels = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.PRE_ROWDEL)
if cdels or rdels:
print('%d columns and %d rows are removed' % (cdels, rdels))
elif where == GRB.Callback.SIMPLEX:
# Simplex callback
itcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.SPX_ITRCNT)
if itcnt - model._lastiter >= 100:

509
 model._lastiter = itcnt
obj = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.SPX_OBJVAL)
ispert = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.SPX_ISPERT)
pinf = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.SPX_PRIMINF)
dinf = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.SPX_DUALINF)
if ispert == 0:
ch = ' '
elif ispert == 1:
ch = 'S'
else:
ch = 'P'
print('%d %g%s %g %g' % (int(itcnt), obj, ch, pinf, dinf))
elif where == GRB.Callback.MIP:
# General MIP callback
nodecnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODCNT)
objbst = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBST)
objbnd = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBND)
solcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_SOLCNT)
if nodecnt - model._lastnode >= 100:
model._lastnode = nodecnt
actnodes = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_NODLFT)
itcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_ITRCNT)
cutcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_CUTCNT)
print('%d %d %d %g %g %d %d' % (nodecnt, actnodes, \
itcnt, objbst, objbnd, solcnt, cutcnt))
if abs(objbst - objbnd) < 0.1 * (1.0 + abs(objbst)):
print('Stop early - 10% gap achieved')
model.terminate()
if nodecnt >= 10000 and solcnt:
print('Stop early - 10000 nodes explored')
model.terminate()
elif where == GRB.Callback.MIPSOL:
# MIP solution callback
nodecnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_NODCNT)
obj = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_OBJ)
solcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIPSOL_SOLCNT)
x = model.cbGetSolution(model.getVars())
print('**** New solution at node %d, obj %g, sol %d, ' \
'x[0] = %g ****' % (nodecnt, obj, solcnt, x[0]))
elif where == GRB.Callback.MIPNODE:
# MIP node callback
print('**** New node ****')
if model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIPNODE_STATUS) == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
x = model.cbGetNodeRel(model.getVars())
model.cbSetSolution(model.getVars(), x)

510
 elif where == GRB.Callback.BARRIER:
# Barrier callback
itcnt = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_ITRCNT)
primobj = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_PRIMOBJ)
dualobj = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_DUALOBJ)
priminf = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_PRIMINF)
dualinf = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_DUALINF)
cmpl = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.BARRIER_COMPL)
print('%d %g %g %g %g %g' % (itcnt, primobj, dualobj, \
priminf, dualinf, cmpl))
elif where == GRB.Callback.MESSAGE:
# Message callback
msg = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MSG_STRING)
model._logfile.write(msg)

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: callback.py filename')
quit()

# Turn off display and heuristics

setParam('OutputFlag', 0)
setParam('Heuristics', 0)

# Read model from file

model = read(sys.argv[1])

# Open log file

logfile = open('cb.log', 'w')

# Pass data into my callback function

model._lastiter = -GRB.INFINITY
model._lastnode = -GRB.INFINITY
model._logfile = logfile

# Solve model and capture solution information

model.optimize(mycallback)

print('')
print('Optimization complete')

511
if model.SolCount == 0:
print('No solution found, optimization status = %d' % model.Status)
else:
print('Solution found, objective = %g' % model.ObjVal)
for v in model.getVars():
if v.X != 0.0:
print('%s %g' % (v.VarName, v.X))

# Close log file

logfile.close()

512
custom.py
#
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# Interactive shell customization example
#
# Define a set of customizations for the Gurobi shell.
# Type 'from custom import *' to import them into your shell.
#

from gurobipy import *

# custom read command --- change directory as appropriate

def myread(name):
return read('/home/jones/models/' + name)

# simple termination callback

def mycallback(model, where):

if where == GRB.Callback.MIP:
time = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.RUNTIME)
best = model.cbGet(GRB.Callback.MIP_OBJBST)
if time > 10 and best < GRB.INFINITY:
model.terminate()

# custom optimize() function that uses callback

def myopt(model):
model.optimize(mycallback)

513
dense.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

#
# minimize x + y + x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2
# subject to x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
# x + y >= 1
#
# The example illustrates the use of dense matrices to store A and Q
# (and dense vectors for the other relevant data). We don't recommend
# that you use dense matrices, but this example may be helpful if you
# already have your data in this format.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

def dense_optimize(rows, cols, c, Q, A, sense, rhs, lb, ub, vtype,

solution):

model = Model()

# Add variables to model

vars = []
for j in range(cols):
vars.append(model.addVar(lb=lb[j], ub=ub[j], vtype=vtype[j]))

# Populate A matrix
for i in range(rows):
expr = LinExpr()
for j in range(cols):
if A[i][j] != 0:
expr += A[i][j]*vars[j]
model.addConstr(expr, sense[i], rhs[i])

# Populate objective
obj = QuadExpr()
for i in range(cols):
for j in range(cols):
if Q[i][j] != 0:
obj += Q[i][j]*vars[i]*vars[j]
for j in range(cols):
if c[j] != 0:

514
 obj += c[j]*vars[j]
model.setObjective(obj)

# Solve
model.optimize()

# Write model to a file

model.write('dense.lp')

if model.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
x = model.getAttr('x', vars)
for i in range(cols):
solution[i] = x[i]
return True
else:
return False

# Put model data into dense matrices

c = [1, 1, 0]
Q = [[1, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1]]
A = [[1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 0]]
sense = [GRB.GREATER_EQUAL, GRB.GREATER_EQUAL]
rhs = [4, 1]
lb = [0, 0, 0]
ub = [GRB.INFINITY, GRB.INFINITY, GRB.INFINITY]
vtype = [GRB.CONTINUOUS, GRB.CONTINUOUS, GRB.CONTINUOUS]
sol = [0]*3

# Optimize

success = dense_optimize(2, 3, c, Q, A, sense, rhs, lb, ub, vtype, sol)

if success:
print('x: %g, y: %g, z: %g' % (sol[0], sol[1], sol[2]))

515
diet.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Solve the classic diet model, showing how to add constraints

# to an existing model.

from gurobipy import *

# Nutrition guidelines, based on

# USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
# http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/

categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition = multidict({

'calories': [1800, 2200],
'protein': [91, GRB.INFINITY],
'fat': [0, 65],
'sodium': [0, 1779] })

foods, cost = multidict({

'hamburger': 2.49,
'chicken': 2.89,
'hot dog': 1.50,
'fries': 1.89,
'macaroni': 2.09,
'pizza': 1.99,
'salad': 2.49,
'milk': 0.89,
'ice cream': 1.59 })

# Nutrition values for the foods

nutritionValues = {
('hamburger', 'calories'): 410,
('hamburger', 'protein'): 24,
('hamburger', 'fat'): 26,
('hamburger', 'sodium'): 730,
('chicken', 'calories'): 420,
('chicken', 'protein'): 32,
('chicken', 'fat'): 10,
('chicken', 'sodium'): 1190,
('hot dog', 'calories'): 560,
('hot dog', 'protein'): 20,
('hot dog', 'fat'): 32,
('hot dog', 'sodium'): 1800,

516
 ('fries', 'calories'): 380,
('fries', 'protein'): 4,
('fries', 'fat'): 19,
('fries', 'sodium'): 270,
('macaroni', 'calories'): 320,
('macaroni', 'protein'): 12,
('macaroni', 'fat'): 10,
('macaroni', 'sodium'): 930,
('pizza', 'calories'): 320,
('pizza', 'protein'): 15,
('pizza', 'fat'): 12,
('pizza', 'sodium'): 820,
('salad', 'calories'): 320,
('salad', 'protein'): 31,
('salad', 'fat'): 12,
('salad', 'sodium'): 1230,
('milk', 'calories'): 100,
('milk', 'protein'): 8,
('milk', 'fat'): 2.5,
('milk', 'sodium'): 125,
('ice cream', 'calories'): 330,
('ice cream', 'protein'): 8,
('ice cream', 'fat'): 10,
('ice cream', 'sodium'): 180 }

# Model
m = Model("diet")

# Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

# which we limit via bounds
nutrition = m.addVars(categories, lb=minNutrition, ub=maxNutrition, name="nutrition")

# Create decision variables for the foods to buy

buy = m.addVars(foods, name="buy")

# You could use Python looping constructs and m.addVar() to create

# these decision variables instead. The following would be equivalent
# to the preceding two statements...
#
# nutrition = {}
# for c in categories:
# nutrition[c] = m.addVar(lb=minNutrition[c], ub=maxNutrition[c], name=c)
#
# buy = {}
# for f in foods:

517
# buy[f] = m.addVar(name=f)

# The objective is to minimize the costs

m.setObjective(buy.prod(cost), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Using looping constructs, the preceding statement would be:

#
# m.setObjective(sum(buy[f]*cost[f] for f in foods), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Nutrition constraints
m.addConstrs(
(quicksum(nutritionValues[f,c] * buy[f] for f in foods) == nutrition[c]
for c in categories), "_")

# Using looping constructs, the preceding statement would be:

#
# for c in categories:
# m.addConstr(
# sum(nutritionValues[f,c] * buy[f] for f in foods) == nutrition[c], c)

def printSolution():
if m.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('\nCost: %g' % m.objVal)
print('\nBuy:')
buyx = m.getAttr('x', buy)
nutritionx = m.getAttr('x', nutrition)
for f in foods:
if buy[f].x > 0.0001:
print('%s %g' % (f, buyx[f]))
print('\nNutrition:')
for c in categories:
print('%s %g' % (c, nutritionx[c]))
else:
print('No solution')

# Solve
m.optimize()
printSolution()

print('\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy')

m.addConstr(buy.sum(['milk','ice cream']) <= 6, "limit_dairy")

# Solve
m.optimize()
printSolution()

518
diet2.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Separate the model (dietmodel.py) from the data file (diet2.py), so

# that the model can be solved with different data files.
#
# Nutrition guidelines, based on
# USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
# http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/

from gurobipy import *

categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition = multidict({

'calories': [1800, 2200],
'protein': [91, GRB.INFINITY],
'fat': [0, 65],
'sodium': [0, 1779] })

foods, cost = multidict({

'hamburger': 2.49,
'chicken': 2.89,
'hot dog': 1.50,
'fries': 1.89,
'macaroni': 2.09,
'pizza': 1.99,
'salad': 2.49,
'milk': 0.89,
'ice cream': 1.59 })

# Nutrition values for the foods

nutritionValues = {
('hamburger', 'calories'): 410,
('hamburger', 'protein'): 24,
('hamburger', 'fat'): 26,
('hamburger', 'sodium'): 730,
('chicken', 'calories'): 420,
('chicken', 'protein'): 32,
('chicken', 'fat'): 10,
('chicken', 'sodium'): 1190,
('hot dog', 'calories'): 560,
('hot dog', 'protein'): 20,
('hot dog', 'fat'): 32,
('hot dog', 'sodium'): 1800,

519
 ('fries', 'calories'): 380,
('fries', 'protein'): 4,
('fries', 'fat'): 19,
('fries', 'sodium'): 270,
('macaroni', 'calories'): 320,
('macaroni', 'protein'): 12,
('macaroni', 'fat'): 10,
('macaroni', 'sodium'): 930,
('pizza', 'calories'): 320,
('pizza', 'protein'): 15,
('pizza', 'fat'): 12,
('pizza', 'sodium'): 820,
('salad', 'calories'): 320,
('salad', 'protein'): 31,
('salad', 'fat'): 12,
('salad', 'sodium'): 1230,
('milk', 'calories'): 100,
('milk', 'protein'): 8,
('milk', 'fat'): 2.5,
('milk', 'sodium'): 125,
('ice cream', 'calories'): 330,
('ice cream', 'protein'): 8,
('ice cream', 'fat'): 10,
('ice cream', 'sodium'): 180 }

import dietmodel
dietmodel.solve(categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition,
foods, cost, nutritionValues)

520
diet3.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Use a SQLite database with the diet model (dietmodel.py). The database
# (diet.db) can be recreated using the included SQL script (diet.sql).
#
# Note that this example reads an external data file (..\data\diet.db).
# As a result, it must be run from the Gurobi examples/python directory.

import os
import sqlite3
from gurobipy import *

con = sqlite3.connect(os.path.join('..', 'data', 'diet.db'))

cur = con.cursor()

cur.execute('select category,minnutrition,maxnutrition from categories')

result = cur.fetchall()
categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition = multidict(
(cat,[minv,maxv]) for cat,minv,maxv in result)

cur.execute('select food,cost from foods')

result = cur.fetchall()
foods, cost = multidict(result)

cur.execute('select food,category,value from nutrition')

result = cur.fetchall()
nutritionValues = dict(((f,c),v) for f,c,v in result)

con.close()

import dietmodel
dietmodel.solve(categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition,
foods, cost, nutritionValues)

521
diet4.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Read diet model data from an Excel spreadsheet (diet.xls).

# Pass the imported data into the diet model (dietmodel.py).
#
# Note that this example reads an external data file (..\data\diet.xls).
# As a result, it must be run from the Gurobi examples/python directory.
#
# This example requires Python package 'xlrd', which isn't included
# in most Python distributions. You can obtain it from
# http://pypi.python.org/pypi/xlrd.

import os
import xlrd

book = xlrd.open_workbook(os.path.join("..", "data", "diet.xls"))

sh = book.sheet_by_name("Categories")
categories = []
minNutrition = {}
maxNutrition = {}
i = 1
while True:
try:
c = sh.cell_value(i, 0)
categories.append(c)
minNutrition[c] = sh.cell_value(i,1)
maxNutrition[c] = sh.cell_value(i,2)
i = i + 1
except IndexError:
break

sh = book.sheet_by_name("Foods")
foods = []
cost = {}
i = 1
while True:
try:
f = sh.cell_value(i, 0)
foods.append(f)
cost[f] = sh.cell_value(i,1)
i = i + 1

522
 except IndexError:
break

sh = book.sheet_by_name("Nutrition")
nutritionValues = {}
i = 1
for food in foods:
j = 1
for cat in categories:
nutritionValues[food,cat] = sh.cell_value(i,j)
j += 1
i += 1

import dietmodel
dietmodel.solve(categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition,
foods, cost, nutritionValues)

523
dietmodel.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Solve the classic diet model. This file implements

# a function that formulates and solves the model,
# but it contains no model data. The data is
# passed in by the calling program. Run example 'diet2.py',
# 'diet3.py', or 'diet4.py' to invoke this function.

from gurobipy import *

def solve(categories, minNutrition, maxNutrition, foods, cost,

nutritionValues):
# Model
m = Model("diet")

# Create decision variables for the nutrition information,

# which we limit via bounds
nutrition = m.addVars(categories, lb=minNutrition, ub=maxNutrition, name="nutrition")

# Create decision variables for the foods to buy

buy = m.addVars(foods, name="buy")

# The objective is to minimize the costs

m.setObjective(buy.prod(cost), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Nutrition constraints
m.addConstrs(
(quicksum(nutritionValues[f,c] * buy[f] for f in foods) == nutrition[c]
for c in categories), "_")

def printSolution():
if m.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('\nCost: %g' % m.objVal)
print('\nBuy:')
buyx = m.getAttr('x', buy)
nutritionx = m.getAttr('x', nutrition)
for f in foods:
if buy[f].x > 0.0001:
print('%s %g' % (f, buyx[f]))
print('\nNutrition:')

524
 for c in categories:
print('%s %g' % (c, nutritionx[c]))
else:
print('No solution')

# Solve
m.optimize()
printSolution()

print('\nAdding constraint: at most 6 servings of dairy')

m.addConstr(buy.sum(['milk','ice cream']) <= 6, "limit_dairy")

# Solve
m.optimize()
printSolution()

525
facility.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Facility location: a company currently ships its product from 5 plants

# to 4 warehouses. It is considering closing some plants to reduce
# costs. What plant(s) should the company close, in order to minimize
# transportation and fixed costs?
#
# Note that this example uses lists instead of dictionaries. Since
# it does not work with sparse data, lists are a reasonable option.
#
# Based on an example from Frontline Systems:
# http://www.solver.com/disfacility.htm
# Used with permission.

from gurobipy import *

# Warehouse demand in thousands of units

demand = [15, 18, 14, 20]

# Plant capacity in thousands of units

capacity = [20, 22, 17, 19, 18]

# Fixed costs for each plant

fixedCosts = [12000, 15000, 17000, 13000, 16000]

# Transportation costs per thousand units

transCosts = [[4000, 2000, 3000, 2500, 4500],
[2500, 2600, 3400, 3000, 4000],
[1200, 1800, 2600, 4100, 3000],
[2200, 2600, 3100, 3700, 3200]]

# Range of plants and warehouses

plants = range(len(capacity))
warehouses = range(len(demand))

# Model
m = Model("facility")

# Plant open decision variables: open[p] == 1 if plant p is open.

open = m.addVars(plants,
vtype=GRB.BINARY,
obj=fixedCosts,

526
 name="open")

# Transportation decision variables: transport[w,p] captures the

# optimal quantity to transport to warehouse w from plant p
transport = m.addVars(warehouses, plants, obj=transCosts, name="trans")

# You could use Python looping constructs and m.addVar() to create

# these decision variables instead. The following would be equivalent
# to the preceding two statements...
#
# open = []
# for p in plants:
# open.append(m.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY,
# obj=fixedCosts[p],
# name="open[%d]" % p)
# transport = []
# for w in warehouses:
# transport.append([])
# for p in plants:
# transport[w].append(m.addVar(obj=transCosts[w][p],
# name="trans[d,%d]" % (w, p)))

# The objective is to minimize the total fixed and variable costs

m.modelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

# Production constraints
# Note that the right-hand limit sets the production to zero if the plant
# is closed
m.addConstrs(
(transport.sum('*',p) <= capacity[p]*open[p] for p in plants),
"Capacity")

# Using Python looping constructs, the preceding would be...

#
# for p in plants:
# m.addConstr(sum(transport[w][p] for w in warehouses) <= capacity[p] * open[p],
# "Capacity[%d]" % p)

# Demand constraints
m.addConstrs(
(transport.sum(w) == demand[w] for w in warehouses),
"Demand")

# Guess at the starting point: close the plant with the highest fixed costs;
# open all others

527
# First, open all plants
for p in plants:
open[p].start = 1.0

# Now close the plant with the highest fixed cost

print('Initial guess:')
maxFixed = max(fixedCosts)
for p in plants:
if fixedCosts[p] == maxFixed:
open[p].start = 0.0
print('Closing plant %s' % p)
break
print('')

# Use barrier to solve root relaxation

m.Params.method = 2

# Solve
m.optimize()

# Print solution
print('\nTOTAL COSTS: %g' % m.objVal)
print('SOLUTION:')
for p in plants:
if open[p].x > 0.99:
print('Plant %s open' % p)
for w in warehouses:
if transport[w,p].x > 0:
print(' Transport %g units to warehouse %s' % \
(transport[w,p].x, w))
else:
print('Plant %s closed!' % p)

528
feasopt.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads a MIP model from a file, adds artificial

# variables to each constraint, and then minimizes the sum of the
# artificial variables. A solution with objective zero corresponds
# to a feasible solution to the input model.
#
# We can also use FeasRelax feature to do it. In this example, we
# use minrelax=1, i.e. optimizing the returned model finds a solution
# that minimizes the original objective, but only from among those
# solutions that minimize the sum of the artificial variables.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: feasopt.py filename')
quit()

feasmodel = gurobi.read(sys.argv[1])

#create a copy to use FeasRelax feature later

feasmodel1 = feasmodel.copy()

# clear objective

feasmodel.setObjective(0.0)

# add slack variables

for c in feasmodel.getConstrs():
sense = c.sense
if sense != '>':
feasmodel.addVar(obj=1.0, name="ArtN_" + c.constrName,
column=Column([-1], [c]))
if sense != '<':
feasmodel.addVar(obj=1.0, name="ArtP_" + c.constrName,
column=Column([1], [c]))

# optimize modified model

529
feasmodel.optimize()

feasmodel.write('feasopt.lp')

# use FeasRelax feature

feasmodel1.feasRelaxS(0, True, False, True);

feasmodel1.write("feasopt1.lp");

feasmodel1.optimize();

530
xanddive.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Implement a simple MIP heuristic. Relax the model,

# sort variables based on fractionality, and fix the 25% of
# the fractional variables that are closest to integer variables.
# Repeat until either the relaxation is integer feasible or
# linearly infeasible.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

# Key function used to sort variables based on relaxation fractionality

def sortkey(v1):
sol = v1.x
return abs(sol-int(sol+0.5))

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: fixanddive.py filename')
quit()

# Read model

model = gurobi.read(sys.argv[1])

# Collect integer variables and relax them

intvars = []
for v in model.getVars():
if v.vType != GRB.CONTINUOUS:
intvars += [v]
v.vType = GRB.CONTINUOUS

model.Params.outputFlag = 0

model.optimize()

# Perform multiple iterations. In each iteration, identify the first

# quartile of integer variables that are closest to an integer value in the
# relaxation, fix them to the nearest integer, and repeat.

531
for iter in range(1000):

# create a list of fractional variables, sorted in order of increasing

# distance from the relaxation solution to the nearest integer value

fractional = []
for v in intvars:
sol = v.x
if abs(sol - int(sol+0.5)) > 1e-5:
fractional += [v]

fractional.sort(key=sortkey)

print('Iteration %d, obj %g, fractional %d' % \

(iter, model.objVal, len(fractional)))

if len(fractional) == 0:
print('Found feasible solution - objective %g' % model.objVal)
break

# Fix the first quartile to the nearest integer value

nfix = max(int(len(fractional)/4), 1)
for i in range(nfix):
v = fractional[i]
fixval = int(v.x+0.5)
v.lb = fixval
v.ub = fixval
print(' Fix %s to %g (rel %g)' % (v.varName, fixval, v.x))

model.optimize()

# Check optimization result

if model.status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Relaxation is infeasible')
break

532
genconstr.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# In this example we show the use of general constraints for modeling

# some common expressions. We use as an example a SAT-problem where we
# want to see if it is possible to satisfy at least four (or all) clauses
# of the logical for
#
# L = (x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
# (x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (x3 or ~x0 or x1) and
# (~x0 or ~x1 or x2) and (~x1 or ~x2 or x3) and
# (~x2 or ~x3 or x0) and (~x3 or ~x0 or x1)
#
# We do this by introducing two variables for each literal (itself and its
# negated value), a variable for each clause, and then two
# variables for indicating if we can satisfy four, and another to identify
# the minimum of the clauses (so if it is one, we can satisfy all clauses)
# and put these two variables in the objective.
# i.e. the Objective function will be
#
# maximize Obj0 + Obj1
#
# Obj0 = MIN(Clause1, ... , Clause8)
# Obj1 = 1 -> Clause1 + ... + Clause8 >= 4
#
# thus, the objective value will be two if and only if we can satisfy all
# clauses; one if and only if at least four clauses can be satisfied, and
# zero otherwise.

from gurobipy import *

try:
NLITERALS = 4

n = NLITERALS

# Example data:
# e.g. {0, n+1, 2} means clause (x0 or ~x1 or x2)
Clauses = [[ 0, n+1, 2],
[ 1, n+2, 3],
[ 2, n+3, 0],
[ 3, n+0, 1],
[n+0, n+1, 2],

533
 [n+1, n+2, 3],
[n+2, n+3, 0],
[n+3, n+0, 1]]

# Create a new model

model = Model("Genconstr")

# initialize decision variables and objective

Lit = model.addVars(NLITERALS, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="X")
NotLit = model.addVars(NLITERALS, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="NotX")

Cla = model.addVars(len(Clauses), vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="Clause")

Obj0 = model.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="Obj0")

Obj1 = model.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="Obj1")

# Link Xi and notXi

model.addConstrs((Lit[i] + NotLit[i] == 1.0 for i in range(NLITERALS)),
name="CNSTR_X")

# Link clauses and literals

for i, c in enumerate(Clauses):
clause = []
for l in c:
if l >= n:
clause.append(NotLit[l-n])
else:
clause.append(Lit[l])
model.addGenConstrOr(Cla[i], clause, "CNSTR_Clause" + str(i))

# Link objs with clauses

model.addGenConstrMin(Obj0, Cla, name="CNSTR_Obj0")
model.addGenConstrIndicator(Obj1, 1, Cla.sum() >= 4.0, name="CNSTR_Obj1")

# Set optimization objective

model.setObjective(Obj0 + Obj1, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

# Save problem
model.write("genconstr.mps")
model.write("genconstr.lp")

# Optimize
model.optimize()

# Status checking

534
 status = model.getAttr(GRB.Attr.Status)

if status == GRB.INF_OR_UNBD or \
status == GRB.INFEASIBLE or \
status == GRB.UNBOUNDED:
print("The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unbounded")
sys.exit(1)
if status != GRB.OPTIMAL:
print("Optimization was stopped with status ", status)
sys.exit(1)

# Print result
objval = model.getAttr(GRB.Attr.ObjVal)

if objval > 1.9:

print("Logical expression is satisfiable")
elif objval > 0.9:
print("At least four clauses can be satisfied")
else:
print("Not even three clauses can be satisfied")

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

except AttributeError:
print('Encountered an attribute error')

535
lp.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

# If the model is infeasible or unbounded, the example turns off
# presolve and solves the model again. If the model is infeasible,
# the example computes an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS),
# and writes it to a file

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: lp.py filename')
quit()

# Read and solve model

model = read(sys.argv[1])
model.optimize()

if model.status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD:
# Turn presolve off to determine whether model is infeasible
# or unbounded
model.setParam(GRB.Param.Presolve, 0)
model.optimize()

if model.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimal objective: %g' % model.objVal)
model.write('model.sol')
exit(0)
elif model.status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % model.status)
exit(0)

# Model is infeasible - compute an Irreducible Inconsistent Subsystem (IIS)

print('')
print('Model is infeasible')
model.computeIIS()
model.write("model.ilp")
print("IIS written to file 'model.ilp'")

536
lpmethod.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Solve a model with different values of the Method parameter;

# show which value gives the shortest solve time.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: lpmethod.py filename')
quit()

# Read model
m = read(sys.argv[1])

# Solve the model with different values of Method

bestTime = m.Params.timeLimit
bestMethod = -1
for i in range(3):
m.reset()
m.Params.method = i
m.optimize()
if m.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
bestTime = m.Runtime
bestMethod = i
# Reduce the TimeLimit parameter to save time with other methods
m.Params.timeLimit = bestTime

# Report which method was fastest

if bestMethod == -1:
print('Unable to solve this model')
else:
print('Solved in %g seconds with Method %d' % (bestTime, bestMethod))

537
lpmod.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads an LP model from a file and solves it.

# If the model can be solved, then it finds the smallest positive variable,
# sets its upper bound to zero, and resolves the model two ways:
# first with an advanced start, then without an advanced start
# (i.e. 'from scratch').

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: lpmod.py filename')
quit()

# Read model and determine whether it is an LP

model = read(sys.argv[1])
if model.isMIP == 1:
print('The model is not a linear program')
exit(1)

model.optimize()

status = model.status

if status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD or status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE \

or status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unbounded')
exit(1)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

# Find the smallest variable value

minVal = GRB.INFINITY
for v in model.getVars():
if v.x > 0.0001 and v.x < minVal and v.lb == 0.0:
minVal = v.x
minVar = v

538
print('\n*** Setting %s from %g to zero ***\n' % (minVar.varName, minVal))
minVar.ub = 0.0

# Solve from this starting point

model.optimize()

# Save iteration & time info

warmCount = model.IterCount
warmTime = model.Runtime

# Reset the model and resolve

print('\n*** Resetting and solving without an advanced start ***\n')
model.reset()
model.optimize()

coldCount = model.IterCount
coldTime = model.Runtime

print('')
print('*** Warm start: %g iterations, %g seconds' % (warmCount, warmTime))
print('*** Cold start: %g iterations, %g seconds' % (coldCount, coldTime))

539
mip1.py

#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:
# maximize
# x + y + 2 z
# subject to
# x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
# x + y >= 1
# x, y, z binary

from gurobipy import *

try:

# Create a new model

m = Model("mip1")

# Create variables
x = m.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="x")
y = m.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="y")
z = m.addVar(vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="z")

# Set objective
m.setObjective(x + y + 2 * z, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

# Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

m.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4, "c0")

# Add constraint: x + y >= 1

m.addConstr(x + y >= 1, "c1")

m.optimize()

for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

print('Obj: %g' % m.objVal)

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

540
except AttributeError:
print('Encountered an attribute error')

541
mip2.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads a MIP model from a file, solves it and prints
# the objective values from all feasible solutions generated while
# solving the MIP. Then it creates the associated fixed model and
# solves that model.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: mip2.py filename')
quit()

# Read and solve model

model = read(sys.argv[1])

if model.isMIP == 0:
print('Model is not a MIP')
exit(0)

model.optimize()

if model.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimal objective: %g' % model.objVal)
elif model.status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD:
print('Model is infeasible or unbounded')
exit(0)
elif model.status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Model is infeasible')
exit(0)
elif model.status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('Model is unbounded')
exit(0)
else:
print('Optimization ended with status %d' % model.status)
exit(0)

# Iterate over the solutions and compute the objectives

model.Params.outputFlag = 0
print('')

542
for k in range(model.solCount):
model.Params.solutionNumber = k
objn = 0
for v in model.getVars():
objn += v.obj * v.xn
print('Solution %d has objective %g' % (k, objn))
print('')
model.Params.outputFlag = 1

fixed = model.fixed()
fixed.Params.presolve = 0
fixed.optimize()

if fixed.status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print("Error: fixed model isn't optimal")
exit(1)

diff = model.objVal - fixed.objVal

if abs(diff) > 1e-6 * (1.0 + abs(model.objVal)):

print('Error: objective values are different')
exit(1)

# Print values of nonzero variables

for v in fixed.getVars():
if v.x != 0:
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

543
multiobj.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Want to cover three different sets but subject to a common budget of

# elements allowed to be used. However, the sets have different priorities to
# be covered; and we tackle this by using multi-objective optimization.

from __future__ import print_function

from gurobipy import *

try:
# Sample data
Groundset = range(20)
Subsets = range(4)
Budget = 12;
Set = [ [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ],
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 ] ]
SetObjPriority = [ 3, 2, 2, 1]
SetObjWeight = [1.0, 0.25, 1.25, 1.0]

# Create initial model

model = Model('multiobj')

# Initialize decision variables for ground set:

# x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen for the covering.
Elem = model.addVars(Groundset, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name='El')

# Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

# Budget
model.addConstr(Elem.sum() <= Budget, name='Budget')

# Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE

# Limit how many solutions to collect

model.setParam(GRB.Param.PoolSolutions, 100)

# Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 4

# Set and configure i-th objective

544
for i in Subsets:
model.setParam(GRB.Param.ObjNumber, i)
model.ObjNPriority = SetObjPriority[i]
model.ObjNWeight = SetObjWeight[i]

model.ObjNName = 'Set' + str(i)

model.ObjNRelTol = 0.01
model.ObjNAbsTol = 1.0 + i
model.setAttr(GRB.Attr.ObjN, Elem, Set[i])

# Save problem
model.write('multiobj.lp')

# Optimize
model.optimize()

model.setParam(GRB.Param.OutputFlag, 0)

# Status checking
status = model.Status
if status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD or \
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE or \
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unbounded')
sys.exit(1)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status ' + str(status))
sys.exit(1)

# Print best selected set

print('Selected elements in best solution:')
for e in Groundset:
if Elem[e].X > 0.9:
print(' El%d' % e, end='')
print('')

# Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount
print('Number of solutions found: ' + str(nSolutions))

# Print objective values of solutions

if nSolutions > 10:
nSolutions = 10
print('Objective values for first ' + str(nSolutions) + ' solutions:')

545
 for i in Subsets:
model.setParam(GRB.Param.ObjNumber, i)
print('\tSet%d' % i, end='')
for e in range(nSolutions):
model.setParam(GRB.Param.SolutionNumber, e)
print(' %6g' % model.ObjNVal, end='')
print('')

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

except AttributeError as e:
print('Encountered an attribute error: ' + str(e))

546
netow.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Solve a multi-commodity flow problem. Two products ('Pencils' and 'Pens')

# are produced in 2 cities ('Detroit' and 'Denver') and must be sent to
# warehouses in 3 cities ('Boston', 'New York', and 'Seattle') to
# satisfy demand ('inflow[h,i]').
#
# Flows on the transportation network must respect arc capacity constraints
# ('capacity[i,j]'). The objective is to minimize the sum of the arc
# transportation costs ('cost[i,j]').

from gurobipy import *

# Model data

commodities = ['Pencils', 'Pens']

nodes = ['Detroit', 'Denver', 'Boston', 'New York', 'Seattle']

arcs, capacity = multidict({

('Detroit', 'Boston'): 100,
('Detroit', 'New York'): 80,
('Detroit', 'Seattle'): 120,
('Denver', 'Boston'): 120,
('Denver', 'New York'): 120,
('Denver', 'Seattle'): 120 })

cost = {
('Pencils', 'Detroit', 'Boston'): 10,
('Pencils', 'Detroit', 'New York'): 20,
('Pencils', 'Detroit', 'Seattle'): 60,
('Pencils', 'Denver', 'Boston'): 40,
('Pencils', 'Denver', 'New York'): 40,
('Pencils', 'Denver', 'Seattle'): 30,
('Pens', 'Detroit', 'Boston'): 20,
('Pens', 'Detroit', 'New York'): 20,
('Pens', 'Detroit', 'Seattle'): 80,
('Pens', 'Denver', 'Boston'): 60,
('Pens', 'Denver', 'New York'): 70,
('Pens', 'Denver', 'Seattle'): 30 }

inflow = {
('Pencils', 'Detroit'): 50,

547
 ('Pencils', 'Denver'): 60,
('Pencils', 'Boston'): -50,
('Pencils', 'New York'): -50,
('Pencils', 'Seattle'): -10,
('Pens', 'Detroit'): 60,
('Pens', 'Denver'): 40,
('Pens', 'Boston'): -40,
('Pens', 'New York'): -30,
('Pens', 'Seattle'): -30 }

# Create optimization model

m = Model('netflow')

# Create variables
flow = m.addVars(commodities, arcs, obj=cost, name="flow")

# Arc capacity constraints

m.addConstrs(
(flow.sum('*',i,j) <= capacity[i,j] for i,j in arcs), "cap")

# Equivalent version using Python looping

# for i,j in arcs:
# m.addConstr(sum(flow[h,i,j] for h in commodities) <= capacity[i,j],
# "cap[%s,%s]" % (i, j))

# Flow conservation constraints

m.addConstrs(
(flow.sum(h,'*',j) + inflow[h,j] == flow.sum(h,j,'*')
for h in commodities for j in nodes), "node")
# Alternate version:
# m.addConstrs(
# (quicksum(flow[h,i,j] for i,j in arcs.select('*',j)) + inflow[h,j] ==
# quicksum(flow[h,j,k] for j,k in arcs.select(j,'*'))
# for h in commodities for j in nodes), "node")

# Compute optimal solution

m.optimize()

# Print solution
if m.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
solution = m.getAttr('x', flow)
for h in commodities:
print('\nOptimal flows for %s:' % h)
for i,j in arcs:

548
if solution[h,i,j] > 0:
print('%s -> %s: %g' % (i, j, solution[h,i,j]))

549
params.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Use parameters that are associated with a model.

#
# A MIP is solved for 5 seconds with different sets of parameters.
# The one with the smallest MIP gap is selected, and the optimization
# is resumed until the optimal solution is found.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: params.py filename')
quit()

# Read model and verify that it is a MIP

m = read(sys.argv[1])
if m.isMIP == 0:
print('The model is not an integer program')
exit(1)

# Set a 5 second time limit

m.Params.timeLimit = 5

# Now solve the model with different values of MIPFocus

bestModel = m.copy()
bestModel.optimize()
for i in range(1, 4):
m.reset()
m.Params.MIPFocus = i
m.optimize()
if bestModel.MIPGap > m.MIPGap:
bestModel, m = m, bestModel # swap models

# Finally, delete the extra model, reset the time limit and
# continue to solve the best model to optimality
del m
bestModel.Params.timeLimit = "default"
bestModel.optimize()
print('Solved with MIPFocus: %d' % bestModel.Params.MIPFocus)

550
piecewise.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

#
# minimize f(x) - y + g(z)
# subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
# x + y >= 1
# x, y, z <= 1
#
# where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It
# formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
# g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
# into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
# to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.

from gurobipy import *

from math import exp

def f(u):
return exp(-u)

def g(u):
return 2 * u * u - 4 * u

try:

# Create a new model

m = Model()

# Create variables

lb = 0.0
ub = 1.0

x = m.addVar(lb, ub, name='x')

y = m.addVar(lb, ub, name='y')
z = m.addVar(lb, ub, name='z')

# Set objective for y

m.setObjective(-y)

551
 # Add piecewise-linear objective functions for x and z

npts = 101
ptu = []
ptf = []
ptg = []

for i in range(npts):
ptu.append(lb + (ub - lb) * i / (npts - 1))
ptf.append(f(ptu[i]))
ptg.append(g(ptu[i]))

m.setPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf)

m.setPWLObj(z, ptu, ptg)

# Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

m.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z <= 4, 'c0')

# Add constraint: x + y >= 1

m.addConstr(x + y >= 1, 'c1')

# Optimize model as an LP

m.optimize()

print('IsMIP: %d' % m.IsMIP)

for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.VarName, v.X))
print('Obj: %g' % m.ObjVal)
print('')

# Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

for i in range(npts):
ptf[i] = -ptf[i]

m.setPWLObj(x, ptu, ptf)

# Optimize model as a MIP

m.optimize()

552
 print('IsMIP: %d' % m.IsMIP)
for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.VarName, v.X))
print('Obj: %g' % m.ObjVal)

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

except AttributeError:
print('Encountered an attribute error')

553
poolsearch.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# We find alternative epsilon-optimal solutions to a given knapsack

# problem by using PoolSearchMode

from __future__ import print_function

from gurobipy import *

try:
# Sample data
Groundset = range(10)
objCoef = [32, 32, 15, 15, 6, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1]
knapsackCoef = [16, 16, 8, 8, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 1]
Budget = 33

# Create initial model

model = Model("poolsearch")

# Create dicts for tupledict.prod() function

objCoefDict = dict(zip(Groundset, objCoef))
knapsackCoefDict = dict(zip(Groundset, knapsackCoef))

# Initialize decision variables for ground set:

# x[e] == 1 if element e is chosen
Elem = model.addVars(Groundset, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name='El')

# Set objective function

model.ModelSense = GRB.MAXIMIZE
model.setObjective(Elem.prod(objCoefDict))

# Constraint: limit total number of elements to be picked to be at most

# Budget
model.addConstr(Elem.prod(knapsackCoefDict) <= Budget, name='Budget')

# Limit how many solutions to collect

model.setParam(GRB.Param.PoolSolutions, 1024)
# Limit the search space by setting a gap for the worst possible solution that will be accep
model.setParam(GRB.Param.PoolGap, 0.10)
# do a systematic search for the k-best solutions
model.setParam(GRB.Param.PoolSearchMode, 2)

# save problem

554
model.write('poolsearch.lp')

# Optimize
model.optimize()

model.setParam(GRB.Param.OutputFlag, 0)

# Status checking
status = model.Status
if status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD or \
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE or \
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unbounded')
sys.exit(1)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status ' + str(status))
sys.exit(1)

# Print best selected set

print('Selected elements in best solution:')
print('\t', end='')
for e in Groundset:
if Elem[e].X > .9:
print(' El%d' % e, end='')
print('')

# Print number of solutions stored

nSolutions = model.SolCount
print('Number of solutions found: ' + str(nSolutions))

# Print objective values of solutions

for e in range(nSolutions):
model.setParam(GRB.Param.SolutionNumber, e)
print('%g ' % model.PoolObjVal, end='')
if e % 15 == 14:
print('')
print('')

# print fourth best set if available

if (nSolutions >= 4):
model.setParam(GRB.Param.SolutionNumber, 3);

print('Selected elements in fourth best solution:')

print('\t', end='')

555
 for e in Groundset:
if Elem[e].Xn > .9:
print(' El%d' % e, end='')
print('')

except GurobiError as e:
print('Gurobi error ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e.message))

except AttributeError as e:
print('Encountered an attribute error: ' + str(e))

556
portfolio.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Portfolio selection: given a sum of money to invest, one must decide how to
# spend it amongst a portfolio of financial securities. Our approach is due
# to Markowitz (1959) and looks to minimize the risk associated with the
# investment while realizing a target expected return. By varying the target,
# one can compute an 'efficient frontier', which defines the optimal portfolio
# for a given expected return.
#
# Note that this example reads historical return data from a comma-separated
# file (../data/portfolio.csv). As a result, it must be run from the Gurobi
# examples/python directory.
#
# This example requires the pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib Python packages,
# which are part of the SciPy ecosystem for mathematics, science, and
# engineering (http://scipy.org). These packages aren't included in all
# Python distributions, but are included by default with Anaconda Python.

from gurobipy import *

from math import sqrt
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Import (normalized) historical return data using pandas

data = pd.DataFrame.from_csv('../data/portfolio.csv')
stocks = data.columns

# Calculate basic summary statistics for individual stocks

stock_volatility = data.std()
stock_return = data.mean()

# Create an empty model

m = Model('portfolio')

# Add a variable for each stock

vars = pd.Series(m.addVars(stocks), index=stocks)

# Objective is to minimize risk (squared). This is modeled using the

# covariance matrix, which measures the historical correlation between stocks.
sigma = data.cov()
portfolio_risk = sigma.dot(vars).dot(vars)

557
m.setObjective(portfolio_risk, GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Fix budget with a constraint

m.addConstr(vars.sum() == 1, 'budget')

# Optimize model to find the minimum risk portfolio

m.setParam('OutputFlag', 0)
m.optimize()

# Create an expression representing the expected return for the portfolio

portfolio_return = stock_return.dot(vars)

# Display minimum risk portfolio

print('Minimum Risk Portfolio:\n')
for v in vars:
if v.x > 0:
print('\t%s\t: %g' % (v.varname, v.x))
minrisk_volatility = sqrt(portfolio_risk.getValue())
print('\nVolatility = %g' % minrisk_volatility)
minrisk_return = portfolio_return.getValue()
print('Expected Return = %g' % minrisk_return)

# Add (redundant) target return constraint

target = m.addConstr(portfolio_return == minrisk_return, 'target')

# Solve for efficient frontier by varying target return

frontier = pd.Series()
for r in np.linspace(stock_return.min(), stock_return.max(), 100):
target.rhs = r
m.optimize()
frontier.loc[sqrt(portfolio_risk.getValue())] = r

# Plot volatility versus expected return for individual stocks

ax = plt.gca()
ax.scatter(x=stock_volatility, y=stock_return,
color='Blue', label='Individual Stocks')
for i, stock in enumerate(stocks):
ax.annotate(stock, (stock_volatility[i], stock_return[i]))

# Plot volatility versus expected return for minimum risk portfolio

ax.scatter(x=minrisk_volatility, y=minrisk_return, color='DarkGreen')
ax.annotate('Minimum\nRisk\nPortfolio', (minrisk_volatility, minrisk_return),
horizontalalignment='right')

# Plot efficient frontier

558
frontier.plot(color='DarkGreen', label='Efficient Frontier', ax=ax)

# Format and display the final plot

ax.axis([0.005, 0.06, -0.02, 0.025])
ax.set_xlabel('Volatility (standard deviation)')
ax.set_ylabel('Expected Return')
ax.legend()
ax.grid()
plt.show()

559
qcp.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:
# maximize x
# subject to x + y + z = 1
# x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
# x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)

from gurobipy import *

# Create a new model

m = Model("qcp")

# Create variables
x = m.addVar(name="x")
y = m.addVar(name="y")
z = m.addVar(name="z")

# Set objective: x
obj = 1.0*x
m.setObjective(obj, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

# Add constraint: x + y + z = 1
m.addConstr(x + y + z == 1, "c0")

# Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

m.addQConstr(x*x + y*y <= z*z, "qc0")

# Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

m.addQConstr(x*x <= y*z, "qc1")

m.optimize()

for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

print('Obj: %g' % obj.getValue())

560
qp.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

# minimize
# x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x
# subject to
# x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
# x + y >= 1
#
# It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer model.

from gurobipy import *

# Create a new model

m = Model("qp")

# Create variables
x = m.addVar(ub=1.0, name="x")
y = m.addVar(ub=1.0, name="y")
z = m.addVar(ub=1.0, name="z")

# Set objective: x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x

obj = x*x + x*y + y*y + y*z + z*z + 2*x
m.setObjective(obj)

# Add constraint: x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4

m.addConstr(x + 2 * y + 3 * z >= 4, "c0")

# Add constraint: x + y >= 1

m.addConstr(x + y >= 1, "c1")

m.optimize()

for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

print('Obj: %g' % obj.getValue())

x.vType = GRB.INTEGER
y.vType = GRB.INTEGER
z.vType = GRB.INTEGER

561
m.optimize()

for v in m.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

print('Obj: %g' % obj.getValue())

562
sensitivity.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# A simple sensitivity analysis example which reads a MIP model

# from a file and solves it. Then each binary variable is set
# to 1-X, where X is its value in the optimal solution, and
# the impact on the objective function value is reported.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: sensitivity.py filename')
quit()

# Read and solve model

model = read(sys.argv[1])

if model.IsMIP == 0:
print('Model is not a MIP')
exit(0)

model.optimize()

if model.status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization ended with status %d' % model.status)
exit(0)

# Store the optimal solution

origObjVal = model.ObjVal
for v in model.getVars():
v._origX = v.X

# Disable solver output for subsequent solves

model.Params.outputFlag = 0

# Iterate through unfixed, binary variables in model

for v in model.getVars():
if (v.LB == 0 and v.UB == 1 \

563
 and (v.VType == GRB.BINARY or v.VType == GRB.INTEGER)):

# Set variable to 1-X, where X is its value in optimal solution

if v._origX < 0.5:

v.LB = v.Start = 1
else:
v.UB = v.Start = 0

# Update MIP start for the other variables

for vv in model.getVars():
if not vv.sameAs(v):
vv.Start = vv._origX

# Solve for new value and capture sensitivity information

model.optimize()

if model.status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Objective sensitivity for variable %s is %g' % \
(v.VarName, model.ObjVal - origObjVal))
else:
print('Objective sensitivity for variable %s is infinite' % \
v.VarName)

# Restore the original variable bounds

v.LB = 0
v.UB = 1

564
sos.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS) model.
# The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear constraints,
# and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1.

from gurobipy import *

try:

# Create a new model

model = Model("sos")

# Create variables

x0 = model.addVar(ub=1.0, name="x0")
x1 = model.addVar(ub=1.0, name="x1")
x2 = model.addVar(ub=2.0, name="x2")

# Set objective
model.setObjective(2 * x0 + x1 + x2, GRB.MAXIMIZE)

# Add first SOS: x0 = 0 or x1 = 0

model.addSOS(GRB.SOS_TYPE1, [x0, x1], [1, 2])

# Add second SOS: x0 = 0 or x2 = 0

model.addSOS(GRB.SOS_TYPE1, [x0, x2], [1, 2])

model.optimize()

for v in model.getVars():
print('%s %g' % (v.varName, v.x))

print('Obj: %g' % model.objVal)

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

except AttributeError:
print('Encountered an attribute error')

565
sudoku.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Sudoku example.

# The Sudoku board is a 9x9 grid, which is further divided into a 3x3 grid
# of 3x3 grids. Each cell in the grid must take a value from 0 to 9.
# No two grid cells in the same row, column, or 3x3 subgrid may take the
# same value.
#
# In the MIP formulation, binary variables x[i,j,v] indicate whether
# cell <i,j> takes value 'v'. The constraints are as follows:
# 1. Each cell must take exactly one value (sum_v x[i,j,v] = 1)
# 2. Each value is used exactly once per row (sum_i x[i,j,v] = 1)
# 3. Each value is used exactly once per column (sum_j x[i,j,v] = 1)
# 4. Each value is used exactly once per 3x3 subgrid (sum_grid x[i,j,v] = 1)
#
# Input datasets for this example can be found in examples/data/sudoku*.

import sys
import math
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: sudoku.py filename')
quit()

f = open(sys.argv[1])

grid = f.read().split()

n = len(grid[0])
s = int(math.sqrt(n))

# Create our 3-D array of model variables

model = Model('sudoku')

vars = model.addVars(n,n,n, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name='G')

# Fix variables associated with cells whose values are pre-specified

566
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n):
if grid[i][j] != '.':
v = int(grid[i][j]) - 1
vars[i,j,v].LB = 1

# Each cell must take one value

model.addConstrs((vars.sum(i,j,'*') == 1
for i in range(n)
for j in range(n)), name='V')

# Each value appears once per row

model.addConstrs((vars.sum(i,'*',v) == 1
for i in range(n)
for v in range(n)), name='R')

# Each value appears once per column

model.addConstrs((vars.sum('*',j,v) == 1
for j in range(n)
for v in range(n)), name='C')

# Each value appears once per subgrid

model.addConstrs((
quicksum(vars[i,j,v] for i in range(i0*s, (i0+1)*s)
for j in range(j0*s, (j0+1)*s)) == 1
for v in range(n)
for i0 in range(s)
for j0 in range(s)), name='Sub')

model.optimize()

model.write('sudoku.lp')

print('')
print('Solution:')
print('')

# Retrieve optimization result

567
solution = model.getAttr('X', vars)

for i in range(n):
sol = ''
for j in range(n):
for v in range(n):
if solution[i,j,v] > 0.5:
sol += str(v+1)
print(sol)

568
tsp.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Solve a traveling salesman problem on a randomly generated set of

# points using lazy constraints. The base MIP model only includes
# 'degree-2' constraints, requiring each node to have exactly
# two incident edges. Solutions to this model may contain subtours -
# tours that don't visit every city. The lazy constraint callback
# adds new constraints to cut them off.

import sys
import math
import random
import itertools
from gurobipy import *

# Callback - use lazy constraints to eliminate sub-tours

def subtourelim(model, where):

if where == GRB.Callback.MIPSOL:
# make a list of edges selected in the solution
vals = model.cbGetSolution(model._vars)
selected = tuplelist((i,j) for i,j in model._vars.keys() if vals[i,j] > 0.5)
# find the shortest cycle in the selected edge list
tour = subtour(selected)
if len(tour) < n:
# add subtour elimination constraint for every pair of cities in tour
model.cbLazy(quicksum(model._vars[i,j]
for i,j in itertools.combinations(tour, 2))
<= len(tour)-1)

# Given a tuplelist of edges, find the shortest subtour

def subtour(edges):
unvisited = list(range(n))
cycle = range(n+1) # initial length has 1 more city
while unvisited: # true if list is non-empty
thiscycle = []
neighbors = unvisited
while neighbors:
current = neighbors[0]
thiscycle.append(current)

569
 unvisited.remove(current)
neighbors = [j for i,j in edges.select(current,'*') if j in unvisited]
if len(cycle) > len(thiscycle):
cycle = thiscycle
return cycle

# Parse argument

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: tsp.py npoints')
exit(1)
n = int(sys.argv[1])

# Create n random points

random.seed(1)
points = [(random.randint(0,100),random.randint(0,100)) for i in range(n)]

# Dictionary of Euclidean distance between each pair of points

dist = {(i,j) :
math.sqrt(sum((points[i][k]-points[j][k])**2 for k in range(2)))
for i in range(n) for j in range(i)}

m = Model()

# Create variables

vars = m.addVars(dist.keys(), obj=dist, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name='e')

for i,j in vars.keys():
vars[j,i] = vars[i,j] # edge in opposite direction

# You could use Python looping constructs and m.addVar() to create

# these decision variables instead. The following would be equivalent
# to the preceding m.addVars() call...
#
# vars = tupledict()
# for i,j in dist.keys():
# vars[i,j] = m.addVar(obj=dist[i,j], vtype=GRB.BINARY,
# name='e[%d,%d]'%(i,j))

# Add degree-2 constraint

570
m.addConstrs(vars.sum(i,'*') == 2 for i in range(n))

# Using Python looping constructs, the preceding would be...

#
# for i in range(n):
# m.addConstr(sum(vars[i,j] for j in range(n)) == 2)

# Optimize model

m._vars = vars
m.Params.lazyConstraints = 1
m.optimize(subtourelim)

vals = m.getAttr('x', vars)

selected = tuplelist((i,j) for i,j in vals.keys() if vals[i,j] > 0.5)

tour = subtour(selected)
assert len(tour) == n

print('')
print('Optimal tour: %s' % str(tour))
print('Optimal cost: %g' % m.objVal)
print('')

571
tune.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# This example reads a model from a file and tunes it.

# It then writes the best parameter settings to a file
# and solves the model using these parameters.

import sys
from gurobipy import *

if len(sys.argv) < 2:
print('Usage: tune.py filename')
quit()

# Read the model

model = read(sys.argv[1])

# Set the TuneResults parameter to 1

model.Params.tuneResults = 1

# Tune the model

model.tune()

if model.tuneResultCount > 0:

# Load the best tuned parameters into the model

model.getTuneResult(0)

# Write tuned parameters to a file

model.write('tune.prm')

# Solve the model using the tuned parameters

model.optimize()

572
workforce1.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

# particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS to find a set of
# conflicting constraints. Note that there may be additional conflicts besides
# what is reported via IIS.

from gurobipy import *

# Number of workers required for each shift

shifts, shiftRequirements = multidict({
"Mon1": 3,
"Tue2": 2,
"Wed3": 4,
"Thu4": 4,
"Fri5": 5,
"Sat6": 6,
"Sun7": 5,
"Mon8": 2,
"Tue9": 2,
"Wed10": 3,
"Thu11": 4,
"Fri12": 6,
"Sat13": 7,
"Sun14": 5 })

# Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

workers, pay = multidict({
"Amy": 10,
"Bob": 12,
"Cathy": 10,
"Dan": 8,
"Ed": 8,
"Fred": 9,
"Gu": 11 })

# Worker availability
availability = tuplelist([
('Amy', 'Tue2'), ('Amy', 'Wed3'), ('Amy', 'Fri5'), ('Amy', 'Sun7'),
('Amy', 'Tue9'), ('Amy', 'Wed10'), ('Amy', 'Thu11'), ('Amy', 'Fri12'),
('Amy', 'Sat13'), ('Amy', 'Sun14'), ('Bob', 'Mon1'), ('Bob', 'Tue2'),
('Bob', 'Fri5'), ('Bob', 'Sat6'), ('Bob', 'Mon8'), ('Bob', 'Thu11'),

573
('Bob', 'Sat13'), ('Cathy', 'Wed3'), ('Cathy', 'Thu4'), ('Cathy', 'Fri5'),
('Cathy', 'Sun7'), ('Cathy', 'Mon8'), ('Cathy', 'Tue9'), ('Cathy', 'Wed10'),
('Cathy', 'Thu11'), ('Cathy', 'Fri12'), ('Cathy', 'Sat13'),
('Cathy', 'Sun14'), ('Dan', 'Tue2'), ('Dan', 'Wed3'), ('Dan', 'Fri5'),
('Dan', 'Sat6'), ('Dan', 'Mon8'), ('Dan', 'Tue9'), ('Dan', 'Wed10'),
('Dan', 'Thu11'), ('Dan', 'Fri12'), ('Dan', 'Sat13'), ('Dan', 'Sun14'),
('Ed', 'Mon1'), ('Ed', 'Tue2'), ('Ed', 'Wed3'), ('Ed', 'Thu4'),
('Ed', 'Fri5'), ('Ed', 'Sun7'), ('Ed', 'Mon8'), ('Ed', 'Tue9'),
('Ed', 'Thu11'), ('Ed', 'Sat13'), ('Ed', 'Sun14'), ('Fred', 'Mon1'),
('Fred', 'Tue2'), ('Fred', 'Wed3'), ('Fred', 'Sat6'), ('Fred', 'Mon8'),
('Fred', 'Tue9'), ('Fred', 'Fri12'), ('Fred', 'Sat13'), ('Fred', 'Sun14'),
('Gu', 'Mon1'), ('Gu', 'Tue2'), ('Gu', 'Wed3'), ('Gu', 'Fri5'),
('Gu', 'Sat6'), ('Gu', 'Sun7'), ('Gu', 'Mon8'), ('Gu', 'Tue9'),
('Gu', 'Wed10'), ('Gu', 'Thu11'), ('Gu', 'Fri12'), ('Gu', 'Sat13'),
('Gu', 'Sun14')
])

# Model
m = Model("assignment")

# Assignment variables: x[w,s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.

# Since an assignment model always produces integer solutions, we use
# continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = m.addVars(availability, ub=1, name="x")

# The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

m.setObjective(quicksum(pay[w]*x[w,s] for w,s in availability), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Constraints: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers to each shift s

reqCts = m.addConstrs((x.sum('*', s) == shiftRequirements[s]
for s in shifts), "_")

# Using Python looping constructs, the preceding statement would be...

#
# reqCts = {}
# for s in shirts:
# reqCts[s] = m.addConstr(
# quicksum(x[w,s] for w,s in availability.select('*', s)) ==
# shiftRequirements[s], s)

# Optimize
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded')

574
 exit(0)
if status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('The optimal objective is %g' % m.objVal)
exit(0)
if status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD and status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

# do IIS
print('The model is infeasible; computing IIS')
m.computeIIS()
print('\nThe following constraint(s) cannot be satisfied:')
for c in m.getConstrs():
if c.IISConstr:
print('%s' % c.constrName)

575
workforce2.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

# particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, use IIS iteratively to
# find all conflicting constraints.

from gurobipy import *

# Number of workers required for each shift

shifts, shiftRequirements = multidict({
"Mon1": 3,
"Tue2": 2,
"Wed3": 4,
"Thu4": 4,
"Fri5": 5,
"Sat6": 6,
"Sun7": 5,
"Mon8": 2,
"Tue9": 2,
"Wed10": 3,
"Thu11": 4,
"Fri12": 6,
"Sat13": 7,
"Sun14": 5 })

# Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

workers, pay = multidict({
"Amy": 10,
"Bob": 12,
"Cathy": 10,
"Dan": 8,
"Ed": 8,
"Fred": 9,
"Gu": 11 })

# Worker availability
availability = tuplelist([
('Amy', 'Tue2'), ('Amy', 'Wed3'), ('Amy', 'Fri5'), ('Amy', 'Sun7'),
('Amy', 'Tue9'), ('Amy', 'Wed10'), ('Amy', 'Thu11'), ('Amy', 'Fri12'),
('Amy', 'Sat13'), ('Amy', 'Sun14'), ('Bob', 'Mon1'), ('Bob', 'Tue2'),
('Bob', 'Fri5'), ('Bob', 'Sat6'), ('Bob', 'Mon8'), ('Bob', 'Thu11'),
('Bob', 'Sat13'), ('Cathy', 'Wed3'), ('Cathy', 'Thu4'), ('Cathy', 'Fri5'),

576
('Cathy', 'Sun7'), ('Cathy', 'Mon8'), ('Cathy', 'Tue9'), ('Cathy', 'Wed10'),
('Cathy', 'Thu11'), ('Cathy', 'Fri12'), ('Cathy', 'Sat13'),
('Cathy', 'Sun14'), ('Dan', 'Tue2'), ('Dan', 'Wed3'), ('Dan', 'Fri5'),
('Dan', 'Sat6'), ('Dan', 'Mon8'), ('Dan', 'Tue9'), ('Dan', 'Wed10'),
('Dan', 'Thu11'), ('Dan', 'Fri12'), ('Dan', 'Sat13'), ('Dan', 'Sun14'),
('Ed', 'Mon1'), ('Ed', 'Tue2'), ('Ed', 'Wed3'), ('Ed', 'Thu4'),
('Ed', 'Fri5'), ('Ed', 'Sun7'), ('Ed', 'Mon8'), ('Ed', 'Tue9'),
('Ed', 'Thu11'), ('Ed', 'Sat13'), ('Ed', 'Sun14'), ('Fred', 'Mon1'),
('Fred', 'Tue2'), ('Fred', 'Wed3'), ('Fred', 'Sat6'), ('Fred', 'Mon8'),
('Fred', 'Tue9'), ('Fred', 'Fri12'), ('Fred', 'Sat13'), ('Fred', 'Sun14'),
('Gu', 'Mon1'), ('Gu', 'Tue2'), ('Gu', 'Wed3'), ('Gu', 'Fri5'),
('Gu', 'Sat6'), ('Gu', 'Sun7'), ('Gu', 'Mon8'), ('Gu', 'Tue9'),
('Gu', 'Wed10'), ('Gu', 'Thu11'), ('Gu', 'Fri12'), ('Gu', 'Sat13'),
('Gu', 'Sun14')
])

# Model
m = Model("assignment")

# Assignment variables: x[w,s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.

# Since an assignment model always produces integer solutions, we use
# continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = m.addVars(availability, ub=1, name="x")

# The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

m.setObjective(quicksum(pay[w]*x[w,s] for w,s in availability), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers to each shift s

reqCts = m.addConstrs((x.sum('*', s) == shiftRequirements[s]
for s in shifts), "_")

# Optimize
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded')
exit(0)
if status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('The optimal objective is %g' % m.objVal)
exit(0)
if status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD and status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

# do IIS

577
print('The model is infeasible; computing IIS')
removed = []

# Loop until we reduce to a model that can be solved

while True:

m.computeIIS()
print('\nThe following constraint cannot be satisfied:')
for c in m.getConstrs():
if c.IISConstr:
print('%s' % c.constrName)
# Remove a single constraint from the model
removed.append(str(c.constrName))
m.remove(c)
break
print('')

m.optimize()
status = m.status

if status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded')
exit(0)
if status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
break
if status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD and status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

print('\nThe following constraints were removed to get a feasible LP:')

print(removed)

578
workforce3.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

# particular day. If the problem cannot be solved, relax the model
# to determine which constraints cannot be satisfied, and how much
# they need to be relaxed.

from gurobipy import *

# Number of workers required for each shift

shifts, shiftRequirements = multidict({
"Mon1": 3,
"Tue2": 2,
"Wed3": 4,
"Thu4": 4,
"Fri5": 5,
"Sat6": 6,
"Sun7": 5,
"Mon8": 2,
"Tue9": 2,
"Wed10": 3,
"Thu11": 4,
"Fri12": 6,
"Sat13": 7,
"Sun14": 5 })

# Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

workers, pay = multidict({
"Amy": 10,
"Bob": 12,
"Cathy": 10,
"Dan": 8,
"Ed": 8,
"Fred": 9,
"Gu": 11 })

# Worker availability
availability = tuplelist([
('Amy', 'Tue2'), ('Amy', 'Wed3'), ('Amy', 'Fri5'), ('Amy', 'Sun7'),
('Amy', 'Tue9'), ('Amy', 'Wed10'), ('Amy', 'Thu11'), ('Amy', 'Fri12'),
('Amy', 'Sat13'), ('Amy', 'Sun14'), ('Bob', 'Mon1'), ('Bob', 'Tue2'),
('Bob', 'Fri5'), ('Bob', 'Sat6'), ('Bob', 'Mon8'), ('Bob', 'Thu11'),

579
('Bob', 'Sat13'), ('Cathy', 'Wed3'), ('Cathy', 'Thu4'), ('Cathy', 'Fri5'),
('Cathy', 'Sun7'), ('Cathy', 'Mon8'), ('Cathy', 'Tue9'), ('Cathy', 'Wed10'),
('Cathy', 'Thu11'), ('Cathy', 'Fri12'), ('Cathy', 'Sat13'),
('Cathy', 'Sun14'), ('Dan', 'Tue2'), ('Dan', 'Wed3'), ('Dan', 'Fri5'),
('Dan', 'Sat6'), ('Dan', 'Mon8'), ('Dan', 'Tue9'), ('Dan', 'Wed10'),
('Dan', 'Thu11'), ('Dan', 'Fri12'), ('Dan', 'Sat13'), ('Dan', 'Sun14'),
('Ed', 'Mon1'), ('Ed', 'Tue2'), ('Ed', 'Wed3'), ('Ed', 'Thu4'),
('Ed', 'Fri5'), ('Ed', 'Sun7'), ('Ed', 'Mon8'), ('Ed', 'Tue9'),
('Ed', 'Thu11'), ('Ed', 'Sat13'), ('Ed', 'Sun14'), ('Fred', 'Mon1'),
('Fred', 'Tue2'), ('Fred', 'Wed3'), ('Fred', 'Sat6'), ('Fred', 'Mon8'),
('Fred', 'Tue9'), ('Fred', 'Fri12'), ('Fred', 'Sat13'), ('Fred', 'Sun14'),
('Gu', 'Mon1'), ('Gu', 'Tue2'), ('Gu', 'Wed3'), ('Gu', 'Fri5'),
('Gu', 'Sat6'), ('Gu', 'Sun7'), ('Gu', 'Mon8'), ('Gu', 'Tue9'),
('Gu', 'Wed10'), ('Gu', 'Thu11'), ('Gu', 'Fri12'), ('Gu', 'Sat13'),
('Gu', 'Sun14')
])

# Model
m = Model("assignment")

# Assignment variables: x[w,s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.

# Since an assignment model always produces integer solutions, we use
# continuous variables and solve as an LP.
x = m.addVars(availability, ub=1, name="x")

# The objective is to minimize the total pay costs

m.setObjective(quicksum(pay[w]*x[w,s] for w,s in availability), GRB.MINIMIZE)

# Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers to each shift s

reqCts = m.addConstrs((x.sum('*', s) == shiftRequirements[s]
for s in shifts), "_")

# Optimize
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is unbounded')
exit(0)
if status == GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('The optimal objective is %g' % m.objVal)
exit(0)
if status != GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD and status != GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

580
# Relax the constraints to make the model feasible
print('The model is infeasible; relaxing the constraints')
orignumvars = m.NumVars
m.feasRelaxS(0, False, False, True)
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status in (GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD, GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE, GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED):
print('The relaxed model cannot be solved \
because it is infeasible or unbounded')
exit(1)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(1)

print('\nSlack values:')
slacks = m.getVars()[orignumvars:]
for sv in slacks:
if sv.X > 1e-6:
print('%s = %g' % (sv.VarName, sv.X))

581
workforce4.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

# particular day. We use lexicographic optimization to solve the model:
# first, we minimize the linear sum of the slacks. Then, we constrain
# the sum of the slacks, and we minimize a quadratic objective that
# tries to balance the workload among the workers.

from gurobipy import *

# Number of workers required for each shift

shifts, shiftRequirements = multidict({
"Mon1": 3,
"Tue2": 2,
"Wed3": 4,
"Thu4": 4,
"Fri5": 5,
"Sat6": 6,
"Sun7": 5,
"Mon8": 2,
"Tue9": 2,
"Wed10": 3,
"Thu11": 4,
"Fri12": 6,
"Sat13": 7,
"Sun14": 5 })

# Amount each worker is paid to work one shift

workers, pay = multidict({
"Amy": 10,
"Bob": 12,
"Cathy": 10,
"Dan": 8,
"Ed": 8,
"Fred": 9,
"Gu": 11 })

# Worker availability
availability = tuplelist([
('Amy', 'Tue2'), ('Amy', 'Wed3'), ('Amy', 'Fri5'), ('Amy', 'Sun7'),
('Amy', 'Tue9'), ('Amy', 'Wed10'), ('Amy', 'Thu11'), ('Amy', 'Fri12'),
('Amy', 'Sat13'), ('Amy', 'Sun14'), ('Bob', 'Mon1'), ('Bob', 'Tue2'),

582
('Bob', 'Fri5'), ('Bob', 'Sat6'), ('Bob', 'Mon8'), ('Bob', 'Thu11'),
('Bob', 'Sat13'), ('Cathy', 'Wed3'), ('Cathy', 'Thu4'), ('Cathy', 'Fri5'),
('Cathy', 'Sun7'), ('Cathy', 'Mon8'), ('Cathy', 'Tue9'), ('Cathy', 'Wed10'),
('Cathy', 'Thu11'), ('Cathy', 'Fri12'), ('Cathy', 'Sat13'),
('Cathy', 'Sun14'), ('Dan', 'Tue2'), ('Dan', 'Wed3'), ('Dan', 'Fri5'),
('Dan', 'Sat6'), ('Dan', 'Mon8'), ('Dan', 'Tue9'), ('Dan', 'Wed10'),
('Dan', 'Thu11'), ('Dan', 'Fri12'), ('Dan', 'Sat13'), ('Dan', 'Sun14'),
('Ed', 'Mon1'), ('Ed', 'Tue2'), ('Ed', 'Wed3'), ('Ed', 'Thu4'),
('Ed', 'Fri5'), ('Ed', 'Sun7'), ('Ed', 'Mon8'), ('Ed', 'Tue9'),
('Ed', 'Thu11'), ('Ed', 'Sat13'), ('Ed', 'Sun14'), ('Fred', 'Mon1'),
('Fred', 'Tue2'), ('Fred', 'Wed3'), ('Fred', 'Sat6'), ('Fred', 'Mon8'),
('Fred', 'Tue9'), ('Fred', 'Fri12'), ('Fred', 'Sat13'), ('Fred', 'Sun14'),
('Gu', 'Mon1'), ('Gu', 'Tue2'), ('Gu', 'Wed3'), ('Gu', 'Fri5'),
('Gu', 'Sat6'), ('Gu', 'Sun7'), ('Gu', 'Mon8'), ('Gu', 'Tue9'),
('Gu', 'Wed10'), ('Gu', 'Thu11'), ('Gu', 'Fri12'), ('Gu', 'Sat13'),
('Gu', 'Sun14')
])

# Model
m = Model("assignment")

# Assignment variables: x[w,s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.

# This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must use binary variables.
x = m.addVars(availability, vtype=GRB.BINARY, name="x")

# Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
# be satisfied
slacks = m.addVars(shifts, name="Slack")

# Variable to represent the total slack

totSlack = m.addVar(name="totSlack")

# Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

totShifts = m.addVars(workers, name="TotShifts")

# Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers to each shift s,

# plus the slack
reqCts = m.addConstrs((slacks[s] + x.sum('*', s) == shiftRequirements[s]
for s in shifts), "_")

# Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

m.addConstr(totSlack == slacks.sum(), "totSlack")

# Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

m.addConstrs((totShifts[w] == x.sum(w) for w in workers), "totShifts")

583
# Objective: minimize the total slack
# Note that this replaces the previous 'pay' objective coefficients
m.setObjective(totSlack)

# Optimize
def solveAndPrint():
m.optimize()
status = m.status
if status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD or status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE \
or status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or \
unbounded')
exit(1)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status %d' % status)
exit(0)

# Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
print('')
print('Total slack required: %g' % totSlack.x)
for w in workers:
print('%s worked %g shifts' % (w, totShifts[w].x))
print('')

solveAndPrint()

# Constrain the slack by setting its upper and lower bounds

totSlack.ub = totSlack.x
totSlack.lb = totSlack.x

# Variable to count the average number of shifts worked

avgShifts = m.addVar(name="avgShifts")

# Variables to count the difference from average for each worker;

# note that these variables can take negative values.
diffShifts = m.addVars(workers, lb=-GRB.INFINITY, name="Diff")

# Constraint: compute the average number of shifts worked

m.addConstr(len(workers) * avgShifts == totShifts.sum(), "avgShifts")

# Constraint: compute the difference from the average number of shifts

m.addConstrs((diffShifts[w] == totShifts[w] - avgShifts for w in workers),

584
 "Diff")

# Objective: minimize the sum of the square of the difference from the
# average number of shifts worked
m.setObjective(quicksum(diffShifts[w]*diffShifts[w] for w in workers))

# Optimize
solveAndPrint()

585
workforce5.py
#!/usr/bin/python

# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

# Assign workers to shifts; each worker may or may not be available on a

# particular day. We use multi-objective optimization to solve the model.
# The highest-priority objective minimizes the sum of the slacks
# (i.e., the total number of uncovered shifts). The secondary objective
# minimizes the difference between the maximum and minimum number of
# shifts worked among all workers. The second optimization is allowed
# to degrade the first objective by up to the smaller value of 10% and 2 */

from gurobipy import *

try:
# Sample data
# Sets of days and workers
Shifts = [ "Mon1", "Tue2", "Wed3", "Thu4", "Fri5", "Sat6",
"Sun7", "Mon8", "Tue9", "Wed10", "Thu11", "Fri12", "Sat13",
"Sun14" ]
Workers = [ "Amy", "Bob", "Cathy", "Dan", "Ed", "Fred", "Gu", "Tobi" ]

# Number of workers required for each shift

S = [ 3, 2, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5 ]
shiftRequirements = { s : S[i] for i,s in enumerate(Shifts) }

# Worker availability: 0 if the worker is unavailable for a shift

A = [ [ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ],
[ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 ],
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ],
[ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 ],
[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 ],
[ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ],
[ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ]
availability = { (w,s) : A[j][i] for i,s in enumerate(Shifts)
for j,w in enumerate(Workers) }

# Create initial model

model = Model("workforce5")

# Initialize assignment decision variables:

# x[w][s] == 1 if worker w is assigned to shift s.
# This is no longer a pure assignment model, so we must

586
# use binary variables.
x = model.addVars(availability.keys(), ub=availability, vtype=GRB.BINARY,
name='x')

# Slack variables for each shift constraint so that the shifts can
# be satisfied
slacks = model.addVars(Shifts, name='Slack')

# Variable to represent the total slack

totSlack = model.addVar(name='totSlack')

# Variables to count the total shifts worked by each worker

totShifts = model.addVars(Workers, name='TotShifts')

# Constraint: assign exactly shiftRequirements[s] workers

# to each shift s, plus the slack
model.addConstrs((x.sum('*',s) + slacks[s] == shiftRequirements[s] for s in Shifts),
name='shiftRequirement')

# Constraint: set totSlack equal to the total slack

model.addConstr(totSlack == slacks.sum(), name='totSlack')

# Constraint: compute the total number of shifts for each worker

model.addConstrs((totShifts[w] == x.sum(w,'*') for w in Workers),
name='totShifts')

# Constraint: set minShift/maxShift variable to less/greater than the

# number of shifts among all workers
minShift = model.addVar(name='minShift')
maxShift = model.addVar(name='maxShift')
model.addGenConstrMin(minShift, totShifts, name='minShift')
model.addGenConstrMax(maxShift, totShifts, name='maxShift')

# Set global sense for ALL objectives

model.ModelSense = GRB.MINIMIZE

# Set number of objectives

model.NumObj = 2

# Set and configure objective 0

model.setParam(GRB.Param.ObjNumber, 0)
model.ObjNPriority = 2
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0
model.ObjNName = 'TotalSlack'
model.ObjNRelTol = 0.1

587
 model.ObjNAbsTol = 2.0
totSlack.ObjN = 1.0

# set and configure objective 1

model.setParam(GRB.Param.ObjNumber, 1)
model.ObjNPriority = 1
model.ObjNWeight = 1.0
model.ObjNName = 'Fairness'
maxShift.ObjN = 1.0
minShift.ObjN = -1.0

# Save problem
model.write('workforce5.lp')

# Optimize
model.optimize()

status = model.Status
if status == GRB.Status.INF_OR_UNBD or \
status == GRB.Status.INFEASIBLE or \
status == GRB.Status.UNBOUNDED:
print('The model cannot be solved because it is infeasible or unbounded')
sys.exit(0)

if status != GRB.Status.OPTIMAL:
print('Optimization was stopped with status ' + str(status))
sys.exit(0)

# Print total slack and the number of shifts worked for each worker
print('')
print('Total slack required: ' + str(totSlack.X))
for w in Workers:
print(w + ' worked ' + str(totShifts[w].X) + ' shifts')
print('')

except GurobiError as e:
print('Error code ' + str(e.errno) + ": " + str(e))

except AttributeError as e:
print('Encountered an attribute error: ' + str(e))

588
3.7 MATLAB Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi MATLAB examples. The same source code
can be found in the examples/matlab directory of the Gurobi distribution.

diet.m
function diet()
% diet Solve the classic diet model

% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc

% Nutrition guidelines, based on

% USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005
% http://www.health.gov/DietaryGuidelines/dga2005/

ncategories = 4;
categories = {'calories'; 'protein'; 'fat'; 'sodium'};
% minNutrition maxNutrition
categorynutrition = [ 1800 2200; % calories
91 inf; % protein
0 65; % fat
0 1779]; % sodium

nfoods = 9;
foods = {'hamburger';
'chicken';
'hot dog';
'fries';
'macaroni';
'pizza';
'salad';
'milk';
'ice cream'};

foodcost = [2.49; % hamburger

2.89; % chicken
1.50; % hot dog
1.89; % fries
2.09; % macaroni
1.99; % pizza
2.49; % salad
0.89; % milk
1.59]; % ice cream

589
 % calories protein fat sodium
nutritionValues = [ 410 24 26 730; % hamburger
420 32 10 1190; % chicken
560 20 32 1800; % hot dog
380 4 19 270; % fries
320 12 10 930; % macaroni
320 15 12 820; % pizza
320 31 12 1230; % salad
100 8 2.5 125; % milk
330 8 10 180]; % ice cream
nutritionValues = sparse(nutritionValues);
model.modelName = 'diet';

% The variables are layed out as [ buy; nutrition]

model.obj = [ foodcost; zeros(ncategories, 1)];
model.lb = [ zeros(nfoods, 1); categorynutrition(:, 1)];
model.ub = [ inf(nfoods, 1); categorynutrition(:, 2)];
model.A = [ nutritionValues' -speye(ncategories)];
model.rhs = zeros(ncategories, 1);
model.sense = repmat('=', ncategories, 1);

function printSolution(result)
if strcmp(result.status, 'OPTIMAL')
buy = result.x(1:nfoods);
nutrition = result.x(nfoods+1:nfoods+ncategories);
fprintf('\nCost: %f\n', result.objval);
fprintf('\nBuy:\n')
for f=1:nfoods
if buy(f) > 0.0001
fprintf('%10s %g\n', foods{f}, buy(f));
end
end
fprintf('\nNutrition:\n')
for c=1:ncategories
fprintf('%10s %g\n', categories{c}, nutrition(c));
end
else
fprintf('No solution\n');
end
end

% Solve
results = gurobi(model);
printSolution(results);

590
fprintf('\nAdding constraint at most 6 servings of dairy\n')
milk = find(strcmp('milk', foods));
icecream = find(strcmp('ice cream', foods));
model.A(end+1,:) = sparse([1; 1], [milk; icecream], 1, ...
1, nfoods + ncategories);
model.rhs(end+1) = 6;
model.sense(end+1) = '<';

% Solve
results = gurobi(model);
printSolution(results)

end

591
intlinprog.m
function [x, fval, exitflag] = intlinprog(f, intcon, A, b, Aeq, beq, lb, ub)
%INTLINPROG A mixed integer linear programming example using the
% Gurobi MATLAB interface
%
% This example is based on the intlinprog interface defined in the
% MATLAB Optimization Toolbox. The Optimization Toolbox
% is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
%
% x = INTLINPROG(f,intcon,A,b) solves the problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b
% x(j) integer, when j is in the vector
% intcon of integer constraints
%
% x = INTLINPROG(f,intcon,A,b,Aeq,beq) solves the problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b,
% Aeq*x == beq
% x(j) integer, where j is in the vector
% intcon of integer constraints
%
% x = INTLINPROG(f,intcon,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub) solves the problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b,
% Aeq*x == beq,
% lb <= x <= ub.
% x(j) integer, where j is in the vector
% intcon of integer constraints
%
% You can set lb(j) = -inf, if x(j) has no lower bound,
% and ub(j) = inf, if x(j) has no upper bound.
%
% [x, fval] = INTLINPROG(f, intcon, A, b) returns the objective value
% at the solution. That is, fval = f'*x.
%
% [x, fval, exitflag] = INTLINPROG(f, intcon, A, b) returns an exitflag
% containing the status of the optimization. The values for
% exitflag and corresponding status codes are:
% 2 - Solver stopped prematurely. Integer feasible point found.
% 1 - Optimal solution found.
% 0 - Solver stopped prematurely. No integer feasible point found.

592
% -2 - No feasible point found.
% -3 - Problem is unbounded.

if nargin < 4
error('intlinprog(f, intcon, A, b)')
end

if nargin > 8
error('intlinprog(f, intcon, A, b, Aeq, beq, lb, ub)');
end

if ~isempty(A)
n = size(A, 2);
elseif nargin > 5 && ~isempty(Aeq)
n = size(Aeq, 2);
else
error('No linear constraints specified')
end

if ~issparse(A)
A = sparse(A);
end

if nargin > 4 && ~issparse(Aeq)

Aeq = sparse(Aeq);
end

model.obj = f;
model.vtype = repmat('C', n, 1);
model.vtype(intcon) = 'I';

if nargin < 5
model.A = A;
model.rhs = b;
model.sense = '<';
else
model.A = [A; Aeq];
model.rhs = [b; beq];
model.sense = [repmat('<', size(A,1), 1); repmat('=', size(Aeq,1), 1)];
end

if nargin < 7
model.lb = -inf(n,1);
else
model.lb = lb;

593
end

if nargin == 8
model.ub = ub;
end

params.outputflag = 1;
result = gurobi(model, params);

if strcmp(result.status, 'OPTIMAL')
exitflag = 1;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'INTERRUPTED')
if isfield(result, 'x')
exitflag = 2;
else
exitflag = 0;
end
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'INF_OR_UNBD')
params.dualreductions = 0;
result = gurobi(model, params);
if strcmp(result.status, 'INFEASIBLE')
exitflag = -2;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'UNBOUNDED')
exitflag = -3;
else
exitflag = nan;
end
else
exitflag = nan;
end

if isfield(result, 'x')
x = result.x;
else
x = nan(n,1);
end

if isfield(result, 'objval')
fval = result.objval;
else
fval = nan;
end

594
595
linprog.m
function [x, fval, exitflag] = linprog(f, A, b, Aeq, beq, lb, ub)
%LINPROG A linear programming example using the Gurobi MATLAB interface
%
% This example is based on the linprog interface defined in the
% MATLAB Optimization Toolbox. The Optimization Toolbox
% is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
%
% x = LINPROG(f,A,b) solves the linear programming problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b
%
%
% x = LINPROG(f,A,b,Aeq,beq) solves the problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b,
% Aeq*x == beq.
%
% x = LINPROG(f,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub) solves the problem:
%
% minimize f'*x
% subject to A*x <= b,
% Aeq*x == beq,
% lb <= x <= ub.
%
% You can set lb(j) = -inf, if x(j) has no lower bound,
% and ub(j) = inf, if x(j) has no upper bound.
%
% [x, fval] = LINPROG(f, A, b) returns the objective value
% at the solution. That is, fval = f'*x.
%
% [x, fval, exitflag] = LINPROG(f, A, b) returns an exitflag
% containing the status of the optimization. The values for
% exitflag and corresponding status codes are:
% 1 - OPTIMAL,
% 0 - ITERATION_LIMIT,
% -2 - INFEASIBLE,
% -3 - UNBOUNDED.
%

if nargin < 3
error('linprog(f, A, b)')
end

596
if nargin > 7
error('linprog(f, A, b, Aeq, beq, lb, ub)');
end

if ~isempty(A)
n = size(A, 2);
elseif nargin > 4 && ~isempty(Aeq)
n = size(Aeq, 2);
else
error('No linear constraints specified')
end

if ~issparse(A)
A = sparse(A);
end

if nargin > 3 && ~issparse(Aeq)

Aeq = sparse(Aeq);
end

model.obj = f;

if nargin < 4
model.A = A;
model.rhs = b;
model.sense = '<';
else
model.A = [A; Aeq];
model.rhs = [b; beq];
model.sense = [repmat('<', size(A,1), 1); repmat('=', size(Aeq,1), 1)];
end

if nargin < 6
model.lb = -inf(n,1);
else
model.lb = lb;
end

if nargin == 7
model.ub = ub;
end

params.outputflag = 0;

597
result = gurobi(model, params);

if strcmp(result.status, 'OPTIMAL')
exitflag = 1;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'ITERATION_LIMIT')
exitflag = 0;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'INF_OR_UNBD')
params.dualreductions = 0;
result = gurobi(model, params);
if strcmp(result.status, 'INFEASIBLE')
exitflag = -2;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'UNBOUNDED')
exitflag = -3;
else
exitflag = nan;
end
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'INFEASIBLE')
exitflag = -2;
elseif strcmp(result.status, 'UNBOUNDED')
exitflag = -3;
else
exitflag = nan;
end

if isfield(result, 'x')
x = result.x;
else
x = nan(n,1);
end

if isfield(result, 'objval')
fval = result.objval;
else
fval = nan;
end

598
lp.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
%
% This example formulates and solves the following simple LP model:
% maximize
% x + 2 y + 3 z
% subject to
% x + y <= 1
% y + z <= 1
%
clear model;
model.A = sparse([1 1 0; 0 1 1]);
model.obj = [1 2 3];
model.modelsense = 'Max';
model.rhs = [1 1];
model.sense = [ '<' '<'];

result = gurobi(model)

disp(result.objval);
disp(result.x);

% Alterantive representation of A - as sparse triplet matrix

i = [1; 1; 2; 2];
j = [1; 2; 2; 3];
x = [1; 1; 1; 1];
model.A = sparse(i, j, x, 2, 3);

clear params;
params.method = 2;
params.timelimit = 100;

result = gurobi(model, params);

disp(result.objval);
disp(result.x)

599
lp2.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
%
% Formulate a simple linear program, solve it, and then solve it
% again using the optimal basis.

clear model;
model.A = sparse([1 3 4; 8 2 3]);
model.obj = [1 2 3];
model.rhs = [4 7];
model.sense = ['>' '>'];

% First solve requires a few simplex iterations

result = gurobi(model)

model.vbasis = result.vbasis;
model.cbasis = result.cbasis;

% Second solve - start from an optimal basis, so no iterations

result = gurobi(model)

600
mip1.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

% This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:
% maximize
% x + y + 2 z
% subject to
% x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
% x + y >= 1
% x, y, z binary

names = {'x'; 'y'; 'z'};

try
clear model;
model.A = sparse([1 2 3; 1 1 0]);
model.obj = [1 1 2];
model.rhs = [4; 1];
model.sense = '<>';
model.vtype = 'B';
model.modelsense = 'max';
model.varnames = names;

gurobi_write(model, 'mip1.lp');

clear params;
params.outputflag = 0;

result = gurobi(model, params);

disp(result)

for v=1:length(names)
fprintf('%s %d\n', names{v}, result.x(v));
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', result.objval);

catch gurobiError
fprintf('Error reported\n');
end

601
piecewise.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

% This example considers the following separable, convex problem:

%
% minimize f(x) - y + g(z)
% subject to x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
% x + y >= 1
% x, y, z <= 1
%
% where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4 u, for all real u. It
% formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
% g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
% into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which corresponds
% to a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.

names = {'x'; 'y'; 'z'};

try
clear model;
model.A = sparse([1 2 3; 1 1 0]);
model.obj = [0; -1; 0];
model.rhs = [4; 1];
model.sense = '<>';
model.vtype = 'C';
model.lb = [0; 0; 0];
model.ub = [1; 1; 1];
model.varnames = names;

% Compute f and g on 101 points in [0,1]

u = linspace(0.0, 1.0, 101);
f = exp(-u);
g = 2*u.^2 - 4*u;

% Set piecewise linear objective f(x)

model.pwlobj(1).var = 1;
model.pwlobj(1).x = u;
model.pwlobj(1).y = f;

% Set piecewise linear objective g(z)

model.pwlobj(2).var = 3;
model.pwlobj(2).x = u;
model.pwlobj(2).y = g;

% Optimize model as LP

602
 result = gurobi(model);

disp(result);

for v=1:length(names)
fprintf('%s %d\n', names{v}, result.x(v));
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', result.objval);

% Negate piecewise-linear objective function for x

f = -f;
model.pwlobj(1).y = f;

gurobi_write(model, 'pwl.lp')

% Optimize model as a MIP

result = gurobi(model);

disp(result);

for v=1:length(names)
fprintf('%s %d\n', names{v}, result.x(v));
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', result.objval);

catch gurobiError
fprintf('Error reported\n');
end

603
qcp.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

% This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:
% maximize
% x
% subject to
% x + y + z = 1
% x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
% x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)

clear model
names = {'x', 'y', 'z'};
model.varnames = names;

% Set objective: x
model.obj = [ 1 0 0 ];
model.modelsense = 'max';

% Add constraint: x + y + z = 1
model.A = sparse([1 1 1]);
model.rhs = 1;
model.sense = '=';

% Add second-order cone: x^2 + y^2 <= z^2

model.quadcon(1).Qc = sparse([ 1 0 0;
0 1 0;
0 0 -1]);
model.quadcon(1).q = zeros(3,1);
model.quadcon(1).rhs = 0.0;

% Add rotated cone: x^2 <= yz

model.quadcon(2).Qc = sparse([ 1 0 0;
0 0 -1;
0 0 0]);
model.quadcon(2).q = zeros(3,1);
model.quadcon(2).rhs = 0;

gurobi_write(model, 'qcp.lp');

result = gurobi(model);

for j=1:3
fprintf('%s %e\n', names{j}, result.x(j))
end

604
fprintf('Obj: %e\n', result.objval);

605
qp.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

% This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:

% minimize
% x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x
% subject to
% x + 2 y + 3 z >= 4
% x + y >= 1
%
% It solves it once as a continuous model, and once as an integer
% model.

clear model;
names = {'x', 'y', 'z'};
model.varnames = names;
model.Q = sparse([1 0.5 0; 0.5 1 0.5; 0 0.5 1]);
model.A = sparse([1 2 3; 1 1 0]);
model.obj = [2 0 0];
model.rhs = [4 1];
model.sense = '>';

gurobi_write(model, 'qp.lp');

results = gurobi(model);

for v=1:length(names)
fprintf('%s %e\n', names{v}, results.x(v));
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', results.objval);

model.vtype = 'B';

results = gurobi(model);

for v=1:length(names)
fprintf('%s %e\n', names{v}, results.x(v));
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', results.objval);

606
sos.m
% Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.

% This example creates a very simple Special Ordered Set (SOS)

% model. The model consists of 3 continuous variables, no linear
% constraints, and a pair of SOS constraints of type 1.

try
clear model;
model.ub = [1 1 2];
model.obj = [2 1 1];
model.modelsense = 'Max';
model.A = sparse(1,3);
model.rhs = 0;
model.sense = '=';

% Add first SOS: x1 = 0 or x2 = 0

model.sos(1).type = 1;
model.sos(1).index = [1 2];
model.sos(1).weight = [1 2];

% Add second SOS: x1 = 0 or x3 = 0

model.sos(2).type = 1;
model.sos(2).index = [1 3];
model.sos(2).weight = [1 2];

% Write model to file

gurobi_write(model, 'sos.lp');

result = gurobi(model);

for i=1:3
fprintf('x%d %e\n', i, result.x(i))
end

fprintf('Obj: %e\n', result.objval);

catch gurobiError
fprintf('Encountered an error\n')
end

607
3.8 R Examples
This section includes source code for all of the Gurobi R examples. The same source code can be
found in the examples/R directory of the Gurobi distribution.

lp.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example formulates and solves the following simple LP model:
# maximize
# x + 2 y + 3 z
# subject to
# x + y <= 1
# y + z <= 1

library("Matrix")
library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,1,0,0,1,1), nrow=2, byrow=T)

model$obj <- c(1,1,2)
model$modelsense <- "max"
model$rhs <- c(1,1)
model$sense <- c('<=', '<=')

result <- gurobi(model)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

# Second option for A - as a sparseMatrix (using the Matrix package)...

model$A <- spMatrix(2, 3, c(1, 1, 2, 2), c(1, 2, 2, 3), c(1, 1, 1, 1))

params <- list(Method=2, TimeLimit=100)

result <- gurobi(model, params)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

# Third option for A - as a sparse triplet matrix (using the slam package)...

model$A <- simple_triplet_matrix(c(1, 1, 2, 2), c(1, 2, 2, 3), c(1, 1, 1, 1))

608
params <- list(Method=2, TimeLimit=100)

result <- gurobi(model, params)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

609
lp2.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# Formulate a simple linear program, solve it, and then solve it
# again using the optimal basis.

library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,3,4,8,2,3), nrow=2, byrow=T)

model$obj <- c(1,2,3)
model$rhs <- c(4,7)
model$sense <- c('>=', '>=')

# First solve - requires a few simplex iterations

result <- gurobi(model)

model$vbasis <- result$vbasis

model$cbasis <- result$cbasis

# Second solve - start from optimal basis, so no iterations

result <- gurobi(model)

610
mip.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example formulates and solves the following simple MIP model:
# maximize
# x + y + 2 z
# subject to
# x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
# x + y >= 1
# x, y, z binary

library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,2,3,1,1,0), nrow=2, ncol=3, byrow=T)

model$obj <- c(1,1,2)
model$modelsense <- "max"
model$rhs <- c(4,1)
model$sense <- c('<=', '>=')
model$vtype <- 'B'

params <- list(OutputFlag=0)

result <- gurobi(model, params)

print('Solution:')
print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

611
piecewise.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example considers the following separable, convex problem:
#
# minimize
# f(x) - y + g(z)
# subject to
# x + 2 y + 3 z <= 4
# x + y >= 1
# x, y, z <= 1
#
# where f(u) = exp(-u) and g(u) = 2 u^2 - 4u, for all real u. It
# formulates and solves a simpler LP model by approximating f and
# g with piecewise-linear functions. Then it transforms the model
# into a MIP by negating the approximation for f, which gives
# a non-convex piecewise-linear function, and solves it again.

library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,2,3,1,1,0), nrow=2, byrow=T)

model$obj <- c(0,-1,0)
model$ub <- c(1,1,1)
model$rhs <- c(4,1)
model$sense <- c('<=', '>=')

# Uniformly spaced points in [0.0, 1.0]

u <- seq(from=0, to=1, by=0.01)

# First piecewise-linear function: f(x) = exp(-x)

pwl1 <- list()
pwl1$var <- 1
pwl1$x <- u
pwl1$y <- sapply(u, function(x) exp(-x))

# Second piecewise-linear function: g(z) = 2 z^2 - 4 z

pwl2 <- list()
pwl2$var <- 3
pwl2$x <- u
pwl2$y <- sapply(u, function(z) 2 * z * z - 4 * z)

model$pwlobj <- list(pwl1, pwl2)

612
result <- gurobi(model)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

# Negate piecewise-linear function on x, making it non-convex

model$pwlobj[[1]]$y <- sapply(u, function(x) -exp(-x))

result <- gurobi(model)

gurobi_write(model, "junk.lp")

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

613
qcp.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example formulates and solves the following simple QCP model:
# maximize
# x
# subject to
# x + y + z = 1
# x^2 + y^2 <= z^2 (second-order cone)
# x^2 <= yz (rotated second-order cone)

library("gurobi")
library("Matrix")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,1,1), nrow=1, byrow=T)

model$modelsense <- "max"
model$obj <- c(1,0,0)
model$rhs <- c(1)
model$sense <- c('=')

# First quadratic constraint: x^2 + y^2 - z^2 <= 0

qc1 <- list()
qc1$Qc <- spMatrix(3, 3, c(1, 2, 3), c(1, 2, 3), c(1.0, 1.0, -1.0))
qc1$rhs <- 0.0

# Second quadratic constraint: x^2 - yz <= 0

qc2 <- list()
qc2$Qc <- spMatrix(3, 3, c(1, 2), c(1, 3), c(1.0, -1.0))
qc2$rhs <- 0.0

model$quadcon <- list(qc1, qc2)

result <- gurobi(model)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

614
qp.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example formulates and solves the following simple QP model:
# minimize
# x^2 + x*y + y^2 + y*z + z^2 + 2 x
# subject to
# x + 2 y + 3z >= 4
# x + y >= 1

library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(1,2,3,1,1,0), nrow=2, byrow=T)

model$Q <- matrix(c(2,1,0,1,2,1,0,1,2), nrow=3, byrow=T)
model$obj <- c(2,0,0)
model$rhs <- c(4,1)
model$sense <- c('>=', '>=')

result <- gurobi(model)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

615
sos.R
# Copyright 2016, Gurobi Optimization, Inc.
#
# This example formulates and solves the following simple SOS model:
# maximize
# 2 x + y + z
# subject to
# x1 = 0 or x2 = 0 (SOS1 constraint)
# x1 = 0 or x3 = 0 (SOS1 constraint)
# x1 <= 1, x2 <= 1, x3 <= 2

library("gurobi")

model <- list()

model$A <- matrix(c(0,0,0), nrow=1, byrow=T)

model$obj <- c(2,1,1)
model$modelsense <- "max"
model$ub <- c(1,1,2)
model$rhs <- c(0)
model$sense <- c('=')

# First SOS: x1 = 0 or x2 = 0
sos1 <- list()
sos1$type <- 1
sos1$index <- c(1, 2)
sos1$weight <- c(1, 2)

# Second SOS: x1 = 0 or x3 = 0
sos2 <- list()
sos2$type <- 1
sos2$index <- c(1, 3)
sos2$weight <- c(1, 2)

model$sos <- list(sos1, sos2)

result <- gurobi(model)

print(result$objval)
print(result$x)

616