Short Questions: Sentence

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Short Questions
Sentence
1. What is sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. e.g. Ali is a
student
2. What is assertive/declarative sentence?
A statement about something which may be positive or negative, is called
assertive sentence. e.g. Mohsin writes a book.
3. What is interrogative sentence?
A sentence that is used to ask a question is called an interrogative sentence.
e.g. What is your name?
4. What is imperative sentence?
A sentence which expresses some command, request, forbiddance, advice or
suggestion is called imperative sentence. e.g. Please give me your pen.
5. What is exclamatory sentence?
A sentence which expresses strong feelings of sorrow, happiness or wonder
is called exclamatory sentence. e.g. What a pretty bird!
6. What is optative sentence?
A sentence which expresses some wish, pray or curse is called optative
sentence. e.g. May you live long!
7. Write the different classes of sentence according to its structure.
 Simple sentence
 Compound sentence
 Complex sentence
8. Define simple sentence.
A simple sentence is one which has more than one clauses of equal ranks.
e.g. The moon was bright and we cold see our way.
9. Define compound sentence.
A compound sentence is one which has more than one clauses of equal
ranks.
The moon was bright and we could see our way.
10. Define complex sentence.
A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses. e.g. They rested when evening came.
11. What is synthesis of sentences?
Synthesis is the joining of two sentences into one. He worked hard. He
failed.
He worked hard however he failed.
12. What is a complement?
Complement means an additional word or words, which complete the
meaning (idea) of group of words that have subject and verb. e.g. Ali
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seems happy.
13. What are kinds of complement?
There are four kinds of complements.
(1) Direct Objects (2) Indirect Objects (3) Subjective complement (4)
objective complement
14. What is direct object?
The direct object tells who or what receives the action of the verb.
e.g. The doctor examined the patient.
15. What is indirect object?
An object which receives the action of the verb indirectly is called indirect
object. e.g. The teacher gave him the award.
16. What is Subjective complement/ predicate nominative?
A predicate nominative is a noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb
and identifies, renames, or explains the subject. e.g. Irfan is the leader.
17. What is objective complement?
A complement that tells something about object is called objective
complement. e.g. He made me happy
18. How man parts are there of a sentence?
There are two parts of a sentence:
(i) Subject (ii) Predicate
19. Define Subject.
The doer of an action is called subject. (Some boys are throwing stones on
buses) Here ‘some boys’ is subject.
20. Define Predicate.
Predicate is that part of sentence, which tells something about the subject.
e.g. Salma sang a beautiful song.
21. How many kinds are there of subject?
There are three kinds of subject:
(i) Simple subject (ii) Complete subject (iii) Compound subject
22. Define Simple Subject.
Simple subject is that which consists of one word.
23. Define Complete subject.
Complete subject is that which consists of more than one word.
24. Define Compound Subject.
When subject words are joined by “Conjunction”, it is called compound
subject.
25. How many kinds are there of predicate?
There are three kinds of predicate:
(i) Simple Predicate (ii) Complete predicate (iii) Compound
predicate
26. Define Simple Predicate.
Predicate which has only one word, is called simple predicate.
27. Define Complete Predicate.
Complete predicate is that which has more than one word.
28. Define Compound Predicate.
When predicate are joined by conjunction.
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Phrase
29. Define phrase.

A phrase is a group of words, which has neither subject, nor predicate.
e.g.The sun rises in the east. On the table, in the corner etc
30. Define Adjective phrase.
An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.
e.g. A man in red shirt came to me for help.
31. Define adverb phrase.
An adverb phrase is a group of words that does work of an adverb.
e.g. Ali ran with great speed.
32. Define noun phrase.
A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of Noun.
e.g. We enjoy playing cricket.
33. What is meant by verbal phrase?
When the headword is verb, it is called verbal phrase.
e.g. has taken had eaten etc.
34. What is participle phrase?
When the phrase begins with participle form (ing form)
e.g. Standing on a chair, sitting on the floor etc.
35. What do you understand by the infinitive phrase?
An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and complement. It has a
function as an adjective, adverb or noun.
36. What is a Gerund phrase?
When a present participle functions as a noun, it is called gerund phrase.
e.g. Smoking is injurious to health.
Telling a lie is not a good habit etc.
Here smoking and telling are gerund phrase.
Clauses
37. Define a clause:

A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb, e.g. He wrote a
letter. E.g. He works in an office. .
38. What are kinds of clauses?
There are two kinds of clauses:
(1) Independent Clauses (2) Dependent Clauses
39. Define an independent clause.
An independent (main) clause is a group of words that contains a subject
and verb and expresses a complete thought. e.g. She went to the doctor.
40. Define a dependent clause.
A dependent (subordinate) clause is a group of words that contains a subject
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and verb but does not express a complete thought. e.g. After the train left.
41. What are types of dependent clause?
There are three'types of dependent clauses.
(1) Noun Clauses (2) Adjective Clauses (3) Adverb Clauses
42. Define a noun clause.
A noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate
of its own, and does the work of a noun. e.g. We expect that we shall win the
cricket match.
43. Define an adjective clause?
An adjective clause is dependent clause that is used to modify a noun or a
pronoun. e.g. I just met Shehzad, who is from Quetta.
44. Define an adverb clause?
An adverb clause is subordinate clause that is used mainly to modify a verb.
e.g. We will go into the school, when the bell rings.
Parts of speech
45. What are parts of speech?

Words, divided into different classes according to the function they do, are
called parts of speech.
46. Give the number of parts of speech.
The parts of speech are eight in number.
(1) noun (2) pronoun (3) verb (4) adjective
(5) adverb (6) preposition (7) conjunction (8) interjection
Noun
47. Define Noun.
Noun is the name of person, thing, place, quality or state.
There are five kinds of noun.
Examples: Ahmad, London, Sana, England, Honey etc.
48. Define proper noun.
Proper noun is the name of a particular person, thing or place.
Example: Salman, Lahore, Salma, France.
49. Define common noun.
Common noun is the name given in common to everything, place or person.
E.g Boy, City, Girl, Country.
50. Define abstract noun.
It is the name of quality, state or action. It does not take article in normal
use. E.g Love, Honesty, Wisdom, Beauty, Truth.
51. Define collective noun.
A collective noun is a singular noun that names a group of people with a
common interest. E.g class, family, office
52. Define material noun.
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The name given to materials is called material noun. It does not take article
in normal use. E.g Class, Team, Club, Flock, Heard etc.
53. Define countable noun.

Nouns which are used for persons, things or places which are countable are
called countable nouns. E.g books, tables etc
54. Define uncountable noun.
Nouns which are used for things which can not be counted are called
uncountable nouns. E.g Gold, flour, honesty, advice, work, etc.
Gender & Plural

55. What do you understand by gender of a noun?
Gender in English grammar refers to the division of nouns into a male or a
female.
56. How many kinds of genders are there in English?
There are four genders in English:
(1) Masculine Gender (2) Feminine Gender
(3) Common Gender (4) Neuter Gender
57. What do you understand by masculine gender?
A noun that denotes a male is called masculine gender. e.g. man, father, lion
58. What do you understand by feminine gender?
A noun that denotes a female is called feminine gender. e.g. woman, mother,
lioness
59. What do you understand by common gender?
A noun that denotes either a male or a female is called the common gender,
e.g. baby, child, thief
60. What do you understand by neuter gender?
A noun that denotes a thing whi'ch is neither a female nor a male is called
neuter gender, e.g. pen, book, table
61. What is a noun in Apposition?
A noun phrase, if used just after a noun, is called noun in Apposition, e.g.
Rasheed, my best friend, has helped me. In this sentence 'my best friend' is
in apposition to 'Rasheed'. So, 'my best friend' is noun in apposition.
62. What is meant by noun the number?
A noun that denotes whether a noun is singular or plural. E.g Boy, boys,
cow, cows, doll, dolls, etc.
63. What is meant by plural noun?
Noun, that denotes more than one person, thing or place. E.g. Boys, girls,
Cities etc.
64. What is meant by case o a noun?
Case of a noun means form of the noun, which shows in what relations the
noun has been used to other word. That describes the function of noun
whether it is: (i) Subject (ii) Object (iii) Genitive (iv) Apposition.
65. What is nominative case of noun?
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A noun used as a subject is nominative case of noun. E.g Bilal works hard.
66. What is Accusative/ objective case of noun?
A noun used as an object is accusative case of noun. e.g. Ali writes a letter.
67. What is Genitive case of noun?
A noun that shows possession is called Genitive case of noun.
Pronoun
68. Define pronoun.
A word used in place of a noun is called pronoun.
e.g. (He, she, it I, we, you, they)
69. Define personal pronoun.
Personal pronoun is a word used in place of name of a person.
e.g (I, we, you, he ,s he, it, they)
70. What is a subjective pronoun?
A pronoun used as a subject is known as subjective pronoun. e.g. he, she,
they
71. What is an-objective pronoun?
A pronoun used as an object is known as objective pronoun, eg me, him,
her
72. What is a possessive pronoun?
A pronoun that shows ownership or possession is called possessive pronoun.
e.g. mine, his, yours
73. Define demonstrative pronouns.
These pronouns are used to point out things and persons already mentioned
in the sentence. E.g. This, that, these etc.
74. Define indefinite pronouns.
Pronouns that do not refer to a particular person are called indefinite
pronouns. e.g. anybody, each, someone
75. Define an Antecedent.
The word or group of words that a pronoun replaces, or refers to, is called its
antecedent. Or a noun for which a pronoun is used is called its antecedent.
e.g. Ali writes a letter. He is competent student. (Ali is an antecedent of He)
76. Define relative pronoun.
This pronoun refers to a noun or pronoun and joins two sentences.
E.g. Who, where, but etc. He asked me where he was going.
77. Define emphatic pronoun.
Emphatic pronouns are those which end in self or selves when they are used
after nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis. E.g. I myself will do it.
78. Define reflexive pronoun.
A reflexive pronoun is an object pronoun that refers back to the subject. e.g.
myself,, himself, yourself Example: I hurt myself.
79. Define reciprocal pronouns.
Compound pronouns like “each other” and “one another” are called
reciprocal pronouns. They are playing with one another.
80. What are interrogative pronouns?
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Pronouns used to ask questions are known as interrogative pronouns. e.g.

who, whose, whom, which, what etc. who are you?
81. Define distributive pronoun.
Distributive pronouns refer to persons individually or one at a time. E.g.
each, either, neither, everyone etc. Everyone was playing.
Verb
82. Define verb?
A word that shows the activity of subject is called verb.
83. Define transitive verb?
The verb that always takes an object to complete the sentence is called
transitive verb. E.g. He writes a book
84. Define intransitive verb?
A verb that does not take object to complete the sentence is called
intransitive verb. E.g. He weeps.
85. Define auxiliary or helping verbs.
Sometimes the principal verb needs the help of another verb to make its
meaning clear, such verbs are called auxiliary or helping verbs. E.g. is, are,
am, was, were, will shall, has, have, had etc.
86. Define regular verb.
The verb whose 2nd and 3rd form can be formed by adding “ed” in the end.
E.g. jump, jumped , jumped
87. Define irregular verb.
The verb, whose 2nd and 3rd form cannot be formed by adding “ed”.
E.g drink drank drunk
88. Define finite forms of verbs.
Finite forms of verbs are those forms of the verbs which can be used alone as
main verbs of a sentence.
89. Define non finite forms of verbs.
Non finite forms of verbs are those forms of the verbs which can only be
used as a main verb with the help of any helping verb or modal verb.
90. Define verbals or participles?
Verbals are forms of the verbs that are used as nouns, adjectives or adverbs
in the sentence.
91. How many kinds are there of verbal or participle?
There are three kinds of verbal:
(i) Gerunds (ii) Infinitives (iii) Participles
92. Define Gerund.
The “ing” form of a verb used as a noun is called gerund.
93. Define infinitive.
An infinitive is a non-finite verb form consisting of to + first form of the
verb.
94. Define Participle.
An ing form of verb that can be used both as a verb and adjective.
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Adverb
95. Define adverb.
Adverb is a word which qualify a verb or an adjective or an other adverb.
e.g. carefully, always, very, often
96. What are adverbs of manners?
An adverb of manner tells us how something is done. e.g. skillfully, clearly,
correctly
97. What are adverbs of time?
An adverb of time tells us when something takes place. e.g. tomorrow, next
year,
98. What are adverbs of place?
An adverb of place tells us where something happens. e.g. outside, here,
where
99. What are adverbs of frequency?
An adverb of frequency tells us how often something takes place. e.g. once,
twice, ever
100. What are interrogative adverbs?
The question words where, why, when and how are adverbs too. They are
called interrogative adverbs.
101. What are emphasizing adverbs?
Some adverbs can be used before adjectives are other adverbs to emphasize
them. e.g. really, very, quite
102. What is an adverb of affirmation or negation?
Adverbs of affirmation and negation affirm and negate the action.
103. What is adverb of reason?
An adverb of reason is that which shows the reason of an action.
Adjective
104. What are qualitative/descriptive adjectives?
These adjectives show the quality positive or negative of a person or a thing.
e.g. nice,brave, intelligent, poor,
105. What are quantitative adjectives?
These adjectives show the quantity of a thing. e.g. Some, much, enough
106. What are proper adjectives?
Proper adjectives are adjectives formed from proper nouns.
e.g. Proper Noun Proper Adjective
Pakistan Pakistani
Islam Islamic calendar
107. What are demonstrative adjectives?
A demonstrative adjective is that, which points out person or thing
particular.
e.g. this, that, those
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108. What are interrogative adjectives?

Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. e.g. what, which, whose
109. What are distributive adjectives?
Distributive adjectives show things taken out singly. e.g. each, every,
either, neither. Each boy, every girl etc
110. What are numeral adjectives?
These adjectives show how many persons or things are meant. e.g. one, two,
three, all, many
111. What are degrees of adjective?
There are three degrees of adjective:
 Positive Degree of Adjective
 Comparative Degree of Adjective
 Superlative Degree of Adjective
112. What do you understand by positive degree of adjective?
Positive degree of an adjective shows quality of a thing or a person without
comparing with other persons or things, e.g. brave, coward, wise, fool
113. What do you understand by comparative degree of adjective.
Comparative degree of an adjective shows comparision between two things
or two persons, e.g. He is taller than his friend.
114. What do you understand by superlative degree of adjective
Superlative degree of an adjective shows comparision among more than two
things or persons, e.g. He is the richest of four friends.
115. What are the basic uses of adjective?
There are two basic uses of adjective.
1. Attributive 2. Predicative
116. What is an attributive use of an adjective?
It is used with a-noun. e.g. A rich man should help the poor.
In this sentence the word 'rich' is an attributive adjective, because it is use
with a noun 'man'.
117. What is a predicative use of an adjective?
It is used with a verb, e.g. You are clever.
In this sentence the word 'clever' is used with a verb, 'are'.
118. Can we use article with adjective?
Article may be used with adjective. e.g. A foolish boy cannot succeed in
examination. In this sentence 'foolish' is an adjective, and with it 'a' is used.
119. Can we use article as an adjective?
Yes, any article may be used before noun as an adjective, e.g. A bird is flying.
In this sentence the word 'bird' is a common noun and article 'a' is used here
as an adjective.
120. Can a gerund be used as an adjective?
Yes, a gerund can be used as an adjective, e.g. A dying man does not tell a
lie.
In this sentence 'man' is a common noun, and 'dying' is a gerund, which is
used here as an adjective.
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Preposition
121. Define preposition.
A preposition is a word which relates noun or pronoun with other word or
words in a sentence. e.g. in, at, of, from
122. What are kinds of preposition?
Usually there are two kinds of preposition. (1) Simple Preposition (2)
Compound Preposition
123. What is simple preposition?
Preposition based on single word is called simple preposition. e.g. of, to,
from
124. What is compound preposition?
Preposition based on more than one word is called compound preposition.
e.g. out of, according to, in front of
Conjunction
125. What is Conjunction?
A word that joins more than two clauses, words and sentences into one is
called conjunction. e.g. and, but, or
126. What are the kinds of conjunction?
There are three kinds of conjunction:
a. Coordinating Conjunction
b. Subordinating Conjunction
c. Correlative Conjunction
127. What are coordinating conjunctions?
Coordinating conjunctions join words or group of words that are of equal
importance. e.g. but, and, or
128. What are subordinating conjunctions?
A subordinating conjunction begins a subordinate clause and shows its
relationship with the main clause. e.g. after, although, as
129. What are correlative conjunctions?
Conjunctions which are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions.
e.g. both and, either or, niether nor
130. What are the kinds of coordinating conjunction?
There are four kinds of coordinating conjunctions:
(1) Cumulative Conjunctions (2) Alternative Conjunctions
(3) Adversative Conjunctions (4) Illative Conjunctions
131. What are cumulative conjunctions?
Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called cumulative
conjunctions. e.g. and, as well as, also
132. What are alternative conjunctions?
Alternative conjunctions are used to express a choice between two
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alternatives. e.g. otherwise

133. What are adversative conjunctions?
Conjunctions which are used to express a contrast between two statements
are called adversative conjunctions. e.g. but, yet
134. What are illative conjunctions?
Conjunction which express inference are called illative conjunctions. e.g.
therefore, hence
135. Define Interjection.
An interjection is a word that shows sudden feelings or emotions.
136. What do you understand by Articles?
Articles are the words, which modify a noun or an adjective.
137. What are indefinite articles?
Indefinite articles are those which generalize the noun.
138. Where “a” is used?
“a” is used with every singular, common noun.
139. What is the use of “an”?
An is used with every singular common noun, having “Vowel sound”.
140. Which kind of noun is not generally preceded by articles?
Proper noun, Abstract noun and Material noun are not generally preceded
by article.
141. Can we use articles with uncountable things?
No, articles cannot be used with uncountable noun, like floor, gold, sugar etc
Moods
142. What is meant by Mood?
Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is
represented.
143. How many moods are there in English?
There are three moods in English.
(i) Indicative Mood (ii) Imperative Mood (iii) Subjective Mood
144. What is the indicative Mood?
A verb which makes a statement of fact or asks a question, or expresses a
supposition which is assumed as a fact, is in the indicative mood. e.g. Where
do you live? Noman is a good player. If I go to Karachi, I will buy a gift for
you.
145. What do you understand by imperative mood?
A verb which expresses a command, suggestion and a request, is in the
imperative mood. Give me a cup of tea, please. Read this book to improve
your English.
146. What do you understand by subjunctive mood?
The subjunctive mood expresses conditions including wishes, indirect
requests, speculation, and recommendations, e.g If I had been you, I would
have called him. She wishes he were here.
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Miscellaneous
147. What is Functional English?
Functional English means that English in which we understand the use and
different functions of the words and sentences.
148. What are letters?
Letters are the basic units of language, which make words. Every letter is
symbol of a specific sound. There are 26 letters of English language.
149. What are alphabet? .
Alphabet means the letters of language, which make words.
150. What are kinds of alphabet?
There are two kinds of alphabet,
i. Vowels ii. Consonants
151. What are vowels?
The letters a, e, i, o, u are called vowels.-
152. What are consonants?
All the letters except vowels are called consonants.
153. What is a syllable?
Syllable is a part of a word, which is uttered by one sound, e.g. basket
In the word basket there are two syllables: bas+ket. There may be more than
two syllables in a word.
154. What is a word?
A word is a group of letters, which give some meaning, e.g. book, cat, eat"
155. What do you understand by fragment?
Fragment is a group of words which does not give complete thought, e.g.
came to help
In this group of words, the thought is not complete.
156. Define syntax.
Syntax is that part of the grammar that deals with the arrangement of words
into phrases and phrases into sentences. e.g. Subject + Verb + Object /
Complement + adverb Salma goes to college daily.
157. What do you understand by the analysis?
Analysis of a sentence means to break it up into different parts.
158. What do you understand by the synthesis of sentences?
Synthesis means combination of two or more simple sentences into one new
sentence which may be simple, compound or complex is called synthesis of
sentences.
159. Can there be a sentence of only one word?
Yes, there can be a sentence of only one word, e.g. Stop. Sit. Go.
The word 'Stop' is a complete sentence because it conveys a message in
imperative mood. In the same way, 'Sit' and "Go1 are complete sentences.
160. Define determiner.
A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to define noun or noun
phrase, e.g. this, enough, every
161. Define tenses.
Changes in the form of verbs to show time are called tenses.
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162. What is punctuation?

Punctuation means those symbols, which separate sentences, and different
parts of sentences so that the idea may be clear and understandable.
Define synonym.
A word which means the same, or nearly the same, as another word, is called
synonym. e.g. The word 'wide' is a synonym for 'broad'.
163. Define antonyms.
Words which have opposite meanings are called antonyms. e.g. The word
'fast' is a antonym for 'slow'.
164. Define homonyms.
Words that sound alike but different meanings and spellings. e.g. 'hare' and
'hair'.
165. What is voice?
Voice is a style of verb, which shows weather the subject does action direct,
or the action is done indirectly.
166. What are the kinds of voice?
There are two kinds of voice.
1. Active Voice 2. Passive Voice
167. What do you understand by active voice?
The active voice indicates that the subject is performing the action. e.g. The
students raised money for a trip.
168. What do you understand by passive voice?
The passive voice indicates that the action of verb is being performed on the
subject, e.g. Funds were raised by the students for welfare work.
Flowers are plucked by Rafiq.
169. What is meant, by direct speech/narration?
It is the reproduction of the same words, which the speaker has uttered.
e.g. He said to me, "You are my best friend".
170. What is meant by indirect speech/narration?
When the exact words of the speaker are not reproduced, but their message
is presented in changed words, it is called indirect speech/narration.
e.g. He told me that I was his best friend.
This sentence is an example of indirect speech.
171. What is reported speech?
Reported speech means exact words of the speaker, which are given between
inverted commas. He said to me, "You are my best friend".
172. What is reporting verb?
That verb which is used to introduce the reported speech is called reporting
verb. He said to me, "You are my best friend".
173. What do you understand by prefix?
A prefix is a word part added at the beginning of a base word. ' e.g dishonour
Honour is a base word and the use of 'dis' before it is a prefix.
174. What do you understand by suffix?
A suffix is a word part added at the end of a base word, e.g. harmless
Harm is a base word and the use of 'less' at its end is a suffix.
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Précis Writing
Introduction:
Précis writing is a very fine exercise in a reading; writing and practical life for those
who have to carry on communication with others. Précis is neither a paraphrase of
the Original passage nor a list of main points. It is a piece of continuous writing
which possesses proper organization of ideas, logical sequence of points and the
variety of language. It is not merely a condensed reproduction of the original
passage. Précis writing skill involves both the comprehension and effective writing. It
is equally important for business and official people.
Literal meaning:
The word précis is a French word which means exact or terse. In English it means
sum up, abridge, summary, precise etc. So it is a restatement in shorted form of the
main ideas and points in a piece of writing.
Definitions:
By Oxford Dictionary:
"It is a short version of a speech or a piece of writing that gives the main points or
ideas.”
By Cambridge Dictionary:
“It is a short form of the text which briefly gives only the important parts.”
So we can say that a précis is the main theme of a passage Written in the fewest
possible words.
Qualities Of A Good Précis
A good piece of précis should possess the following qualities;

1.Conciseness:
A good précis is always written in the fewest possible words. The writer expresses
only the gist, the main purport or general idea of the passage very concisely. There is
no room for examples, illustrations and quotations in précis.
2.Complete and self contained:
A good précis is always complete and self contained. It means it must convey its
message fully and clearly without requiring any reference and allusion to the original
passage to compete its meaning. The writer should ensure that all the important
ideas are included in the précis.
3.Coherence:
There is coherence in a good précis. It means that each part of the précis must be
related to the other part like the beads of rosary. In order to achieve coherence,
connecting words like however, similarly, therefore, that, so, consequently, etc
should be used in précis. In coherence, ideas do not appear as separate notes.
4.Clearness:
A good précis is also clear, vivid, simple and easy to understand because in this the
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writer uses simple, clear and familiar words after understanding and comprehending
the original passage.
5.Correctness:
A good précis is correct in every respect there is no mistake of grammar or
punctuation
6.Faithful representation:
A good précis presents a faithful reproduction of the main theme. There is no room
in précis for on thoughts or ideas.
7.Length:
A good précis is almost one third of the original passage. Therefore the writer
includes all the unnecessary details from the précis.
8.Elimination of Outdated words:
In a good précis there is no room for outdated words and phrases. It possesses
current vocabulary in it.
9.Use of Grammar and Idioms:
A good précis is always in harmony with the grammar. It bears the use of idioms
which makes précis more concise and useful.
10.Punctuated:
A good précis also possesses proper and suitable use of punctuation marks where
necessary. The use of punctuation marks makes the précis easy to understand and
create effective feedback.
11.Writer's own words:
In a good précis, the writer uses words of his own. He does not borrow words,
phrases, and sentences from the original passage. It shows the through
understanding of the writer.
12.Paragraph:
A good précis also possesses this quality if be necessary. It does not contain loose
sentences. Paragraphs should not appear to be separated in a good précis. Paragraph
also shows the order of ideas.
13.Chronological order:
A good piece of précis does not change the chronological order of the original
passage.
14.Variety of language:
A good précis contains easy words and simple sentences. It avoids complex sentences
which may create ambiguity and divergence between the thoughts of the original
passage and the précis passage.
15.Logical and natural sequence of points:
This means that sentence and ideas should follow one after the other in an unbroken
chain. The main theme should run through the sentences like a thread through the
beads of a necklace.
16.Reflects the Title:
A good précis also possesses a title that shows the main theme of the passage.
Whether the title is pointed out or not, it must emerge before the very eyes of the
reader while he is reading the précis passage.
17.Avoids redundancy of thoughts:
A good précis does not possess redundancies or repetition of thoughts and facts and
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figures.
18.Avoids lexical items:
A good précis avoids lexical items. There is no room for colloquial expressions,
circumlocutions, periphrasis or rhetorical flourishes.
19.Use of Indirect speech
A good précis is an embodiment of indirect speech. Direct speech is always avoided
that is why it is not found in a good piece of précis.
20.Leading thoughts in harmony with general impression:
A good précis should give the leading thoughts and the general impression of the
passage summarized. A précis that gives only leading points without general
impression is not useful. It can not be called a perfect one.
21.Tense:
A good piece of précis may be penned down in present or past tenses.
22.Third person pronoun:
A good piece of précis always uses third case of personal pronoun in stead of using
first or second cases of personal pronouns.
23.Avoids Personal opinion:
A good précis does not possess personal views of the précis maker. It only possesses
the ideas of the writer of the original passage.
Rules Of Précis Writing
The rules of précis writing are penned down as follows;

1.Carefully read the passage
Before the writer starts making précis of the passage it should be read two or three
times very carefully so to comprehend the passage completely
2.Underline the main points:
After reading the passage carefully, all the important points and ideas should be
underlined and the questions at the end of the passage can assist you identify the
main points
3.Chalk out a rough draft
Put down all the main points in a sequence to get the first draft of your précis
4.Order:
It is desirable to maintain the original order of ideas but it can be changed. However
the chronological order should not be disturbed.
5.Chronological order:
The writer should not change the chronological order of the original passage
Length:
A good précis is almost one third of the original passage. Therefore the writer should
exclude all the unnecessary details from the précis
6.Eliminate the Outdated words:
In a good précis there is no room for outdated words and phrases so they should be
eliminated. It possesses current vocabulary in it
7.Proper use of Grammar and Idioms:
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The writer should use grammar and idioms properly. A good précis is always in
harmony with the grammar. The use of idioms makes précis more concise and useful.
8.Use Punctuation:
There should be proper and suitable use of punctuation marks where necessary. The
use of punctuation marks makes the précis easy to understand and create effective
feedback
9. Use your own words:
The writer should use words of his own. He should not borrow words, phrases, and
sentences from the original passage. It shows the through understanding of the
writer
10.Use Paragraph:
The writer should use paragraph if he feels necessary. He should not make loose
sentences. Paragraphs should not appear to be separated in a good précis. Paragraph
also shows the order of ideas
11.Use Variety of language:
The writer should use easy words and simple sentences. He should avoid complex
sentences which may create ambiguity and divergence between the thoughts of the
original passage and the précis passage
12.Maintain the Logical and natural sequence of points:
This means that sentence and ideas should follow one after the other in an unbroken
chain. The main theme should run through the sentences like a thread through the
beads of a necklace
13.No Personal opinion:
A good précis does not possess personal views of the précis maker. It only possesses
the ideas of the writer of the original passage
14.Use the third person pronoun:
The writer should use the third case of personal pronoun in stead of using the first or
the second cases of personal pronouns
15.Use the indirect:
A good précis is an embodiment of indirect speech. Direct speech is always avoided
that is why it is not found in a good piece of précis.
16.Final draft:
In the end there should be re-reading and re-checking of the précis to ensure that the
sequence of facts and figures or thoughts and ideas is the same as it is in the original
passage. .
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Cash Crops of Pakistan

Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Cotton, rice, oil seeds and fruit are the major cash crops of Pakistan.
3. Cotton is the silver fiber of cash crops.
4. Rice of Pakistan is liked much in the foreign countries.
5. The world's famous Tobacco Virginia is cultivated in Peshawar.
6. The fruit of Pakistan are famous all over the world.
7. Government should supply agricultural machinery, seeds and interest-free
loans to the farmers.
8. Conclusion
Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70% of its population depends upon

agriculture. A huge number of its people are living in villages. These villagers are
working in fields. They are producing two types of crops-food crops and non-food
crops. The non-food crops are cash crops. Cash crops mean those crops which earn
foreign exchange for our country. The major cash crops of Pakistan are cotton, rice,
tobacco, fruits and oil seeds. These crops are exported to foreign countries. With the
help of cash crops, the country has been earning huge foreign exchange. These cash
crops have become flourishing business for the people of Pakistan. The cash crops of
Pakistan are grown in almost all provinces of Pakistan. The farmers grow them
willingly.
Cotton is one of the major cash crops which is grown in the fertile lands of
Sindh and Punjab. It is the flourishing crop which gives a huge foreign exchange to
our country. The government helps the farmers by providing them pesticides and
other chemicals to save the crop from the severe attack of dangerous insects and
diseases. The government provides high quality seeds to the farmers and guides them
about how to grow the crop of cotton scientifically. Cotton is exported to foreign
countries. It is called the silver fiber. Most of our textile industries depend upon the
productions of cotton.
Rice is another productive crop of Pakistan. The rice of Pakistan is liked in the
foreign countries. It earns a considerable foreign exchange for the country. This crop
needs a huge amount of water for its harvest. It is grown in the provinces of Sindh
and Punjab. It has many kinds. Normally, it needs a hard soil to grow. Our farmers
grow this crop a lot.
Tobacco is one of the major crops of Pakistan. Its leaves are called the golden
leaves. This crop needs soft surface. It is cultivated throughout Pakistan. However,
the NWFP is famous for this crop. The northern areas of NWFP like Mansehra,
Abbottabad and Swabi districts are favourable places for its cultivation. The world's
famous Tobacco called Virginia Tobacco is grown in Peshawar, Swabi and Mansehra.
The Tobacco industry is earning a huge foreign exchange. It is exported to European
countries as well.
Oil seeds of Pakistan are very famous in the world. Cotton seeds, mustard
seeds and sunflowers are the common seeds, which are used to prepare ghee. We
export the oil seeds in a limited quantity. The government is trying to improve this
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production to earn foreign exchange. In the same way, the fruit of Pakistan are
famous all over the world. The apples, mangoes, kinnos and bananas are exported to
foreign countries. Our fruit are competing in the world market.
Pakistan has favourable seasons and productive weathers. All kinds of crops
are sown and grown easily with huge quantity. The farmers and the peasants are
hard working. They are willing to grow more food. However, our crops depend upon
the monsoon rain. If it rains in time, the crops are good and productive. The failure
of rain causes the dearth of crops. Therefore, the government should provide modern
agricultural machinery, high quality seeds and interest-free loan to the farmers to
upgrade the cash crops. Tube wells and canal system should be easily available to the
farmers to water the plants well in time. The farmers should be guided and trained in
the modern agricultural techniques. They should be provided all facilities in the
villages, so that they may pay full attention to their fields and crops. 589
Environmental Pollution
Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Atomic weapons and atomic energy are causing pollution.
3. Industrialism is spreading pollution.
4. Automobiles emit dangerous smoke.
5. Over population and lack of trees is a serious cause of pollution.
6. People throw garbage and litters in the streets and on the roads.
7. Adulteration in food and drink.
8. Conclusion.
The process which spoils nature and purity of the atmosphere, is called pollution.
Pollution is one of the biggest problems of the whole world. It has disturbed life of all
the nations of the world. Pollution is not a new problem. It also existed in the past
but it was not so much dangerous as it is today. It has created an alarming situation
for all countries. There are many factors, which are responsible for the
environmental pollution. The modern scientific technology is one of the biggest
factors causing the spread of pollution. Almost all countries of the world are
discovering atomic energy and preparing atomic weapons. These atomic weapons are
emitting dangerous gases into the atmosphere. They have polluted the air, which
human beings inhale. Similarly, the world is progressing in the field of industry. New
products are being produced rapidly. During manufacturing new products, the
factories leave dangerous smoke into the air. This smoke has polluted the air. That is
the reason that the people of the world are suffering from pulmonary diseases. The
air, we inhale is full of dangerous gases, is damaging our physique.
In the modern world, there is a race of automobiles, cars and vehicles etc. These
automobiles and vehicles are causing bad effects on human bodies. Firstly, they leave
the smoke, which is very poisonous for health. Secondly, these vehicles use deafening
horns, which have disturbed the human beings. These horns have snatched the peace
of mind. Similarly, the huge population is also a cause of pollution. Due to increasing
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population, the forests and woods are being cut down. The greenery has disappeared
and the green area is vacated to accommodate the people. These green plants absorb
carbon dioxide and release oxygen. They cause rainfall, which purifies the
atmosphere.
The growth of cities also causes environmental pollution. The cities are
packed, that is why the people throw their garbage and rubbish in the streets and on
the roads. The animals and the mosquitoes breed on these garbage and litters. These
are the breeding places for germs. When it rains, the garbage and litters are flown
into the wells from where the people get drinking water. In this way, dangerous
diseases spread in the atmosphere, which victimize the human beings. In the same
way, the factories and industries are also emitting dangerous fluid, which is carried
into the rivers, polluting the water for ever. It is damaging the marine life constantly.
Food and drink are the basic rights of all human beings, but unfortunately, the
food and drink are adulterated. They have become impure. Water is mixed with milk.
It is a common practice in society. Similarly, the solid materials are mixed with
dangerous chemicals and other impure materials. All these mixed and adulterated
things are dangerous to health.
Pakistan is an under developed country. It cannot face the serious threat of
pollution. It is, therefore, necessary to shift all work shops, factories and mills
outside the populated areas. Smoke emitting vehicles should be banned. The vehicles
should be driven by natural gas-to avoid the dangerous smoke. New trees should be
planted to absorb the huge quantity of carbon dioxide and to produce oxygen for
breathing. The garbage and rubbish should be disposed away from cities. The
government should take all other proper remedies to avoid the environmental
pollution. 555
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The Importance of Commerce Education
Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Material prosperity depends upon commerce education.
3. The modern business and trade are complex and complicated.
4. Commerce education trains the students to understand the modern business.
5. A commerce graduate keeps his eyes on the market and the customers.
6. A commerce graduate administers the business well.
7. It makes the individuals self-sufficient and independent.
8. Commerce education strengthens the economy.
9. Conclusion.
The modern world is very fast and complicated. It is a world of commerce and
business. Every country tries its level best to have frequent trade and commercial
dealings with other countries to improve its economy. The prosperity and the growth
of economy of a nation depend upon its business, trade and commerce and highly
developed industries. In the past, the business and other commercial dealings were
easy, but the high growth rate of population and development of all the nations have
made the trade and business very complicated and hard. The modern business
requires highly trained and skilful young men. This requirement has given due
importance to commerce education.
The main objectives of the commerce education are to train and to educate our
youth to manage the highly complicated modern business, and to get the desired
results from the trade. Commerce education means to enable our youth to compete
in the modern business and to pace with the modern world. The commerce education
gives pragmatic approach of the modern economics and industry. The commerce
education enables the youth to understand and judge the various trends of trade and
business of the modern world.
A commerce graduate keeps his eyes on profit and loss, the rise and fall in the
business and the demand of the modern time. He knows well how to deal with the
customers. He can advertise the items and commodities of his company and the
country well.
A well-organized company needs a well-educated manager. A commerce
graduate manages his company well according to the needs of the hour. He judges
well and makes a good forecast of the future. He attracts the foreign companies and
customers easily. The commerce education trains the youth in the fields of costing,
income tax practice and sales tax practice.
The commerce education makes the individuals independent and self-
sufficient. They earn their livelihood by themselves. Commerce education enables
them well aware about the challenges of the modern times. After completing the
commerce education, it becomes easy for them to choose a right career, of their
choice. They reach their destination easily and gain their goals.
The commerce education has become a pressing need of the modern times.
The development of a nation is measured with its strong economy. If the economy of
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a nation is strong and well built, that nation is honoured and liked in the entire
world. All the nations of the world desire to have trade and business with, that
nation. If the economy of a nation is weak and poor, that nation is left behind in the
entire world. It means that the progress of a nation depends upon economy and a
well-set economy is possible only when it is managed by commerce graduates.
Keeping in view the importance, of • commerce and commercial education, the
government has established many commercial institutions. These institutions are
training the boys and girls in commerce education. They are complicated prosperity
objectives approach 492
Information Technology
Outline
1. Introduction.
2. It has facilitated man in all fields.
3. It has brought changes in business and trade.
4. It has made the world a global village.
5. It enables us to share ideas, views and thinking.
6. It has helped students in the field of education.
7. Teaching is done through information technology.
8. Conclusion.
The modern science has done wonders in human life. It has given all kinds of
facilities to man. It has facilitated man not only in the field of medicine, engineering,
food, transport and ways of life but it has also reduced the distances among the
people and nations of the world. The world and its peoples are changing rapidly and
continuously. A complete change has taken place in the entire world. All things look
new and strange. Man's views, visions and outlook have completely altered. The
modern technologies have introduced new ways and means to meet the challenges of
the new era.
Information technology is one of the wonders of the modern science and
technology. It has brought unbelievable changes in the fields of commerce and trade.
It has facilitated man in the modern business and trade. International trade,
commerce and business are in easy approach of everybody. Due to Information
Technology, everybody can easily get information about the modern international
businesses and the markets. It has converted the vast world into a small global
village. Due to this facility the businesses of all countries and the international
market is in easy approach of all businessmen. The business of the modern time
cannot be conducted without the help of information technology.
Information technology is a vast field. It consists of information system,
internet technology, hardware and software. Computer has revolutionized the modes
of thinking and reasoning today. It provides us rapid information. Through computer
technology, we can share our thinking, ideas and information. We can easily send
information and improve our business. Due to this facility, we can get easily, the
fastest and the most productive dealings. Information technology has reduced the
distances of the world. The businessmen sitting in one corner of the world can do
business with the other businessmen sitting miles and miles away from them.
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Similarly, the information technology has helped us in the fields of oil, minerals,
precious stones, vegetables, rocks and sea life. Through information technology, one
can get easily the medical treatment of all dangerous diseases.
The information technology has facilitated our students a lot. They ensure
their admission in various universities through this technology. They get information
about various careers of future. They consult books and other subjects through
information technology. Due to this technology, the information and messages are
passed easily. The students consult their teachers, get guidance and solve their
problems. Similarly, the distant education is done by information technology. The
teachers teach through the medium of this technology. On the whole, this technology
has made education easy for all of us.
Apart from this, the information technology has also helped us in the field of
atomic energy, banking and medicine. All the information and calculation about
atomic energy are achieved by the information technology. The banking, especially
the business and accounts are done easily through information technology. The
money is transferred from one account to another which may be miles away from it.
The symptoms of diseases and medicines are easily obtained through this
technology. This technology has saved time and reduced the weight of the work. 518
Inflation
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Inflation has gripped the entire world.
3. High inflation has disturbed the life of poor people.
4. Over population is one of the causes of inflation.
5. Purchase of expensive armed weapons causes inflation.
6. The industrial system and poor agriculture should be improved.
7. Storage of goods by the industrialists and businessmen should be banned.
8. Conclusion.
The rise in the prices of the daily commodities is called inflation. Inflation
means to gain a few items by big money. Inflation is one of the biggest problems
faced by the entire world. Even the well-developed nations are in the grip of inflation.
However, Pakistan, which is an under developed country is facing inflation problem
very seriously. The prices of the daily use items are increasing regularly. It is creating
huge and hard problems to almost all the people.
Majority of our population is poor. They work in the fields, factories,
industries or in the offices. All these people are living hand to mouth. They draw
24eager salaries. They do not have extra resources to meet their needs. They are
facing the hard situation of life. That is the reason that all members of the society are
working hard to pull the cart of their life. Inflation has created adverse effects on the
society. Ours is a joint family system. Each family,’ approximately consists of seven
to ten members. To fulfill the desires and needs of all members of the family, the
working hands are compelled to adopt any other means to earn livelihood. In this
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way, crimes, looting, killing and corruption are increasing day by day. The
government employees are forced to accept bribes and misuse their powers.
Injustice, cruelty and dishonour are prevailing in the society.
Pakistan is a poor country. Most of the people are living below poverty line.
Unfortunately wealth is storing and rolling in the hands of a few people. These
wealthy people buy things at huge prices. In this way, inflation increases daily.
Pakistan holds a strong geographical status on the map of the world, but
unfortunately, for a long time, it has been disturbed and teased by the neighbouring
countries. To safeguard our national interest and the country, we have to spend a
huge amount of national wealth on the purchase of weapons. We have fought two
major wars with India, which have brought severe effects on our economy.
Our country lacks industries, mills and factories. We have to purchase many
items from foreign countries. In some fields we have established our own industries,
but we are lack of raw materials, which we have to purchase from foreign countries.
Pakistan is an agricultural country. Alas! This sector is not given proper attention.
We have to purchase wheat, corn and sugar from our neighbouring countries. It
causes high inflation. The frequent elections and instability in the government
policies are wasting a huge amount of national money. The projects are almost short
termed, left incomplete and in this way the nation faces high inflation. To meet the
deficit of the budget, the government prints new currency notes. When the money
comes in abundance, the rich people waste it purchasing things for high prices. In
this way the inflation rises. Sometimes the businessmen and the industrialists rise
the prices of the things to earn a huge profit. In the same way, the government,
sometimes imposes high taxes on some items, which causes for the high inflation and
high prices. Our population is very huge. A large number of people needs abundance
of things. This situation creates high inflation.
Pakistan is an under developed country. It cannot face high inflation. It is,
therefore, necessary to develop the economy, multiply the industrial sector, and to
pay full attention to the agriculture to improve the yield per acre. The government
should spread a network of technical educational institutions to produce
professionals and skilful graduates. Each and everybody should be given equal rights
and the rich people should be stopped to cross the limits of wealth. 607
Dignity of Labour
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Bread is the outcome of labour
3. Hard work distinguishes man in society.
4. Hard-working men are the friends of Allah,
5. Worldly success depends upon hard labour
6. Manual labour gives respect and honour.
7. Hard work gives satisfaction and peace of mind
8. Hard labour is a virtue and a great merit,
9. Hard work is worship.
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10. Hard work by itself is a reward.

Bread is hidden in the blood and sweat of human beings. Bread is the outcome
of labour. Man is a rational creature. He has been given wisdom and caliber. He is
declared as the crown of all the creations of Almighty Allah. However, his life is
complex because he has feelings, goals, missions and ambitions. To fulfill his desires
and to achieve his goals, man has been working hard since the start of the world. He
has been working in the fields, industries and offices to earn his livelihood. Man's
hard work has distinguished him among all other creatures:
We are Muslims and we follow the true religion Islam. It is the religion which
is against idleness and wastage of time. Our religion teaches us to work hard to earn
livelihood. The Holy Quran says, "Man is given that much for which he strives
hard." The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, "He, who works hard is friend to Allah."
The above holy sayings prove that the dignity of a man is hidden in hard labour.
Our worldly progress mainly depends upon the manual labour. Manual labour
gives respect, honour and greatness to the hard-working man. He is liked and
respected by all in the society. He is trusted and considered as a symbol of success
and achievement. New hopes and desires always spring in his heart and mind. For
the fulfillment of his desires, he works hard day and night. This hard work brings
him close to his destination. Hard work gives man satisfaction and peace of mind.
A farmer sows seeds in the field. He waters the plants and the crops. He cares
for all his crops regularly. At the end of the harvest year, when he cuts the crops and
gets the fruit of his hard labour, he gets relaxation, contentment and spiritual peace.
He feels proud of his performance. He feels happy when he sees his children eating
the food of his hard labour.
We are Muslims and we are not allowed to waste time. On the other hand,
hard labour is a virtue. It brings us close to Almighty Allah. Hard work changes the
situation of human life. It makes man self-sufficient and contented. Hard labour
makes man active and independent. It makes man brave and encouraging. Our
religion Islam has laid great stress on the dignity of labour. Work is a worship, which
distinguishes man from all other creatures. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) used to do
all his works with his own hands. He mended his shoes, washed his clothes, swept
the floor and milked the goat with his own sacred hands. He dug trenches during the
battle of Khandaq. Similarly, our ancestors worked hard and ruled the entire world.
Manual work brings prosperity and changes the fates of the nations, The World War
II ruined Japan and Germany but they did not lose their hearts. They worked hard
and rose to high position.
Unfortunately, we are misled by the idea of the nature of work. The work may
be small or big, once, if it is done honestly, it is a reward. Humble and low work
should not make us ashamed of ourselves. The only thing we should be ashamed of is
the idleness and wastage of time. It is the honesty and dedication to hard work,
which give dignity to all types of work.
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Unemployment
Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Unemployment is destroying the youth.
3. Unemployment is a problem faced even by the professionals.
4. Over population has increased unemployment.
5. Lack of industries, factories and mills.
6. Long tenure of employment and entry of retired people other jobs.
7. Poor agricultural system.
8. Lack of technical and commercial education.
9. Conclusion.
When a person is not engaged in any kind of work to earn his livelihood, such
a state of life is called unemployment, Unemployment is one of the serious and grave
problems of entire world. Unemployment has not only disturbed a confused the third
world countries, but it has also gripped western countries where the people are
highly skilled, educated and progressive. A huge population of the world is
unemployed. However, Pakistan is facing the critical state of unemployment
Pakistan is an under developed country. It has been its level best to overcome
this problem of unemployment, unfortunately the problem of unemployment is
increasing day by day. The youth are the future-builders of our nation and the future
of the country will come in their hands in the days to come. Alas! The youth, due to
joblessness are becoming criminals rascals. They are being wasted. These
unemployed youth are looting, robbing and stealing the things to meet their needs.
Most of the unemployed youth has associated with gangsters, extremists and
terrorists, who exploit them for own benefits. There are countless educated people,
holding Master degrees and most of them professionals like doctors, engineers and
computer specialists are jobless and unemployed.
There are many factors responsible for the unemployment. I he first and foremost is
over population. Our population is very huge and gigantic, while the resources are
meager. The population is increasing rapidly, but the resources are not multiplying at
the same speed. On the other hand, the government cannot provide so many jobs to
such a huge population. Education is the birth right of all of us. All parents dosire to
educate their children. As a result, the universities are inducing innumerable
graduates every year. On the other, the government cannot give so many jobs to all
the people.
Unfortunately, the money of the national treasure is accumulated in the hands of a
few people. They deposit this money either in banks or homes or waste it on
unnecessary pomp ad show. They are hot ready to invest this huge money in
productive businesses like establishing factories, industries and mills. Similarly most
of our politicians have stored the national money in the foreign banks and so the
government does not have sources to employ the huge number of youths. The
government cannot establish new projects to wash off the spot of unemployment.
The tenure for job and service is long. The people who are working in government
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offices are not ready to retire from the job. They are old and weak and cannot serve
well. They get extension of tenure for their jobs. If by any means, these old employees
retire from one office, they enter other jobs. In this way the chances for the young
people are snatched and they are left unemployed. Similarly, there is a quota system
in all departments. The son, whether deserves or not, is supposed to succeed his
father. In this way the right of intelligent people is snatched and they are deprived of
justice and employment.
Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70 % of its population depends upon
agriculture, but unfortunately, this sector is left untouched. If agriculture is given
proper attention, the problem of unemployment would be solved considerably; The
education system of our country is not pacing with tht modern world. It is not
challenging and productive. It is based on theoretical approach. The practical
approach is absent In It, The youth have Master degrees in their hands, but they can
not utilize their knowledge practically. There should be profession!!, technical,
industrial 'and commercial education. The youth should be trained in proper skills
and arts so that they may depend on themselves in the future.
Unemployment has disturbed the entire world. However, it can be controlled. The
government and the private sector should establish industries, factories and mills.
The educated youth should be given interest-free loans to establish businesses of
their own. The universities should product professionals. People, retired from any
job should be banned to work on any other post. The merit system should bf
implemented and corruption should be avoided by all means,
The Role of Banks in Economic

Development
Outline
I Introduction and history of banking.
,' The start of the money lending system.
.1 Meaning of the term "bank".

'1 Interest system in the banks.
fi The banks conduct sale and purchase for the customers.
ii Commercial banks give loan to the customers.
/ On-line banking and ATM system are the wonders of the
banks. h Islamic view of interest-free banking system.
Bank is an institution which conducts transactions of money. I he people deposit
their money in the safe custody of banks. The transaction of money in the banks is
conducted through nccount numbers. The origin of banking can be traced in the
history. It is believed that the Babylonians used their temples as hanks 2000 B.C. ago
and the priests acted as bankers. With the pnssage of time the Greeks and the
Romany organized private hnnks in such a way that the public had full confidence in
them. I hey followed proper rules and regulations. As the time passed, linde and
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commerce started expanding and the money lenders myanized themselves.

Originally, the money lenders used to lend their own money hut then they started
lending money of other people which had I ii-en entrusted to them. This was the start
of depositing money into the banks and the banking system. The Goldsmith had built
<.mlts and strong rooms to save their money and other possessions. The common
public entrusted their money to the Goldsmith for the safe custody. The public
seldom wanted to withdraw all their savings at one time. In this way, the bankers and
the Goldsmith used to lend that money to other people. They kept a percentage of the
deposits to,meet day to day withdrawals and lent out the rest on interest. Next, the
bankers began to lend their own currency notes. Later on, these currency notes were
replaced by cheques.
The word Bank, which is derived from the Latin word Banco, means a bench upon
which the early bankers used to transact their business in the market place. The word
Bank may mean the joint stock fund. The modern banking system is a huge
organization. Usually six banking structures work in a country. These are the State
Bank, Commercial Banks, Saving Banks, Co-Operative Banks, Exchange Banks and
Specialized1 Financial Institution.
The Banks play various functions. They accept deposits of the public. The people
deposit their money in banks for security purposes. This money is used by the
government for various developmental projects. The government gives interest to the
people for their deposited money. This is the oldest banking form and function. All
Commercial Banks act as agents for payment. They allow their customers to have
current accounts on which they can with draw money from the bank by cheque
system. The State Bank, which is the sole authority, issues currency notes. The public
uses these currency notes in various business and earns profit. Sometimes, these new
currency notes cause inflation. The banks lend money to the customers. It is a
profitable business for the bank. The banks receive due interest and mark up for the
loan given to the customers. The people use the money of the banks and invest it in
various types of business. They pay interest as well as tax for the money to the
government.
The banks act as agents for the customers. They conduct
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commercial transactions. For example, the banks purchase cars and other vehicles
for the customers. The people return the money with full interest to the bank in
various instalments. Similarly, the banks allow credit cards to the customers. The
customers purchase various items and the money is paid through the credit card. In
this way, the banks earn money for the government through interest system. The
banks issue bank drafts and traveller cheques. In this way the money of the people is
saved. The banks also accept payments of insurance premiums, electricity, telephone
and gas bills etc.
The commercial banks provide loans to farmers, industrialists, traders and
businessmen. These people flourish their businesses with the money given by banks
and as a result, they provide an increase in national output, employment and per
capita income. The banks have provided on-line banking facility to the customers.
There is ATM facility which has enabled us to withdraw money from the banks round
the clock. The banks help the customers in doing export and import trade. The banks
have facilitated the purchase and sale of foreign currencies.
Modern banking is based on interest. Interest is strictly forbidden in Islam. Those
scholars, who are expert both in Islamic economic system and modern economic
system, have given many practicable suggestions to launch interest-free banking.
Islam is not against banking, but it is against the interest because interest is
producing accumulation of wealth in few hands. For the sake of wide and real
circulation of wealth, interest-free banking is essential. According to the Islamic
concept of Economics, we have the-best interest-free Banking system, and the
authorities must implement it.
Technical Education
Outline
Introduction.
Education is divided.into three groups: Religions, Social and
Technical.
Technical education gives us training in various fields.
It is the r>eed of modern times.
It reduces unemployment and improves economy.
It ensures material prosperity.
Technical experts do the works correctly and in less time.
Technical education makes the country independent and
self sufficient.
Education means to communicate knowledge for enlightenment, and awareness. It is
a process which shows man difference between true and false, right and wrong. It
enables a man to recognize his rights, duties and responsibilities. Education makes
man conscious and purifies him both bodily and spiritually. Education brings man
close to Allah Almighty. It shows man the right path and makes him a useful,
productive and responsible member of the society and
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citizen of the country. The Holy Quran says that educated and uneducated men
cannot be equal. The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, "It is the duty of every Muslim,
man and woman to get knowledge". These holy sayings prove that education is the
inheritence of the Muslims. Education brush off difference between the high and the
low, the rich and the poor, the white and the 'black. It preaches justice and equality.
According to the needs of the human beings a"nd the modern world, education can
be divided into three main groups, the spiritual or religious education, the social
education and the technical education. The religious education develops our
personality and character. Social education teaches us how to live usefully in a
society, while the technical education enables us how to earn our livelihood.
The technical education is closely associated with vocational education, and this kind
of education teaches us scientific techniques and makes us pragmatic. The technical
education deals with some practical and mechanical art. It gives training in the fields
of trade, commerce, carpentry, textile, agriculture and engineering. It gives practical
instructions and training in technical fields which have practical utility, and it makes
people independent and earning hands in the future. It enables us to meet the needs
of the industrial age which ensures progress and prosperity.
Technical education is indispensable in the modern times. The developed countries
and the western nations are rich, prosperous and resourceful, because they ate
promoting technical education. The technical education produces the doctors,
engineers, builders and mechanics who are the dire need of the time. Technical
education helps to check the unemployment and to increase the number of
industries, ' factories and mills which give jobs to millions of people. Technical
education improves the poor economy. It produces the honest, sincere and the skilful
workers who make real and
important contribution to the welfare of society. Technical education increases the
material resources of the country. It ensures material prosperity and advancement of
economy.
The technical experts pay full attention to their 'duties. They do their work correctly.
The technical persons save the time and perform their jobs according to the needs of
the hour. They are experts in the use of machines. They improve the exports of the
country and earn a huge foreign exchange. They make the country self sufficient and
independent in various products. They are the source of fame for the country. The
technical education reduces the imports. This kind of education helps the
government to solve the problems of the people, provides them jobs and improves
the economy. Technical education reduces poverty. Our country is rich in raw
material. We can get advantage of these materials only when we are equipped with
technical education. The governmnet should establish institutions of technical
education to meet the needs of time.
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
Advertisements
Outline
Introduction.
Advertisements are source of information about the new
products.
Advertisements show the merits and the claims of the
products.
Advertisements appeal to the human senses.
Advertisements appeal to the customers.
Advertisements increase the sale of the products.
Advertisements bring forth good income.
Advertisements compete for the consumer's attention and
interest.
Advertisements have also negative impact..
Advertisement means to show and popularise different products. Advertisement is a
process in which information about nature of the things are circulated among the
people. Advertisement is conducted both in spoken arid written manners. These
advertisements are published in the newspapers or small pamphlets are printed
which are distributed among the people or pasted on the walls. The main aim of the
advertisement is to inform the people about the new products displayed in the
markets. These advertisements show the qualities of the things and attract the people
to buy the newly manufactured items.
Advertisements are very important in modern time. They play a great role in the
development of a business. There is a hard competition among the businessmen of
the present world.
Nowadays things must be shown to be accepted good and valuable. The things meant
for selling must be displayed in such a way that the world's buyers are bewitched by
it. Advertising is a means to communicate to public the merits and claims of a
product or service through newspapers, play cards, posters, handbills, radio and
television. Advertising is conducted to appeal the five senses of human beings such as
the sense of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling. On a large scale
advertising agencies, with all their creative talent and professional skills, play the key
role. Advertisement displays one basic common idea to boost up the sale.
Advertisement is a difficult task but it is very productive and useful that it attracts the
customers and allures them to buy the produced objects. It informs the customers
well in time, introduces the items in the market and uplifts the graph-sale of the
production: It saves the time of the customers because the customers before buyings
the items, have got the basic information about the things by means of the
advertisement. Advertisement facilitates both the customers and the manufacturers.
The addresses of the show rooms are given in the advertisement. The customers
easily go to the spot and buy the things. Similarly, the things are sold at the doorsteps
of the customers.
Advertising nourishes the consuming power of men. It creates want and need for a
better standard of livihg. It sets up before a man a goal of a better home, better
clothing, better food for himself and his family. It spurs individual exertion and
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•greater production. It brings together the producer and the consumer, the
employers and those who want to be employed. It is the basis of newspapers and it
brings in good income. It has raised the standard of living of people. The advertising
promotes progress of a business.
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All advertisements compete for consumers' attention and interest. The advertisement
should be creative to get success in the market. New ideas, concepts, modernity,
novelty and ingenuity should be part of an advertisement. A creative and successful
advertisement should startle up the readers, listeners and the viewers. Sometimes
even the best products are not popular only due to lack of proper advertisements.
Sometimes the advertisement creates negative impact on the minds of the
people..The sub-standard things are shown beautifully and tactfully. They are sold
for high prices. Advertisement depresses the poor people. They feel disappointed to
see beautiful advertisements showing new products because they do not have money
to buy them.
Corruption
Outline
1. Introduction.
2. Corruption has created disappointment and discontentment in the
community.
3. Corruption has made the people criminal as well as sinful.
4. Factors responsible for the prevalence of corruption.
5. It decreases the economy of the country.
6. Measures to stop corruption.
The misuse of power and wealth is called .corruption. Corruption means to accept
bribery, undue gain and to break the law for selfish motive. It is a world wide
problem. It is the problem that has been prevailing for the time immemorial. In fact,
it is a universal problem which has been existing in all the ages, it has clung to
mankind like an incurable disease. It is a disease which has victimized mankind. The
true reason for corruption is to become rich over night by hook or by crook. In a free
and competitive society, investment of capital can yield only reasonable returns in
the long run, but corruption and acceptance of bribe bring forth a rapid change in
financial and material conditions. The prevailing attitude towards corruption f has
spread in almost all departments of the country. Even the sacred courts of justice and
the pure and holy educational institutions are no exception.
The impact of corruption has created disappointment and discontentment in the
entire community. The machinery of government gets rusty and ceases to work in the
desirable manners. Corruption decreases obedience to law and sense of loyalty for
the government. It makes the people sinful, senseless to morality and devoid of
manners. In a society governed by corrupted officials, the whole system of moral,
ethical and religious values is impaired.
The difference between the right and wrong vanishes. The truth and false are treated
in the same manner. Flattery creates the wicked rules and the purity sinks down
gradually. Injustice prevails commonly. Cruelty and barbarism are seen everywhere.
The rights of the poor are not given. One section of the society flourishes and enjoys
all facilities of life while the other section is deprived of legal rights. In such a
situation, the downfall of a nation is inevitable.
There are so many factors which are responsible for the prevalence of corruption.
When the economic condition of a state is weak, everyone tries to grind his own axe.
Secondly, the salaries of the employees are low. They are deprived of the basic needs
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of life. They are tempted to accept bribe to meet their needs and to get comforts of
life. Thirdly, the general price level and living standard are very high. The honest
means of a person fail to meet the general conditions. The survival has become very
hard. Fourthly, social conditions and customs demand lavish expenditure of money.
Everyone tries his level best to compete in the race of life. Fifthly, corruption is not
disliked, .as it has become a common practice, rather, it is considered as a right. It is
not condemned nowadays. It is accepted willingly. Sixthly, the government has given
unlimited powers to its officials. They misuse their powers. There is no check and
balance in our system. Finally, there are no adequate means to prevent corruption,
and to bring the offenders to the court of law to punish them for their crimes.
Corruption has created disharmony among the people. The crimes like suicide,
murder and robbery are increasing day by day. The people, deprived of their basic
rights are compelled to kill and rob the rich just to feed their children. Law and
order, chaos and panic are common in the society. The national economy is
decreasing, the national treasure is dried up, the merit is falling and the intelligence
is settling abroad. Few educated, dull, unskilled and undeserving people are sitting in
the offices while the intelligent and capable candidates are being wasted outside.
To root out corruption, a complete change of the political, social and economic
system is essential. Anti-corruption Department should be made more effective.
Moral values, manners and religious principles should be taught to the people
through media. The offenders and bribe giving people should be publicly punished.
There should be strict check and balance.
The best approach to eradicate corruption on individual level is to minimize the
worldly desires, and to inculcate the concept of individual accountability before Allah
on the Day of Judgment for all his malpractices and corruption. The more you
minimize desires; the more comfortable you are.
SCHOLARS ACADEMY
The Economic Problems of Pakistan

Outline
1. Frequent elections and instable government decreases economy.
2. The developmental projects are left incomplete.
3. Foreign accounts of the politicians have damaged national economy.
4. The rich people have stored up money and do not pay taxes.
5. Money is wasted on imports while exports are decreasing regularly.
6. Lack of industries has affected the economy.
7. Lack of commerce education causes for weak economy.
8. Poor agriculture system has affected the economy.
9. Security of the country has decreased economy.
The economy of a nation is called the backbone of a country. If the economy of a

country is strong, the country flourishes day and night. The strong economy means
prosperity, self-sufficiency and development of the country. Strong economy gives
comforts, education and all basic necessities of life to the inhabitants of the country.
Pakistan is a developing country. It is trying its level best to improve and strengthen
its economy. However, there are some problems, which are the main obstacles on the
way of economy. Since independence Pakistan has been striving hard for strong
democracy, permanent assemblies and parliamentary system. Unfortunately, we
have been facing frequent elections. In this way a huge amount of economy has been
wasted. As a result, we tolerate the harsh dictatorship, in which all foreign aids are
stopped, the foreign oompanies run away and due to harsh rules most of the factories
and industries are closed temporarily. Secondly, the developmental projects started
by any government are checked and stopped by the next coming government. All
projects are left incomplete and the money invested in these projects is wasted
forever. Furthermore, the developmental projects are usually short termed. The
period fixed for the completion of the project is not enough and in this way most of
the projects are done in hurry having no durability. These projects should-be long-
term projects to save economy.
Unfortunately, our politicians are not sincere and honest to the country. They accept
bribe and misuse the national treasury. Most of the projects are shown completed in
the office papers while in reality, the projects are absent and not done. Our country
has a strong banking system which gives due facilities to the customers, but alas!
Most of our rich people have deposited their money in the foreig i banks. In this way
our national money is being used abroad. Similarly, these rich people never pay taxes
to the government. They either get exempted their taxes or they pay a very small
amount as a tax to the government. Similarly the tax paid to the government is not
deposited in the national treasure rather it is misused by the high officials.
Our country is divided into two groups of people. One group lives below the poverty
line and is deprived of each and. every facility of life. On the other hand, the second
group is enjoying life. They have huge amounts of money. They have stored up the
money. They are not ready to invest this money in developmental projects.
Therefore, there is a lack of industries, factories and mills in the country. We have to
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spend a considerable amount of money on import. We import things from foreign

countries. Instead of earning foreign exchange, we are spending money on purchase
of foreign things. Our industrial sector is very poor and weak. It depends upon raw
material imported from abroad. In this way, we always face inflation problems.
There is shortage of professional experts and commerce graduates. The economic
policies are useless and unproductive. Unfortunately, the industries and mills owners
are not commerce literate. They cannot run their businesses according to the rules of
commerce and trade. Most of the products are not competing in the world market.
They produce low quality products. In this way we are unable to earn huge foreign
exchange to enhance our economy. Most of the common things are imported from
foreign countries. These things cost huge prices which affect directly our economy.
For example, the things imported from China have damaged our industries of
leather, plastics, toys and garments. In this way, the government gets low taxes as
our own industries are failed. Their production ratio has decreased.
Pakistan is an agricultural country. About seventy percent of our population depends
upon agriculture and livestock. But alas! This field is given no attention. The farmers
are not provided modern machinery of agriculture. They are not given high quality
seeds. Similarly, our crops depend upon monsoon rains. If the rain does not fall, the
crops are damaged and dried up. The farmers do not have alternate way of water's
production. Furthermore, the farmers are not given facilities of farming.
Therefore, they are not showing any interest in their fields.
Pakistan is facing huge inflation problem. The prices of the things are increasing day
by day. To provide the basic and daily used items to the people, the government has
to purchase many items from the foreign countries which cost huge amount of
economy. Pakistan has to face severe security problems from its neighbouring
countries. Pakistan has fought three major wars which have destroyed our economy.
To safeguard our country, the government has to buy armed weapons for its army. A
huge amount of economy is wasted in the purchase of these weapons.- Apart from
these factors, the government is facing the big and intolerable weight of foreign debts
and loans. Every year, the government pays considerable interest for the foreign
debts and loans. Unfortunately, the rich people, the politicians and the high officials
draw loans from the banks. At the end, they do not return these loans to the banks.
In this way the economy of the country is damaged.
The economy of a country plays a big role in the prosperity of a country. There
should be stable government in the country. The agriculture should be improved.
Foreign accounts of the corrupt people should be banned, commerce graduates
should be produced and the industries, mills and factories should be developed to
earn foreign exchange. Export should be increased and foreign debts and loans
should be decreased.
SCHOLARS ACADEMY

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NAEEM SERIES NAEEM AKHTAR (M.A. English PU, M.

Com PU) 03344185053

29. Define phrase.

37. Define a clause:

45. What are parts of speech?

53. Define countable noun.

Gender & Plural

Pronouns used to ask questions are known as interrogative pronouns. e.g.

108. What are interrogative adjectives?

alternatives. e.g. otherwise

162. What is punctuation?

Qualities Of A Good Précis

A good piece of précis should possess the following qualities;

Rules Of Précis Writing

The rules of précis writing are penned down as follows;

Cash Crops of Pakistan

Pakistan is an agricultural country. About 70% of its population depends upon

The Importance of Commerce Education

10. Hard work by itself is a reward.

The Role of Banks in Economic

.1 Meaning of the term "bank".

commerce started expanding and the money lenders myanized themselves.

The Economic Problems of Pakistan

The economy of a nation is called the backbone of a country. If the economy of a

spend a considerable amount of money on import. We import things from foreign

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