Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2015

Design of Central Air-Conditioning System for a

2,500 Capacity Auditorium
Olayinka O. Awopetu 1, Kehinde A. Adewole 2 and Samson O. Abadariki3
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
1
[email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract—The choice of inside comfort design plan form buildings for example, the duct work
conditions for an air-conditioned room or building distribution of a variables air volume system will
depends on the physiological considerations and normally cost three to four times the cost of ductwork
economic factors. The aim of this research work is distribution of an induction system. If however, a
to design a central Air- conditioning system for a variable air volume system is installed in a simply
2500 capacity auditorium so that the load designed building with relatively unrestricted ductwork
calculation in the building conforms to the air routes and this is to be compared with an induction
distribution system. The system is designed to system installed in a building with severe planning
control the space temperature uniformly by restrictions and complex ductwork routes then the
balancing excessive heat gain or losses through cost differential may be reduced to almost 2:1. The
wall or window through the out season, as well as rate at which heat energy must be removed from a
to provide the ability to test and balance the space in order to maintain the design condition is
system to the specified air flows and called cooling load calculation. This deals with heat
temperatures. gains which are of two kinds:
Keywords—Central air-conditioning, Sensible heat involves direct addition of heat to an
auditorium, temperature, load estimate, comfort. enclosure; it is a function of the dry-bulb temperature.
Sensible heat gains to a space include: Heat
Introduction transmission through the building structure as a result
Air- conditioning is the best means known to man of conduction, convection and radiation, Heat entering
of providing fine control of the environment inside the space as a result of solar radiation through
buildings. The inherent advantages of an air- windows or other transparent or translucent
conditioned building have resulted in greater demand component, Sensible heat produce by occupants,
for air-conditioning from building owners and users, Sensible heat produced in the space by light
and over the past thirty years, the number of appliances and motor, Sensible heat brought in as a
installations had increased considerably (Sherratt, result of ventilation and infiltration of outside air
1980). (Sherratt, 1980) cited David Alford who Latent heat is associated with increase in the
cautioned that in designing building for air- moisture content brought about by vapour emitted by
conditioning, architects must solve problems of the occupants, appliances and processes. Latent heat
increasing complexity. Innovation has increased the gain may be classified as: Latent heat from outside air
need the range of choice for the solution of technical (both that introduce for ventilation and which infiltrate
problems, and the additional need to take into account into the spaces), Latent heat from occupants, Latent
the energy implications of design. He explained that if heat from cooking, hot baths, moisture producing
energy conservation were the single most important equipment in the spaces, Latent heat from products or
criterion, and perhaps considering possible fluctuation materials brought in to the space.
in the prices, building should be designed such that
relatively cheap energy will be needed to provide high The major component of the load is from people in
comfort condition with air- conditioning. all these cases and it is evident that all years systems
are required. Low – velocity air – distribution should
In selecting air-conditioning system it is often found be used because of low noise levels necessary and
worthwhile to incorporate additional plant and pipe because there is usually enough space to run
work to enable heat to be re-used and thus reduce ductwork (Jones, 1980).
running costs and conserved energy.
An excellent survey of mechanical service in
He went further to explain that in considering the auditoria shows that there are at least six effective
many aspects to ensure that the air conditioning is possibilities of air distribution (Jones, 1980).
compatible with the building, many decision were Downward air distribution, upward air distribution,
made, not the least of which is the type of the system Front-to-rear, Front-of stage-to-rear, Rear-to–front,
to be employed. one of the more popular systems and side-wall air distribution.
selected five years ago related to induction system but
of late the trend appears to favour the variables air Internal Sensible Load Calculation for the
volume type of system due to the trend towards deep Ground Floor

www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350501 303
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2015

Inside design condition: The inside condition Table 1: The R value of various building elements
vary in accordance with the degree of activity of the in determining coefficient heat transfer
occupants and intended use of the conditioned space.
The recommendation inside design condition for Element R(Insulation) R (Framing)
comfort in auditorium allowing for present practice is Outside surface
Exterior wind velocity 0.044 0.044
given as: for summer 3.4𝑚/𝑠
Dry bulb temperature 25.6𝑜 𝐶 (78𝑜 𝐹) Inside surface (still air) 0.12 0.12
Inside finish (cement
Relative humidity (60% − 50%) mortar)
1.39 1.39

Source (Norman, 1983). Outside finish of

cement plaster , sand 1.39 1.39
Outdoor design condition: These highest mean aggregate
monthly maximum outdoor dry bulb temperature for
FUTA environment in the month of September 2011, Total 𝑅1 = 2.944 𝑅2 = 2.944
was given as 32𝑜 C by the metrological department,
this form the basis for the outdoor design temperature. 𝑈1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈2 = 1
2.2994 2.994
The humidity ratio is calculated as follows: 𝑈1=0.34𝑤/𝑚2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈2=0.34𝑤/𝑚2𝑘
The weight of water vapour for saturation is
The average transmittance is then calculated as
0.454kg of dry air
𝑈𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎(𝑈𝑎 ) + 𝑏(𝑈𝑏 ) +… +𝑛(𝑈𝑛 ) 3.4
Doors: solid core flush with – glass storm doors
(𝑢 = 1.82 𝑤/𝑚2 𝑘) Where 𝑎, 𝑏 … 𝑛 are respectively fractions of a
typical basic Area
Floor construction: 152.4 𝑚𝑚 concrete slab on
grade Assuming 18% framing, the average
Roof construction: steel with 25𝑚𝑚 insulation U – factor is calculated as follows
with code number B5, the thickness and thermal
𝑈𝑎𝑣 = (0.82 𝑥 0.34)+(0.18 𝑥 0.34) = 0.34𝑤/𝑚2𝑘
properties are:𝐿 = 25.4𝑚𝑚, 𝐾 = 0.043𝑊/𝑚℃,
𝐷 = 91𝐾𝑔/𝑚3 , Occupancy: Two thousand five hundred persons
2
𝑆𝐻 = 0.233𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔℃, 𝑅 = 0.586𝑚 ℃/𝑤, Mass = that is, one thousand nine hundred in the main hall
2.3𝐾𝑔/𝑚2 (Source: ASHRAE, 2001) and six hundred in the gallery.

The thermal conductance of the material is Appliances and light: The ground floor lighting
obtained by dividing the thermal conductivity of the can be calculated from the instantaneous rate of heat
material by its thickness: Where k = thermal gain from electric lighting.
conductivity(𝑤/𝑚℃), L= thickness of the material 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = 𝑊 × 𝐹𝑢𝑙 ,× 𝐹𝑠𝑎𝑡 3.5
(mm), and C= conductance (𝑤/𝑚2 ℃)
Where 𝑈𝑒𝑙 = heat gain, W = total light wattage, 𝐹𝑢𝑙
𝐾 0.043
𝐶= = = 1.693 𝑤⁄𝑚2 ℃ 3.0 = lighting use factor, and 𝐹𝑠𝑎𝑡 = lighting special
𝐿 0.0254
allowance factor
Thermal resistance
Twin, (2) 18 W lamp
1 1
𝑅= = = 0.591𝑚2 ℃/𝑊 3.1
𝐶 1.693 It is considered that there are about one hundred
To obtain the total resistance of the building and fifty-six twin fluorescent lamp in the auditorium.
component (RT) For commercial application such as Auditorium, the
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑜 3.2 lighting use factor will be unity.

𝑅𝑇 = 0.586 + 0.591 + 0.058 = 1.235 𝑄𝑒𝑙 = 18 𝑥 2 156 1.06 𝑥 1 = 5963𝑊

1 1 The conditioning equipment is located in a small
𝑈= = = 0.81𝑊/𝑚2 𝑘 3.3
𝑅𝑇 1.235 mechanical and the construction of the auditorium is
Wall construction: 304.8mm L, W concrete (12 considered medium.
inch). The inside finish is cement mortar and the Main Hall
outside is finished with cement plaster and sand
aggregate. Infiltration into the main hall
𝑞 = 1.2 𝑄 ∆𝑡 3.6
Where 𝑄 = volumetric flow rate(𝑚3 /𝑠), 𝑄𝑠 =
sensible heat (KW)
∆𝑡 = the temperature difference between the
outdoor and inside temperature (𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡1 )℃

www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350501 304
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2015

To find the Air Exchange =32℃, from table D 𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 3.63 (32 − 25.6) = 28𝑊
(summer Air Exchange Rate ACH) = 0.46
West-wall
Room volume for the main hall (𝐿 𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 𝐻)
= (4 𝑥 2.4) − (1.8 𝑥 4.2) = 2.04𝑚2
0,46 𝑥 (60 𝑥 60 15)𝑥 1000
𝑄= = 6900 𝑚3 /𝑠, 𝑄𝑠 = 0.46 𝑥 (2.04 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000
3600 𝑄= = 0.63𝑚3 ,
3600
1.2 𝑥 6900 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 52992𝑊 = 52.992𝐾𝑊
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 0.63 (32 − 25.6) = 4.8𝑊
Occupancy
East-wall
𝑄𝑠 = 1900 𝑥 105 = 199,500 𝑊
= (6 𝑥 2.4) − (0.42 𝑥 0.18) = 14.32𝑚2
Toilet
0.46 𝑥 (14.32 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000
0.46 𝑥 (8 𝑥 4 2.4) 𝑥 1000 𝑄= = 4.39𝑚3 ,
𝑄= = 9.81𝑚3 /𝑠 , 3600
3600
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 4.39 (32 − 25.6) = 34𝑊
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 9.81 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 75𝑊
Doors
Occupancy
North East doors = (38 𝑥 2.4) − (2.30 𝑥 1.2) =
𝑄𝑠 = 0
81.7𝑚2
Roof = 8𝑥4 = 32𝑚2
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 (∆𝑇) = 1.82 𝑥 81.7 𝑥 (32 − 25.6)
Changing Room = 951.6𝑊
0.46 𝑥 (6 𝑥4 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 South doors = (0.42 𝑥 0.36) = 0.15𝑚2
𝑄= = 7.36𝑚3 /𝑠,
3600
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 (∆𝑇) = 1.82 𝑥 0.15 𝑥 (32 − 25.6)
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 7.36 (32 − 25.6) = 57𝑊
= 1.75𝑊
Occupancy
West doors = (1.8 𝑥 4.2) = 7.56𝑚2
𝑄𝑠 = 0
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 (∆𝑇) = 1.82 𝑥 7.56 𝑥 (32 − 25.6)
Roof = 6𝑥4 = 24𝑚2 = 88.1𝑊
Electrical Room East Door = (0.42 𝑥 0.32) = 0.1344𝑚2
0.46 𝑥 (4.3 𝑥 2 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000
𝑄= = 2.64𝑚3 /𝑠 , 𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 (∆𝑇) = 1.82 𝑥 0.1134 𝑥 (32 − 25.6)
3600
= 1.57𝑊
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 2.64 (32 − 25.6) = 20𝑊
Glass
Projector Room
Main Hall Glass area
0.46 𝑥 (6 𝑥 4 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 3
𝑄= = 7.6𝑚 /𝑠 , Area = (60 𝑥 60) = 3600𝑚2
3600

𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 7.36 (32 − 25.6) = 57𝑊 𝑄 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥(∆𝑇): 𝑆𝐶 = Shading co-efficient, 𝐴 =

Area, ∆𝑇 = Temperature difference
Rehearsal Room
0.46 𝑥 (12 𝑥 12 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 𝑄 = 6.02 𝑥 3600 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 138700𝑊
𝑄= = 44.16𝑚3 /𝑠 ,
3600
Gallery Glass area
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 44.16 (32 − 25.6) = 339𝑊
Area = (38 𝑥 38) = 1444𝑚2
Side Walk Way
𝑄 = 𝑆𝐶 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥(∆𝑇) = 6.02 𝑥 1444 𝑥 (32 − 25.6)
0.46 𝑥 (12 𝑥 4 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 = 55634𝑊
𝑄= = 14.72𝑚3 /𝑠,
3600
Roof
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 14.72 (32 − 25.6) = 113𝑊
Area = (60 𝑥 60) = 3600
Walls
𝑚2 𝑄 = 𝑈 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 (∆𝑇) =
North-wall =(38 𝑥 2.4) − (1.8 𝑥 4.2) = 83.64𝑚2
0.46 𝑥 (83.64 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 0.043 𝑥 3600 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 990𝑊
𝑄= = 10.69𝑚3 ,
3600
Internal Sensible Cooling Load for the Second
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 10.69 (32 − 25.6) = 82𝑊 Floor
South-wall Gallery
2
= (5 𝑥 2.4) − (0.42 𝑥 0.36) = 11.85𝑚 𝑄𝑠 = 1.2𝑄 ∆𝑡
0.46 𝑥 (11.85 𝑥 2.4)𝑥 1000 0.46 𝑥 (38 𝑥 38 𝑥 2.4) 𝑥 1000
𝑄= = 3.63𝑚3 , 𝑄=
3600
3600

www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350501 305
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2015
0.46 𝑥 (38 𝑥 38 𝑥 2.4) 𝑥 1000
𝑄= = 443𝑚3 /𝑠 ,
3600 Toilets
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 443 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 3400𝑊
Male 75 75
Occupancy
Female 75 75
𝑄𝑠 = 600 𝑥 105 = 63,000𝑊 Changing
Store Room
𝐴𝐶𝐻 𝑥 (𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒) 𝑥 1000 Male 57 57
𝑄= = Female 57 57
3600
0.46 𝑥 (6 𝑥 2 𝑥 2.4) 𝑥 1000 Electric
= 3.68𝑚3 /𝑠 5953 289453 295406
3600 Lighting
𝑄𝑠 = 1.2 𝑥 3.68 𝑥 (32 − 25.6) = 28𝑊
Rehersal Room 339 339
Occupancy: 𝑄𝑠 = 0
Total Latent Load for First and Second Floor Side Walk Way 113 113
Occupancy
𝑞𝑒𝑙 = 2700 𝑥 105 = 283500𝑊 Elect Room 20 20
Electric Lighting
Projector
57 57
𝑞𝑒𝑙 Room
= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Total 522185 289453 811638
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Safety 10% of
52219 28945 81164
𝑞𝑒𝑙 = 18 𝑥 2 𝑥 156 𝑥 1.06 𝑥 1 = 5953𝑊, Total
𝑞𝑒𝑙 (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 283500 + 5953 = 289453𝑊 Total 574404 318398 892802
Total Sensible Load for First and Second Floor
Table 2: The Summary of the Total Sensible 𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
Cooling Load 𝑅𝑇𝐻

Sensible 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻

Particulars Latent (W) Total (W)
(W) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑅𝑇𝐻
Walls.
Total cooling load = Total sensible + Total latent
North 82 82 heat
South 28 28 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Tons of refrigeration =
East 34 34 3500

West 48 48 𝑅𝑆𝐻 574404

𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = = 0.643
𝑅𝑇𝐻 892802
Roof. 990 990
892802
Doors Capacity of the plant = = 255 𝑇𝑅
3500
North 952 952 Install a plant having a capacity of 255 𝑇𝑅
South 1.75 1.75
Layout of Distribution System
East 1.57 1.57
West 88.1 88.1 The volume flow rate can be calculated from the
Glass sensible heat formula. Assume the building
temperature is to be maintained at 22oC db and the
Main Hall 138700 138700
supply air temperature is 10oC.
Gallery 55634 55634
98 𝑥 (273+10)
Main Hall 52992 52992 Q=𝑄= = 6.63 𝑚3 /𝑠
351(22−10)
Gallery 3400 3400
Since the volume flow rate of supply air is
Store 28 28 6.63m3/s and there are 18 diffusers each supplying
Occupants an equal amount of cooled air as the other,
Main Hall 199500 199500 The flow rate of each diffuser is
Gallery 63000 63000 6,63
= 0.3684 𝑚3 /𝑠
18

www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350501 306
 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 3, March - 2015
6.63
Duct Design 𝐴= = 1.105𝑚2
6
It is important to know the volume of air to be
Conclusion
supplied before determining the size of the ducts
needed to carry air to conditioned space. The more increasing sophisticated Architectural
building design has allowed engineers to design
The problem of sizing of the duct is reduced to the
Central Air – conditioning system for building in order
solution of a basic relationship between Q, the
to ascertain actual human comfort. In carrying out this
quantity of air flowing in m3/s A cross-sectional area of
design, proper emphasis should be made to
the duct in M and V the mean velocity of air –flow in
determine the load calculation and the ductwork of the
m/s , given by the equation
building. A defect in either of the two criteria can
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 4.0 cause the following: Poor Air distribution leading to
discomfort, Lack of sound attenuator permitting
Since 𝑄 is known, the problem becomes one of objectionable noise levels and It can cause the
choosing a suitable velocity or an appropriate system to operate incorrectly.
pressure drop rate if high – velocity systems and
industrial exhaust installations are excluded, there are In duct design effort must be made to consider the
three methods of sizing in use: following: space, availability, initial investment and
cost, system operating cost and noise level.
These are:
References
Equal friction method: this is calculated by the
∆𝑝𝑓 𝑄𝑣 1.852
= 2.268 𝑥 10−3 4.973 𝑚𝑚𝐻2 𝑜⁄𝑚
1. Andrew Althouse D., Carl H. Turn Quist Alfred
equation
𝐿 𝐷 and F. Bracciano (1975).”Modern
Where 𝑄𝑣 = quantity of air measured in 𝑚3 /𝑠 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning.
2. Ashrae Handbook (1985), “Fundamentals”
Velocity reduction method and 3. Ashrae Handbook (2001), “System
The static regain method: this is calculated by the Equipment”.
equation ∆𝑃𝑓2 + ∆𝑃𝑑2 = 𝑅(𝑃𝑣1 − 𝑃𝑣2 ) where ∆𝑃𝑓 = 4. Chadderton, D.V, (1996), “Air-conditioning,
Apractical introduction” published by E&FN
friction pressure and ∆𝑃𝑑 = dynamic pressure losses
London.
In the velocity reduction method, provided the 5. Cottel and Olanrewaju (1983), Tropical
diameter of duct remains unchanged, after a branch Refrigeration and practical Refrigeration
off, the velocity of air reduces. To disallow this velocity Handbook.
reduction, the diameter of the duct should be reduced 6. Desai P.S. “Modern Refrigeration and Air-
so as to maintain an appropriate static pressure. conditioning for Engineers published by
Khanna.
In the statics regain method, the relationship
7. Jones, W.P (1970), “The why and when of Air
between velocities, static, and total pressure is used.
Conditioning, planning and building design
The relationship is given by as: “published by Edward Arnold Ltd.
∆𝑻𝒑 = (𝑽𝒑𝟏 − 𝑽𝒑𝟐 ) … … …. static regain, Where ∆𝑻𝒑 = 8. Khurmi, R.S and Gupta J.K (1978) “A
total pressure drop and 𝑽𝒑 = velocity pressure Textbook on Refrigeration and Air
Change in static pressure regain is given as: conditioning” S. Chand and company Ltd.
𝑉12 𝑉22 New Delhi.
∆𝑃𝑠 = 𝐾𝑟 { − }, Where 9. Norman, C.H., (1983), “Air – conditioning
2 2
Practice” McGraw – Hill Book, New York, San
∆𝑃𝑠 = increase in static pressure as a result of
Francisco.
decrease in velocity from 𝑉1 𝑡𝑜 𝑉2
10. Sheratt, A.F.C. (1980), “Air-conditioning, A
𝐾𝑟 = regain co-efficient = 0.04 for an angle taper of practical introduction” published by E and FN
45o London.
11. Thornley, D .L. and Wesley, R.”The choice of
In the equal friction method, system ductwork is Air – conditioning system” published by
sized for constant pressure loss per unit length of Cambridge University Press Ltd, London.
duct; the working drawing calculation is shown below 12. Warren, R. (1966) “Principles of Refrigeration.
Main duct section
Volume flow rate of supply air is calculated as
𝑀𝑠 = 6.63𝑚3/𝑠
Velocity of air supplied to a space through the main
duct is recommended as 5 – 8 𝑚/𝑠 for public
buildings. Using 6m/s in this design, this cross –
sectional area of the required duct is

www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350501 307