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Q4. Explain The Following Point-Processing Operations: 1) Digital Image Negative: 2) Contrast Stretching 3) Threshold With Background 4) Bit Plane Slicing Ans: 1) Digital Image Negative

This document explains four point-processing operations: 1) Digital image negative inverts the gray levels of an image, 2) Contrast stretching adjusts the slopes of the transformation curve to make dark areas darker and bright areas brighter, 3) Thresholding with background sets all pixels below a threshold to 0 and above to the maximum value, creating a binary image, 4) Bit plane slicing separates an image into binary images based on each bit, showing the contribution of each bit plane to the final image.

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51 views4 pages

Q4. Explain The Following Point-Processing Operations: 1) Digital Image Negative: 2) Contrast Stretching 3) Threshold With Background 4) Bit Plane Slicing Ans: 1) Digital Image Negative

This document explains four point-processing operations: 1) Digital image negative inverts the gray levels of an image, 2) Contrast stretching adjusts the slopes of the transformation curve to make dark areas darker and bright areas brighter, 3) Thresholding with background sets all pixels below a threshold to 0 and above to the maximum value, creating a binary image, 4) Bit plane slicing separates an image into binary images based on each bit, showing the contribution of each bit plane to the final image.

Uploaded by

sahil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q4.

Explain the following point-processing operations:


1) Digital Image Negative:
2) Contrast stretching
3) Threshold with background
4) Bit plane slicing
ANS:
1) Digital Image Negative:
➢ Useful in large applications e.g. X-ray images.
➢Negative means inverting gray levels.

➢Digital Negative can be obtained by:


s = 255 – r (where, rmax = 255)

when, r = 0; s = 255
& if r = 255 then s = 0
Generally, s = (L-1) –r
where, L – total number of gray levels (e.g. 256 for 8-bit image)
For an image with gray level in the range [0, L-1], where L = Largest
value in an image, the negative transformation’s expression is given by:
• s=L–1–r
❑Reasons:
❑ Poor Illumination
❑ Wrong setting of lens aperture
❑ Idea behind Contrast Stretching is to make dark portion darker and bright
portion brighter.
❑ In above figure, dotted line indicated Identity Transformation & solid line
indicates Contrast Stretching.
❑ Dark portion is being made darker by assigning slope of < 1.
❑ Bright portion is being made brighter by assigning slope of > 1.
❑ Any set of slopes cant be generalized for all kind of images.
❑Formulation is given below:
s = l.r ; for 0 ≤ r ≤ a
= m(r-a) + v ; for a ≤ r ≤ b
= n(r-b) + w ; for b ≤ r ≤ L-1

❑ Extreme Contrast Stretching yields Thresholding.


❑ In Contrast Stretching figure, if l & n slope are made ZERO & if m slope is increased
then we get Thresholding Transformation.
❑ If r1 = r2, s1 = 0 & s2 = L-1
Then we get Thresholding function.
❑ Expression goes as under:
s = 0; if r ≤ a
s = L – 1 ; if r >a
where, L is number of Gray levels.
Note: It is a subjective phenomenon.
Thresholded image has maximum contrast as it has only BLACK & WHITE gray values.

5) Bit Plane Slicing:


❑ Here, we find the contribution made by each bit to the final image.
❑ Consider a 256 x 256 image with 256 gray levels i.e. 8-bit reprsentation for each pixel.
E.g. BLACK is represented as 0000_0000 & WHITE by 1111_1111.
❑ Consider LSB value of each pixel & plot image. Continue till MSB is reached.
❑All 8 images will be binary.
❑ Observing the images we conclude that
Higher order images contain visually sufficient data.
Lower order bits contain suitable details of image.
❑ Hence, BPS can be used in Image Compression.
❑We can transmit only higher order bits & remove lower order bits.
❑E.g. Stignography

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