Ch3 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Ch3 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
Ch3 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations
BEARING CAPACITY
OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
1. General Shear failure • Well defined continuous slip • Low compressibility soils
surface up to ground level, • Very dense sands,
• Heaving occurs on both • Saturated clays (NC and OC),
sides with final collapse and • Undrained shear (fast loading).
tilting on one side,
• Failure is sudden and
catastrophic,
• Ultimate value is peak value.
3. Punching Shear failure • Well defined slip surfaces • High compressibility soils
only below the foundation, • Very loose sands,
non either side, • Partially saturated clays,
• Large vertical displacements • NC clay in drained shear
produced by soil (very slow loading),
compressibility, • Peats.
• No heaving, no tilting or
catastrophic failure, no
ultimate value.
G.S.
q = D f .γ Do
Df
t
B
where ∑ P footing = p .( column.load ) + own wt. of footing + own wt. of earth fill over
P
q gross = + γ s .D o + γ c .t ………….………………..……….(3.1)
B.L
maximum gross pressure that a soil can stand without shear failure.
• Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity: It is the ultimate bearing capacity minus the
vertical pressure that is produced on horizontal plain at level of the base of the
foundation by an adjacent surcharge.
q ult.− net = q ult. − D f .γ ….…..………………..…………..…….(3.3)
57
• Net Allowable Bearing Capacity ( q all. − net ): It is the net safe bearing
(1) Adequate depth; the foundation must be deep enough with respect to environmental
effects; such as: frost penetration, seasonal volume changes in the soil, to exclude
the possibility of erosion and undermining of the supporting soil by water and wind
currents, and to minimize the possibility of damage by construction operations,
58
(2) Tolerable settlements, the bearing capacity must be low enough to ensure that both
total and differential settlements of all foundations under the planned structure are
within the allowable values,
Table (3.1) neglects the effect of: (i) underlying strata, (ii) size, shape and depth of
footings, (iii) type of the structures supported by the footings, (iv) there is no specification
of the physical properties of the soil in question, and (v) assumes that the ground water table
level is at foundation level or with depth less than width of footing. Therefore, if water table
rises above the foundation level, the hydrostatic water pressure force which affects the base
of foundation should be taken into consideration.
59
Table (3.1): Bearing capacity values according to building codes.
Bearing pressure
Soil type Description Notes
(kg/cm2)
Dry submerged
Cohesionless
soil 1. well compacted sand or
sand mixed with gravel. 3.5-5.0 1.75-2.5
2. sand, loose and well
graded or loose mixed 1.5-3.0 0.5-1.5 Footing width
sand and gravel. 1.0 ms.
3. compacted sand, well 1.5-2.0 0.5-1.5
graded.
4. well graded loose sand. 0.5-1.5 0.25-0.5
60
Table (3.2): Bearing capacity equations by the several authors indicated.
• Meyerhof (see Table 3.4 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
• Hansen (see Table 3.5 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
• Vesic (see Table 3.5 for shape, depth, and inclination factors)
• All the bearing capacity equations above are based on general shear failure in soil.
61
• Note: Due to scale effects, N γ and then the ultimate bearing capacity decreases with increase in size of
foundation. Therefore, Bowle's (1996) suggested that for (B > 2m), with any bearing capacity equation
of Table (3.2), the term ( 0.5Bγ.N γ S γ d γ ) must be multiplied by a reduction factor:
⎛ B⎞
rγ = 1 − 0.25 log⎜ ⎟ ; i.e., 0.5Bγ.N γ S γ d γ rγ
⎝2⎠
B (m) 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 10 20 100
rγ 1 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.82 0.75 0.57
Table (3.4): Shape, depth and inclination factors for Meyerhof's equation.
62
63
3.7 WHICH EQUATIONS TO USE?
Of the bearing capacity equations previously discussed, the most widely used equations
are Meyerhof's and Hansen's. While Vesic's equation has not been much used (but is the
suggested method in the American Petroleum Institute, RP2A Manual, 1984).
1. For clays sheared in drained conditions, Terzaghi (1943) suggested that the shear
strength parameters c and φ should be reduced as:
c* = 0.67 c ′ and φ * = tan −1 ( 0.67 tan φ ′ ) …………….………...…..(3.6)
2. For loose and medium dense sands (when Dr ≤ 0.67 ), Vesic (1975) proposed:
φ * = tan −1 ( 0.67 + D r − 0.75 D r2 ) tan φ ′ …………….………...………...(3.7)
where Dr is the relative density of the sand, recorded as a fraction.
Note: For dense sands ( Dr > 0.67 ) the strength parameters need not be reduced, since the
general shear mode of failure is likely to apply.
64
BEARING CAPACITY EXAMPLES (1)
Example (1): Determine the allowable bearing capacity of a strip footing shown below using
Terzaghi and Hansen Equations if c = 0, φ = 30° , D f = 1.0m , B = 1.0m , γ soil = 19
Solution:
(a) By Terzaghi's equation:
1
q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ
2
Shape factors: from table (3.2), for strip footing S c = Sγ = 1.0
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.3), for φ = 30° , N q = 22.5 ,..N γ = 19.7
Since c = 0, any factors with subscript c do not need computing. Also, all g i ..and ..bi
factors are 1.0; with these factors identified the Hansen's equation simplifies to:
qult . = q N q S q d q + 0.5γ ′.B.N γ S γ d γ
65
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.4), for φ = 28° , N q = 14.7 ,..N γ = 10.9
Solution:
(a) By Hansen's equation:
Since c = 0, and all g i ..and ..bi factors are 1.0; the Hansen's equation simplifies to:
qult . = q N q S q d q + 0.5γ ′.B.N γ S γ d γ
66
Shape factors: from table (3.5),
B 0.5 B 0.5
Sq = 1 + tan φ = 1 + tan 47 = 1.27 , S γ = 1 − 0.4 = 1 − 0.4 = 0.9
L 2.0 L 2. 0
Depth factors: from table (3.5),
D 0.5
d q = 1 + 2 tan φ ( 1 − sin φ ) 2 , d q = 1 + 2 tan 47( 1 − sin 47 ) 2 = 1.155 , d γ = 1.0
B 0.5
qult . = 0.5 (9.31)187.2x1.27x1.155 + 0.5x0.5(9.31)299.5x0.9x1.0= 1905.6 kN/m2
versus 1863 kN/m2 measured.
B 0.5
From table (3.4): φ ps = ( 1.1 − 0.1 )φ tr , (1.1 - 0.1 )42.5 = 45.7, take...φ = 46°
L 2.0
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.2)
67
Example (3): A 2.0x2.0m footing has the geometry and load as shown below. Is the footing
adequate with a SF=3.0?.
D =0.3m
H
P = 600 kN B
γ = 17.5 kN/m3
H = 200 kN η = 10°
B =2m
φ = 25° ; c = 25 kN/m2
Solution:
We can use either Hansen's, or Meyerhof's or Vesic's equations. An arbitrary choice is Hansen's
method.
Check sliding stability:
use δ = φ ; C a = c and A f = 2 x 2 = 4 m 2
H max . = A f C a + V tan δ = 4 x 25 + 600 tan 25° = 280 > 200 kN (O.K. for sliding)
68
Inclination factors from table (3.5):
0.5 H 0.5 x 200
iq = ( 1 − )5 = ( 1 − ) 5 = 0.52 ,
V + A f .c. cot φ 600 + 4 x 25 x cot 25
( 1 − iq ) 1 − 0.52
ic = iq − = 0.52 − = 0.47 ,
( Nq − 1) 10.7 − 1
The base factors for ..η = 10°( 0.175..radians ) from table (3.5):
η° 10
bc = 1 − =1− = 0.93 ,
147° 147
bq = e ( −2η tan φ ) = e ( −2( 0.175 ) tan 25 ) = 0.85 , bγ = e ( −2.7η tan φ ) = e ( −2.7 ( 0.175 ) tan 25 ) = 0.80
69
(a) horiizontal fou
undation (b)
b) Inclinedd foundatioon
I
Importan
nt Notes:
• Reemember that
t in this case, Meyyerhof's beearing capaacity equattion for incclined loadd
(fr
from Table 3.2) can be
b used dirrectly:
• Thhe footings stability with regarrd to the innclined loaad's horizoontal compponent alsoo
m be checked by caalculating the
must t factor of safety against
a slidding as folllows:
H max
m .
Fs( slididding ) = ………
…………… ….………....………….…...(3.10))
……………
H
w
where:
H = the inclineed load's horizontal
h c
component
t,
ax imum.ressisting . force = A′f .C a + σ ′ tan δ …. for ( c − φ ) soills; or
H maxx . = the. ma
70
H max . = σ ′ tan δ ……. for a sand and the drained case in clay ( c ′ = 0 ).
A′f = effective..area = B ′.L ′
C a = adhesion = α .C u
where...α = 1.0.... for .soft .to.medium.clays.; and
.α = 0.5.... for .stiff .clays .
σ ′ = the net vertical effective load = Qv − D f .γ ; or
σ ′ = ( Qv − D f .γ ) − u .A′f (if the water table lies above foundation level)
δ = the skin friction angle, which can be taken as equal to ( φ ′ ),and
u = the pore water pressure at foundation level.
• ECCENTRIC LOAD:
Eccentric load result from loads applied somewhere other than the footing's centroid or
from applied moments, such as those resulting at the base of a tall column from wind loads
or earthquakes on the structure.
To provide adequate SF( against .lifting ) of the footing edge, it is recommended that the
eccentricity ( e ≤ B / 6 ). Footings with eccentric loads may be analyzed for bearing capacity
by two methods: (1) the concept of useful width and (2) application of reduction factors.
71
• Seconnd, calculaates q ult . frrom Meyerrhof's, or Hansen's,
H o Vesic's equations
or e (
(Table 3.2))
1
usingg B ′ in thee ( B .γ .N γ ) term and
a B ′ orr/and L ′ in
i computiing the shaape factorss
2
and not
n in comp puting deptth factors.
72
BEARING CAPACITY EXAMPLES (2)
Footings with inclined or eccentric loads
Example (4): A square footing of 1.5x1.5m is subjected to an inclined load as shown in figure
below. What is the factor of safety against bearing capacity (use Terzaghi's equation).
α = 30°
G.S. 180 kN
D f =1.5m γ = 20 kN/m3
qu = 160 kPa
B = 1.5m
4m
W.T.
Solution:
1
By Terzaghi's equation: q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ
2
Shape factors: from table (3.2) for square footing S c = 1.3; Sγ = 0.8 , c = q u / 2 = 80 kPa
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.3) for φu = 0 : N c = 5.7 ,..N q = 1.0 ,..N γ = 0
From Fig.(3.7) with α = 30° and cohesive soil, the reduction factor for inclined load is 0.42.
q ult .( inclined .load ) = 622.8(0.42) = 261.576 kN/m2
H max . 180
Factor of safety (against sliding) = = = 2.0 (O.K.)
Qh 90
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Example (5): A 1.5x1.5m square footing is subjected to eccentric load as shown below. What is the
safety factor against bearing capacity failure (use Terzaghi's equation):
(a) By the concept of useful width, and
(b) Using Meyerhof's reduction factors. P = 330 kN
G.s.
1.2m
γ = 20 kN/m3
Centerline of footing qu = 190 kN/m2
e x =0.18
1.5m
1.5m
e x =0.18
1.5m
Solution:
(1) Using concept of useful width: 1.5-2(0.18)=1.14m
1
q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B ′.γ .Nγ .S γ
2
Shape factors: from table (3.2) for square footing S c = 1.3; Sγ = 0.8 , c = q u / 2 = 95 kPa
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.3) for φu = 0 : N c = 5.7 , N q = 1.0 , N γ = 0
74
(2) Using Meyerhof's reduction factors:
In this case, qult . is computed based on the actual width: B = 1.5m
from Terzaghi's equation:
qult . = 1.3cN c + qN q + 0.4 B.γ .Nγ
Example (6): A square footing of 1.8x1.8m is loaded with axial load of 1780 kN and subjected to Mx
= 267 kN-m and My = 160.2 kN-m moments. Undrained triaxial tests of unsaturated soil
samples give φ = 36° and c = 9.4 kN/m . If D f = 1.8m, the water table is at 6m below the
2
G.S. and γ = 18.1 kN/m3, what is the allowable soil pressure if SF=3.0 using (a) Hansen
bearing capacity and (b) Meyerhof's reduction factors.
Solution:
267 160.2
ey = = 0.15m ; ex = = 0.09 m
1780 1780
B ′ = B − 2e y = 1.8 − 2( 0.15 ) = 1.5 m ; L ′ = L − 2e x = 1.8 − 2( 0.09 ) = 1.62m
75
for φ = 36° : N c = 50.6 , N q = 37.8 , N γ = 40
76
q ult . = 9.4(50.6)(1.75)(1.4) + 1.8(18.1)(37.7)(1.73)(1.246)
+ 0.5(18.1)(1.8)(40)(0.60)(1)= 4212.403 kN/m2
q all .centrally.loaded.footing = 4212.403 / 3 = 1404.134 kN/m2
G.S. W.T.
Case (5)
D1 W.T.
Df Case (4)
D2 W.T.
B
Case (3)
γm W.T. dw
Case (2)
γ′ B
W.T.
Case (1)
Case (1):
If the water table (W.T.) lies at B or more below the foundation base; no W.T. effect.
77
Case (2):
• (from Ref.;Foundation Engg. Hanbook): if the water table (W.T.) lies within the depth
1
(dw<B) ; (i.e., between the base and the depth B), use γ av. in the term γ .B .N γ as:
2
γ av. = γ ′ + ( d w / B )( γ m − γ ′ ) ……..………..……….(from Meyerhof)
• (from Ref.;Foundation Analysis and Design): if the water table (W.T.) lies within the
1
wedge zone { H = 0.5 B. tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) }; use γ av. in the term γ .B .N γ as:
2
d γ′
γ av. = ( 2 H − d w ) w .γ wet + ( H − d w ) 2 ……….(from ,Bowles)
H2 H2
where:
H = 0.5 B. tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) .
γ ′ = submerged unit weight =( γ sat. − γ w ),
d w = depth to W.T. below the base of footing,
γ m = γ wet = moist or wet unit weight of soil in depth ( d w ) , and
1
• Snice in many cases of practical purposes, the term γ .B .N γ can be ignored for
2
conservative results, it is recommended for this case to use γ = γ ′ in the term
1
γ .B .N γ instead of γ av.
2
( γ ′ < γ av. ( from..Meyerhof ) < γ av. ( from..Bowles ) )
Case (3): if d w = 0 ; the water table (W.T.) lies at the base of the foundation; use γ = γ ′
Case (4): if the water table (W.T.) lies above the base of the foundation; use:
1
q = γ t .D1( above ..W .T .) + γ ′.D 2 ( below..W .T .) and γ = γ ′ in γ .B .N γ term.
2
78
Case (5): if the water table (W.T.) lies at ground surface (G.S.); use: q = γ ′.D f and
1
γ = γ ′ in γ .B .N γ term.
2
Note: All the preceding considerations are based on the assumption that the seepage forces
acting on soil skeleton are negligible. The seepage force adds a component to the body
forces caused by gravity. This component acting in the direction of stream lines is equal to
( i.γ w ) , where i is the hydraulic gradient causing seepage.
Example (7): A (1.2x4.2)m rectangular footing is placed at a depth of ( D f =1m) below the G.S. in
clay soil with φu = 0° , γ = 18 kN/m3, Cu = 22 kN/m2. Find the allowable maximum load
which can be applied under the following conditions:
(a) W.T. at base of footing with γ sat = 20 kN/m3,
(b) W.T. at 0.5m below the surface and γ sat = 20 kN/m3,
(c) If the applied load is 400kN and the W.T. at the surface what will be the factor of
safety of the footing against B.C. failure.
Qall . = ?
G.S.
γ = 18 kN/m3
D f =1.0m φu = 0°
B =1.2m
Solution: c = 22 kN/m2
L/B = 4.2/1.2 = 3.5 < 5 ∴ rectangular footing,
D/B= 1/1.2 = 0.833 < 1.0 ∴ shallow footing; therefore Terzaghi's equation is suitable.
1
By Terzaghi's equation: q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ
2
B B
Shape factors: from table (3.2), for rectangular footing Sc = ( 1 + 0.3 ) ; S γ = ( 1 − 0.2 )
L L
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.3), for φ = 0° , N c = 5.7 , N q = 1.0 ,..N γ = 0
79
(a) for W.T. at base of footing:
1.2
qult . = (22)(5.7) (1+0.30 ) + 1.0(18)(1)
4.2
1.2
+ 0.5(1.2)(20-10)(0)(1-0.20 )= 154.148 kN/m2
4.2
q all . = 154.148 /3 = 51.388 kN/m2
(c) If the applied load is 400kN and the W.T. at the surface what will be the factor of safety of
the footing against B.C. failure?.
Qall . = 400 kN; q all . = 400/(1.2(4.2)= 79.36 kN/m ; q = D f .γ ′ =(1)(20-10)=10 kN/m
2 2
1.2 1.2
qult . = (22)(5.7) (1+0.30 ) + 10(1) + 0.5(1.2)(20-10)(0)(1-0.20 )= 146.14 kN/m2
4.2 4.2
q 146.14
SF = ult . = = 1.8
q all . 79.36
80
3.11 Bea
aring Ca
apacity For
F Foo
otings On Layere
ed Soils
s
Stratified soil deposits aree of comm
mon occurreence. It waas found thhat when a footing iss
p
placed on stratified soils
s m form the base of thhe footing (
and thhe thickneess of the top stratum
d 1 or H ) is less thaan the deppth of peneetration [ H crit . = 0.5 B tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) ]; in
i this casee
t rupturre zone wiill extend into the lower
the l layeer (s) depeending onn their thicckness andd
t
therefore r
require som
me modificcation of ulltimate beaaring capaccity ( qult. ).
Severral solution
ns have beeen propossed to estim
mate the bearing
b cappacity of footings
f onn
l
layered soiils, however, they aree limited for
fo the folloowing threee general cases:
c
81
The first situation occurs when the footing is placed on a stiff clay or dense sand
stratum followed by a relatively soft normally consolidated clay. The failure in this case is
basically a punching failure. While, the second situation is often found when the footing is
placed on a relatively thin layer of soft clay overlying stiff clay or rock. The failure in this
case occurs, at least in part by lateral plastic flow (see Fig.(3.10)).
G.S. G.S.
B B
(a) (b)
Figure (3.10): Typical two-layer soil profiles.
penetration ( H crit . = 0.5 B tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) , while N c = 5.14. So that, equation (3.26) is written
as:
qult . = 5.14C avg .( 1 + S c′ + d c′ ) + q ′ …….……..……….…………..(3.26b)
82
C1 H + C 2 [Hcrit - H]
where: S u = C avg . = ;
Hcrit
Df Df D
S ′c = 0.2 B ; d ′c = 0.4 for ≤ 1 ; and d c′ = 0.4 tan −1 for (D >B)
L B B B
G.S.
Df B
H or d1 γ 1 , c1 ,φ 1 Layer (1)
d2 γ 2 , c 2 ,φ 2 Layer (2)
83
c H + c H + .....+ cnHn H tanφ1 + H2 tanφ2 + .....+ Hn tanφn
cav. = 1 1 2 2 ; φav. = tan−1 1
∑Hi ∑ Hi
(3) Use Hansen's equation from Table (3.2) for qult . with c * and φ * as:
qult . = c * N c S c d c ic g c bc + qN q S q d q iq g q bq + 0.5γBN γ S γ d γ iγ g γ bγ ..….(3.27)
If the effects of inclination, ground and base factors are neglected, then equation (3.27)
will takes the form:
qult . = c * N c S c d c + qN q S q d q + 0.5γBN γ S γ d γ …..……..…………...…..(3.28)
where:
Bearing capacity factors: from table (3.2)
Nq B B B
Shape factors from table (3.6): S c = 1 + , S q = 1 + tan φ * , S γ = 1 − 0.4
Nc L L L
Depth factors: from table (3.6)
D Df D Df
where: k = for ≤1 or k = tan − 1 ( radian ) for >1
B B B B
(2) If H crit . > H , for both cases; sand overlying clay or clay overlying sand, estimate qult .
where: qt , qb = ultimate bearing capacities of footing with respect to top and bottom soils ,
84
for φ > 0 (sand or clay)
qt = c1 N c1 S c1d c1 + γ 1 D f N q1 S q1d q1 + 0.5 Bγ 1 N γ 1 Sγ 1d γ 1 …..….........…....(3.29a)
qb = c 2 N c 2 S c 2 d c 2 + γ 1 ( D f + H )N q 2 S q 2 d q 2 + 0.5 Bγ 2 N γ 2 Sγ 2 d γ 2 ..…....(3.29b)
qb = 5.14 S u ( 1 + S c′ + d c′ ) + γ 1 ( D f + H ) .....……….……...……...………...(3.29d)
Nq B B B
Shape factors from table (3.5): S c = 1 + , S q = 1 + tan φ , S γ = 1 − 0.4
Nc L L L
D Df D Df
where: k = for ≤1 or k = tan − 1 ( radian ) for >1
B B B B
p = total perimeter for punching = 2 (B+L) or π .D (diameter),
Pv = total vertical pressure from footing base to lower soil computed as:
d1 d12
γ
∫ 1 h .dh + q d 1 = γ 1 + γ 1D f .d1
0 2
85
BEARING CAPACITY EXAMPLES (3)
Footings on layered soils
Prepared by: Dr. Farouk Majeed Muhauwiss
Civil Engineering Department – College of Engineering
Tikrit University
G.S.
1.83m c1 = Su = 77
Clay (1) 3m kPa
φ = 0°
H =1.5m
1.22m
c2 = Su = 115 kPa
Clay (2)
Solution:
H crit . = 0.5 B tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) = 0.5(3) tan45 =1.5m >1.22m
∴ the critical depth penetrated into the 2nd. layer of soil.
For case(1); clay on clay layers using Hansen's equation:
• From Bowles's Book, 1996:
qult . = 5.14.C avg . ( 1 + S c′ + d c′ ) + q ′
where:
C1 H + C 2 [Hcrit - H] 77(1.22) + 115 (1.5 - 1.22)
S u = C avg . = = = 84.093
Hcrit 1.5
S c′ = 0.2 B / L = 0.2( 3 / 6 ) = 0.1 ; for Df / B ≤ 1 : d c′ = 0.4 D / B = 0.4( 1.83 / 3 ) = 0.24
∴ qult . =5.14(84.093)(1+0.1+0.24)+ 1.83( 17.26 ) = 610.784 kPa
86
Example (9): (footing on sand overlying clay)
A 2.0x2.0m square footing is to be placed on sand overlying clay as shown in figure below.
Estimate the allowable bearing capacity of soil?.
G.S.
1.50m c1 = 0 kPa
Sand 2m x 2m φ = 34°
γ = 17.25
H =1.88m
W.T. 0.60m
Clay Su = q u / 2 = 75 kPa
Solution:
H crit . = 0.5 B tan( 45 + φ1 / 2 ) = 0.5( 2 ) tan( 45 + 34 / 2 ) = 1.88 m > 0.6m
∴ the critical depth H crit . > H penetrated into the 2nd. layer of soil.
For case (3); sand overlying clay using Hansen's equation:
p.Pv.K s .tan φ1 p.d1c1
qult . = qb + + ≤ qt
Af Af
where:
• for sand layer:
qt = γ 1 D f N q1 S q1 d q1 + 0.5 Bγ 1 N γ 1 S γ 1 d γ 1
B B
Shape factors from Table (3.5): S q = 1 + tan φ = 1.67 , S γ = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
L L
87
Depth factors from Table (3.5):
Df 1.5
d q = 1 + 2 tanφ( 1 − sinφ )2 = 1 + 2 tan 34( 1 − sin 34 ) 2 = 1.2,
B 2
d γ = 1.0
88
Example (10): (footing on c − φ soils)
Check the adequacy of the rectangular footing 1.5x2.0m shown in figure below against shear
failure (use F.S.= 3.0), γ w =10 kN/m3 .
P = 300 kN
G.S.
Soil Soil Soil
parameter
(1) (2) (3) 0.8m W.T.
Soil (1)
Gs 2.70 2.65 2.75 1.5 x 2m 0.4m
e 0.8 0.9 0.85 Soil (2) 0.5m
c (kPa) 10 60 80
φ° 35 0 0 Soil (3)
Solution:
G .γ 2.70( 10 )
γ d1 = s w = = 15 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.8
( G s + e )γ w ( 2 . 70 + 0 . 8 )10
γ sat 1 = = = 19 . 4 kN/m3
1+e 1 + 0 .8
G .γ 2.65( 10 )
γ d2 = s w = = 18.7 kN/m3
1+ e 1 + 0.9
( 2.75 + 0.85 )10
γ sat 2 = = 19.45 kN/m3
1 + 0.85
89
where:
C1 H + C 2 [Hcrit - H] 60(0.5) + 80 (0.75 - 0.50)
C avg . = = = 66.67
Hcrit 0.75
S c′ = 0.2 B / L = 0.2( 1.5 / 2 ) = 0.15 ;
for Df / B ≤ 1 d c′ = 0.4 D / B = 0.4( 1.2 / 1.5 ) = 0.32
∴ qult . =5.14(66.67)(1+0.15+0.32)+0.8(15)+0.4(19.45-10)= 519.5 kPa
519.5
q all ( net ) = − 15.78 = 157.4 kPa
3
300
q applied = = 100 kPa < q all ( net ) = 157.4 kPa ∴ (O.K.)
1.5 x 2
1
q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ …………………...……….…..(3.12)
2
For saturated clay and plastic silts: ( φu = 0 and N c = 5.7 , N q = 1.0 ,.and .N γ = 0 ),
qult . = cN c + q ...……………..…………………….……….………..(3.30)
q
q all . = ult . and q all .( net ) = q all . − q
3
q cN c + q cN c q
∴ q all .( net ) = ult . − q = −q = + ( − q ) ………..………...(3.30a)
3 3 3 3
90
w
where: N c = bearinng capacitty factor obtained
o frrom figure (3.12) dep
epending on shape off
Df
q (τ) C−φ Soil
f
footing andd . ( − q ) is a small valuue can be neglected.
n S = C u + σ. tan φ
B 3
f c − φ soil:
for s σ 1 = σ 3 tan 2 ( 45 + φ / 2 ) + 2c tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) 2θ
Cu
(σ)
f UCT: σ 1 = qu an
for nd σ 3 = 0; then q u = 2c tan( 45 + φ / 2 ) σ3 = 0 σ1 = q u
(τ)
q Purre Cohesive Soil
o φu = 0 ; c = u and
or a equatioon (3.30a) will be: q
2 S = Cu = u , φu = 0
2
Nc Cu
q all .( net ) = qu …....………
… …………..…………...(3.30b)
6 σ3 = 0
(σ)
σ1 = q u
Df
F
From ure (3.12) for
figu f =00: N c = 6.2 for squaare or circcular footinngs; 5.14 for
f strip orr
B
c s footings If N c = 6.0 , then:
continuous
q all .( net ) ≈ qu …………
…..………
……………
………..……
……………
……..(3.31))
8 1.6
Df / B = 2
Square and circ
cular B/ L=1
1.4
Df / B = 1
(kg/ cm2)
6 1.2
1.0
Nc Continuous
s B/ L= 0 Df / B = 0.5
4 .8
.6
Df / B = 0
2 .4
.2
.2 .4 .6
6 .8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Df / B Unconfin
ned compresssive strength
(kg/ cm2)
F
Figure (3.12): Nc bearin
ng capacity factor
f for Figure (33.13): Net allowable soiil pressure for
Footings on clay under φ = 0 co
onditions o clay and plastic silt, determined foor a
footings on
acity failure ( φ =
factor of saffety of 3 againsst bearing capa
(After Ske
empton, 1951).
0 conditionss). Chart valuees are for strip footings (B/L= =0);
and for oth her types of fo ootings multiply values by (1+
0.2B/L).
B B
N c (net ) = N c (strip) (1 + 0.2 ) or N c (net ) = N c (square) (0.84 + 0.16 )
L L
91
Example (11): (footing on clay)
Determine the size of the square footing shown in figure below. If qu = 100 kPa and F.S.= 3.0?
Q = 1000 kN
G.S.
γ soil = 20 kN/m3
2m
γ conc. = 24 kN/m3
B=? 0.4m
Solution:
Assume B =3.5m, D / B = 2/3.5 = 0.57 then from figure (3.12): N c = 7.3
G.S.
Df =?
0.9x0.9m
qu = 380 kN/m2
92
Solution:
From Skempton's equation:
cN c
For strip footing: q all .( net ) =
3
cN c
For square footing: q all .( net ) = x1.2
3
From Skempton's figure (3.12) at D f / B = 4 and B/L=1 (square footing): N c = 9
380
( 9)
∴ q all.( net ) = 2 = 570 kPa and D f = 4(0.9) = 3.6m
3
• Rafts on Clay:
∑Q Total .load ( D.L. + L.L.)
If qb = = > q all . use pile or floating foundations.
A area
From Skempton's equation, the ultimate bearing capacity (for strip footing) is:
qult . = cN c + q ...……………...…………………….……….………..……..(3.30)
cN c cN c
qult .( net ) = cN c , q all .( net ) = or F .S . =
F .S . q all .( net )
cN c
∴ F .S . = .………………..…………………….……….………..…..(3.32)
qb − Df .γ
Notes:
(1) If qb = D f .γ (i.e., F .S . = ∞ ) the raft is said to be fully compensated foundation (in this
case, the weight of foundation (D.L.+ L.L.) = the weight of excavated soil).
(2) If qb > D f .γ (i.e., F .S . = certain.value ) the raft is said to be partially compensated
93
Example (13): (raft on clay)
Determine the F.S. for the raft shown in figure for the following depths: D f = 1m,2m, and 3m?.
Q = 20 000 kN
Solution: G.S.
cN c
F .S . = γ soil = 18 kN/m3
qb − Df .γ Df
qu = 100 kN/m2
• For D f = 1m: 10 x 20 m
10
N c strip = 5.4 and N c rec tan gular = N c strip ( 1 + 0.2 B / L ) = 5.4 (1+ 0.2 ) = 5.94
20
cN c ( 100 / 2 )5.94 50( 5.94 )
∴ F .S . = = = = 3.62
qb − Df .γ 20000 100 − 18
− 1( 18 )
10 x 20
• For D f = 2m:
10
N c strip = 5.5 and N c rec tan gular =5.5 (1+ 0.2 ) = 6.05
20
cN c ( 100 / 2 )6.05 50( 6.05 )
∴ F .S . = = = = 4.72
qb − Df .γ 20000 100 − 36
− 2( 18 )
10 x 20
• For D f = 3m:
10
N c strip = 5.7 and N c rec tan gular =5.7 (1+ 0.2 ) = 6.27
20
cN c ( 100 / 2 )6.27 50( 6.27 )
∴ F .S . = = = = 6.81
qb − Df .γ 20000 100 − 54
− 3( 18 )
10 x 20
94
3.13 Design Charts for Footings on Sand and Nonplastic Silt
From Terzaghi's equation, the ultimate bearing capacity is:
1
qult . = cN c .S c + q N q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ ……..……………..……...……….…..(3.12)
2
For sand ( c = 0 ) and for strip footing ( S c = S γ = 1.0 ), then, Eq.(3.12) will be:
1
qult . = q N q + B .γ .N γ ...……………..…………………….……….………..(3.33)
2
1
qult .( net ) = q N q + B .γ .N γ − q
2
1
qult .( net ) = D f .γ .N q + B .γ .N γ − D f .γ
2
1 ⎡ D f .γ 1 ⎤
qult .( net ) = D f .γ ( N q − 1 ) + B.γ .N γ = B ⎢ ( N q − 1 ) + γ .N γ ⎥
2 ⎣ B 2 ⎦
B ⎡ D f .γ 1 ⎤
q all .( net ) = ⎢ ( N q − 1 ) + γ .N γ ⎥ ......………..………..………..(3.34)
F .S . ⎣ B 2 ⎦
Notes:
(1) the allowable bearing capacity shown by (Eq.3.34) is derived from the frictional
resistance due to: (i) the weight of the sand below the footing level; and (ii) the
weight of the surrounding surcharge or backfill.
(2) the qult . of a footing on sand depends on:
(a) width of the footing, B
(b) depth of the surcharge surrounding the footing, D f
95
(3) the wider the footing, the greater qult . /unit area. However, for a given settlement
S i such as (1 inch or 25mm), the soil pressure is greater for a footing of
intermediate width Bb than for a large footing with a width Bc or for a narrow
footing with width Ba (see figure 3.14a).
Df
(4) for = constant and a given settlement on sand, there is an actual relationship
B
between q all . and B represented by (solid line) (see figure 3.14b). However, as
basis for design a substitute relation (dashed lines) can be used as shown in
(figure 3.14c). The error for footings of usual dimensions is less than ± 10%. The
position of the broken line efg is differs for different sands.
Q1 Q2 Q3
Ba Bb Bc
(a) Footings of different widths.
Soil Pressure, q
d Given c a b
Settlement , Si
Settlement
Narrow Wide
footing footing
Intermediate
footing
b
Soil pressure, q
a
c g
f
d
e Width of footing, B
(c) Variation of soil pressure with B for given settlement, Si.
96
(5) the design charts for proportioning shallow footings on sand and nonplastic silts
are shown in Figures (3.15, 3.16 and 3.17).
Df / B = Df / B = Df / B =
6 6 6
N = 50 N = 50 N = 50
Net soil pressure (kg/ cm2)
5 5 5
N = 40 N = 40 N = 40
4 4 4
N = 30 N = 30 N = 30
3 3 3
N = 20 N = 20 N = 20
2 2 2
N = 15 N = 15 N = 15
N = 10 N = 10 N = 10
1 1 1
N=5 N=5 N=5
0 0 0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8
Correction factor C N
0
50
100
150
(kN/ m2)
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1.0 (inch); F.S. = 2.0; no water table (far below the footing); and corrected N-values.
• N-values must be corrected for:
(i) overburden pressure effect using figure (3.17) or the following formulas:
20 2000
C N = 0.77 log or C N = 0.77 log
Po ( Tsf ) Po ( kPa )
If po < 0.25( Tsf ) or < 25( kPa ) , (no need for overburden pressure correction).
(ii) and water table effect:
B
Dw G.S.
C w = 0.5 + 0.5
B + Df Df
Dw
W.T.
N≈B
G.S.
0.75m
Solution: 0.75x1.5m W.T.
Po′ = 0.75(16) + 5.25(16-9.81) = 44.5 kPa >25 kPa γ = 16 kN/m3
98
2000 2000
C N = 0.77 log = 0.77 log =1.266
Po ( kPa ) 44.5
Dw 0.75
C w = 0.5 + 0.5 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 0.75
B + Df 0.75 + 0.75
P=1800 kN
Solution: γ ′ = 10 kN/m3
99
′ . = ( 15 + 19 + 25 ) / 3 = 20
At depth B below the base of footing (1.2+2.4) = 3.6m; N avg
• Rafts on Sand:
For allowable settlement = 2 (inch) and differential settlement >3/4 (inch) provided
that D f ≥ ( 8 ft ).or .( 2.4 m ) min . the allowable net soil pressure is given by:
G.S. Q
Dw W.T.
Df
D f − Dw
Raft foundation
N≈B Sand
S (N)
q all .( net ) = C w all . .….………… for 5 ≤ N ≤ 50 ..………..………..(3.35)
9
2.0( N )
If C w =1 and S all . = 2 ′′ ; then q all .( net ) = 1.0 = 0.22 N ( Tsf ) = 23.23 N ( kPa )
9
100
∑Q
and q gross = qall .( net ) + D f .γ =
Area
where: D f .γ = Dwγ + ( D f − Dw )( γ − γ w ) + ( D f − Dw )γ w
Dw
C w = 0.5 + 0.5 = (correction for water table)
B + Df
Hint: A raft-supported building with a basement extending below water table is acted on by
hydroustatic uplift pressure or buoyancy equal to ( D f − Dw )γ w per unit area.
Q
G.S.
D f = 3m
9mx15m W.T.
For raft on sand: q all .( net ) = 23.23 N ( kPa ) = 23.23(19) = 441.37 kPa
Dw 3
Correction for water table: C w = 0.5 + 0.5 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 0.625
B + Df 9+3
101
3.14 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Slopes
If footings are on slopes, their bearing capacities are less than if the footings were on
level ground. In fact, bearing capacity of a footing is inversely proportional to ground slope.
• Meyerhof's Method:
In this method, the ultimate bearing capacity of footings on slopes is computed using
the following equations:
1
( q ult . )continuous. footing .on.slope = cN cq + γ .B.N γq .…………………………….…....…...(3.36)
2
where:
N cq and N γq are bearing capacity factors for footings on or adjacent to a slope;
Notes:
(1) A φ triaxial should not be adjusted to φ ps , since the slope edge distorts the failure
pattern such that plane-strain conditions may not develop except for large b / B
ratios.
(2) For footings on or adjacent to a slope, the overall slope stability should be checked
for the footing load using a slope-stability program or other methods such as method
of slices by Bishop's.
102
(a)) on face off slope.
103
BEARING CAPACITY EXAMPLES (4)
Footings on slopes
Prepared by: Dr. Farouk Majeed Muhauwiss
Civil Engineering Department – College of Engineering
Tikrit University
Example (17): (footing on top of a slope)
A bearing wall for a building is to be located close to a slope as shown in figure. The ground
water table is located at a great depth. Determine the allowable bearing capacity by Meyerhof's
method using F.S. =3?.
Q
1.5m G.S.
D f = 1 .0 m
6.1m 1.0m
Cohesionless Soil
30° γ = 19.5 kN/m3, c =0, φ = 30°
Solution:
1
( qult . )continuous. footing .on.slope = cN cq + γ .B.N γq .………………………….…....…...(3.36)
2
b 1.5 D f 1.0
From figure (3.18-b): with φ = 30° , β = 30° , = = 1.5 , and = = 1.0 (use the
B 1.0 B 1.0
dashed line) N γq =40
1
( q ult . )continuous. footing .on.slope = ( 0 )N cq + (19.5)(1.0)(40) = 390 kN/m2
2
2
q all . = 390 / 3 = 130 kN/m .
D f = 1 .0 m
1.0mx1.0m
Cohesionless Soil
30° 3
γ = 19.5 kN/m , c =0, φ = 30°
104
Solution:
⎡ ( q ult . )c .or .s . footing .on.level .ground ⎤
( q ult . )c .or .s . footing .on.slope = ( q ult . )continuous . footing .on.slope ⎢ ⎥ …..(3.37)
⎣⎢ ( q ult . )continuous . footing .on.level .ground ⎥⎦
1
( q ult . )continuous. footing .on.slope = ( 0 )N cq + (19.5)(1.0)(25) = 243.75kN/m2
2
( q ult . ) of square or strip footing on level ground is calculated from Terzaghi's equation:
1
q ult . = cN c S c + qN q + .B.γ .Nγ .S γ
2
Bearing capacity factors from table (3.3): for φ = 30° ; N c = 37.2 ,..N q = 22.5 ,..N γ = 19.7
Shape factors table (3.2): for square footing S c = 1.3 , Sγ = 0.8 ; strip footing S c = S γ = 1.0
2
( q ult . )square . footing .on .level .ground = 0 + 1.0 (19.5)(22.5) + 0.5(1.0)(19.5)(19.7)(0.8) = 592.4 kN/m
2
( q ult . )continuous . footing .on .level .ground = 0 +1.0 (19.5)(22.5) + 0.5(1.0)(19.5)(19.7)(1.0)= 630.8 kN/m
592.4 2
∴ (qult. ) square.footing.on.slope = 243.75 = 228.912 kN/m
630.8
228.912 2
and ( q all . ) square. footing.on.slope = = 76 kN/m
3
0.8m G.S.
D f = 1 .2 m
6.2m 1.2m
Clay Soil
30° γ = 17.5 kN/m3, c =50 kN/m2, φ = 0°
105
Solution:
Since B<H assume the stability number N s = 0 and for purely cohesive soil, φ =0
( q ult . )continuous . footing .on .slope = cN cq
b 0.8
From figure (3.18-b) for cohesive soil: with φ = 30° , N s = 0 , = = 0.67 , and
B 1.2
Df 1.2
= = 1.0 (use the dashed line) N cq =6.3
B 1.2
2
( q ult . )continuous . footing .on .slope = ( 50 )( 6.3 ) = 315 kN/m
2
q all . = 315 / 4 = 78.8 kN/m .
conservative value.
Table (3.8): Allowable contact pressure q all . of jointed rock.
106
Notes:
(1) If q all . ( tabulated ) > q u ( unconfined ..compressive..strength ) of intact rock sample, then
take q all . = q u .
(2) The settlement of the foundation should not exceed (0.5 inch) or (12.7mm) even for
large loaded area.
(3) If the upper part of rock within a depth of about B/4 is of lower quality, then its
RQD value should be used or that part of rock should be removed.
Any of the bearing capacity equations from Table (3.2) with specified shape factors
can be used to obtain qult . of rocks, but with bearing capacity factors for sound rock
′ . = q ult . ( RQD ) 2
q ult
q ( RQD ) 2
and q all . = ult .
F .S .
where: F.S.=safety factor dependent on RQD. It is common to use F.S. from (6-10) with the
higher values for RQD less than about 0.75.
107
Example (20): (RQD)
A core advance of 1500mm produced a sample length of 1310mm consisting of dust, gravel and
intact pieces of rock. The sum of pieces 100mm or larger in length is 890mm.
Solution:
1310 890
The recovery ratio ( Lr ) = = 0.87 ; and ( RQD ) = = 0.59
1500 1500
Solution:
1
By Terzaghi's equation: q ult . = cN c .S c + qN q + .B .γ .Nγ .S γ
2
Shape factors: from table (3.2) for circular footing: S c = 1.3 ; S γ = 0 .6
q ult . = ( 3.5 x10 3 )( 170 )( 1.3 ) + ( 3 )( 25.14 )( 198 ) + 0.5( 25.14 )( 0.9 )( 199 )( 0.6 ) = 789.78 MPa
108