Chicago Style for Students and Researchers

2015-2016
This guide was written and prepared by the
Reference & Information Services librarians.
Latest revision by Sabrina Dyck
Tallahassee Community College
Tallahassee, Florida
The following examples and explanations follow the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. 2010, [1026 pages] the 8th
edition of Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations, Univ of Chicago Pr, 2013,
[448 pages],and Carol Saller, CMOS Online Q & A, 2013, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org
In instances where Turabian and CMOS conflict, TCC will default to the CMOS recommendations.
At TCC many course requirements include the writing of reports and term papers. As you advance in college,
you will be expected to write an increasing number of papers, some requiring extensive research. It is hard
to write successfully without knowledge of and practice in the use of library tools and materials. This handout
is to be used as a guide and does not preclude using the style manuals cited above.

PLAGIARISM

To submit a paper to an instructor that is not truly the product of your own mind and skill is to commit
plagiarism. Bluntly put, plagiarism is the act of stealing ideas and/or the words of another and
representing them as your own. It is a form of cheating and a kind of academic dishonesty which can
incur severe penalties. Accurate and honest quotation and footnoting is the mark of a good writer.
Professional writers always give credit where credit is due. Plagiarism. TCC English
Department.

CITING REFERENCES
A research paper which is based on facts and opinions derived from sources outside the writer's
experience--books, magazines, personal interviews, films, television, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.--must
identify those sources within the text and in a list, or bibliography, at the end of the paper. These citations
give authority to the writer of the paper and also indicate possible sources of any errors. Both courtesy
and honesty require them. Turabian, Chapter 15 Citation Practices.
15.1 REASONS FOR CITING YOUR SOURCES:
@ To give credit -recognition to the original author and guard against charges of plagiarism
@ To assure readers about the accuracy of your facts
@ To show readers how your research connects to other research conducted in the field
@ To help readers follow or extend your research -
15.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CITATION
@ When you quote exact words from a source
@ When you paraphrase ideas, even if you don’t quote exact words from it
@ When you use any idea, data, or method attributable to any source you consulted
15.3 TWO CITATION STYLES
@ Bibliography Style: uses notes [either footnotes or endnotes] and a bibliography
@ Reference List Style: use parenthetical citations and a bibliography
If you are not certain which style to follow, consult with your instructor prior to writing your paper.

HOW TO QUOTE PROSE

A direct quotation is an exact restatement of a writer's or a speaker's words. A direct quotation is always
documented to its source, usually by means of a footnote - unless it is a common proverb or a saying that is
considered public property. Short direct quotations are always enclosed in double quotation marks and are
in the text. Longer direct quotations, longer than four typed lines, are indented four spaces from the left
margin and typed single-space (no quotation marks unless they were in the original). The Arabic numeral
used as the note number follows the punctuation of the last sentence in the quote.
Paraphrased material is run into the text and is never enclosed in quotation marks. Paraphrasing means
completely rephrasing a quotation so that only the core, the central idea, of the original is retained. It is not
enough to just change a word here or there. Note that even when paraphrasing, a footnote is required.

Term papers, essays and themes should reflect your ideas based on your research and reading. When you
have thought through these ideas in terms of your own experience, you can develop on paper a product of
your own mind.

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 Quote, Paraphrase, Summarize

Examples are from Chapters 7 and 25 of Turabian 8th edition

Summarize: when details are irrelevant or a source isn’t important enough to warrant more space
Paraphrase: when you can state what a source says more clearly or concisely then the source
Quote: when the words constitute evidence that backs up your reasons
a passage states a view you disagree with, and to be fair you want to state it exactly
the quoted words are from an authority who backs up your view
the words or phrases are strikingly original
they express key concepts so compellingly that the quotation can frame the rest of your paper

Avoid “Inadvertent Plagiarism”

Intentional or Deliberate Plagiarism: Putting your name on a paper you didn’t write !
Accidental or Inadvertent Plagiarism: failure to cite sources properly
You used exact words without quotation marks
You cited a paraphrase that reads almost identical to the original
You used ideas or methods from a source but failed to cite it

Run-in Quotations: two examples of incorporating same quote in text

“Scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as vital expression of their emancipation,”
according to Litwack.4
Or
Litwack argues that “scores of newly freed slaves viewed movement as a vital expression of the
emancipation,”4 and he proceeds to prove this assertion.

Block Quotations: five or more lines of text [single space, indented, with blank line before and after]
Vandiver examines the changing attitude towards lynching in Florida during the 1920s :

Editors of major papers began to criticize lynching, not only because it brought bad publicity but also
because, in the words of the Tampa Daily Times, “the mob is wrong, shocking to the sense of justice
which men and women should maintain.” The old values of white supremacy and communal
punishment had not been abandoned, but newer values were beginning to compete with them.
Lynching had become an embarrassment and an obstacle to progress; for some whites, it also raised
disturbing issues of justice and fairness.5

Omissions in Quotations: use ellipsis - three periods with spaces between them (four when complete sentences
used)
Original: When a nation is wrong, it should say so and apologize to the wronged party. It should conduct itself
according to the standards of international diplomacy. It should also take steps to change the situation.

“When a nation is wrong, it should say so. . . . It should also take steps to change the situation.”6

Quotation within a Quotation: use single quotation marks for the inner set of quoted words.
Harding avoided public disgrace over Teapot Dome, writes Tindall, “but he knew enough to give the

appearance of being troubled. ‘My God, this is a hell of a job!’ he confided to a journalist.”7

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 Footnotes vs Endnotes Fulbright’s investigation in 1969 revealed the

Check with your instructor to determine their extensive public relations campaign conducted by the
citation preference for either Footnotes or
Endnotes. Examples of both styles are covered Pentagon to ‘sell’ the Vietnam war to the public. In a counter-
1

in this guide. You will type TWO lists, a numerical move, students, Madison Avenue professionals, and political
list of either Footnotes or Endnotes, AND
an alphabetical list called a Bibliography. activists joined forces to create the Unsell project.2 CBS
Unlike APA or MLA, footnotes and endnotes TEXT
can be used by the author / writer to insert questioned the impact on a democratic society and free press
commentary or explanatory notes. See examples.
of a vast military information system that portrayed violence as
Footnotes are found at the bottom, or “foot” of
the page. Several citations can be combined glamorous, advertised expensive weapons like cars, and
into one note. “Readers of scholarly works prefer presented biased opinion as fact.3 Daily briefings to the
footnotes for ease of reference.”
national press yielded only carefully selected information
Double-space the text and allow a double-
space after the last line of text before beginning
footnotes. Beginning at the left margin, type a 1. Congress, Senate. Senator J. William Fulbright of
twenty-space line which separates the text from Arkansas, 91st Cong., 1st sess, Congressional Record
the footnotes. Double-space between the (December 1-5, 1969), 115, pt. 28.
FOOT-
line and first footnote. NOTES
2. Adam Yarmolinsky, The Military Establishment: Its
Indent the first line of each footnote the same Impacts on American Society (New York: Harper & Row,
as a paragraph indention in the text (the 1991), 194-210.
indentions can be any number of spaces as
3. CBS News CBS Reports “The Selling of the
long as the number is consistent). Any Pentagon,” with correspondent Roger Mudd, (first broadcast
additional lines in the footnote are begun at the February 23, 1971). Carousel Films, Videocassette, 51 min.
margin. Single-space lines within the footnote
but double-space between footnotes.
Note numbers, inserted in your text, follow the passages to which they refer and are typed just above the line
(word processing font “SUPERSCRIPT”) and no punctuation is used. The in-text numerals must be in numerical
order and a footnote must appear at the bottom of the page on which it refers to material in the text, unless an
endnotes page is used. Note numbers precede the footnotes or endnotes using regular text (1. not superscript 1).
Put a period and a space between the number and the text of the note.
Citing same source more then once: A standard-form reference is cited completely only once (the first
time) in a footnote and then two other forms are used. In short-form, the content remains the same for each
same-source note. When references
to the same work follow each other without Page 1
1. James Stone, The Stone Age (New York: Keaton,
any other references in between, use the 1998), 27.
abbreviation "Ibid." 2 from the Latin word
"Ibidem," meaning “In the same place.” 2. Ibid.
It is not underlined. If the page number is
different but the source is still the same 3, Page 2
type the page number. If not consecutive 3. Ibid., 64.
sources, use a short form as shown in note 5,
author, short title, page. 4. Joan Green, "History of England," Antiquity 9 (May
Footnotes are numbered continuously 1995): 87.
throughout your essay pages. “Ibid” foot/end
notes are given subsequent or consecutive IF A WORK HAS BEEN CITED IN FULL FORM BUT DIFFERENT REFERENCES
FOLLOW IT, THEN A SHORTENED VERSION, NOT IBID, IS USED.
numbers - see the example at right. AN EXAMPLE IS THE FOLLOWING:

Do not re-use note numbers ! ! 5. Stone, The Stone Age, 124.

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Underline & Italics. For titles of whole published works, italicize titles with adjacent punctuation & put
titles of parts of works (i.e.: articles) in quotation marks. Underlining can represent URLs and hypertext links.
COMPLEX NOTES
Commentary Footnotes. Unlike APA or MLA, footnotes (and endnotes) allow the author to include
commentary on the topic. First example is from the first paragraph of the A. D. Harvey article:
EX: “And ever since it has been become something of a cliché that the American Civil War was essentially
unlike any earlier wars . . . to all intents and purposes [it] was a forerunner of the First World War.”2

Harvey, A. D. "Was the American Civil War the First Modern War?." History 97, no. 326 (April 2012): 272-280.
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-229X.2012.00552.x
EX: “As a woman alone in the rural South during the Great Depression, Rawlings overcame great
economic and social obstacles to run her own business and thrive as a writer”.1

from:
Turcotte, Florence M. “For This Is An Enchanted Land: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and the Florida
Environment.” Florida Historical Quarterly 90 (Spring 2012): 488 - 504.
Multiple Sources Within a Single Footnote. If you cite several sources to make a single point, you may
avoid cluttering your text with note numbers by grouping them together in a single note. Or, when two or more
of your sources contain the same information, and you actually read all the sources, you may cite multiple
sources in one note. List the citations in the same order that the references appear in your text, separated by
semicolons. There is no limit to how many sources may be referenced in a single footnote, but avoid
“padding”. In this example, a book and a chapter within another book are cited.
EX: “The avoidance of sexual relationships between full siblings is generally held as a universal social
custom, and numerous theories like the so-called ‘indifference theory’ have been proposed to explain
this phenomenon.1

from:
Huebner, Sabine R. “‘Brother-Sister’ Marriage in Roman Egypt: a Curiosity of Humankind or a Widespead
Family Strategy?” Journal of Roman Studies 97 (2007): 21 - 49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3815/000000007784016070

All note examples on this page are copied directly from the journals indicated, using long-form citation format.
Note: It is not unusual to find footnote sections of equal or greater length than the actual text it references.
See CMOS 14.32-14.34 Commentary & Quotations in Notes.

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 Short or Long Form Footnotes & Endnotes
Turabian / CMOS [Chicago Manual of Style] allows for several options in formatting citations. “Conventions for
documentation vary according to scholarly discipline, the preferences of publishers and authors, and the needs
of a particular work.” CMOS 14, p. 655. In 2009, TCC History faculty have chosen to accept
Short Form notes for student research projects. At university, you will use the Full Note form.
Databases: Turabian (7th) requires inclusion of a URL as well as an accessed date. CMOS: an access date is
unnecessary in database citations. CMOS: include DOI: if a DOI is not evident, then use a stable/persistent URL.
Include the name of the database and in ( ) parens any identification number provided with the source 14.271. Web
citations will include URLs and dates. A persistent link is not in the browser address bar.

FULL FOOTNOTES + FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY

The option most frequently seen in Historical writing is to compose full footnotes (complete description of source) along with
including a comprehensive bibliography, which can include sources consulted but not quoted from. This does result in
duplication of information, but is helpful to the reader by providing immediate reference to the source in context. A number of
resources may be cited only in notes: i.e., classical, medieval, and early English literary works, reference works, newspapers,
works of art, journal abstracts, statutes, radio & tv programs, personal interviews, blog entries, online video clips, e-mails . .
. for these items inclusion in a bibliography is not necessary unless the item is frequently cited or considered critical to your
argument or presentation

FULL FOOTNOTES - NO BIBLIOGRAPHY

Another option, sometimes seen in historical writing for journals, is composing full footnotes and omitting the bibliography. All
publication and relevant information of each source is included in the footnote. This is primarily a space issue, as an exhaustive
bibliography may require several pages.

SHORT FORMS FOR FOOT OR END NOTES + FULL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Shortened notes include just enough information for the reader to locate the complete entry in the bibliography. In most cases
this will include last name of author/s, part of the title, and a page number. When using short forms, all items must be included
in the bibliography, as the short form note will not include enough information to locate the item. Every source must have a
bibliographic entry. This is the style used at TCC.

Examples of the various citation formats using database stable URLs or database identification numbers:

TURABIAN 8TH NOTE FORMAT examples display the persistent link shown in citation, not URL in browser

note 5. Larry E. Rivers, "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860," Journal of
Negro History 66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 240, accessed July 30, 2010, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716918.
bib Rivers, Larry E. "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860." Journal of Negro History
66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 235-245. Accessed July 30, 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716918.

CMOS 16TH NOTE FORMAT access date not required for previously published article

note 5. Larry E. Rivers, "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860," Journal of
Negro History 66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 240, JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716918.
Or
note 5. Larry E. Rivers, "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860," Journal of
Negro History 66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 240, Academic OneFile (A17002110).
note 5. Rivers, "Slavery in Microcosm." 340. 'ID(THIS THE SHORT FORM - ACCEPTED AT TCC)
CMOS 16TH BIB FORMAT (using stable URL or database ID)

bib Rivers, Larry E. "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860." Journal of Negro History
66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 235-245. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2716918.
Or
bib Rivers, Larry E. "Slavery in Microcosm: Leon County, Florida, 1824 to 1860." Journal of Negro History
66, no. 3 (Autumn, 1981): 235-245. Academic OneFile (A17002110).

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 ENDNOTES
Most word processing programs have “footnote” features which automatically insert the footnote on the correct
page and spaces the text. Your instructor may allow the option to use an endnotes page. Type the text of
the paper, including footnote numerals inserted where appropriate. Following the last page of the text, on a
page headed ENDNOTES, list in numerical order the footnote entries for citations from your text. A
BIBLIOGRAPHY page is the last section attached to the paper, following the ENDNOTES page if endnotes are
used.
THE FOLLOWING ARE SAMPLE ENDNOTES PAGES - NOTICE - THEY ARE ALWAYS IN NUMERICAL ORDER
SHORT FORM EXAMPLE STANDARD / LONG FORM EXAMPLE

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography is an alphabetical listing of the sources used in writing the paper. In addition to the generic
heading of BIBLIOGRAPHY, either WORKS CITED or SOURCES CONSULTED may be used. See examples given for
bibliographic citations and the sample bibliography to determine spacing, indention of lines, and punctuation.
You will notice the differences between the footnotes and citations for the bibliography also include a different
arrangement of the information when using long-form notes.
If two or more items are written by the same
author(s) or institution, the name(s) is
written for the first entry and an eight space
dash with a period at the end replaces the
author's name. Entries are arranged alphabetically by title.

The example Bibliography list is found on page 18.

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 ARTICLES
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS & ENCYCLOPEDIAS
PRINT, ONLINE, & SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE EXAMPLES

PRINT - i.e., you had a paper copy in your hands

note 1. Kennedy, “Woodrow Wilson,” 17.
bib Kennedy, Ross A. “Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and an American Conception of National Security.”
Diplomatic History 25 (Winter 2001): 1-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0145-2096.00247.

note 2. Fritz, “The Undertaking Trade in England,” 242.

bib Fritz, Paul S. “The Undertaking Trade in England: Its Origins and Early Development, 1660-1830.”
Eighteenth-Century Studies 28, no. 2 (Winter 1994-95): 241-253.
ONLINE - i.e., you used a WWWebsite

Florida Historical Quarterly website

note 3. Murphree. “Constructing Indians in the Colonial Floridas,” 145.
bib Murphree, Daniel S. “Constructing Indians in the Colonial Floridas: Origins of European-Floridian
Identity, 1513- 1573.” Florida Historical Quarterly 81, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 133-154. Under
Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials, State University System of Florida.
http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/DLData/ SN/SN00154113/0081_002//file5.pdf.
DATABASE - i.e., you use a subscription program

Gale PowerSearch Database

note 4. Gushee, “The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Jazz,” 152.
bib Gushee, Lawrence. "The Nineteenth-Century Origins of Jazz." Black Music Research Journal 22, no. 1
(Spring 2002): 151 - 174. Gale PowerSearch database (A141093671).
Humanities Full Text
note 5. Smith, "The Crisis in the Great War," 242. DOI example

bib Smith, Shane A. "The Crisis in the Great War: W. E. B. Du Bois and His Perception of
African-American Participation in World War I." Historian 70, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 239-262.
Humanities Full Text database. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00210.x.
JSTOR
note 6. Pavone, “Italy: Trends and Problems,” 51.
bib Pavone, Claudio. “Italy: Trends and Problems.” Journal of Contemporary History 2, no. 2 (January
1967): 49-72. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/259717.

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Ancient & Medieval Eras database Access date needed as content could change, not previously published in journal

note 7. “Mycenaean Culture.”

bib "Mycenaean Culture: Warriors, Heroes, and Glory (Overview).” World History: Ancient and Medieval
Eras database. Accessed July 18, 2013. (1185144).
Or Ancient and Medieval Eras. s.v. "Mycenaean Culture: Warriors, Heroes, and Glory (Overview).” World
History: Ancient and Medieval Eras database. Accessed July 18, 2013. (1185144).

JOURNAL ABSTRACT - DATABASE

Business Source Complete database
note 8. Libecap, “The Political Allocation of Mineral Rights,” 381.

bib Libecap, Gary D. “The Political Allocation of Mineral Rights: A Re-Evaluation of Teapot Dome.” Abstract.
Journal of Economic History 44, no. 2 (June 1984): 381. Business Source Complete (5431778).

MAGAZINES

PRINT - i.e., you had a printed copy in hand

note 9. International Trade Commission, “Official: Protection Hurts the Economy,” 37.
bib International Trade Commission. Report. “Official: Protection Hurts the Economy.” Forbes, September
25, 1995.
ONLINE - i.e., you used a WWWebsite
note 10. Schama, “Founding Fathers, Unzipped,” 1.
bib Schama, Simon. “The Founding Fathers, Unzipped: The Constitution’s Framers Were Flawed Like
Today’s Politicians, So It’s High Time We Stop Embalming Them in Infallibility.” Newsweek.
June 26, 2011. http://www.newsweek.com/2011/06/26/the-founding-fathers-were-flawed.html.

DATABASE - i.e., you use a subscription program

Sources in U.S. History Onine database
note 11. Morse, “Present Attempt,” 15.
bib Morse, Samuel. “The Present Attempt to Dissolve the American Union, A British Aristocratic Plot.”
Harpers Weekly. December 1860. Sources in U.S. History Online (0103584951).
CQ Researcher database
note 12. Billitteri, “Census Controversy,” 979.
bib Giroux, Gregory L. “Census Controversy: Should Undocumented Immigrants Be Counted?” CQ
Researcher. May 14, 2010. 433-456. CQ Researcher Online (cqresrre2010051400).

NEWSPAPERS - PRINT - ONLINE - SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE

note 13. "Afghanistan War Deaths,” Washington Post, November 19, 2008, national edition.
bib "Afghanistan War Deaths.” Washington Post. November 19, 2008.

note 14. Morgan, “Contaminated Fields.”

bib Morgan, Curtis. “Contaminated Fields Could Add Millions to Everglades Cleanup Cost.” Miami Herald.
November 14, 2008. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/southflorida/story/770451.html.

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New York Times Historical database
note 15. Jack Gould, “TV: N.B.C. and Berlin Wall Tunnel.”
bib Gould, Jack. "TV: N.B.C. and Berlin Wall Tunnel: Payment for Films of Digging Is Analyzed:
Commercialism Cited in a Delicate Area." New York Times, October 22, 1962. ProQuest
Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 - 2006). (90538577).
America’s Historical Newspapers - 1690 - 2000
note 16. Gage, ”A Proclamation.”
include subheadings when appropriate to aid in location
bib Gage, Thomas. “A Proclamation.” June 12, 1775. Offering Pardon to All Except Samuel Adams and
John Hancock. Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 24, 1775, under “Battle of Bunker Hill/Siege of
Boston.” America’s Historical Newspapers. http://iw.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive/.
Access World News database
note 17. “In Mexico, Gulf Oil Spill.”
bib “In Mexico, Gulf Oil Spill Draws Parallels to Worst Case Ever.” Tehran Times (Iran), May 27, 2010.
Access World News (fa14515dc9f2c8e3ad92abeb961cad7fe271dc3).
ENCYCLOPEDIA--SIGNED

note 18. Milner, "Knights of St. John (Hospitallers)."

bib Milner, Andrew. S.v. “Knights of St. John (Hospitallers).” In Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, edited by
Norman F. Cantor, New York: Viking Penguin, 1999.
OR
bib Cantor, Norman F. ed. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. New York: Viking Penguin, 1999. s.v.
"Knights of St. John (Hospitallers)," by Andrew Milner.
note 19. Dallas, “Scans of Egyptian Mummies Show Heart Disease.”
bib Dallas, Mary. s.v. “Scans of Egyptian Mummies Show Heart Disease was Ancient Malady.”
MEDLINEplus, May 17, 2011. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_112155.html.

ENCYCLOPEDIA--UNSIGNED
note 20. Encyclopedia Britannica Online,s.v. “Teapot Dome Scandal.”
bib Britannica Online. s.v. “Teapot Dome Scandal.” Accessed August 4, 2010.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/ article?eu=73371&tocid=0.
American History ABC CLIO Database
note 21. American History, s.v. “Prohibition.”

bib American History. s.v. “Prohibition.” Accessed May 5, 2010. American History ABC-CLIO. (275752).
or "Prohibition." American History. ABC-CLIO. Accessed May 5, 2010 http://www.americanhistory.abc-clio.com.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION
PRINT - ONLINE - SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE

note 22. Senate Committee, Joint Resolution on Nuclear Weapons Freeze and Reductions, 3832-34.

bib U. S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Senator Edward Kennedy of

Massachusetts, Speaking for the Joint Resolution on Nuclear Weapons Freeze and Reductions.
March 10, 1982. S.J. Res. 163, 97th Cong., 1st sess., Cong. Rec. 128, pt. 3: 3832-34.

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note 23. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Espionage in the Defense Industry.”
bib U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Espionage in the Defense Industry.” n.d.
Accessed May 3, 2008. http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/petrov/petrov.htm.
note 24. Clem Murray, a slave, v. State, 9 Fla. 246 (1860).
bib Clem Murray, a slave, v. State, 9 Fla. 246 (1860). Florida. Supreme Court. Opinion of the Court,
Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida, Tallahassee: Office of
the Floridian, (1861). http://books.google.com/books?id=DXYDAAAAQAAJ&pg.
note 25. National Environmental Policy Act, §103.
bib National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Public Law 91-190, § 103, U.S. Statutes at Large 83
(1970): 853, codified at U.S. Code 42 (2000), § 4332.

SIRS Government Reporter Database - primary source

note 26. House Committee, Articles of Impeachment Against Nixon.
bib U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Articles of Impeachment Against Nixon. 1974.
SIRS Government Reporter.
http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst-article-display?id=SFL2485-0-7895&artno=0000092783&type=AR
T&shfilter=U&key=Nixon%2C%20Richard%20M%2E%20%281913%2D1994%29%2C%20Impe
achment%20question&title=Articles%20of%20Impeachment%20Against%20Nixon%20%28197
4%29&res=Y&ren=Y&gov=Y&lnk=Y&ic=N. recommend use short form URL, no identification number !

African American Experience Database - primary source

note 27. Anderson, interview.
bib Anderson, Josephine. Interview by Jules Front, October 20, 1938. The American Slave: a Composite
Autobiography, v 17 Florida Narratives. Federal Writers Project. African American Experience
http://aae.greenwood.com/doc.aspx?fileID=RSC&chapterID=RSC-004&path=/primarydocenc/
greenwood/.
DOCUMENTS IN ARCHIVE COLLECTIONS
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
note 28. Gorham, Papers, 1950-1960, boxes 45.
bib Gorham, Thelma. Papers. 1950-1960. Boxes 45, 46. Riley House Archives. Tallahassee Community
College, Florida.

Following citations are copied from Florida Historical Quarterly articles

note 29. Pasco, “Untitled Handwritten Manuscript, 1909.”
bib Pasco, Samuel. “Untitled Handwritten Manuscript, 1909.” United Daughters of the Confederacy
Scrapbooks, 1900 - 1935, Vol. 1, M96-18. Florida State Archives, Tallahassee, Fl.
note 30. Hamilton to McHenry, letter, 1866.
bib Hamilton, C. M., to S.L. McHenry, 31 March 1866. In Records of the Education Division of the Bureau
of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Florida, 1865-1871. National Archives Record
Group 105, microform in State Archives, State Library, Tallahassee, Fl.
note 31. Rayson, letter “to my dear wife.”

bib Raysor, Michael O. “To My Dear Wife.” May 31, 1863. Michael O. Raysor Papers, 1861-1864, P. K.
Yonge Library of Florida History, Gainesville, Fl.
note 32. Dupont v. Hemming, 1860.
bib Dupont v. Hemming, 1860, St. Johns County Court Records, box 127, folder 13, St. Augustine
Historical Society.

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 BOOKS
ONE AUTHOR / EDITOR - PRINT BOOK
note 33. Dupris, Barack Obama, 75-76.
bib Dupris, Martin. Barack Obama, the New Face of American Politics. Westport: Praeger, 2008.

ONE AUTHOR / EDITOR - ONLINE BOOK

note 34. Lincoln, Political Debates, under “Mr. Lincoln’s rejoinder”, sixth joint debate at Quincy.
bib Lincoln, Abraham. Political Debates Between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. Cleveland:
Burrows Bros., 1897. http://www.bartleby.com/251/.
note 35. Sharpless, Cooking in Other Women’s Kitchens.

bib Sharpless, Rebecca. Cooking in Other Women’s Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865-1960.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. Kindle edition.

ONLINE BOOK IN SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE

ABC-CLIO eBook Collection
note 36. Bartley, Keeping the Faith, 187-88.

bib Bartley, Abel. Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida,
1940-1970. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2000. ABC-CLIO eBooks http://ebooks.abc-clio.com.

TWO or THREE AUTHORS / EDITORS

note 37. Noll and Tegeder, Ditch of Dreams, 65-67.

bib Noll, Steven, and David Tegeder. Ditch of Dreams: the Cross Florida Barge Canal and the Struggle for
Florida’s Future. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009.
FOUR or MORE AUTHORS / EDITORS
note 38. Chickering, War in an Age of Revolution, 391.
bib Chickering, Roger, Stig Förster, Donatus Düsterhaus, and Michael Broers, eds. War in an Age of
Revolution, 1775-1815. Washington DC: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

NO AUTHOR SPECIFIED

note 39. Florida Native American Heritage Trail, 29.

bib Florida Native American Heritage Trail. Tallahassee: Florida Department of State. 2007.

ORGANIZATION OR INSTITUTION AS AUTHOR

note 40. National Commission, The 9/11 Commission Report, 508.

bib National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final
Report of the National Commission. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 2004.

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 EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST

note 41. Spielvogel, Western Civilization, 234-36.

bib Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2003.

EDITED or TRANSLATED WORK

note 42. Stuart, The New Deal in South Florida, 175.

bib Stuart, John, ed. The New Deal in South Florida; Design, Policy and Community Building, 1933-1940.
Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008.
note 43. Virgil, The Aeneid, 409.
bib Virgil. The Aeneid. Translated by Robert Fagles. New York: Viking, 2006.
note 44. Frugoni, A Day in a Medieval City, 190-192.
bib Frugoni, Chiara. A Day in a Medieval City. Edited by Arsenio Frugoni. Translated by William McCuaig.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

CHAPTER IN A BOOK

note 45. Kennedy, “The Great Depression,” 67-68.

bib Kennedy, David. “The Great Depression." In Readings for American History, edited by William
Benedicks, Mark Goldman, Mary Louise Ellis, David Proctor and Melissa Soldani, 65-79.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2008.
note 46. Mittelman, “Beer Flows,” 100.

bib Mittelman, Amy. “Beer Flows: Repeal of Prohibition, 1933-1941." In Brewing Battles: a History of
American Beer, 97-103. New York: Algora, 2001.

note 47. Witkoski, "Vespasian," 2237.

bib Witkoski, Michael. "Vespasian." In Great Lives From History: Ancient and Medieval Series, edited by
Frank McGill, 2233-2239. Pasadena, California: Salem Press, 1988.

ESSAY IN A MULTI-VOLUME SET – VOLUMES TITLED SEPARATELY

note 48. Champion, “Julius Caesar,” 9-10.

bib Champion, Craige. “Julius Caesar.” In Ancient Roman Writers. Edited by Ward T. Briggs. Vol. 211,
Dictionary of Literary Biography. 5-17. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1999.

SECONDARY SOURCE - ONE SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER

note 49. Fugitive Slave Act, U.S. Statutes at Large 9 (1850): 462.
bib Fugitive Slave Act. U.S. Statutes at Large 9 (1850). Quoted in Documents of American History. 9th
ed., edited by Henry Steele Commager. Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973.

note 50. Truman, “The U.S. Campaign in Korea Is Justified,” 105.

bib Truman, Harry S. “The U.S. Campaign in Korea Is Justified.” Department of State Bulletin April 16,
1951. Quoted in The Cold War: Opposing Viewpoints. Edited by William Dudley. San Diego:
Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1992.

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 MEDIA / AUDIO VISUAL MATERIALS
BLACKBOARD
note 51. Goldman, “Unit 1 Overview.”
bib Goldman, Mark. “Unit 1 Overview.” Florida: History, People and Politics. IDS 2194 Blackboard.
Tallahassee Community College, 2008. Accessed November 12, 2008.
http://blackboard.tcc.fl.edu/.

DVD, VIDEO or FILM - SUBSCRIPTION DATABASE

FMG Films on Demand database
note 52. Anthony Thomas, The Tank Man: Tiananmen Square.

bib Thomas, Anthony. The Tank Man: Tiananmen Square. Frontline: PBS, 2006. Flash. 86:00. Films on
Demand database http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=11016&xtid=40947.
World History: The Modern Era database
note 53. “People’s Republic of China joins the Korean conflict.”

bib “People’s Republic of China joins the Korean conflict.” Newsreel, 1951. Video. National Archives.
World History: The Modern Era database (340550).

RADIO or TELEVISION SHOW

note 54. Countdown with Keith Olbermann, “Worst Persons, Independence Day Edition.”

bib Countdown with Keith Olbermann, “Worst Persons, Independence Day Edition.” Current. July 4, 2011.
http://current.com/shows/countdown/videos/worst-persons-independence-day-edition.

CARTOONS, MAPS, PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND OTHER ART WORKS

note 55. Rosenquist, Images of the Sunshine State.

bib Rosenquist, James. Images of the Sunshine State. 1977. Florida Artists Hall of Fame. Exhibit. State
Capitol. Tallahassee, FL.
note 56. “Plan of Roman London AD 190.” Map.
bib “Plan of Roman London. AD 190.” Map. In Old and New London. A Narrative of Its People, And Its
Places. Illustrated with Numerous Engravings from the Most Authentic Sources. The City,
Ancient and Modern. By Walter Thornbury, Vol. 1. London: Cassell and Company, 1897.
Accessed 5, 2011. http://mapco.net/london/0190romanlondon.htm.
note 57. Young Heroes Foundation, “Keep Families Growing Together,” 85.
bib Young Heroes Foundation. “Keep Families Growing Together.” Advertisement. Atlantic Monthly.
October 2008, 85.

SOUND RECORDING
note 58. Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov.
bib Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov. CD. Read by Frederick Davidson. Ashland, OR:
Blackstone Audio, 2008.

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 NONBOOK SOURCES
Course Handout
note 59. Oliver, Techniques of Research, 2
bib Oliver, Andrea. Techniques of Research: a Guide for Undergraduates. AMH 1041 American
Experience I, History course handout. Tallahassee: Division of History and Social Sciences,
Tallahassee Community College, 2011.
PAMPHLET
note 60. Sutton, The Supreme Court. NOTE: in example , ‘n.p.’ and
‘n.d.’ signifies neither page
bib Sutton, Kenneth. The Supreme Court. Chicago: n.p., n.d. numbering nor copyright date
were indicated on item
PERSONAL INTERVIEW
note 61. Perkins, interview by author
bib Perkins, John, Mayor of Medart. Interview by author, September 19, 1996, Medart. Tape
recording. Wakulla Historical Society, Wakulla, Florida.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
World Wide Web Sites

note 62. Cody and Landow, “Puritanism in England.”

bib Cody, David, and George P. Landow. “Puritanism in England.” The Victorian Web: Literature, History,
& Culture in the Age of Victoria. Brown University. September 23, 2000. Accessed June 18,
2009. http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/religion/puritan.html.

note 63. Bittermann, “Where War Reached Its Crossroads.”

bib Bittermann, Jim. “Where War Reached Its Crossroads: French Villagers Remember Human Cost of
Liberation.” CNN.com Special Reports. D-Day: Return to Normandy: 60 years on: 1944-2004.
Accessed July 13, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/dday/.

note 64. Gavin, “Child Labor in America, 1908-1912.”

bib Gavin, Philip. “Child Labor in America, 1908-1912: The Photographs of Lewis W. Hine.” Photographs.
The History Place. Accessed December 5, 2011. http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/
childlabor/index.html.

note 65. Seminole Tribe of Florida. “History.”

bib Seminole Tribe of Florida. “History.” Accessed May 1, 2012. http://www.seminoletribe.com/history/.

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 BLOG / WEBLOG ENTRY & COMMENT

note 66. Nicole Lapin, “Noah Gray: Virgin Voting.”

bib Lapin, Nicole. “Noah Gray: Virgin Voting.” The Young People Who Rock Blog. October 26, 2008.
Accessed November 18, 2008. http://ypwr.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/26/noah-grey/.
comment
bib Petrova, Boryana. Comment on “Noah Gray: Virgin Voting,” The Young People Who Rock Blog.
Comment posted October 30, 2008. Accessed November 18, 2008.
http://ypwr.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/26/noah-grey/.

MEDIA / VIDEO CLIP / YOU-TUBE

include publication date or posting date: if no such date can be determined, inlcude an access date
note 67. History Channel, “Japanese Internment.”

bib History Channel. “Japanese Internment in America.” The History Channel. World War II, Videos.
Online Video Clip. 2:47. Accessed August 5, 2010.
http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/videos#japanese-internment-in-america.

note 68. Saturday Night Live, “Governor Palin and Senator Clinton.“

bib Saturday Night Live, “Governor Palin and Senator Clinton Address the Nation,“ NBC. Online Video
Clip. 5:33. September 13, 2008.
http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/palin-hillary-open/656281.

note 69. Gainesville Sun. “UF Student Tasered at Kerry Forum.”

bib Gainesville Sun. “UF Student Tasered at Kerry Forum.” YouTube. Online Video Clip, 6:47. September
17, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qef8oPmag&feature=channel.

INTERNATIONAL BODIES

note 70. UN General Assembly, “Human Rights and Terrorism.”

bib UN Actions Against Terrorism. General Assembly. Fifty-eighth session. Reports of the Secretary
General. “Human Rights and Terrorism.” A/58/553, October 24, 2003.
http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/58/533&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC.
note 71. Doctors Without Borders, “Starved for Attention.”

bib Doctors Without Borders. “Starved for Attention: The Neglected Crisis of Childhood Malnutrition.”
September 11, 2008. Accessed December 8, 2008.
http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/events/symposiums/2008-nutrition-starvedforattention/.

E-MAIL / BULLETIN BOARDS

note 72. Chornik, e-mail, “News from Seattle.”

Individual e-mail addresses not included
bib Chornik, Brent. E-mail. “News from Seattle.” June 3, 2001. (accessed June 5, 2001).

note 73. Ponomarenko, “Presidential Power of Pardon.”

bib Ponomarenko, Michael. “Presidential Power of Pardon.” Electronic bulletin board. January 15, 1997.
Accessed June 7, 2001. http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/k12/bbs/history/messages/30.html.

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 Formatting a class paper for Turabian / Chicago Style
Title page - centered a down the page (3 ½ “ from top)
main title:
subtitle
bottom a, 7" from top Your name
any information requested
date
Crop Circles in Leon County:
Margins: 1 inch on all four edges A History of
Extra-Terrestrial
Typeface: use at least 10 point, preferable 12 point type. Visitation

Spacing: Double space all text in papers except for

the following items which should be single spaced: Fox Mulder
Florida History, People, Politics
table of contents footnotes or endnotes IDS 2194
block quotations bibliographies or reference lists June 3, 2012

Pagination: Front matter, i.e. title page, table of contents, are

numbered with lowercase roman numbers (i, ii, iii, etc). Number
pages in the body of the paper and back matter (endnotes,
bibliography) with arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3. . . Three options for
Placement of page numbers: centered in footer or centered in header or flush right in header

Running titles: [running heads] are not required by Turabian / CMOS. Both texts suggest the writer “consult
your local guidelines.” Check with your instructor as to their preferences. As a running title must fit into the
header shorten the title as needed, but you must include key terms in the title: ex. ‘Crop Circles’.

Footnotes See example on page 5. Allow a double-space after the last line of text before beginning
footnotes. Beginning at the left margin, type a twenty-space line which separates the text from the footnotes.
Double-space between the line and first footnote. Indent the first line of each footnote the same as a
paragraph indent. Single space footnotes, double space between footnotes.
Word processing programs have insert features

for
headers footnotes,
& footers even
endnotes
page
numbers

Locating DOI numbers: DOI numbers may be in the citation,

or at the top or bottom of a journal page -
note: the citation also includes the persistent link

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 THE FOLLOWING IS A SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY -N O TIC E - IT IS ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Afghanistan War Deaths.” Washington Post. November 19, 2008.

Bartley, Abel. Keeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940-1970. Santa
Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2000. ABC CLIO eBooks database. http://ebooks.abc-clio.com.db28.linccweb.org/
reader.aspx?isbn=9780313030475&id=0313310351-1.

Clem Murray, a slave, v. State, 9 Fla. 246 (1860). Florida. Supreme Court. Opinion of the Court, Reports of Cases
Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Florida, Tallahassee: Office of the Floridian, (1861).

Dockerty, Neil, and Lowell Bergman. Al Qaeda’s New Front. Frontline. DVD. Directed by Neil Docherty. Alexandria, VA:
PBS Video, 2005.

Dupris, Martin. Barack Obama, the New Face of American Politics. Westport: Praeger, 2008.

Gainesville Sun. “UF Student Tasered at Kerry Forum.” YouTube. Online Video Clip, 6:47. September 17, 2007.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qef8oPmag&feature=channel.

Gorham, Thelma. Papers. 1950-1960. Boxes 45, 46. Riley House Archives. Tallahassee Community College, Florida.

Gould, Jack. "TV: N.B.C. and Berlin Wall Tunnel: Payment for Films of Digging Is Analyzed: Commercialism Cited in a
Delicate Area." New York Times, October 22, 1962. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times
(1851 - 2006) (90538577).

History Channel. “Japanese Internment in America.” The History Channel. World War II, Videos. Online video clip. 2:47.
Accessed August 5, 2010. http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/videos#japanese-internment-in-america.

Jacobson, Gary. C. “The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 33 (December
2003): 701-729. Social Sciences Full Text database. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0360-4918.2003.00081.x.

Kennedy, Ross A. “Woodrow Wilson, World War I, and an American Conception of National Security.” Diplomatic History
25 (Winter 2001): 1-31.

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Public Law 91-190, § 103, U.S. Statutes at Large 83 (1970): 853. Codified at
U.S. Code 42 (2000), § 4332.

Morgan, Curtis. “Contaminated Fields Could Add Millions to Everglades Cleanup Cost.” Miami Herald, November 14,
2008. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/southflorida/story/770451.html.

Pasco, Samuel. “Untitled Handwritten Manuscript, 1909.” United Daughters of the Confederacy Scrapbooks, 1900 -
1935, Vol. 1, M96-18. Florida State Archives, Tallahassee, Fl.

Smith, Shane A. "The Crisis in the Great War: W. E. B. Du Bois and His Perception of African-American Participation in
World War I." Historian 70, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 239-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00210.x .

Turner, Gregg. A Journey Into Florida Railroad History. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008.

U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Espionage in the Defense Industry.” n.d. Accessed
December 3, 2008. http://www.fbi.gov/ libref/historic/famcases/petrov/petrov.htm.

Archives: p 11 Databases: p 8-10 Encyclopedia: p10 Google Books: p 11 Interview: p. 15 Videos: p 14, 16
Articles: p 8-9 DOIs: p5 Endnotes: p 7 Gov Docs: p 10-11 Map: p 14 WWW sites: p 15-16
Books: p 12-13 DVDs: p 14 Footnotes: p 4 Illustration: p 15 Television: p 14 YouTube: p 16
A REFERENCE LIBRARIAN IS ALWAYS ON DUTY TO PROVIDE REFERENCE SERVICE
AND INSTRUCTION TO ALL LIBRARY USERS.
Tallahassee Community College
Reference & Information Services Revised,Novembery 2014
444 Appleyard Drive, Tallahassee FL 32304 G:\WP\CAROL\HANDOUTS\TURABIAN20142015.wpd

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