Jaydeep Patil et al.

Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 168-171 Indian Journal of Nematology December, 2013

Management of Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on Cowpea

by using Bio-agents and Plant Extracts
JAYDEEP PATIL, M.K. SHARMA, S. BHARGAVA AND A.S. SRIVASTAVA

Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur-313001, India

Corresponding authors, E-mail: [email protected]

Received on 18-07-2013 and Accepted on 10-12-2013

ABSTRACT: A pot experiment was carried out under cage house condition for management of R. reniformis infecting Cowpea (Vigna
unguiculata L.) by using bio-agents T. viride, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 2 g/kg soil) as soil application and
plant extracts viz., Lantana (Lantana camara), Aak (Calotropis gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (Withania somnifera) as seed soaking
treatment along with chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i/ha) and untreated control. The experiment was laid out in completely
randomized design block (CRD). Stastical analysis showed that combined effect of T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil as soil application and
30 per cent concentration of Lantana (L. camara) as seed soaking proved better over other treatments in enhancing growth parameters
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of cowpea and minimizing infection of R. reniformis.

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Key words: Rotylenchulus reniformis, Vigna unguiculata, bio-agents, soil application, plant extracts, carbofuran
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is one of the strategies for integrated management of plant parasitic
important kharif pulse crop grown in India. It is a warm nematodes with various types of antagonistic organisms
season crop, well adapted humid tropics and subtropical (Jatala, 1986).
zones. Cowpea is tolerant to heat and dry conditions, but
is intolerant to frost. Cowpea occupying the important MATERIALS AND METHODS
place in pulse crops mainly grown in Sikar, Jhunjhunu,
Nagaur, Ajmer, Churu, Pali, Sirohi, Dausa, Bhilwara and The experiments were carried out to test the
Udaipur districts of Rajasthan and cultivated in 1.22 lakh effectiveness of different bio-agents and plant extracts
ha with production of 64.36 thousand tonnes and average on reniform nematode. Pot experiments were conducted
productivity being 529 kg/ha during 2010-11 (Anon, during kharif season at Department of Nematology,
2011). Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, at 579.5 m
above the MSL, soil is clay to clay loam, the average soil
The reniform nematode attacks over 140 species of pH being 8.2 and minimum and maximum temperature
more than 115 plant genera in 46 families (Jatala, 1991). ranges between 20 to 22 o C. Treatments namely,
It has been reported to cause 14.9, 8.1, 6.0, 13.2 and 8.7 Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens (@
per cent loss in yield of cotton, maize, finger millet, 2 g/kg soil) as soil application treatment Aak (C.
cowpea, and black gram respectively (Jonathan, 2010) gigantea), and Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera), Lantana
and also cause losses in okra, tomato, lettuce, pointed (L. camara) as seed soaking treatment along with
guard and brinjal (Palaniswamy & Balasubramaniam, chemical (carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i/ha) and untreated
1981). control (Table 1). The experiment was conducted in
completely randomized block design having four
To manage the nematode, chemicals proved effective replication in earthen clay pots of 6 inches size filled with
but due to their hazardous effects and non judicious use reniform nematode infested soil carried from the pure
have enhanced the development of biological control culture field. Earthen pots were washed, cleaned and

168
 Management of reniform nematode on cowpea

disinfected before use, by rinsing them through four RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
percent formalin solution. Talc-based formulation T.
viride, T. harzianum and P. fluorescens (@ 2g kg soil) An experiment was conducted to study the combined
added to soil and seed soaking with plant extracts at 30% effect of bio-agents and plant extracts as soil application
conc. of each plant i.e. Lantana (L. camara), Aak (C. and seed soaking treatment on both plant growth
gigantea) and Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera). T. viride characters and reproduction of R. reniformis on cowpea.
Talc formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W. For this purpose one most effective dose i.e. 2.0g/ kg soil
somnifera) 30%, T. viride Talc-formulation 2 g/kg soil of all the three bio-agents viz., T. viride, T. harzianum
+ Lantana (L. camara) 30%, T. viride Talc-formulation and P. fluorescens and 30 per cent concentration of
2 g/kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, T. harzianum Talc extracts of lantana (L. camara), aak (C. gigantea) and
formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera) ashwagandha (W. somnifera) were taken as soil
30%, T. harzianum Talc formulation 2g/kg soil + Lantana application and seed soaking treatment respectively and
(L. camara) 30%, T. harzianum Talc formulation 2 g/ their various combinations were tested against reniform
kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, P. fluorescens Talc nematode on cowpea. Observation on plant growth
formulation 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan (W. somnifera) characters and reproduction of R. reniformis on cowpea
30%, P. fluorescens Talc formulation 2 g/kg soil + are presented in Table-1.
Lantana (L. camara) 30%, P. fluorescens Talc
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formulation 2 g/kg soil + Aak (C. gigantea) 30%, as seed Results indicated that application of bio-agents and
soaking treatment of cowpea seeds were sown in each plant extracts significantly enhanced the growth
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pot. Each treatment was replicated four times. Three parameters of plant and reduce the reproduction of
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seeds were sowing in each pot. Untreated and chemical nematode on cowpea over untreated check (nematode
check (carbofuran 3G 1 kg a.i. / ha.) was also maintained alone). Further it is also reported that combination of
for comparison. After 10 days of germination one fungal bio-agents and plant extracts significantly reduced
healthy plant in each pot was maintained and others were nematode reproduction over untreated control. The
uprooted carefully. The pots were watered regularly as combination of T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and Lantana
and when required. Untreated and chemical check leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration was found
(carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i. / ha) was also maintained for most effective treatment as compared to other
comparison. Plants were harvested after 45 days of combinations like T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and aak
sowing. (C. gigantea) leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration
and T. harzianum @ 2g/ kg soil and ashwaganthan (W.
Observations on shoot length shoot weight, root somnifera) leaves extract at 30 per cent concentration.
length and root weight were recorded at harvest. Then However, maximum reduction in nematode population
the root were washed carefully in tap water and stained was recorded with the application of carbofuran @ 1.0
with 0.1 per cent acid fuchsin and after wash kept in kg a.i./ha.
clear lacto phenol for 24 hrs. Thereafter, the roots were
examined thoroughly under a stereoscopic binocular These findings are in agreement with the work
microscope for counting number of female /plant, number Goswami and Satyendra singh (2004) the fungal agents
of egg mass /plant, number of eggs and larvae /egg mass. Acremonium strictum, Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces
After removing the plant from the pot, soil was thoroughly lilacinus and Trichoderma viride, alone or in combination
mixed and 200cc soil from each pot were taken and and their culture filtrates were tested for larvicidal and
processed by Cobb´s sieving and decanting technique ovicidal action against M. incognita. Kumar et al.
Cobb, (1981) followed by Baermann´s funnel technique (2011) reported that application of bio-agents and
for estimation of nematode population in soil. (Christie & botanicals reduced the nematode population and increased
Perry, 1951) for estimation of nematode population in the plant growth. Organic cakes and bio-agents were
soil. The data were subjected to statistical analysis. found to suppress the nematode population and enhance
plant growth (Kumar et al., 2010; Joshi et al., 2012;
Meena et al., 2013).
169
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Table 1. Effect of bio-agents and plant extracts in various combinations against reniform nematode, R. reniformis infecting cowpea. (Average of four
replication)

Treatments Plant Growth Characters Nematode Reproduction Rf

T Shoot Root Shoot Root No. of No. of No. of Larval Total FNP
Jaydeep Patil et al.

length length weight weight females egg masses eggs and population nematode INP
(cm) (cm) (g) (g) plant plant larvae in 200 cc population
egg mass soil
Trichoderma viride @ 2 g/kg soil T1 38.6 20.7 17.3 3.0 13.7 12.2 128.0 262.0 2239 0.74
Trichoderma harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil T2 39.3 22.7 18.7 4.0 13.0 11.0 124.0 260.0 2030 0.67
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil T3 36.8 19.6 15.3 3.3 14.2 13.0 130.0 264.0 2370 0.79
Ashwaganthan leaves (Withania somnifera) T4 31.4 16.0 13.3 2.7 19.0 15.0 140.0 268.5 2790. 0.93
at 30% conc.
Lantana leaves (Lantana camara) at 30% conc. T5 35.7 19.8 16.2 3.2 15.0 13.7 132.0 266.0 2499 0.83
Aak leaves (Calotropis gigantea) at 30% conc. T6 33.7 17.9 14.4 2.8 17.0 15.0 136.0 272.0 2737 0.91
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan leaves T7 40.8 23.4 19.6 3.1 10.0 7.0 116.0 248.0 1438 0.47
at 30% conc.
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Lantana leaves T8 45.9 29.2 24.3 4.2 8.7 5.0 110.0 240.0 1156 0.38

170
at 30% conc.
T. viride @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak leaves at 30% conc. T9 42.9 26.2 22.2 3.3 9.0 6.0 112.0 244.0 1296 0.43
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Ashwaganthan T 10 40.6 24.7 20.3 3.1 7.7 4.5 108.0 238.0 1088 0.36
leaves at 30% conc.
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Lantana leaves T 11 46.1 30.6 25.6 4.6 5.0 3.7 98.0 224.0 937 0.31
at 30% conc.
T. harzianum @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak leaves T 12 42.9 27.4 22.5 3.9 6.2 4.2 102.0 230.0 1024 0.34
at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + T 13 39.7 23.1 19.1 3.1 12.0 10.0 122.0 258.0 1873 0.62
Ashwaganthan leaves at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + T 14 44.6 28.4 23.6 4.0 10.7 8.0 118.0 252.0 1590 0.53
Lantana leaves at 30% conc.
Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/kg soil + Aak T 15 41.2 25.0 21.6 3.4 11.0 9.0 120.0 256.0 1734 0.57
leaves at 30% conc.
Chemical check (Carbofuran 3G @ 1kg a.i. /ha) T 16 47.3 32.4 27.0 4.9 2.7 1.2 18.0 46.0 141 0.04
Untreated check T 17 28.3 15.0 11.4 2.0 44.0 28.0 168.0 714.0 6537 2.17
CD (P=0.05) 2.59 2.23 2.10 0.91 4.56 3.81 7.94 6.41 500.5
Note: Initial inoculums level: 3 larvae /g soil.
 Management of reniform nematode on cowpea

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