Laboratory Manual

For
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
ME F215

INDEX

Experiment Page
Name of Experiments
No. No.
A1 Measurement of tensile strains and modulus of elasticity. 2
A2 Measurement of bending moment and deflections in beam. 5
A3 Measurement of stiffness of helical springs. 8
Measurement of hardness using Rockwell Hardness Testing
A4 11
Machine and Vickers Hardness Testing Machine.
Estimation and comparison of shock resistance qualities of the
A5 16
materials by conducting Impact Test.

A6 Measurement of electrical variables in single phase circuit 19

A7 Tests on single phase transformer 25
A8 Tests on DC shunt motors 28
A9 Tests on single phase induction motors 32

1
 EXPERIMENT NO. A1
MEASUREMENT OF TENSILE STRAINS AND MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE

To measure tensile strain by an extensometer during tension test on a given tensile specimen;
and to determine the value of modulus of elasticity.

ACCESSORIES

10000 N (10 Tonne) 'FIE' Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine (UTM); extensometer; Mild
steel Test specimen (or specimen of any other material); micrometer (screw gauge); and
Vernier Calipers.

THEORY

If a bar or a sheet of steel is pulled at its ends, with the application of force, it is stressed and
elongated (strained). Strain may be calculated as the ratio of change in length to the original
length. The stress to which the material is subjected, can be calculated by dividing the load with
the area of cross section.

If the deformation of the bar is within the elastic limit, there is a linear relationship between
stress and strain. A graph between stress and strain, therefore, results in a straight line. The
slope of such a straight line is constant and gives the value of modulus of elasticity. Usually the
deformation is recoverable on release of load and it is known as elastic deformation

If the deformation of the bar is beyond the elastic limit, there is a nonlinear relationship
between stress and strain. A graph between stress and strain, therefore, results in a curved line.
The slope of such a straight line is dependent on Local variations of strain with respect to stress.
Usually the deformation is not recoverable on release of load and it is known as plastic
deformation.

PROCEDURE

1. Study the UTM carefully. Identify different parts of the UTM. (Refer to the user Manual
of the UTM). Note down the different measuring instruments available on this machine.
Draw a figure of the UTM putting the different labels of each component and attach with
your report. (Pencil sketch)

2. Take specimen and inspect it for smoothness. Make a drawing of it.

3. Using a Vernier caliper, determine the diameter of the specimen at five different
locations within the gauge length. (Gauge length is that length in which the strain or
elongation is expected to be uniform. This enables us to use an extensometer to be fixed
within this gauge length). Determine the average of these 5 readings. Find the area of
cross section. (Enter the measured values in the observation table of next section)
2
 4. Firmly grip the upper end of the specimen in the movable crosshead of the testing
machine. Grip the lower end of the specimen in the bottom crosshead, after adjusting the
required height.

5. Fit the extensometer firmly on the specimen. Switch on the power supplies to the
computer and the Microprocessor of the machine. Click on the software of the machine.

6. Enter the values of the variable displayed by the software. Note all the data entered into the
computer on your notebook for your reference and study.

7. Run the hydraulic testing machine at the slowest loading rate. Make simultaneous record
of the observations of load and extension, at discrete points of load, by freezing the
values displayed by the microprocessor. (By freezing these observation points, the test
does not stop, but it facilitates recording of the values.)

8. The test is completed now. Unload the specimen and proceed with the calculations.
Study your observations in the table below.

OBSERVATIONS

Total length of the test specimen (mm) =

Gauge length of specimen (of the extensometer): (L) mm =

Least count of extensometer, mm =

(Note it from the console reading of the computer)

Diameter of specimen, (to be measured) mm =

S.No Load Extension

1 Type of point Stress Strain
2 Elastic
3
4 Elastic
5 Elastic
6
7 Elastic
8 Yielding
9
10 Yielding
11 Yielding
12
13 Yielding
14 Plastic
15
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Break Point
Break Point
3
RESULT:
Report the graphs obtained. Show your calculations.
a. Load Vs Displacement,
b. Stress Vs Strain
Value of ‘E’ for given specimen by extensometer: kN/mm2 ( GPa)

Record the value of σy , σt , breaking load.

Is the E value in agreement with the accepted value? Yes / No
What is the error in the obtained value?
Examine the Uncertainties in the measurements so obtained. Give your analysis?

LEARN MORE:

1. Draw stress-strain diagram for a ductile and a brittle material?

2. Explain plastic deformation occurs in metals with the help of figures?
3. List out few mechanical properties of metals with the help of figures?
4. List out few examples of stress strain behavior of for ceramics, polymers and composite
materials?
5. Can you characterize mechanical behavior of a material by its stress strain diagram?
6. What is the importance of Extensometer? What are the types of Extensometers and where
are they used?
7. What is the difference between Engineering Stress-Strain curve and True Stress-Strain
curve? Until what point they are equal and why are they equal only for certain extent?

Labeled Diagram of UTM UTM Test Setup

4
5
 EXPERIMENT NO. A2

MEASUREMENT OF BENDING MOMENT & DEFLECTIONS

OF A BEAM

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE:

To measure the deflections of a given beam by dial gauge indicator during bending test; and
hence to determine the value of modulus of elasticity of the material and also the bending
stresses.

ACCESSORIES:
Beam, dial gauge indicator, loading frame (Simply supported conditions provided).
THEORY:
For a simply supported beam of span L, carrying a load W at the middle of the span, the
maximum bending moment, Mb, is given by MbY/ Iyy. In this formula Y is the distance of the
neutral axis for a rectangular beam is at the centre of the beam. From the surface and is equal
to half the thickness of the beam. Iyy is the second moment of the area of cross- section of the
beam about its neutral axis and is equal to 1/12(Width * Thickness3). The maximum stress,
on the convex side of the beam, is tensile in nature. The deflection in the beam due to point
load applied to beam can be measured with dial gauge indicator.
LG

b
LW
N A
t

PROCEDURE

a) Adjust a convenient length L of the simply supported beam by adjusting the distance of
the flexible fixture from the fixed fixture.
b) Adjust the Load hanger, such that it should be placed exactly at the LW of the beam, and
note down the no load reading (WEIGHT OF THE LOADING PAN) initially.
c) Place a load on the hanger and record the corresponding dial gauge readings. Make such
observation for increase of load in discrete steps.
d) Record the dial gauge readings for decrease of load in the same steps as used for increase
of load.
e) Consider Etheoretical documented value for MS specimen/Wood = 210 GPa / 12 GPa

6
OBSERVATION:
1. Length of the beam in between two supports (L) =______ m
2. Width of the given beam (b) = ______ m
3. Thickness of the given beam (t) = _____ m
4. No load reading of dial gage indicator = _____

Calculations and Observation table:

 Calculation of Bending Stress (σb) in N/m2

M y
σb =  b 
 I yy 
 

Where, Mb = WL/4 for simply supported beam with load acting at the center of beam in N-m.
y = Distance from the center of neutral axis to the upper most fiber of specimen in meters
Iyy = Area moment of inertia for a given specimen in m4

 Calculations of Young’s Modulus (E) in N/m2

For load (W in kg) acting at center (L/2), theoretical deflection (measured at L/4) equation is
given as follows,

 11WL3 
δ=   ----------- (1)
 768EI yy
 

Obs. Load (W) Dial Gauge reading δ Bending stress Young’s Modulus
No. Kg at L/4 distance, (σb ) N/m2
mm N/m2 (Obtained from Eq1)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Note:
1. Refer Chapter-8 of ‘Mechanics of Solids’ text book to derive deflection equation
considering simply supported beam condition for a location at L/4 (Since dial gage was
fixed at L/4). Accordingly the derived deflection equation as to be rearranged to find Eexp
values for a different dial gage readings.
2. Take the ‘E’ documented value for wooden specimen as 12 GPa and if MS specimen as
210 GPa for your calculations.
7
 3. Further, rearrange the terms having constant values from derived deflection equation and
get the equation as follows,

W 
Eexperiment = K   ---------- (3)
 

 11L3  W 
4. Where, K (CONSTANT) = 
 768 I yy 
in per meter and   is the stiffness in N/m
   
obtained from plotting a best fit graph of Load versus dial gage deflection. The value of
‘E’ obtained from equation (3) must be used to measure the error involved when
compared against the E value obtained from the documented ‘E’ value for a given
specimen. With standard value of E for given material.

Conclusions:

 Is the E value in agreement with the accepted value? Yes / No

 What is the error in the obtained value?
 Can more accuracy be expected in the Value E?
 Examine the Uncertainties in the measurements so obtained. Give your analysis?

Note: In this experimental set up Different set of readings can be taken by changing
1. The arrangement of both the end fixtures
2. The distance between the end fixtures
3. The material of the test bar

Recommendations:

It is possible to use strain gauge circuit along with strain indicator for measuring the accurate
value of strain in the bar specimen. Make a diagram of strain gauge circuit and study the
measurement of strains.

Learn More:

1. Derive a deflection equation considering simply supported beam for a location at L/2 and
L/3.
2. Observe the plot of stress Vs Strain while loading and unloading the specimen give your
comment on the nature of graph in both the condition.
3. Calculate Average Young’s Modulus.
4. Derive the equation to calculate the deflection at a distance “x” when load is applied at a
distance “a” from the fixed support. Check if your equation is matching with the one
given in next page.

8
Loading Diagram:

Formula to calculate Deflection at a distance “x” when load is applied at a distance “a” from
the fixed end is given below.

 W   bx  2 2 3
δ= 
 6 EI yy  
   L  b  x  x  a 
2

   L  

Where
δ = Deflection
W = Load
a = Distance of Load location from the left end of the beam
b= Distance from the load location to the right end of the beam
x = location where the Dial gauge is located to find out deflection.
To get the deflection, use x = L/4 and a = L/2 which apparently makes b = L/2

9
 EXPERIMENT NO. A3
MEASUREMENT OF STIFFNESS FOR HELICAL SPRING

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE

To find the characteristic load behavior of a helical spring or a given machine element and to
determine the stiffness of the spring from load versus deflection curve.

ACCESSORIES

Spring Testing Machine, given spring test specimen, micrometer / Vernier calipers

THEORY

A tension (Helical coil) spring is the one, which is subjected to a tensile load, and the
resistance is mainly due to its coils and the spring wire. The spring wire is subjected to torsion,
when the spring is loaded under tension or compression load.

Closely coiled helical springs subjected to axial pull fall under this category. Such
springs are made of rod or wire in the form of a helix described on a right circular cylinder. It is
assumed that this type of helical spring is so closely coiled that each turn is practically a plane
at right angle to the axis of the helix and the stresses upon the material are almost of pure
torsion. The bending couple is negligible in comparison with the torsion couple.

They are used in shock absorbers, railway wagon couplers, spring balances, Bicycle
brakes, Vibrators, and many other engineering applications.

PROCEDURE

Study the machine carefully.. The machine can be run on automatic loading mode or hand
loading mode using crank lever.

(a) Fix ends of the given spring between upper hook and lower hook of the machine.

(b) By cranking lever, apply the required load, measure the deflection under compression of the
given spring using measuring scale.

(c) Using a micrometer, determine the mean diameter of the coil for the spring at least five
different locations. Determine the average of these reading.

(d) Using a micrometer, determine the Mean diameter of the wire for the spring at five different
locations. Determine the average of these reading, to find the mean diameter.

(e) Draw a graph between Load vs Deflection, calculate the slope which gives the stiffness of
the spring.

10
OBSERVATIONS

Total no. of coils: (N) = _________

Mean radius of coil (D) = ________ mm

Diameter of the wire (d) = _______ mm

The axial movement or deflection of the free end of spring is

 8WD3 N 
δ=  Gd 4 
 

 Gd 4 
Spring stiffness (k) =  3  [can be best determined by slope of W- δ curve]
 8D N 
Where G is Rigidity modulus of given material of spring

Obs. (E) Error

(A)
No. (B) (C) Deflection of (A)-(E)
Deflection
Pressure Area of the (D) the free end
of the free
applied piston Force (N) using
end Scale
(KPa) (mm2) theoretical
reading (δ)
analysis
1. 5
2. 10
3. 15
4. 20
5. 25
6. 30
7. 35
8. 40
9. 45

Draw the Load Extension (or Compression) diagram. Determine the slope of the W- δ curve
obtained.

LOAD-DEFLECTION GRAPH & RESULT:

Value of Stiffness ‘k’ for Mild steel spring is: N/mm (as calculated)
Stiffness from graph: N/mm

11
PART B:

LOADING AND UNLOADING OF SHOCK ABSORBER:

The shock absorber is tested on similar lines of spring testing by fixing one end-applying load on
the other end. Note the deflections at every stage of loading and unloading the shock absorber.
Draw the load versus deflection curve for the shock absorber. Study and interpret the results.

LEARN MORE:

1. Classify springs?
2. Explain the main purpose of spring in engineering applications?
3. When two springs with stiffness k1, k2 are combined in series and parallel, can you derive
the overall stiffness for the series & parallel combinations?

12
 EXPERIMENT NO. A4
MEASUREMENT OF HARDNESS OF THE GIVEN SAMPLES
AND TO CORRELATE THEM WITH THE ULTIMATE
TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE MATERIALS USING VICKERS
HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC NO ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE

To measure the hardness of the given samples and to correlate them with the ultimate tensile
strength of the materials using Vickers Hardness Testing Machine.

ACCESSORIES

Power operated Vickers hardness testing machine, Microscope (to measure impressions), Steel
ball or diamond indenters and specimens (Mild Steel, Brass, Aluminum, Cast Iron).

THEORY

Hardness is defined as resistance to indentation or resistance to localized plastic deformation.

The Vickers test for hardness consists of the application of a hard steel ball or diamond of known
diameter under a known load for the specified time period, to the surface of specimen under test.
The diameter or diagonal of the resulting impression is measured by means of a microscope.

PROCEDURE

a) The specimen is supported on the hardened steel platen located by a robust steel screw,
which is adjusted by means of a hand wheel.
b) An adjusting wheel on the indenter column enables the ball holder to be brought into
contact with specimen by judging through the microscope.
c) The load P is applied by means of a single lever mounted on the knife-edges, which
carries a hanger for loose weights.
d) An indicator at the front of the machine shows the position of the loading lever and
indicates the speed of application of the load P.
e) After the load P is applied with the indenter the diagonal D1 and D2, in mm is measured
by Vickers microscope. The mean of the diagonal is calculated.
f) Finally, the VHN of the given specimen is shown on the screen by pressing “READ”
switch.

13
OBSERVATIONS

Materials given: _________________

Diagonal D1 = ________ mm and D2 __________ mm of the impression.

Load applied (P): _____ kg

SL Material Load on Diagonal D1 Diagonal VHN

No. specimen (P) D2

RESULT AND CORRELATION WITH THE UTS (ULTIMATE STRENGTH)

Hardness number is often used as an indicator of tensile strength of steel. Using graph shown in
figure 1. Estimate the tensile strength of steel specimen given to you by applying 3000 kg load
and use 10mm standard steel ball for indentation. Compare this figure with tensile test results
obtained from your tensile test stress-strain graph.

14
PART B

OBJECTIVE

To measure the hardness of the given samples and to correlate them with the ultimate tensile
strength of the materials using the Rockwell hardness testing machine.

ACCESSORIES

Direct reading Rockwell hardness testing machine, Diamond cone and steel ball indenters and
specimens (Mild Steel, Brass, Aluminum, Cast Iron, Broken HSS bits).

THEORY

The Rockwell test for hardness consists of the application of a hard indenter of known diameter
under a known load for the specimen time period, to the surface of specimen under test and the
Rockwell hardness of material by measuring the depth of penetration of standard indenters under
standard loading conditions, and gives a visible indicator of degree of hardness according to
established scales. The dial indicator eliminates the requirement of a microscope for measuring
the indentation.
The following table gives the standard loads and scales used:

Table 1
Scale Indenter Minor Load kg Major Load kg
Symbol
A Diamond cone 10 50
B Steel ball 10 90
C Diamond cone 10 140

PROCEDURE

a) The specimen is placed on the table and rotating the hand wheel clockwise until contact
is made with the indenter raises the table.
b) Continue rotating the hand wheel until the small indicator on the dial indicates the ‘set’.
c) In the preliminary setting operation as the minor load of 10kg is applied automatically,
the major load P is applied by adjusting back the lever on the right hand side of the
machine to its full extent.
d) As soon as the reading of the depth indicator becomes steady the major load is removed
automatically and the hardness degree may then be read from the scale A or scale B or
scale C as the case may be.
e) The initial load may be removed by rotating the hand wheel anti clockwise and lower the
elevating screw to facilitate the removal of the specimen without damaging the indenter.

15
OBSERVATIONS

Materials given:

Diameter or angle of indenter: mm

Type of Indenter:

Load applied (P): kg

Reading of scale A or B or C:

Rockwell Hardness:

SL Material Load on specimen (P) Type of Rockwell Hardness A or B

NO. Indenter or C

RESULT AND CORRELATION WITH THE UTS (ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH)

(Please refer to section on hardness and its correlation with strength in the chapter of mechanical
properties of materials: Callister’s book on Material Science and Engineering)
Hardness number is often used as an indicator of tensile strength of steel. Using graph shown in
figure estimate the tensile strength of steel specimen given to you. Compare this figure with
tensile test results obtained from your tensile test experiment.

16
LEARN MORE

1. Why diamond tip is preferred for indenter?

2. Explain the choice of Vickers and Rockwell Harness testing machine is for
measurement?
3. Explain the use of VHN in materials terminology?
4. List out materials in which order the hardness will have for metal, ceramics, polymers,
and composites?

17
18
 EXPERIMENT NO. A5
ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON OF SHOCK RESISTANCE
QUALITIES OF THE MATERIALS BY CONDUCTING
IMPACT TEST

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the energy absorbing characteristics of various materials using the Impact testing
Machine by the Charpy and Izod Tests.

EQUIPMENT:

Model: Impact testing machine model -IT 30 D.

Description of the control panel: digital control panel and microprocessor based measuring
is used which takes digital pulse input from the rotary encoder and accurately evaluates the
energy absorbed by the test specimen during the test(Charpy/Izod test). It has 4 soft keys to
set the machine namely TEST, START, RESET and PRINT Keys and a 4 digit 7.seg display
on the front panel.

19
PROCEDURE:

1. Preparation of the Apparatus:

Perform a routine procedure for checking impact machines at the beginning of each day, each
shift, or just prior to testing on a machine used intermittently. It is recommended that the results
of these routine checks be kept in a log book for the machine for future use. Visually examine
the striker and anvils for obvious damage and wear. Check the zero position of the machine.

2. Error measurement:
The pendulum is raised to initial position and locked with safety locking mechanism. The dial is
set to zero, and the braking mechanism is checked to ensure that it is deactivated. The supporting
bed is checked to ensure that no specimen is mounted. The safety lock is then removed, and the
pendulum is released. After the swing is completed, the reading of the dial is noted, and the
brake is applied to stop the swinging of the pendulum.

3. Specimen clamping:
Means shall be provided for clamping the specimen in such a position that the face of the
specimen is parallel to the striker within 1:1000. The edges of the clamping surfaces shall be
sharp angles of 90 61° with radii less than 0.40 mm (0.016 in.). The clamping surfaces shall be
smooth with a 2-µm (63-µin.) finish or better, and shall clamp the specimen firmly at the notch
with the clamping force applied in the direction of impact. For rectangular specimens, the
clamping surfaces shall be flat and parallel within 0.025mm (0.001 in) The dimensions of the
striker and its position relative to the specimen clamps shall be as shown in following figure.

Specimens and Loading Configurations for

(a) Charpy V-Notch and (b) Izod Tests (as per ASTM E 23)

20
 Izod Test Charpy Test

TEST RESULTS:
Impact properties of test materials

Property Initial reading in Final reading in Joules Energy absorbed in

Joule (1) (2) Joules = (2) – (1)

Charpy impact strength

Izod impact strength

CONCLUSIONS:

The relative toughness between the materials selected was determined using the Charpy and Izod
impact tests, and the modes of fracture were identified by visual inspection of the specimens
after fracture.

21
 EXPERIMENT NO. A6

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL VARIABLES IN SINGLE

PHASE CIRCUIT
NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________

DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVES

1. Measurement of electrical quantities in single phase circuit with -

i] R-L series load ii] R-C series load

REQUIREMENT:

Voltmeter, Ammeter, Variac, Wattmeter, Variable Resistor load, Variable Inductor load,
Variable capacitor load, connecting wires.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Confirm your proper dress code (wear rubber sole shoes, do not wear loose clothes) before
you enter the lab.
2. Select the measurement equipments (type and range).
3. Do not leave loose wires.
4. All connections should be tight.
5. Get the circuit connections verified by the instructor before you switch ’ON’ the power
supply.
6. Keep safe distance from the live circuit during observations.
7. Switch on or switch off the load carefully.
8. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage of any apparatus, load, etc.
9. Do not touch live terminals while performing the experiment.
10. Turn off the supply immediately when your task is over.

STEPS OF THE EXPERIMENTS

RUN 1:

For the given set of instruments, note down the observations below.

22
OBSERVATION TABLE 1.1

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM VOLTMETER AMMETER WATTMETERVARIAC

Its type
It reads
No. of terminals available
The terminals are identified as
Its scale
Multi.factor of wattmeter
(from the panel of the meter)
Selected Current range
( connections of B1,B2,E1,E2)
Total no. of divisions on the scale
Its ranges
Input voltage given to variac
Output ac voltage range
from variac

RUN 2:

Connections of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter and variac in the circuit, are as shown
in following fig 1.1 ,1.2,1.3,&1.4 .

Fig 1.1: Voltmeter connections in circuit Fig 1.2: Ammeter connections in circuit

Fig 1.3: Variac connections in circuit Fig 1.4: Wattmeter connections in circuit

23
RUN 3:

Assemble the circuit for R-L and R-C combination as per the circuit diagrams given below (fig 1.5
&1.6)

Fig 1. 5: Circuit Diagram for measurement of electrical variables in 1Ф circuit. (R-L Load)

Fig 1. 6: Circuit Diagram for measurement of electrical variables in 1Ф circuit. (R-C Load)

24
RUN 4:

Calculate the Multiplication Factor of the wattmeter for the selected ranges.

OBSERVATION 1.4:

Multiplication Factor (MF) of the Wattmeter (WM) =

(P.C. range  C. C. range  pf)

= = ___________
(Total no. of divisions on the scale)

RUN 5:

Note the meter readings for R-L and R-C combination in the observation table 1.2.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1.4.1 (R-L Load)

Voltage across Voltage across Ammeter Wattmeter

the Resistive the Inductive Reading (IL) Reading ×MF
S.No
Load(VR) Load(VL) (ampere) (watts)
(volts) (volts)
Step-I

Step-II

Step-III

Step-IV

Step-V

25
OBSERVATION TABLE 1.4.2 (R-C Load)

Voltage across Voltage across Ammeter Wattmeter

the Resistive the Capacitive Reading (IL) Reading ×MF
S.No
Load(VR) Load(Vc) (ampere) (watts)
(volts) (volts)
Step-I

Step-II

Step-III

Step-IV

Step-V

CALCULATIONS:

Calculate the following at full load -

1. Resistance = R = VR/ IL = ____________________________Ω.

2. Inductive reactance, XL = 2  f L = VL / IL= _______________

Therefore, L = ___________________________________

3. Phase difference between V and I for R-L series circuit = Ф = tan-1(XL / R) =__________

4. Capacitive reactance, XC=1/ (2 f C) =VC / IL= ______________

Therefore, C = _________________________F

5. Phase difference between V and I for R-C series circuit = Ф = tan-1(XC / R) =_________

26
RESULTS:

1) Draw the phasor diagram for R-C and R-L load, in the blank space given below.

Fig: Phasor diagram for R-C series load Fig: Phasor diagram for R-L series load

1) ‘R’, at full load = ______________________________

2) ‘L’, at full load = ______________________________

3) ‘C’, at full load = ____________________________

CONCLUSIONS:

1. For R-L series load:

2. For R-C series load:

27
 EXPERIMENT NO. A7

TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE:

To conduct tests on a single phase transformer and determine its turn ratio, voltage ratio, current
ratio and percentage regulation.

REQUIREMENTS:

Single phase transformer, single phase auto transformer, voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, resistive
load and switches.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Set variac pointer to ‘0’ before you switch on DPSTS in the circuit. Follow the same before
you switch off the power supply of circuit after completing the experiment.
2. Select proper ranges of the measuring instruments.
3. No loose connections.
4. Verify your circuit connections with the instructor before you switch on the supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

S1

Fig: 3.1 Circuit Diagram for test on a single phase transformer

28
 OBSERVATIONS 3.0

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER SINGLE PHASE VARIAC

Pri.Volt. Sec.Volt KVA rating Input Output(max)

STEPS OF EXPERIMENT:

RUN 1:

To determine Voltage Ratio and Current Ratio of the transformer.

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram(Fig 3.1).

2. Set the variac to its minimum output and keep all the switches to open (off).
3. Switch on the supply and adjust the variac output to the rated value.
4. Switch on few load switches to get suitable currents. Note the readings of all meters.
5. Enter the readings in observation table 3.1.
6. Put all the switches of the loads in off position. Put switch‘s’ in OFF position on secondary
side in OFF position and switch off the input AC supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE 3.1

S.No. Observations Calculations Voltage Regulation

Primary Side Secondary SideRatio’s Volt-amps
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power V1/V2 I2/I1 V1I1 V2I2
(V1) (I1) (P1) (V2) (I2) (P2)
Volts Amps Watts Volts Amps Watts V-A V-A
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

29
RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

30
 EXPERIMENT NO. A8

TESTS ON DC SHUNT MOTORs

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE:
1. To control the speed of D.C. shunt motor by-
i) Armature control.
ii) Field control.
REQUIREMENTS:
D.C.shunt motor, voltmeter, 2 ammeters, 2 rheostats, tachometer, connecting wires.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Select proper ranges & type of measuring instruments.

2. Do not touch live terminals.
3. All connections should be tight.
4. Do not leave loose wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 5.1: Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor

PROCEDURE

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RUN 1

Operation: - Connection, starting & running:

1) Connect all the instruments and the machine as shown in Fig.5.1

2) See that Ra is fully included in the circuit; Rf must be fully excluded.
(These may be achieved by placing the wipers of rheostats at the appropriate ends.)
3) Switch on d.c supply; slowly decrease Ra till Ra is completely cut off. For normal running,
the d.c motor attains a specified speed.
4) Measure (i) The speed
(ii) Armature current Ia
(iii) Field current If
In order to reverse the direction of rotation:

(a) Supply terminal may/may not be interchanged.

(b) Armature terminals may be interchanged and / or field terminal may be interchanged.

RUN 2:

Speed Control by using Armature control method.

1) Start the machine again as done earlier. Vary Ra (from maximum to minimum, keeping Rf at
minimum position) and take readings of speed N, Armature voltage (reading on voltmeter V2).
2) Plot the variation of speed vs armature voltage.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE 5.1 If = _________ A ( Rated)

No of Armature Current (Ia) Armature Voltage (Va) Speed(N)

readings (Amps) (Volts) Rpm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
RUN 3:

Speed Control by using Field control method.

1)Start the machine as done erlier.Vary Rf from minimum to maximum keeping Ra at minimum
position and take speed vs If readings.
2) Plot the variation of speed Vs If

32
OBSERVATIONS TABLE 5.2
Va = _________ V ( rated)

No of Field Current(If) Speed(N)

readings Amps Rpm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL GRAPH

33
 TABLE 5.3

DESCRIPTION OF ITEM Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Rheostat

(V1) (Ia) (If) (Ra) (Rf)
It measures
It’s scale is
Range
Resistance

Current range

Any other description

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

34
 EXPERIMENT NO. A9

TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORs

NAME_______________________ ID NO _______________________________
SEC. NO. ____________________ BATCH NO___________________________
DATE _______________________ INSTRUCTOR’S SIGNATURE __________

OBJECTIVE:

To obtain the efficiency of Single phase induction motor by operating in Clockwise mode and Anti
clockwise Mode.

REQUIREMENTS:

Single phase capacitor start Induction Motor, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and Tachometer.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

STEPS OF EXPERIMENTS:

RUN 1: ( Clockwise operation)

1) Check the terminals marked as RW1,RW2,SW1,SW2 and S1,S2,CS1,CS2 on the

motor.(RW1 & RW2 is running winding, SW1 & SW2 is starting winding and CS1,CS2 are
the terminals of a non polarized capacitor and S1,S2 is centrifugal switch terminals.)

35
 2) Check the ranges and scales on the measuring instruments used(i.e. Voltmeter, Ammeter and
Wattmeter)
3) Note name plate details of the motor.
4) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.Switch on supply.
5) Enter all the readings in the observation table upto rated values of current.

RUN 2 ( Anti clockwise operation )

1) Switch off the supply

2) Interchange RW1 and RW2. (Now note the motor direction again –Anticlockwise).

RUN 3:

1) Increase the load step by step by adjusting Break drum wheel.

2) Note the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter readings and measure the Rpm of the motor.
3) Calculate the efficiency of the motor for different loads.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:

Dynamometer Constant = _________________ N-m

Table 6.1
Volt Am Watt Speed Spring Spring Difference Torque= W=2NT Efficiency=
meter meter meter×MF (N) Balance1 Balance2 of spring 0.75× /60 (o/p)/(i/p)
(V) (A) (I/P) rpm (F1) kg (F2) kg Balance (F1~F2) O/P
Watts (F1~F2)kg N-m (Watts)

36
RESULTS:

Graph : ( Both Modes of operation )

(i) Efficiency versus Load current
(ii) Efficiency versus Output power

CONCLUSIONS:

37