Pragya 109 PDF
Pragya 109 PDF
Pragya 109 PDF
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;DkfbsLo
k|1fsf] k"0ff{ªs\ !)( ;Ddsf] ofqf k|fl1s b[li6n] lgZro g} uf}/jk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] cÍb]lv o; k"0ff{ªs \
!)( ;Ddsf o;sf kfgfx¿df jfª\dosf ljljw ljwf Pj+ ljifosf ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt tYofª\s, ts{, k|df0f
cflbaf6 k'i6 kfl/Psf] k|fl1s 1fg cIf/fª\lst eO{ a;]sf] 5 . cIf/ eg]sf] g} cIfo jf gfz gx'g ] s'/f] ePsfn]
h'g 1fg cIf/fª\lst eO{ a;]sf] x'G5 Tof] 1fg cIfo g} x'G5 . o; cy{df k|1fsf] xfn;Ddsf] ofqfdf o;sf k[i7k[i7df
h'g 1fg ;l~rt /xFb } cfPsf] 5 To;sf] lr/:yfoL dxj 5 eGg] nfUb5 . o; k"0ff{ªs \ !)( sf k[i7k[i7df h'g
1fgsf] ;ª\ux| ul/Psf] 5 Tof] cBfjlws 1fgfyL{sf lglDt tfhf 7xl/g'sf ;fy} efjL k':tfsf lh1f;' kf7s, cWo]tf,
ljZn]ifs, zf]wfyL{, 1fgfyL{ cflbsf lglDt ;"rgfk|b ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|fl1s b[li6n] pkof]uL eO/xg]5 eGg]
ljZjf; klg cGoyf 7x/f]Og .
g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf] nIo eGg' / k/d Wo]o eGg' Pp6} s'/f 5 / Tof] xf] jfª\dosf ljljw ljifout ljwf
pkljwf Pj+ ltgsf k|sf/pkk|sf/df ;lGglxt 1fgnfO{ j:t';Ddt k|fdfl0fs k|fl1s zf]wsf 9Ëdf pk:yfkg ug' { .
cfkm\gf] o; Wo]onfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;fsf/ / ;fy{s t'Nofpg g} k|1fk|lti7fgn] o; zf]wd"ns klqsfnfO{
cw{jflif{s ¿kdf k|sfzgdf NofO/xg] u/]sf] xf] . o; klqsfdf jfª\do;Fu ;Da4 efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs
zf:q / bz{gzf:q h:tf ljifout d'Vo ljefusf ljleGg kIfdf s]lGb|t /xL ul/Psf zf]wd"ns cWoogdf cfwfl/t
n]vx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg] ul/G5 / o; klqsfsf] nIout k|sl[ t klg ToxL xf] . pko'S{ t ljifout ;]/f]km]/f]leqsf ljleGg
kIfdf ul/Psf oyf;Dej ;"Id zf]wd"ns ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t n]vx¿ g} o;df ;dflji6 x'gk' g] { xf] / ;s];Dd To;
cfbz{sf] cg'kfng ug] { k|oTg o;sf ;DkfbgkIfaf6 eOcfPsf] g} 5 tfklg o;df ;+nUg ;a} n]vsx¿sf aflx/L
tndf zf]wk|ljlwsf] pkof]u gul/Psf] cj:yf kf7sx¿af6 k|R5Gg /x]sf] 5}g . o;f] eP klg o; klqsfdf
;dflji6 n]vx¿df ;"rgfk|b tYofª\ssf] ljj/0fsf ;fy} ;j]I{ f0ffTds cWoog Pj+ :jtGq ljZn]if0fd"ns cWoogsf
k|jl[ Qx¿;Fu } zf]wk|lqmof;Ddt Jojl:yt Pj+ juL{st[ / ljZn]if0fåf/f ;fdfGoLs[t lgisif{ k|ltkfbgdf lgi7 n]vx¿sf]
h'g j}ljWo /x]sf] 5 Tof] k|fl1s b[li6n] dxjk"0f{ g} l;4 x'g ] vfnsf] 5 clg o;} ¿kdf k|1fsf] pkof]lutf klg 5 .
k|1fsf] k|:t't k"0ff{ªs
\ !)( df klg ;bfem} F eflifs cWoog, ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog, ;f+:s[lts
tyf nf]s;flxlTos cWoog, ;fdflhs zf:qLo cWoog Pj+ bz{gzf:qLo cWoog;Fu ;Da4 k|fl1s dxjsf
ljZn]if0ffTds n]vx¿ ;ª\slnt 5g\ . o;df hxfF ;+;f/s} cToGt Jojl:yt, ;"qa4 / j}1flgs Jofs/0fsf/sf
¿kdf k|l;4 /x]sf kfl0flg / pgsf] ;+:s[t Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfdfly k|sfz kfg] { cg';GwfgfTds n]v eflifs
cWoogsf ¿kdf ;ª\slnt 5 ToxLF g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiffdWo]sf] Ps du/ 9'6 efiffsf j0f{ljGof;, :t/Ls/0f Pj+
a'emfOaf/] cWoog ul/Psf] n]vnfO{ klg :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . o;} u/L jf;'bj] lqkf7Lsf] JolStTj, efg'eSt kf]v/]nsf]
;dfnf]rsLotf / dfwjL pkGof;sf] ;fdflhs kIfdfly ;dfhzf:qLo k|sfz kfg] { ;dfnf]rgfb]lv lnP/ g]kfnL
cf~rlns pkGof;af/] ;j]I{ f0fd"ns hfgsf/L lbg] n]v;Fu } t?0f tk;Ldf ;fª\Vo bz{gsf] k|efj cf}NF ofpg]
n]v;DdnfO{ o; cª\sdf ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoogcGtu{t :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . o; cª\sdf ;f+:s[lts tyf
nf]s;flxlTos cWoogcGtu{t hxfF Psftkm{ lxdfnLkxf8L ;+:s[ltsf lz/f]dl0f kß;Dejaf/] / nf]s;flxTosf]
cWoogcg';Gwfgsf lglDt cfjZos kg] { ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sngdf cjnDag ug'k{ g] { ljlwaf/]sf] zf]wljlwk/s n]v
;dflji6 5g\ ToxLF csf{tkm{ lagfof] / d'rª {' u\ fh:tf g]kfnL nf]safhfsf] lrgf/L lbg] /f]rs ljZn]if0ffTds ;fdu|L
klg ;lGglxt 5 . k|1fsf] k|:t't k"0ff{ªs \ !)( df ;fdflhs zf:qLo cWoogcGtu{t kf}/vL eLdg/l;+x / sfG5f
afF8fsf s[Tox¿af/] ul/Psf] tYok/s ;"rgfk|b n]v / ljqmdflbToaf/] ul/Psf] /f]rs cWoogsf ;fy} g]kfnsf]
:jtGqtfsf] Oltxf; Pj+ eljioaf/] ul/Psf] /f]rs cWoognfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;df bz{gzf:qLo cWoogsf
¿kdf k"jL{o bz{g k/Dk/fdf :yflkt /x]sf] Gofoj}zl] ifs bz{gdf ul/Psf] ;[li6lrGtgaf/]sf] cWoog lbOPsf] 5 .
oL ;Dk"0f{ cWoogx¿ ;DalGwt lh1f;' cWo]tf Pj+ zf]wsx¿sf lglDt k|fl1s dxjsf ;Gbe{ ;|ft] aGg] g} 5g\ .
lgs6 ljutdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf l;h{gfTds tyf k|fl1s bf]x/} w/ftndf lqmofzLn /xL dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg] tLg hgf ;|i6fnfO{ xfdLn] u'dfof} F . pxfFx¿ x'gx' G' 5 k|l;4 cfVofgsf/ hubLz l3ld/], Vofltk|fKt
lgaGwsf/ Pj+ ;dfnf]rs /fddl0f l/;fn / ljlzi6 slj tyf rlr{t ;dfnf]rs efg'eSt kf]v/]n . k|1fsf] o;
k"0ff{ªs
\ sf] d'b0| fs} qmddf pxfFx¿ lbjª\ut x'g k'Ug'eof] / o;af6 g]kfnL k|1fhut\df ck"/0fLo Iflt k'us ] f] af]w k|1f
kl/jf/nfO{ klg eof] . xfdL pxfFx¿df zAb;'dgåf/f >4f~hln ck{0f ub{5f} F . pxfFx¿n] u/]sf] ax'dN" o ;flxlTos
of]ubfg o'uo'u;Dd :d/0fLo /xg]5 .
k|f=8f= dxfb]j cj:yL
k|1 f MM 2 k|wfg ;Dkfbs
eflifs cWoog
;+:s[t eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/fdf kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f
/ o;sf s]xL cfwf/e"t kIf
uª\ufk|;fb clwsf/L
k|1 f MM 4
;d]t ;;Ddfg :yfg lbPsf 5g\ . kfl0flgn] k|lqmofsf}d'bL / l;4fGtsf}d'bL g} ljz]if pNn]Vo
pNn]v u/]sf j}ofs/0fx¿df cflkzln, sfZok, /x]sf 5g\ . oL efio jf j[lQdfly klg w]/}
ufnj, ufUo{, rfqmjd{0f, ef/åfh, zfs6fog, cfrfo{x¿n] JofVof k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . tL JofVof
zfsNo, ;]gs / :kmf]6fog /x]sf 5g\ . o;k|sf/ jf efiou|Gyx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg nueu %) /x]sf]
kfl0flgn] cfkm"k"j{sf lrGtgnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ pNn]v kfOG5 -ld>, ;g\ !(&* M k|:tfjgf !(_ .
Jofs/0fsf] /rgf u/]sf] a'lemG5 . oL afx]s efu'l/, hoflbTo / jfdgn] ljqmdsf] ;ftf} F
sfz, s[ T :g, cd/ / h} g ] G b| s f] gfd klg ztfAbLdf
sflzsfj[lQÚ n]vs ] f] b]lvG5 eg] To;sf]
j}ofs/0fx¿sf ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . nueu ;ft ztfAbLkl5 k+ /fdrGb|frfo{n] klg
;+ : s[ t eflifs lrGtgsf] k/Dk/fdf
k|lqmofsf}db' LÚ n]v ] .
sflzsfj[lQÚ sl7g;fWo lyof]
kfl0flgsf] cfudg Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gf xf] . eg]
k|lqmofsf}d'bLÚ df ;Dk"0f{ kfl0fgLo ;"qx¿sf]
kfl0flgn] ;+:s[t efiffsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qLo e]bx¿nfO{ k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;}n] ljqmdsf] ;f]x|f}
;d]t ;d]6]/
ci6fWofoLÚ sf] /rgf u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ ztfAbLsf e§f]lhbLlIftn]
l;4fGtsf}d'bLÚ u|Gysf]
eflifs lgodx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 u/] eg] pgLkl5 /rgf u/] . o; u|Gydf k"0f{ ¿kdf kfl0fgLo
sfTofogn] jflt{ssf] /rgf u/]/ ci6fWofoLsf Jofs/0f ;d]l6Psf] 5 eg] o;df ljifoj:t'nfO{
ck"0f{tfnfO{ k'/f u/] . o;kl5 kt~hlnn]
dxfefioÚ ;+1f k|s/0f, ;lGw k|s/0f, chGtk'lnË k|s/0f
sf] /rgf u/]/ kfl0flgsf ;"qx¿sf] ;k|of]u JofVof cflb ljleGg cWofodf ljefhg u/L s'g s'g zAb
u/] . o;/L
d'lgqoÚ -kfl0flg, sfTofog, kt~hln_ s'g s'g ju{sf x'g\ / ltgsf] /rgf k|lqmof s:tf]
sf k|of;af6 g} kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fn] k"0f{tf kfPsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f zAb l;l4;lxt 5n{Ë kf/]/
b]lvG5 . b]vfOPsf] 5 . hDdf ^@ j6f k|s/0fdf ljeflht
kt~hlnk"j{ Ps j}ofs/0f d's'6frfo{n] o; u|Gyn] kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ¿k
:jtGq Jofs/0f /rgf u/]sf] pNn]v kfOP klg lbP/ ;d[l4 / k"0f{tf lbPsf] 5 . kfl0fgLo
Tof] pknAw 5}g . kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f cfPkl5 Jofs/0fsf] ;/nLs/0fs} qmddf e§f]lhbLlIftsf
gofF Jofs/0fsf] /rgf ug{'eGbf klg kfl0fgLo lzio j/b/fh cfrfo{sf] klg gfd cfpF5 . kfl0fgLo
Jofs/0fs} JofVof ug]{ k|of; ljleGg ;dosf Jofs/0fdf slnnf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|j]z u/fpg
ljleGg ljåfg\\x¿af6 ePsf] kfOG5 . kfl0fgLo ;lhnf] x'g] ;/n vfnsf] u|Gy n]Vg c/fP cg';f/
ci6fWofoLsf] JofVof ug]{ klxnf] k|of; Zjf]e"lt, j/b/fhn]
n3'l;4fGtsf}db' LÚ sf] /rgf u/]sf x'g\
s'l0f, Jofl8 cflbn] u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 t/ tL -kfl0fgLo k|jz ] fo n3'l;4fGtsf}dl' bd\_ eGg] pNn]v
cWoogx¿ Tolt Jojl:yt x'g ;s]gg\ . To;f] t kfOG5 . o; u|Gysf] dËnfr/0fdf ækfl0fgLo
o'lwli7/ dLdf+zsn] ci6fWofoLsf j[lQsf/sf] Pp6f k|j]zfoÆ eGg] pNn]v eP cg'¿k g} kfl0fgLo
;"rL g} k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ -ld>, ;g\ !(&* M Jofs/0f k/Dk/fsf] ;jf]{kof]uL / ;j{;/n u|Gysf
k|:tfjgf !*_ . o; cg';f/ dfly plNnlvt afx]s ¿kdf
n3'l;4fGtsf}d'bLÚ nf]slk|o x'g k'Uof] .
dfy/, j/?lr, b]jgGbL, r'lNnel§, lgn"{/, r"l0f{, o;kl5 pgn] cln dWod :t/sf ljBfyL{sf nflu
hoflbTo, jfdg, efuj[lQ, et{Z[ j/, hoGte§, s]zj,
dWol;4fGtsf}db' LÚ klg n]v ] . of] klg lgs} nf]slk|o
OGb'ldq, d}q]o/lIft, k'?iff]Qdb]j, z/0fb]j, eof] . o;k|sf/ ;+:s[t eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/fsf
e§f]lhbLlIft, cKkøobLlIft, gLns07 jfhk]oL, kl5Nnf pNn]Vo ljåfg\ \ j}ofs/0fsf ¿kdf j/b/fh
cGg+e§, ljZj]Zj/ ;"l/, uf]kfns[i0f zf:qL, cfrfo{ g} /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
uf]sn ' rGb|, cf]/e§, bofgGb ;/:jtL, cKkgg}gfo{, o;k|sf/ cflb u|Gy j]bb]lv g} ;+:s[t efiff
g/fo0f ;'wL, ?b|w/, pbog, pboÍ/e§, /fdrGb| / Jofs/0faf/] lrGtgsf] qmd yflnPsf] kfOG5 eg]
;bfgGbgfy /x]sf 5g\ . j[lQsf/x¿sf] ;"rL nfd} j]bkl5sf ljleGg lrGtsx¿af6 klg cg]s
eP klg kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdfly n]lvPsf dxjk"0f{ Jofs/0f u|Gysf] /rgf x'Fb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df
u| G yx¿ eg] dxfefiokl5 sflzsfj[ l Q, kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f g} To:tf] clåtLo Jofs/0fsf
k|1 f MM 5
¿kdf b]vf k¥of] h;n] ;+:s[tsf] dfq geO{ cfw'lgs efiffj}1flgsx¿ k|efljt ePsf 5g\ .
ljZjs} ;Dk"0f{ efiffsf] Jojl:yt / j}1flgs kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf d'Vo k|0f]tf kfl0flg eP klg
cWoog ug]{ cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . o;af6 sfTofog / kt~hlnsf] of]ubfgljgf kfl0fgLo
k" j { d f dfq xf] O g kfZrfTo cfw' l gs efiff Jofs/0f cw'/} /xG5 . kfl0flgn] dx]Zj/af6 k|fKt
j}1flgsx¿ ;d]t cToGt k|efljt x'g k'u] . u/]sf dfx]Zj/ ;"qaf6 k|Tofxf/ / ci6fWofoL ;"q
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] j}1flgstf / ;fj{ef}d ;ª\u|x tof/ u/] eg] wft'kf7, u0fkf7 / p0fflb
k| s[ l tsf] eflifs lrGtg g} ;+ ; f/sf efiff ;"qkf7sf] ;d]t /rgf u/]/ pgn] Jofs/0fnfO{
lrGtsx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ k|d'v cfwf/ lyof] . Pp6f Jojl:yt / j}1flgs cfwf/ lbP . sfTofogn]
o;/L kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] /rgfkl5 eflifs jflt{ssf] /rgf u/]/ kfl0flgsf ;"qx¿df /x]sf
lrGtgdf Pp6f gofF o'usf] pbo eof] h;nfO{ bf]ifx¿sf] lg/fs/0f u/] eg] kt~hlnn]
dxfefioÚ
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] o'u eGg ;lsG5 . o; o'udf sf] /rgf u/]/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] k|of]ufTds
kfl0fgLo
ci6fWofoLÚ g} o:tf] ;jf{Ëk"0f{ / j}1flgs JofVof k|:t't u/] . o;/L kfl0flgsf] /rgfdf
Jofs/0f ePsfn] gofF df}lns lrGtgdf eGbf sfTofog / kt~hlnsf] of]ubfgaf6 g} kfl0fgLo
klg ljåfg\\x¿ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fs} ;/nLs/0f / Jofs/0fn] k"0f{tf kfPsf] xf] . To;}n ] o;nfO{
lqd'lg
JofVoftkm{ nfu] . o;s} kmn:j¿k kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fÚ klg elgPsf] kfOG5 -emf, @)## M cfd'v
Jofs/0fdfly g} y'k|} u|Gyx¿ /rgf eP . To:tf &_ . oxfF kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf ltg} dgLlifx¿åf/f
u| G yx¿df dfly pNn] v ePafx] s sf /lrt k|d'v cËx¿af/] ;ª\If]kdf rrf{ ul/G5 .
n3'zAb]Gb'z]v/, kl/efif]Gb'z]v/, k|f}9dgf]/df,
kmlSssf k|Zgf]Q/L, j}ofs/0f e"if0f;f/ cflb /x]sf dfx]Zj/ ;"q, j0f{;dfDgfo / k|Tofxf/
5g\ h;n] kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf sltko zAbl;l4df kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fdf k|ydtM ;+:s[t efiffsf
p7]sf / p7\g;Sg] zÍfsf] ;ts{ lg/fs/0f u/L ;Dk"0f{ Wjlg÷j0f{x¿nfO{ !$ j6f ;"qx¿df cfa4
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] k" 0 f{ t f, j} 1 flgstf / ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL ;"qx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
kl/kSjtfnfO{ yk k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . cOp0f\ . Cn[ s \ . Pcf] ª \ . P] c f} r \ .
kfl0flgn] cfgf] Jofs/0fdf ;"qx¿sf] o:tf] xoj/6\ . n0f\ . `dª0fgd\ . eme`\ . 39w;\ .
;~hfn -network_ agfPsf 5g\ h;nfO{ a'g hau8bz\ . vkm57yr6tj\ . sko\ . zif;/\ .
;Sbf ;du| kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] cGTo;Dd k'Ug xn\ .
;lsG5 / ;du| ;+:s[t efiffdf clwsf/ k|fKt oL ;"qx¿ dx]Zj/÷lzjsf j/bfgaf6
x'G5 t/ a'g g;Sbf s]xL klg e]p kfOGg . kfl0flgn] k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ elgG5 . kfl0flgn]
o;}n ] o;sf] cGTo kfpgsf nflu p;} ;dob]lv dx] Z j/af6 k| f Kt u/] s f x' g fn] lognfO{
o;sf] k7g kf7g, efio /rgf / cGo cg]s dfx]Zj/;"q÷lzj;"q elgPsf] xf] . logdf ;du|
6LsfJofVofsf] Pp6f u'?s'nLo k/Dk/f -school_ j0f{x¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . oL ;"qdf kl5Nnf xn\
g} :yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 h;sf ;fIosf ¿kdf j0f{x¿ -0f\, s\, ª\, r\, 6\ ===cflb_ afx]ssf j0f{x¿sf]
kt~hlnb]lv j/b/fh cfrfo{;Dd rNb} cfPsf] ;d"x g} j0f{;dfDgfo xf] . o; j0f{;dfDgfodf
pko'{Qm u'?s'n k/Dk/fnfO{ cl3 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . k|f/Desf rf/ ;"q :j/j0f{sf, To;kl5sf b'O{ ;"q
cGt:y -x\ nfO{ 5f8]/_ j0f{sf / afFsL ;"q Jo~hg
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ j0f{sf x'g\ . oL !$ dfx]Zj/ ;"qaf6 k|Tofxf/
;+:s[t efiffsf] ;j{k|l;4, ;j{;d[4 / aGb5g\ . k|Tofxf/sf] ;ª\Vof $@ dflgPsf] 5 .
;a}eGbf j}1flgs eflifs lrGtgsf ¿kdf kfl0flgsf] j0f{;d"xsf] ;ª\If]kLs/0fnfO{ k|Tofxf/ elgG5 .
Jofs/0fnfO{ lnOG5 . o;n] ;+:s[tsf] dfq geO{ dfx]Zj/ ;"qdf cfPsf s'g } j0f{bl] v lnP/ ;"qfGtsf]
ljZjs} efiffx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ j}1flgs cfwf/ xn\j0f{;Ddsf j0f{x¿sf] ;d'bfo Pp6f k|Tofxf/
k|bfg ub{5 . o;y{ o; Jofs/0faf6 ljZjs} x'G5 . h:t} M klxnf] ;"qsf]
cÚ b]lv
0f\Ú ;Ddsf
k|1 f MM 6
j0f{sf] ;d'bfo
c0f\Ú k|Tofxf/ xf] eg] klxnf] ;"qs} juL{st[ 5g\ M
OÚ b]lv bf];f| ] ;"qsf]
s\Ú ;Ddsf O p C n[ j0f{sf] ;+1f r kl/efiff r ljlwlg{od Pj r
;d'bfo
Os\Ú k|Tofxf/ xf] . o;} u/L kfFrf}F ;"q cltb]zf]lwsf/Zr if8\ljw+ ;"qd'Rot] .
xoj/6\Ú sf]
oÚ b]lv 5}6f}F ;"q
n0f\Ú sf]
0f\Ú -s_ ;+1f ;"q
;Ddsf oj/n
o0f\Ú k|Tofxf/ klxnf] ;"qsf]
cÚ
;Dos\ 1fot] Olt ;+1fÚ cyf{t \ h'g zAbaf6
b]lv rf}yf] ;"qsf]
r\Ú ;Ddsf cOpCn[Pcf]P]cf} ;Da4 j:t' jf ljifosf] ;Dos\ lrgf/L k|fKt x'G5
cr\Ú k|Tofxf/ x'G5g\ . Pjd\ k|sf/af6 log} Tof] g} ;+1f xf] . gfd, lgkft, ;j{gfd, u'0f, j[l4,
dfx]Zj/;"qaf6 c0f\, cs\, c6\, cr\, Os\, xn\, o/\, kb, wft' h:tf Jofs/0fsf kfl/eflifs zAbx¿nfO{
jz\, v/\, emn\, hz\, em;\ cflb $@ j6f k|Tofxf/x¿ a'emfpg]÷cYof{pg] ;"q g} ;+1f ;"q x'g\ . ;+1f
aGb5g\ . oL k|Tofxf/ ;"qx¿sf] ;DaGw ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿n] Jofs/l0fs sfo{l;l4sf nflu cfjZos
;"q;Fu /x]sf] 5 . h:t} M Osf] o0flr ^=!=&& - kg] { ljifosf] gfds/0f ub{5g\ . h:t} M pRr}?bfQM
Os\Ú sf :yfgdf
o0fÚ\ x'G5_, emnf+ hz\ eml; !=@=@( -pbfQ ;+1f_, e"jfbof] wftjM !=#=! -wft'
*=$=%@ -
emn\Ú sf 7fpFdf
em;\Ú k/ 5 eg]
hz\Ú ;+ 1 f_, crf] GToflb l6 !=!=^$ -l6 ;+ 1 f_,
x'G5_, j[l4/fb}r\ !=!=! -cfsf/ /
P]r\Ú j[l4 ;+1s cy{jbwft'/k|To+ k|fltklbsd\ !=@=$% -k|fltklbs
x'G5g\_ cflb . oL ;"qx¿df cfPsf Os\, o0f, ;+1f_ cflb . ci6fWofoLdf @*) j6f ;+1f ;"qx¿
cr\, emn\, hz\, em;\, P]r\ h:tf k|Tofxf/x¿n] /x]sf 5g\ .
cToGt ;ª\lIfKt, :ki6 / ;"qfTds ¿kdf ;"qsf -v_ kl/efiff ;"q
k| s fo{ d f ;xof] u k' ¥ ofPsf 5g\ . o;k| s f/
clgod] lgodsfl/Tj+ kl/efiffTjd\Ú cyf{t\
dfx]Zj/;"q, k|Tofxf/;"q / ci6fWofoL ;"qsf] k/:k/ hxfF lylt jf lgod 5}g ToxfF To;sf] Joj:yf ug'{
cGof] G ofl>t ;DaGw /x] s f] 5 . o;} u/L g} kl/efiff xf] . kl/efiff ;"qsf] sfd lgodx¿nfO{
j0f{;dfDgfo -j0f{dfnf_ j0f{sf pRrf/0f :yfg, l:y/tf lbg' xf] . ljlw ;"qsf] k|of]udf ;Gb]x ePsf
k|oTg, 3f]ifTj, k|f0fTjsf] klxrfgsf nflu cToGt 7fpFdf kl/efiff ;"qn] lg0f{o lbG5 t/ :jod\
j}1flgs 9Ëaf6 Jojl:yt ul/Psf 5g\ . ljwfg rflxF ub}{g . kl/efiff ;"q ljlw ;"qsf]
;xof]uL xf] . cfBGtjb]sl:dg\ !=@=@! Osf] u'0fj[4L
ci6fWofoL ;"q !=!=#, cnf]GTo:o !=!=%@ cflb ;"qx¿ kl/efiff
ci6fWofoL ;"q cf7 cWofodf lga4 ;du| ;"q x'g\ . ci6fWofoLdf kl/efiff ;"q #^ j6f
zAbfg'zf;g ;DaGwL lgodx¿sf] ;ª\u|x xf] . /x]sf 5g\ .
cf7 cWofodf ljeQm ePsfn] o;nfO{ ci6fWofoL -u_ ljlw ;"q
elgPsf] xf] . k|To]s cWofodf rf/ rf/ kfp h'g ;"qåf/f ljwfg ul/G5 Tof] ljlw;"q
/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF /x]sf ;"q ;ª\Vofsf af/]df Psdt xf] . zAb/rgfsf qmddf d'Votof k|Tooljwfg,
kfOGg . ci6fWofoLdf s;}n] #(^%, s;}n] #(*% nf]k, cfud / cfb]z oL rf/ k|lqmof x'G5g\ .
/ s;}n] #((% ;"q /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 - wft'df s[bflb / k|fltklbsdf tl4t\ cflb k|Toosf]
O{Zj/rGb|, @)^) M e"ldsf &_ . o;afx]s nueu ljwfg ug'{ h:tf sfo{x¿ k|Tooljwfg x'g\ . h:t}
;f9];ft ;osf] ;ª\Vofdf p0fflb ;"q klg /x]sf M chfBti6fk\ $=!=$ o; ;"qn] csf/fGt :qLlnËL
5g\ . o; k|sf/ kfl0flgn] ;a} k|sf/sf u/]/ kf}g] zAbdf 6fk\ k|Toosf] ljwfg ub{5 . To:t} st{l/
kfFr xhf/ ;"qsf] /rgf u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . zk\ #=!=^* o; ;"qn] sq{y{ s { wft'df
zk\Ú k|Toosf]
Go"gtd zAb jf j0f{af6 c;lGbUw Pjd\ ljwfg ub{5 . ePsf j0f{ jf c+zsf] nf]k x'g'
;f/k"0f{ 9Ën] ceLi6 s'/f a'emfpg' / cfjZostf nf]kljwfg xf] . t:o nf]kM !=#=(, ;+of]ufGt:o nf]kM
cg';f/ JofVo]o x'g ' ;"qsf] nIf0f xf] . ci6fWofoLdf *=@=@#, nf]kM zfsNo:o *=#=!( h:tf ;"qx¿
;Ílnt pko'Q { m nueu rf/ xhf/ ;"qx¿ ltgsf nf]kljwfos x'g\ . gePsf] s'g} c+z ylkg' cfud
sfo{÷e"ldsfsf cfwf/df lgDgfg';f/ 5 k|sf/df ljwfg xf] . x|:j:o lklt s[lt t's\ ^=!=&!, cfld
k|1 f MM 7
;j{gfDgM ;'6\ &=!=%@ h:tf ;"qx¿n] cfudsf] x'G5 . cyf{t\
of] / Tof] p:t} x'G5Ú eGg' cltb]z
ljwfg ub{5g\ . s'g} c+z x6fP/ csf]{ c+z /flvg' xf] . cltb]z ;"qn] Pp6f 7fpFdf ePsf] Ps k|sf/sf]
cfb]z xf] . Osf] o0flr ^=!=&&, emnf+ hz\ eml; ljwfgnfO{ csf] { 7fpFdf klg ToxL x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf
*=$=%# cflb cfb]z ljwfos ;"q x'g\ . o; k|sf/ ub{5 . k|foM cltb]z ;"qdf
jt\Ú k|Toosf] k|of]u
ljlw ;"qn] k|Toosf] Joj:yf ug],{ nf]k ug],{ cfud x'G5 . h:t} M nf]6f] nª\jt\ #=$=*% -nf]6\ nsf/df
ug] { / cfb]z ug] { lgodx¿ atfpF5g\ . ci6fWofoLdf klg nª\ nsf/df h:t} x'G5 ._ t[HjTqmf]i6'M &=!=(%
ljlw ;"qsf] ;+1f g} ;jf{lws -##)) eGbf dfly_ -qmf]i6' zAbsf] klg t[hGtsf] h:t} ¿k x'G5_
/x]sf] kfOG5 . cflb . cltb]z ;"qsf] ;ª\Vof !!* /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ lgod ;"q cltb] z ;" q lgldQfltb] z , Jokb] z fltb] z ,
k|of]ux¿nfO{ lgoddf afFWg' lgod ;"qsf] tfbfTDofltb]z, zf:qfltb]z, sfof{ltb]z, ¿kfltb]z
sfo{ xf] . s'g} ;fdfGo lgodn] :jtM l;4 ug]{ / cyf{ltb]z u/L ;ft k|sf/sf atfOPsf] 5 -
s'/fnfO{ yk lgodg ug{ ljwfg ul/Psf] ljz]if O{Zj/rGb|, @)^) M e"ldsf !)_ .
lgofds ;"q g} lgod ;"q xf] . c¿ k|sf/sf -r_ clwsf/ ;"q
;"qx¿n] atfPsf ;fdfGo lgodx¿df ljz]if æ:jb] z ] jfSofy{ z " G oTj] ;lt k/b] z ]
Joj:yf ug]{ sfd lgod;"qn] u5{ . h:t} M gM So] jfSofy{af]whgsTjd\ clwsf/Tjd\Æ cyf{t\ cfgf]
!=$=!% o; ;"qn] Sor\ / Soª\ k|Too kl5lNt/ :yfgdf geP/ cGo ;"qx¿sf ;fy cy{af]ws
cfpg] gfGt zAbnfO{ dfq kb;+1f x'g] Joj:yf x'g' clwsf/ ;"qsf] nIf0f xf] -emf, @)$@ M #!_ .
u/]sf] 5 . ;'lKtªGt+ kbd\ !=$=!$ ;"qn] ;'k \ / o;sf] tfTko{ clwsf/ ;"qsf] cy{ cGo ;"q;Fu
ltª\ k|ToofGt ;a} zAbnfO{ kb;+1f x'g] Joj:yf hf]l8P/ dfq :ki6 x'G5 eGg] xf] . s'g} l;Ë} jf
u/]sf] 5 .
/fhg\Ú zAbaf6
/fhLoltÚ zAb agfpFbf cf+ l zs ¿kdf ;" q sf] kfpko{ G t jf l;Ë}
;"q !=$=!$ n] g} /fhg\ zAbsf] kb;+1f ul/;s]sf] cWofoko{Gt cg'jl[ Q x'G5 eg] To:tf] ;"q clwsf/
cj:yfdf k'gM !=$=!% åf/f kb;+1f ul/g' Joy{ ;"q x'G5 . cyf{t\ clwsf/ ;"q To;kl5 cfpg]
h:t} b]lvG5 t/ o;/L k'gM kb;+1fsf] ljwfg cGo s]xL ;"qx¿;Dd cg'jt{g eP/ cfpF5 .
gx'Fbf Soª\ / Sor\ k|Too kl5lNt/ cfpg] ;a}nfO{ sf/s] !=$=@# of] clwsf/ ;"q xf] . o;kl5 cfpg]
kb;+1f x'g] x'gfn] o; ;"qaf6 pQm k|sf/sf tTk|of]hsf] x]t'Zr !=$=%% ;Ddsf cGo ;"q;Fu
s]jn gfGt zAbnfO{ dfq kb;+1f x'G5 c¿sf]
sf/s]Ú of] kbsf] klg lg/Gt/ ;DaGw hf]l8P/
x' F b } g eGg] lgodåf/f kb;+ 1 fnfO{ ;Ldfa4 cfpF5 . h:t} M k/fh]/;f]9M -sf/s]_, sd{0ff
kfl/lbPsf] 5 . To:t} s[Ql4t;df;fZr !=@=$^ odlek}|lt ;M ;Dk|bfgd\ -sf/s]_, :jtGqM stf{
;"qn] cy{jbwft'/k|To+ k|fltklbsd\ !=@=$% n] wft', -sf/s]_ cflb . of] g} cg'jt{g xf] / o;/L cg'jt{g
k|Too / k|ToofGtafx]ssf cy{jfg\ zAbnfO{ dfq eP/ cfpg] ;"q g} clwsf/ ;"q xf] . ci6fWofoLdf
k| f ltklbs eg] s f] d f yk s[ t \ , tl4t\ / clwsf/ ;"qsf] ;ª\Vof $* /x]sf] 5 .
;df;ljwfgaf6 lgld{t zAb klg k|fltklbs x'g\
eGg] lgod lbPsf] 5 . o;/L lgod ;"qn] cGo u0fkf7÷kbkf7
;"qx¿af6 ePsf] ljlw jf Joj:yfnfO{ cfjZostf k| f ltklbslgld{ t ÷tl4tlgld{ t x' g ]
/ kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;ª\sr ' g / lj:tf/ b'j } ub{5 . zAbx¿sf ldNbfh'Nbf nIf0fsf cfwf/df ;d"xg
oxfF
gM So]Ú n] ;ª\s'rg /
s[Ql4t===Ú n] lj:tf/ ul/Psf zAbx¿sf] ;d"x÷u0fsf] ;ª\ux| g} u0fkf7
u/]sf] 5 . ci6fWofoLdf lgod ;"qsf] ;ª\Vof xf] . kbx¿ -wft'lgld{tleGg_ sf] ;ª\u|x ePsfn]
@!& /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ kbkf7 klg elgG5 . kfl0flgn] ;+:s[tsf
-ª_ cltb]z ;"q k| r lnt ;a} h;f] zAbx¿nfO{ ;d] 6 ] /
cltb]z eg]sf] ;dfgtf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . u0fkf7÷kbkf7sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . zAbsf]
Pp6fn] ug]{ sfo{ csf]{df klg cf/f]k ubf{ cltb]z ;ª\Vof c;Lldt ePsfn] ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿df
k|1 f MM 8
ltgsf] pNn]v ;Dej gx'Fbf kfl0flgn] ldNbfh'Nbf hf]l8P/ ltªGt kb aGb5g\ . wft'kf7df nueu
k|sl[ t ePsf cyf{t \ Ps} k|sf/af6 /rgf x'g ;Sg] @))) hlt wft' /x]sf 5g\ .
zAbx¿nfO{ ;d"x ;d"xdf juL{s/0f u/] . o;/L wft'nfO{ kfl0flgn] Ejflb, cbflb, h'xf]Toflb,
juL{st[ zAb ;d"xnfO{ g} u0f elgPsf] 5 . To;/L lbjflb, :jflb, t'bflb, ?wflb, tgflb, So|flb, r'/flb
Pp6f u0fleq juL{st[ zAbx¿dWo] kfl0flgn] klxnf] u/L b; ju{df juL{s[t u/]sf 5g\ . kfl0flgn]
zAbsf cfwf/df To; u0fsf] gfd lbP . h:t} M wft'af6 aGg] lqmofkbsf] lgdf{0fsf qmddf wft' /
z/bflb u0f -o; u0fleq z/b\ ljkfz\ cg;\ dg;\ ltª\ k|Toosf lardf ylkg] ljs/0f -k|Too_ sf
pkfgx\ cflb @) zAb /x]sf 5g\_ . o;} u/L cfwf/df wft'nfO{ !) ju{df afF8]sf x'g\ -uf}td,
zf}08flb, cZjkToflb, lbjflb, lzjflb, lbuflb, !_ . h:t} M Ejflb wft'df M e" ± zk\ -c_ ± lt `"
zfË{/jflb, do"/Jo+zsflb cflb . oL u0fx¿df ejlt -
zk\Ú sf] cg'aGw nf]k eP/
cÚ dfq
g;d]l6Psf zAb kfOPdf
cfs[ltu0fÚ eg]/ ;Da4 afFsL]_ . cbflb wft'df M cb\ ± zk\ -)_ ± lt `"
u0f;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf ljz]iftf ePsf zAbx¿ :jtM clQ -
zk\Ú k|Toosf] nf]k_ . Ejflb ju{df hDdf
;d]l6g] ;d]t Joj:yf kfl0flgn] u/]sf 5g\ . wft' ;ª\Vof !)#%, cbflbdf &@, h'xf]Toflbdf
ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿;Fu u0fkf7÷kbkf7sf] dfx]Zj/ @$, lbjflbdf !$), :jflbdf #%, t'bflbdf !%&,
;"q, k|Tofxf/, wft' cflb;Fu h:t} cfk;df ?wflbdf @%, tgflbdf !), So|flbdf ^%, r'/flbdf
cGof]Gof>o ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿n] $!! /x]sf 5g\ -e§/fO{, %_ . of] ;ª\Vofdf ;a}lt/
u0fkf7÷kbkf7df ;ª\ux| ePsf kbx¿sf] Jo'TklQ Ps¿ktf eg] kfOFb}g .
k|lqmof ;DaGwL lgodg, juL{s/0f / ltgsf cy{sf] wft'kf7 / u0fkf7÷kbkf7 eg]sf kfl0fgLo
;d]t lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ . ci6fWofoL ;"qdf u0fkf7sf] Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t tYofÍx¿ x'g\ eg] dfx]Zj/
k|of]u o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M uuf{lbEof] o`\ $=!=!)% ;"q, k|Tofxf/ / ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿ ltgs} juL{s/0f,
-uuf{lb u0fkl7t zAbdf o`\ k|Too x'G5 ._ /rgf k|lqmof;DaGwL JofVof, lgodg / cy{lgwf{/0f
/]jToflbEoi7s\ $=!=!$^ -/]jToflb u0fkl7t zAbdf ug]{ s'~hL x'g\ .
7s\ k|Too x'G5 ._, leIfflbEof]0f\ $=@=#* -leIfflb
u0fkl7t zAbdf ;d"x cy{df c0f\ x'G5 ._ t'bflbEoM p0fflb ;"qkf7
zM #=!=&& -t'bflb u0fkl7t zAbdf z k|Too kfl0flgn] wft'af6 p0f\ cflb k|Toosf] ljwfg
x'G5 ._ u0fx¿sf] ;ª\Vof olt g} eGg] lglZrt u/]/ gfd, ljz]if0f cflb zAb l;4 ug]{ 5'§} ;"qsf]
geP klg ci6fWofoL ;"qx¿df @&% eGbf a9L g} /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf ;"qnfO{ p0fflb
u0fx¿ /x]sf] ;Í]t kfOG5 eg] tL u0fx¿df ;"q elgPsf] 5 . eofy{s eL wft'af6 eLd, s[
nueu ^))) zAbx¿ ;ª\slnt / juL{st[ ePsf af6 sf? cflb zAb aGg] ljwfg p0fflb ;"qaf6}
5g\ . ePsf] kfOG5 . s[jfkflhld:jlb;fWoz"Eo p0f\
-p0fflb ;"q !_ ;"qaf6 s[ wft'af6 sf?, jf
wft'kf7 wft'af6 jfo'M kf af6 kfo', lh af6 hfo'M ld af6
wft'kf7 eg]sf] ;+:s[t efiffsf ;Dk"0f{ dfo'M, cflb zAb p0f\ k|Toosf] ljwfgåf/f l;4
wft'x¿sf] ;ª\ux| xf] . e"jfbof]M wftjM !=#=! cyf{t\ ub{5 . oL l;4 zAbsf] cy{ qmdzM sDs/L, xfjf,
lqmofy{s
e"Ú cflb g} wft' x'g\ . kfl0flgn] u'bf, cf}iflw, lkQ x'G5 . o;/L ljleGg wft'af6
ci6fWofoLsf] kl/lzi6sf ¿kdf wft' x ¿sf] s[bGt zAbsf] lgdf{0f p0fflb ;"qaf6 x'G5 . sltko
cy{;lxt ;"rL k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . kfl0flgn]
e"Ú p0fflbljlxt zAb wft'h geP/ k|fltklbs g} klg
af6 cf/De x'g] o;} wft'kf7df kl7t ;a}nfO{ x' G 5g\ . sltkon] eg] p0fflbnfO{ cwft' h
wft' eg]sf 5g\ -kf=;"= !=#=!_ . wft'af6 lgikGg k|fltklbs dfg]sf 5g\ . h:t} M x:t of] zAb x;\
x'g] zAbnfO{ ltªGt kb elgG5 . wft'df ltª\ wft'af6 ag]sf] eGg' o'lQm;Ët x'Fb}g -O{Zj/rGb|,
k|Too -ltk\, t;\, lem====dlxª\ cflb !* j6f k|Too_ @)^) M e"ldsf &_ . p0fflb ;"q ci6fWofoLs}
k|1 f MM 9
k"/ssf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . p0fflb ;"qkf7 kfFr tju{sf] i6'Tj x'bF g} Æ elglbgfn] if00ffd\, if00fjltM,
efudf ljeQm 5 eg] ;"q ;ª\Vof &%) 5 . if00fuo{M oL z'4 zAb l;4 x'G5g\ . o;/L oxfF
jflt{s kfl0flgsf ;"qsf] pQm bf]if -s'/f] gk'u]sf]_ nfO{
jflt{ s sf /rgfsf/ sfTofog x' g \ . sfTofogn] ;RofPsf 5g\ .
sfTofogsf] csf]{ gfd j/?lr klg xf] . logL -v_ cg'Qm bf]if
:d[ltsf/ / dxfslj klg lyP . pgsf]
:juf{/f]x0fÚ eGg'kg]{ s'/f gelgg' cg'Qm bf]if xf] .
gfds dxfsfJo k|l;4 5 . sfTofogn] kfl0flgsf
;'b\Wo'kf:oÚ zAbl;l4sf qmddf
;'wL ± pkf:oÚ
;"qx¿df /x]sf bf]ifx¿nfO{ ;RofpFb} jflt{ssf] oL b'O{ kbljr ;lGwsf qmddf tl:dlGglt lglb{i6]
/rgf u/]/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fnfO{ k"0f{tf lbP . k"j:{ o !=!=^^ / :yfg]Gt/tdM !=!=%) oL b'O { ;"qaf6
To;}n ] jflt{skf7 kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] Ps cleGg
;'wLÚ df /x]sf]
OÚ sf :yfgdf
o0f\Ú -o\_ x'G5 /
cËsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . jflt{ssf] ;ª\Vof nueu
;' w\ o\ ± pkf:oÚ x'G5 / cglr r *=$=$& ;"qn]
!%)) /x]sf] 5 . w\ j0f{sf] låTj x'G5 /
;' w\ w\ o\ ± pkf:o aG5 .
j[Q]Jof{Vofgd\ jflt{sd\Ú cyf{t\ j[lQnfO{ o; cj:yfdf ;+of]ufGt:o nf]kM *=@=@# ;"qn]
nIodf /fv]/ n]lvPsf] s'/f] g} jflt{s xf] . jflt{sn] kbsf] cGTodf /x]sf] ;+o'QmfIf/df cGTofIf/sf]
ci6fWofoL ;"qsf ltg k|sf/sf bf]ifsf] kl/xf/ nf]k x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf
o\Ú cGTodf /x]sf]
u/]sf] s'/f ljåfg\x\ ¿n] cf}NF ofPsf 5g\ . jflt{ssf] x'gfn] To;sf] nf]k eP/
;'Ww'kf:oÚ o:tf] cz'4
nIf0f ub}{ elgPsf] 5 M zAb aGg hfg] x'G5 . To;}n] oxfF sfTofogn]
pQmfg'Qmb'?Qmfgf+ lrGtf oq k|jt{t] . æo0fM k|ltif]wf] jfRoÆ o; jflt{ssf] ljwfg ul/lbP .
t+ u|Gy+ jflt{s+ k|fx'M jflt{s1fM dgLlif0fM . o; jflt{sn] To:tf] cj:yfdf
o0fÚ -o\ /\ n\ j\_
-pQm, cg'Qm / b'?Qm oL ltg bf]ifsf af/]df sf] rflxF nf]k lgif]w x'G5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sfn] o\
h'g lrGtg ul/Psf] 5 Tof] u|Gysf] gfd g} jflt{s j0f{sf] nf]k x'g kfPg / cl3Nnf] w\ b\ df kl/jt{g
xf] ._ eP/ ;'b\Wo'kf:o zAb l;4 eof] . oxfF x'g'kg]{ s'/f
-s_ pQm bf]if gelgPsf] x'gfn] Tof] ck"0f{ x'Fbf cg'Qm bf]if eof] .
pQm cyf{t\ eGbf eGb} klg s'/f] gk'Ug' o:tf] cg'Qm bf]ifnfO{ sfTofogsf] jflt{sn]
pQm bf]if xf] . i6'gf i6'M *=$=$! ;"qsf] ;\ / t\ y\ ;RofPsf] 5 .
b\ w\ g\ j0f{x¿sf cl3 jf kl5 ifsf/ / 6 ju{ - -u_ b'?Qm bf]if
67890f_ sf] of]u x'Fbf ;sf/ ifsf/df / t ju{ 6 eGbf eGb} a9L elgg' b'?Qm bf]if xf] .
ju{ -67890f_ df km]l/g] -i6'Tj_ lgodnfO{ Jojl:yt o/f]g'gfl;s]g'gfl;sf] jf *=$=$% n] k5fl8
ug{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] g kbfGtf§f]/gfd\ *=$=$# cg'gfl;s j0f{ ePdf cl3Nnf] kbfGt
o/\Ú j0f{sf
;"qn] kbfGtsf] 6ju{jl5 Tof] cjojeGbf leGg 7fpFdf ljsNkn] cg'gfl;s x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
¿kdf ;sf/ / tju{ cfPdf rflxF i6'Tj -;\ ifsf/df /
Ptt\ ± d'/fl/ `" PtGd'/fl/M÷Ptb\d'/fl/MÚ b'j}
/ tju{ 6ju{df km]l/g]_ x'Fb}g eGb} cl3Nnf]nfO{ ¿k l;4 u/]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] cfwf/ lnFbf
lrb\ ±
tt\ ± 6Lsf `" t§LsfÚ / kl5Nnf]nfO{
if6\ ± t] dod\Ú df ;lGw x'Fbf klg ljsNkn] ¿k l;4 eO{
`" if6\ t]Ú pbfx/0f lbPsf] 5 . oxfF ;"q *=$=$#
lrb\dod\Ú h:tf] cz'4 ¿k klg l;4 x'g hfg]
gePsf] eP
if6\ t]Ú geP/ cz'4 kb
if§]Ú l;4 x'G5 . To;}n] æk|Too] efiffofd\ lgTod\Æ jflt{sn]
x'GYof] t/ cem} klg ;"q *=$=$# ck"0f{ 5 . lsg nf]s÷hg efiffdf eg] lgTon] g} cg'gfl;s x'G5
eg] To:t} k|sf/sf
gfd\, gjlt / gu/L zAbsf] eg]/ lgTo ¿kd}
lrGdod\Ú ¿k l;4 u/]sf] 5 .
if8\Ú kb;Fu ;+of]u x'bF f if0gfd\, if0gjltM, if0guo{M o;/L o; jflt{sn] kfl0flgsf] b'?Qm bf]if -unt
h:tf cz' 4 kb aGg] x' g fn] oxfF egfO_ nfO{ ;RofPsf] 5 .
cgfDgjltgul/0ffldlt jfRod\Ú o; jflt{sn] dxfefio
ækbfGt 6ju{kl5 gfd\, gjlt, gu/LleGg ;sf/
dxfefioÚ sf /rlotf kt~hln x'g\ .
k|1 f MM 10
kfl0flgsf ;"q / sfTofogsf jflt{ssf] JofVof pk;+xf/
ul/Psf] /rgf dxfefio xf] . o; u|Gydf kfl0flgsf] ;+:s[t efiffdf eflifs lrGtgsf] qmd j}lbs
ci6fWofoL ;"qkf7sf x/]s cWofonfO{ ljleGg o'uaf6} yflnPsf] kfOG5 . ;Dk"0f{ k"jL{o 1fg
cflXgsdf ljefhg u/]/ ljzb JofVof ul/Psf] lj1fgsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] j}lbs ;+lxtfsf
5 . efiosf] cy{
cflIfKo efif0fft\ efiod\Ú eg]/ dGqx¿sf] z'4 / ;xL pRrf/0f Pjd\ cy{af]wsf]
sfJodLdf+;fdf elgPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] k|lqmof o'uko{Gt oyfjt\ /lx/xf];\ eGgsf lglDt
cfIf]k u/]/ ;dfwfg ug'{ efio xf] . cfIf]k k|frLg Clifd'lgx¿af6} o;sf] pRrf/0f k|lqmof,
eg]sf] k|Zg jf zÍf xf] . klxn] k|Zg jf zÍf zAblgdf{0f k|lqmof, zAbfy{1fg nufotsf ljifodf
p7fP/ To;kl5 To;sf] ;dfwfg dxfefiodf lrGtg x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;} qmdsf HjnGt
ul/Psf] 5 . cyf{ t \ dxfefiosf] /rgf ;fIfsf ¿kdf lzIff, k|fltzfVo, lg?Qm cflb
k|Zgf]Q/fTds z}nLdf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfefiosf] j}lbs Jofs/0f / sf]z u|Gyx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . j}lbs
nIf0fsf af/]df k/fz/ pkk'/f0fdf klg elgPsf] ;+:s[taf6 qmdzM tTsfnLg nf]s÷hgefiffsf
5 M ¿kdf ljsl;t nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] o'ukl5 klg
;"qfyf] { j0o{t ] oq kb}M ;"qfg';fl/leM eflifs lrGtgsf] qmd cl3 a9\b} hfFbf ;+:s[t
:jkbflg r j0o{Gt] efio+ efioljbf] ljb'M . eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/fs} ;jf]R{ r pknlAwsf ¿kdf
;"qfg';f/L jfSox¿ cyf{t \ jflt{såf/f hxfF dfq xf]Og ljZjs} clåtLo eflifs lrGtgsf]
;"qfy{sf] / cfgf kbx¿sf] j0f{g x'G5 Tof] efio kl/0ffdsf ¿kdf kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] k|0fognfO{
xf] eg]/ efioljb\x¿ eGb5g\ . kfl0flgsf ;"qx¿sf] lnOG5 . kfl0flgn] cfkm"k"j{sf ;Dk"0f{ j}lbs
JofVof jf j[lQ / To;af6 x'g ] zAbl;l4sf] ;ª\ux| Jofs/0f, sf]z cflb u|Gyx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg
g} dxfefio xf] . csf] { zAbdf eGbf nf}lss ;+:s[t j}ofs/0fx¿sf pknlAwnfO{ ;d]t ;;Ddfg
efiffsf] klxnf] k|of]ufTds Jofs/0f g} dxfefiosf cfTd;ft\ ub} { ci6fWofoLsf] /rgf u/] . kfl0flgsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . dxfefion] ;"q / jflt{ssf] o;} d"n /rgfnfO{ sfTofog / kt~hlnn] yk
JofVof dfq gu/L ltgn] s] s:tf zAbx¿ s;/L kl/k'i6tf k|bfg ub}{ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fnfO{ k"0f{tf
l;4 x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;d]t b]vfPsf] kfOG5 . lbPsf x'g \ .
kt~hlnn] j[lQ zAbsf] cy{
zf:qk[j[lQÚ eGb} dfx]Zj/ ;"q, k|Tofxf/, ci6fWofoL ;"q,
æpbfx/0f+, k|To'bfx/0f+, jfSofWofxf/ OTo]tt\ ;d'lbt+ u0fkf7, wft'kf7 cflb dfly jl0f{t ljifox¿
JofVofg+ ejltÆ cyf{t\ ;"qsf] JofVofg cGtu{t kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ x'g\ . log}
pbfx/0f, k|To'bfx/0f, jfSofWofxf/sf] ;dfj]z x'G5 s'/fx¿df 6]s]/ efiffsf j0f{, ltgsf pRrf/0f
eg]sf 5g\ -dLdf+;s, ;g\ !(&* M k|:tfjgf k|lqmof, kblgdf{0f k4lt, jfSo/rgf, ;lGwk|lqmof
!&_ . ;[li6w/frfo{n] klg kbR5]b, kbfy{syg, nufotsf ;du| kIfx¿sf] cWoogljZn]if0f ug{
;df;sf] lju|x, jfSoof]hgf -;"qfy{_, k"j{kIf / ;lsG5 . olt dfq xf]Og o;df Wjlglj1fg,
;dfwfg oL JofVofgsf kfFr cjoj x'g\ eg]sf j0f{lj1fg, ¿klj1fg, cy{lj1fg, jfSolj1fg cflb
5g\ -dLdf+;s, ;g\ !(&* M k|:tfjgf !&_ . cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ ;d]t
dxfefiodf oL ;a} tjsf] pkof]u ePsf] kfOG5 ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o; cy{df kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf]
eg] o;df ;"qx¿sf] JofVofg ug] { qmddf pbfx/0f k|0fog g} Pp6f k"0ff{Ë Jofs/0fsf] k|0fog ePsfn]
k|:t't ubf{ j]b, j]bfGt, Gofo, dLdf+;f cflb ljljw o;kl5 ;+:s[t Jofs/0fsf] k/Dk/fdf s'g} gofF
zf:qsf ;fy} nf}lss cfrf/ljrf/ / Jojxf/sf] Jofs/l0fs lrGtg b]vf k/]g a? kfl0fgLo
klg ;dLIff ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;y{ dxfefio Jofs/0fs} cWoog cWofkg ug]{ u'?s'n k/Dk/f
Jofs/0f u|Gy dfq geP/ cg]sfg]s jfª\dosf] -:s'n_ g} :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; Jofs/0fn]
;dLIff klg xf] . ;+:s[t efiffsf] k|s[lt;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf ;+;f/s}
efiffsf] cWoog ug]{ dxjk"0f{ cfwf/ ;d]t k|bfg
k|1 f MM 11
u/]sf] 5 . To;}n ] ;+;f/s} cfw'lgs efiffj}1flgsx¿ kfZrfTo cfw'lgs efifflj1fgLx¿ cfslif{t x'g
;d]t kfl0flgsf] cb\et' d]wf / ce"tk"j { Pjd\ o; k'u]sf 5g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿n] kfl0fgLo
k| s f/sf] clåtLo /rgfsf] ;fj{ e f} d tf / Jofs/0fnfO{ ;+;f/s} ;jf{]Qd, j}1flgs, sfnhoL
j}1flgstfaf6 cToGt k|efljt / rdTs[t ag]sf / k"0f{ Jofs/0fsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .
5g\ . ctM kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] cWooglrGtgdf
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
O{Zj/rGb| -JofVof_= @)^)= ci6fWofoL= lbNnL M rf}vDaf ;+:s[t k|lti7fg .
Uff}td, b]jLk|;fb=
kfl0fgLo k/fwft'sf] cWoogÚ -k|sfzf]Gd'v n]v_
emf, /fdrGb| -;Dkf_= @)##= j}ofs/0fl;4fGtsf}d'bL= jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf cd/ef/tL k|sfzg .
= @)$@= n3'l;4fGtsf}d'bL= ;f]x|f} ;+:s= jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf cd/ef/tL k|sfzg .
Gof}kfg], e'jg= @)^&=
kfl0flgk"js{ f] k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg k/Dk/fÚ -ck|sflzt Pd=lkmn= sIff k|:t'lt_
Kf08]o, ch'{g= @)^(=
;+:s[tsf] Jofs/0fk/Dk/fdf kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fsf] :yfgÚ k/dfgGbk|1f= #÷@= k[ !!#!!& .
km'ofFn, /fdrGb| / c¿= @)^^=
kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f / u0fkf7 ci6fWofoL ;DaGwÚ -ck|sflzt ;fd"lxs cWoogkq_
lq=lj= g]kfnL ljefu, ljBfljzf/b sfo{qmd .
e§/fO{, wgklt= @)^&=
ci6fWofoL;Fu ;Da4 kfl/eflifs zAbfjnLÚ -ck|sflzt cWoog kq, lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo g]kfnL
ljefu, ljBfljzf/b sfo{qmd .
dLdf+;s, o'lwli7/= ;g\ !(&*=
k|:tfjgfÚ= Jofs/0fdxfefiod\= ;+:s= bf];|f]= jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf
ljBfejg .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 12
eflifs cWoog
du/ 9'6sf] j0f{ljGof;, :t/Ls/0f / a'emfO!
lji0f's'df/ l;ª\hfnL
ljifo k|j]z hg;ª\Vofsf] $&=%! k|ltzt xf] -6L=aL= k'gdu/,
du/ ;d' b fodf tLg j6f du/ @)^&, k]=*_ . klZrdf~rn du/ 9'6 efiff
dft[efiffx¿sf] cl:tTj 5 h; cg';f/ -!_ du/ af] N g] x ¿sf] 3gf a:tL ePsf] 7fpF xf] .
9'6 -@_ du/ kfª÷vfd -#_ du/ sfOs] kb{5g\ . klZrdf~rndf du/x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof !^=$#
s'g} s'g} ljåfg\x¿ du/nfO{ kfFr k|sf/sf eg]/ k|ltzt cyf{t\ &,%),(^) 5 . o; hg;ª\Vofdf
dfGb5g\, pgLx¿ AofF;L efiff / ldh' dx/ efiffnfO{ $,)@,@(( hgfn] dfq du/ 9'6 af]Ng] ub{5g\ -
klg du/ efiffsf] zfvf dfGb5g\ -lx/f l;ª yfkf, >L;, @)^^ k]=%_ .2 du/ vfd÷kfª efiff d'Vo
@)^^_ . du/ dft[efiffdf 9'6, kfª jf vfd / u/L ?s'd, /f]Nkfdf af]lnG5Ù cfhsn a;fO;/fOn]
sfOs] eg]sf]
efiffÚ eGg] cy{ nfUb5 cyf{t\ b]zel/ g} k}mlnPsf] 5 .
logLx¿ kof{ojfrL zAbx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ @))! sf] dflysf] tYofª\sn] du/ hfltsf] klxrfg
hgu0fgf cg';f/ du/ dft[efifLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof du/ efiff d[To'tk{m cufl8 a9]sf] k|:6 5, lsgls
&,&),!!^ 5 . t/ o;df du/ 9'6 / du/ cfwfeGbf w] / } du/x¿n] cfgf] dft[ e fiff
vfd÷kfª 5'§ofOPsf] 5}g, sfOs] du/ efiff lal;{;s] . o:tf] cj:yfdf efiffnfO{ ;/n,
af] N g] x ¿ &($ 5g\ . du/ efiff af] N g] s f] Jofjxfl/s agfO{ efiff ;+/If0f ug'k{ g]d
{ f dfgssf]
hg;ª\Vof #=#( k|ltzt xf] eg] s"n du/ gfddf hl6ntf ykL cJofjxfl/s agfpg] /
k|1 f MM 13
h8;"qjfbL ;f]rsf sf/0f du/ efiff k|of]usf] 5g\ .
c3f]lift lgif]w du/ cu'jfx¿af6 x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . ljutdf du/ dft[efiff n]vgsf clwsf+z du/ 9'6df :j/ j0f{ (Vowels In Magar Dhut)
;[hgf b]jfgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvFb} cfO/x]sf lyP .
t/ lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf tTsfnLg g]kfn /fhsLo du/ -9'6_ efiffdf hDdf ^ j6f cfwf/e"t
k|1fk|lti7fg, sdnfbLdf Wjlg lj1 k|f= 8f= dfwj :j/ j0f{x¿, ^ dxfk|f0f :j/j0f{ / ^ j6f cg'gfl;s
k|;fb kf]v/]nHo"sf] pkl:yltdf du/ ljåfg\x¿sf] :j/ j0f{ klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ .
e]nfn] du/ 9'6sf] æj0f{dfnf klxrfg uf]i7LÆ cfwf/e"t :j/ j0f{ (Basic Vowels) :
;DkGg u¥of] . w] / } /fd| f sfd eP . s] x L du/ -9'6_ efiffsf cfwf/e"t ^ j6f :j/ j0f{x¿
sdhf]/Lx¿ /x] . ;f] uf]i7L / To;kl5 ul/Psf] lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
dfgsLs/0fdf ePsf ;lhnf kIf / c;lhnf c cf O p P cf]
kIfx¿sf] jfbljjfbsf] -k'g/jnf]sg_ sfo{qmd - _ - f _ - l _ - ' _ - ] _ - f] _
g]kfn du/ n]vs ;ª\3, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] @)^& a aa/â/â i u e o
;fn c;f/ !! ut] u¥of] . To:t} u/L j}zfv !( « a I u e o
ut], @)^( df klg j0f{ljGof; jf n]vgsf ljifodf
lgd kmfpG8]zgn] jfbljjfbsf] d~r v8f u¥of] dxfk|f0f :j/ j0f{ (Breathy Vowels) :
t/ ;+jfbaf6 ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg rflxF u/]g . du/ 9'6sf dxfk|f0f hf]l8Psf ^ j6f :j/j0f{
oL sfo{ q mddf p7] s f jfbljjfb / lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
ljrf/x¿sf] dGygsf] cfwf/, du/ ;dfhsf] c`÷c\x\ cf`÷c\xf O`÷O\x\ p`÷p\x\ P`÷P\x\ cf]`÷cf]x\ \
cWoogsf] qmddf kfOPsf ljrf/x¿sf] cfwf/df ah aah/âh ih uh eh oh
n]vg sfo{ ;lhnf] / ;/n agfpg] tyf ;a}n] -« a- -I -
u -e -
o
a'g] agfpg h?/L 5 . du/ 9'6df df}lns klxrfg
hf]ufpg klg h?/L 5 . o;sf ;fy} efiff j}1flgs, cg'gfl;stf Nasalization M gfs / d'v
Jofjxfl/s / ;/n x'g klg cfjZos 5 . csf]t{ k{m b'j} :yfgaf6 ;f; aflx/ lg:s]/ pRrf/0f x'g]
du/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a9fO{ cIf/ cg'gfl;s -gfs]_ :j/ xf] . ltgLx¿ lgDg
/fHo ;Qfdf hfg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;n] ubf{ cg';f/ 5g\ M
du/ efiff n]vg sfo{df k/Dk/fut dfgsLs/0f cF cfF OF pF PF cf]F
kb\wltdf kfFr ;'wf/x¿ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf an ân/aan in un en on
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] o'u )« )A )I )
u )e )
o
PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf k|lt:kwf{ u/L cl:tTj
hf]ufpg ;Sb5, du/ JolQmTj ljsf;df efiffsf] lå:j/ (Dipthong) M b'O { j6f d"n :j/x¿
sf/0f cNe]m/ klg a:g' kb}{g . ldn]/ ag]sf] :j/nfO{ lå:j/ (dipthong) elgG5 .
du/ efiffdf o:tf lå:j/ k|rngdf kfOG5g\ .
du/ 9'6df ljBdfg j0f{x¿ tL lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
du/ efiffdf ePsf Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg P] -c±O_ cf} -c±p_
u/L du/ efiff ljsf; ug] { p2]Zon] @)%) ;fndf - } _ - f} _
j0f{dfnf klxrfg uf]i7L klxnf] k6s / xfn;Dd ai au
clGtd ePsf] lyof] . o; uf]i7Ldf Wjlglj1 k|f=8f= «I «u
dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n / du/ ljåfg\x¿sf] pkl:ylt lj=;+= @)%) ;fnsf] uf]i7Ldf lå:j/sf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] uf]i7Lsf] hudf cl8P/ kl5 Jojxf/df k|of]u gug]{ elgPsf] 5 . P] - } _ n]Vg' k/]df c±O{
kfOPsf du/ 9'6sf j0f{x¿ lgDg cg';f/ ljBdfg / cf} n]Vg' k/]df c±pm af6 sfd rnfpg] elgPsf]
k|1 f MM 14
5 . t/ klg lgDg lå:j/ du/ 9'6df af/Daf/ r 5 h em `
k|rngdf cfpg] ub{5, o;sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . cha chha ja jha n#a
x|:j -÷lgDg tfg_ / bL3{ -÷pRr tfg_ :j/ tS« tSH« dz« dz-« j«)«
j0f{ (Short and Long Vowel/ Low tone & 6 7 8 9 g Gx÷g`
High Tone) ta tha da dha na nha
du/ 9'6df cGo efiffdf h:tf] x|:j / t« ÿH« ê« ê«- n« n-«/n«-
bL3{sf] e]b zAb cy{sf] ;Gbe{df xfn;Ddsf] k km a e d Dx÷d`
cWoogdf kfOPsf] 5}gÙ t/ pRrf/0f rflxF b'j} pa pha ba bha ma mha
kfOPsf] 5 . s]xL ljåfg\sf cg';f/ du/ efiff p« pH« b« b-« m« m«-
tfg ePsf] (Tonal) efiff xf] . Tof] tfg lgDg tfg o o\x÷o` / /\x÷/` n Nx÷n`
(Low tone) -O÷ l, p÷ ' _, pRr tfg (High ya yha ra rha la lha
tone) - O{÷ L, pm÷" _ / dxfk|f0f Wjlg (breathy j« j
«
- r« r-«/r«- l« l-«/l«-
sound) n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;nfO{ 5f]8\g] xf] eg] j Jx÷j` ; x
du/ efiffsf] df}lnstf x/fpFb5 .3 du/ 9'6sf wa wha sa ha
x|:j :j/ dfly g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, oxfF bL3{ w« w-«/w«- s« ú«
:j/ j0f{ (long vowel) dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . oL j0f{x¿ afx]s tgx"F If]qdf s07\o :kz{
O{ pm (glottal stop/ ?) 5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf :of Ö
- L _ - " _ df;',:of< ÖbfFt,hf<s]Ö?rfpg'cflb. vf;
ee/i: oo/u: u/]/ of] j0f{ xfd|f] Oltxf; xf]Ù kfNkf, :ofª\hf
i: U nufot w]/} 7fpFx¿df of] ;lhnf]tkm{ au]/ æsÆ
nfdf] -bL3{_ / 5f]6f] -x|:j_ :j/j0f{ / jf o:t} c¿ j0f{tk{m pRrf/0f uPsf] 5 . o;n]
o;sf] k|of]usf] af/]df yk cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] ubf{ Tof] j0f{ x/fPsf] 5 .
cfjZostf 5 . lj=;+= @)%) ;fnsf] uf]i7Ln] æj0f{dfnf klxrfg uf]i7L @)%)Æ n] du/
du/ 9'6df ;a} bL3L{s/0f - L, " _ n]Vg] egL 9'6sf] df}lns cIf/ æ`Æ, s07\o :kz{ (glottal
dfgs u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ du/ 9'6df bL3{ -nfdf]_ stop/ ? ) æ <Æ nfO{ afx]s u/L du/ -9'6_ efiffdf
eGbf x|:j -5f+]6f]_ :j/ a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] #@ Jo~hg j0f{x¿ kl/lrt u/fPsf] lyof] / æ`Æ
ubf{ klg ;xL pRrf/0fdf km/s kfg]{ b]lvG5 . nfO{ æoFÆ sf] pRrf/0fdf 9flnPsf] lyof] . OG8f]
cfo{g efiff jf v; g]kfnL efiff af]Ng]x¿nfO{
Jo~hg j0f{ (Consonants) æ`Æ ;xL pRrf/0f ug{ ufxf/f] x'G5 .
du/ 9'6df ## ;a} eflifsfdf kfOg] /
Ps j6f tgx'F If]qsf] eflifsf -÷cf~rlns_ kfOg] #= du/ 9'6 n]Vo k/Dk/f
Jo~hg j0f{x¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M du/ 9'6df n]Vg yfn]sf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g .
s v u 3 ª ª\x÷ª` @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 dfq n]vg sfo{ ePsf]
ka kha ga gha nga ngha kfOG5 . du/ 9'6sf] n]Vo k/Dk/fnfO{ lgDg tLg
k« kH« g« g«- N« N«- efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
#= k|f=8f= s]z/hª a/fn du/Ho"n] du/ Ps]8]lds u|'k, sf7df8f}Fåf/f @)^( ;fn c;f/ #)#! ut] gu/sf]6df
National seminar on Magar Identity eGg] uf]i7Ldf lbg' ePsf] jStAosf cfwf/df . cfhsn s]xL
efiffzf:qLx¿n] du/ 9'6nfO{ tfg ePsf] efiff eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . ufpF3/df af]lng] du/ efiffdf no ldnfP/ af]Ng]
k|rng cBflk 5Fb}5 a? cfhsn ldl8ofsf] k|efjn] du/ 9'6 v; g]kfnL h:tf] x'g vf]Hb} 5 . ufpF3/df uO{ k'/fgf
k':tfx¿af6 /]s8{ u/L af]nLsf] njh /]s8{ u/L g/fVg] xf] eg] of] x/fpg ;Sb5 . o;sf/0f k'/fgf k':tfx¿sf] njh
/]s8{ ug{ ;a} nfUg' klg h?/L 5 .
k|1 f MM 15
-s_ lj=;+= @)%) ;fneGbf cl3sf] n]Vo k/Dk/f -&_ cfuGt's zAb / cGo efiffdf k|rlnt
du/ 9'6df ;flxTo tyf n]vx¿ n]Vbf zAbx¿sf] du/Ls/0f ubf{ cfuGt's zAbnfO{
@)%) ;fneGbf cl3 b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vg] / du/ 9'6sf] j0f{leq ha/h:tL n]Vg] cEof;
;f]xL k/Dk/fdf n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cflbslj ul/of] . To;n] ubf{ kfg]{ zflAbs cy{ /
lhtaxfb'/ l;~hfnL / /]vaxfb'/ yfkf, afns[i0f ;fdflhs c;/x¿tkm{ Vofn ul/Pg .
kf] v /] n , k| f =8f= s] z /hª a/fn cflbsf -*_ du/ 9'6 dfgsLs/0f ug{ vf]Hbf kmf]g]lds jf
k':tsx¿df ;f] s'/f b]Vg kfOG5 . kmf]g]l6S; stfaf6 ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof]{n
-v_ lj=;+= @)%) b]lv @)^& ;fn;Dd ul/Pg . cWoog cg';Gwfgdf sd hf]8 lbOof] .
o; sfnv08df æj0f{dfnf klxrfg uf]i7L -(_ @)$( ;fndf Pd=P;= yfkfdu/n] æk|frLg
@)%)Æ / ToxfF ;lDdlnt ;Lldt dft[efifL du/ / cSvf lnlkÆ gfds k':ts k|sfzgdf
ljåfg\x¿sf] kxndf lgDg n]Vo k/Dk/f a;fpg] NofO{ du/ 9'6 n]vgdf æcSvf lnlkÆ sf]
k|of; ePsf] lyof] . k|of]usf] ;'?jft eof] .
-!_ du/ 9'6 b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vg] t/ uf]i7Laf6 -u_ lj=;+=@)^& kl5
klxrfg ul/Psf] j0f{dfnfeGbf aflx/ ghfg] . @)^& ;fn c;f/ !! ut] g]kfn du/
-@_ du/ 9'6 b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]v ] klg ;f] lnlkdf n]vs ;+3n] cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o
ePsf] cfwf cIf/ k|of]u gu/L l;ª\uf] cIf/ k|lti7fgsf] ;xof]udf du/ 9'6 n]vg k/Dk/fsf]
n]vL v'§f sf6\g] -xnGt lrXg_ n]Vg] . k'g/jnf]sg sfo{qmd /fVof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf du/
-#_ du/ 9'6df :j/ j0f{x¿ n]Vbf bL3L{s/0f dfq 9'6 n]vg kb\wltnfO{ s]xL ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿
n]Vg] -hals ;f] uf]i7Ln] x|:j -O, p_ cfwf/e"t cf}FNofOof] . efiff lj1fg ;Ddt / Jofjxfl/s
:j/ j0f{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5_ . tl/sfn] ;/n tyf ;a}n] a'g ;Sg] u/fpg
-$_ du/ 9'6df k|of]u x'g] lå:j/ (dipthong) x¿ du/ 9'6 b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vbf ækfFr a6f a'Fbf
h:t} P] - }_, cf} - f}_ cflb k|of]u gug]{ . P] ;'wf/Æ cleofgsf] ;'?jft eO{ xfn cEof; x'Fb}
- } _ n]Vg' k/]df c±O{ / cf} n]Vg' k/]df c±pm 5 .
af6 sfd rnfpg] .
-%_ du/ df}lns cIf/ æ`Æ nfO{ æoFÆ n]Vg] du/ 9'6 ;/n tl/sfn] s;/L a'g] / a'emfpg]
-hals æ`Æ v; efifL jf ef/f]kn ] L efifLx¿nfO{ du/ 9'6 n]vgdf æj0f{dfnf klxrfg uf]i7L
pRrf/0f ug{ ufxf/f] x'G5_ . @)%)Æ Pp6f cfwf/ :tDe cyf{t \ ejg lgdf{0fsf]
-^_ dxfk|f0f n]Vbf cGt/f{li6«o k|rngcg';f/ hu xf] . o;df eP u/]sf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;RofP/
cIf/d'lg b'O { yf]Knf] gn]v/] cIf/d'lg Ps yf]KnL efiffnfO{ hLjGt /fVg, ;j}n] a'g] agfpg ;/n
n]Vg] dfgsLs/0f ul/of] . of] s'/f kl5 c¿ / ;/; agfpg h?/L 5 . lj1fgsf] gfddf
cflbjf;L hghfltsf dft[ e fifLx¿;F u Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ a]jf:tf klg ug{ ldNb}g .
aflemof] . -of] dfgs lrXg du/ / /fhj+zL lj1fg eGgfn] cª\u|]hL efiffsf] efiff lj1fg dfq}
dft[efiffdf dxfk|f0f (breathy) hgfpg], ToxL klg xf]Og . ;+;f/df xhf/f}F lnlkx¿ 5g\, h;sf]
lrGx aflxª /fO{df efiffdf uf]lnt Osf/, klxrfg (identity) cfg} 5 . du/ 9'6df n]lvPsf
d] a fxfª -/fO{ _ efiffdf cuf] l nt psf/, ;flxTo / n]vx¿ ;a}n] ;lhn} a'g] agfpg' klg
;Gyfndf s07\o :kz{ / x]Ndf] efiffdf nfdf] kb{5 .
lj;u{ hgfpg] Wjlg lj1 Ps k|f=8fS6/ du/ efiff ;flxTosf] n]vg sfo{ j}1flgs
ljåfg\åf/f ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf t/ ;/n, Jofjxfl/s / ;j{;n ' e x'g ' clgjfo{ 5 .
b]jfgfu/L lnlkdf klg tn yf]KnLsf] k|rng lj1fgsf] lgod eGb} cJofjxfl/s lgod agfP/
w]/} klxn]b]lv x/fO;s]sf] 5, lsgls o;n] efiff arfpg ;lsFb}g . csf]{tk{m cfhsf] Jo:t
a'g ufxf/f] agfPsf] lyof] ._ hdfgfdf hl6n lgod agfP/ efiffsf] ljsf; x'g
k|1 f MM 16
;Sb}g . csf]{tk{m xfd|f] dft[efiff ;+/If0f ug{, x'G5 . h:t} M
ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/sf] s'g } e"ldsf 5}g . h] hlt hf6\r } -hf6\rO_, jâtchai Ö ub} { (doing)
du/ efiff / ;flxTodf sfd ePsf 5g\, clwsf+z s'; } -s';O_, kusai Ö s'g rflxF (which one)
JolQmut ePsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ jt{dfg ;dfh cf}n
F f -cpFnf_ aulâ Ö cf}n + f (finger)
kl/l:ylt;Fu ;fd~h:o (adaptation) ub}{ du/ -%_ cfuGt's zAbx¿sf] n]vgdf ;s];Dd du/
efiff ;flxTo n]vgnfO{ ;/n / Jofjxfl/s agfpg efiffsf df}lns zAbx¿ vf]h/] k|of]u ug'k{ b{5 .
lgDg kfFr ;'wf/x¿ ug{ h?/L 5 M cfuGt's zAb jf du/ dft[efiffsf] zAb cGo
-!_ du/ 9'6 b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vbf ;f] lnkLdf efiffdf uO{ k| rlnt ePsf zAbx¿nfO{
ePsf] cfwf cIf/x¿ k|of]u ug] { -cgfjZos du/Ls/0f ug{ k|of; u/L n]Vg' klg kb{5 .
xnGt alx:sf/gug]_{ . xnGt gePsf cIf/df o;n] -s_ cfgf]kg :yfkgf ub{5 -v_
dfq v'§f sf6\g ] . zAbe08f/sf] ljsf; ub{5 . t/ zAbsf] cy{
-@_ dxfk|f0f n]Vbf k|of]u ul/Psf] cIf/d'lg Ps cgy{ x'g ] ePdf jf ;fdflhs hl6ntf yKg]
yf]KnL n]Vg] egL ul/Psf] dfgsLs/0fsf ;§f sfo{ ePdf h:tfsf] t:t} n]Vg ;lsG5Ù h:t}M
cGt/fli6«o k|rng cg';f/ b'O { yf]KnL n]Vg] . dfgj clwsf/, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, clVtof/,
kmG6sf] ;d:of ePdf cfwf cIf/ / x n]vL s[lif ljsf; a}ªs \ , /fi6«, axfb'/, la|l6z, u0ftGq,
sfd rnfpg] -h:t} M Nxf, Dx], ldGxfF cflb_ . k|hftGq cflb .
-#_ du/ -9'6_ efiffsf] df}lns cIf/ æ`Æ sf] o;/L du/ 9'6sf] n]vg sfo{nfO{ ;/nLs/0f
k|of]u ug] { . h:t} M `fªgf;, `fFe,' `Gs], `fFSs], ug] { xf] eg] du/ dft[efifLx¿n] k]ml/ bf]xf]¥ofP/
/}F`f cflb . o:t}tgx"Fsf]eflifsfIf]qdf:yfgLotf b]jgfu/L lnlk k9\gk' g] { afWotf x6\g5 ] . csf]t{ k{m
cyf{t\cf~rlnshgfpgs07\o:kz{æ<Æ du/x¿n] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf nflu x'g ] k|lt:kwf{
Jo~hgj0f{sf]k|of]uug{;lsG5.h:t}M:of<, xf]; \ jf :s'n tyf ljBfnosf] lgodLt k9fOdf
hf<s]cflb.s07\o:kz{n]vgubf{æ<Æsf] o;n] 7'nf] cGt/ NofpFbg} . dflysf kfFr ;'wf/
;§fdfcfsf//bL3{Osf/lrGxdfl;w}xnGt ubf{ du/ efiff n]vg efiffzf:qsf] b[li6sf]0faf6
/fVg]afFsL;a}dfæc\Æcyf{tæcÆdfxnGtsf] s'g } cj}1flgs x'bF g} . o;n] efiffnfO{ hLjGt /fVg
k|of]uug]{. dbt ub{5 . a? lj:tf/} du/ 9'6 n]vgdf du/
-$_ du/ 9'6 n]vgdf x|:j -÷lgDg tfg_, bL3{ lnlksf tLgj6} dft[efiff ;d]6g\ ] u/L k|of]u ug'{
-÷pRr tfg_ / lå:j/x¿sf] pRrf/0f cg';f/ plrt x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf ;fy} du/ 9'6 cSvf
k|of]u ug] { . du/ 9'6df klxrfg ul/Psf] æOÆ lnlkdf n]Vbf ;f]xL lnkLsf] Joj:yf cg';f/
/ æpÆ x|:j k|st[ Lsf 5g\, bL3{ :j/j0f{sf] n]Vg'kb{5 . du/ 9'6 b]jgfu/Ldf dfq} xf]Og /f]dg,
klxrfg @)%) ;fnsf] uf]i7Ldf ul/Psf] 5}g . l;l/hª\uf, /~hgf cflb lnlkx¿df klg n]Vg
du/ efiffdf pRr tfg (Intensifier) ePsf] ;lsG5 t/ klg lnlksf] cfgf] dfGotf / lj1fgnfO{
7fpFdf bL3{ k|of]u ubf{ plrt x'g ;Sb5 . eg] lj;{g ' x'bF g} . n]vg lnkL ;fWoeGbf klg ;fwg
du/ 9'6df x|:j bL3{ ;DaGwL n]Vbf zAbsf] dfq xf], o;sf] ;lx k|of]un] ;/n / ;xh agfpg
cGTo j0f{ eP bL3{, cl3 / aLrdf cfjZostf dbt u/fpFb5 .
cg';f/ tyf cfwf cIf/ hf]l8P/ cfPsf
cIf/df bL3{ n]Vbf ;'Gb/ / ;/n x'g ;Sb5 . cGTodf
t/ du/ 9'6 j0f{dfnfdf x|:j dfq} ePsf]n] du/ 9'6 du/ hfltsf] klxrfg xf] . efiff
;s];Dd a9L x|:j n]Vg' plrt x'G5 . x/fP hftLo klxrfg klg nf]k x'g ;Sb5 .
lå:j/ (dipthong) sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ csf]{tk{m of] g]kfnL ljljwtfsf] k"mnaf/Ldf Ps
du/ 9'6 b]jfgfu/L lnkLdf n]Vg] xf] eg] lå:j/ ;'Gb/ k"mnsf] la?jf klg xf], cyf{t \ /fi6«sf] ;DklQ
(Dipthong) k|of]u ubf{ ;/n / af]wuDo g} klg xf] . du/ 9'6 n]vgdf k|fo b]jgfu/L lnlksf]
k|1 f MM 17
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . 9'6df b]jgfu/L lnlkdf ePsf xf] . o;nfO{ lyr]/, ldr]/, s'r/] , k'm6fP/ / h'wfP/
0f, t, y, b, w, If, q, 1 cflb j0f{x¿ 5}gg\ . lgd"{n kfg]{ k|of; x/ t/x eof] . cfh klg x'Fb}
o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] efiff c¿ efiffeGbf km/s 5 5 . t/ klg efiff hLljt 5 oBlk ;ª\s6sf]
egL b]lvO{ ;Sof]Ù ca km/s x'g b]jgfu/L lnlkdf 38Ltk{m nlDsg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ efiff
n]vg ljlwnfO{ tf]8df]8 u/L sfg sf6]/ s'¿k hf]ufpg, k|jw{g / ljsf; ug{ o;sf] k|of]u ug's { f
aGg' du/ ;d'bfonfO{ xflg x'g ;Sb5 . gfs ;fy} n]vg sfo{nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / Jofjxfl/s
y]Krf] 5 egL hflg;s]kl5 km/s b]lvg sfg agfcf}F . du/ 9'6 arfpg sDtLdf ;/sf/L
sf6\g h?/L 5}g xf]nf . efifflj1 eGg] kl08tx¿sf] ljZjljBfnodf Pd=P= txsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg
k|of]uzfnf jf luGgL lku aGg' klg plrt 5}g u/fpg 5'§} ljefusf] :yfkgf ug]{ dfu /fvL
xf]nf . bafasf sfo{qmdx¿ u/f}, xfd|f ] klxrfg / /fi6«sf]
du/ efiff nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] efiff ;DklQnfO{ hf]ufcf}F .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
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Rai, Vishnu S. 2060 BS — Psycholinguistics & sociolinguistics, Kathmandu
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(MA Thesis to English Department TU)
k|1 f MM 18
yfkf du/, nf]saxfb'/÷tf?ªdu/, gf/fo0f @)^$ Standard Transcription of Magar (Dhut) Language,
k|sfzs M du/ /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{, g]kfn .
yfkf du/, nf]saxfb'/ @)%& a"9f O{d -l/NxLª uf]Dxf]s_ .
yfkf du/, nf]saxfb'/ @)^% cfvL/Lcfª eu"dfg dfn]n];f, g]kfn du/ ;+3 .
a/fn, 8f= s]z/hª\u @)%) kfNkf, tgx"F / :ofª\hfsf du/x¿sf] ;+:s[lt, g]=/f= k|=k|, sf7df8f}F .
a/fn, 8f= s]z/hª\u, @)#& du/ 9'6 s'6 hf6\df] ªfSs], k|sfzs ;'/]z cfn], sf7df8f}+F .
yfkfdu/, Pd=P;, @)$( k|frLg du/ / cSvf/Lsf, sf7df8f}F .
l;ª\hfLdu/, lji0f's'df/ @)%$ z'Gotfsf] cfsfz -syf, sljtf ;ª\u|x_, sf7df8f}F .
======== Æ ====================== @)^$ Nx'ª -cfxfg uf]Dxf]s_ sf7df8f} F .
tf?ª du/, gf/fo0f -aO{/fuL gf6fdu/_, @)^$ k]m/k]mg 8 gfdvfg -cfxfg uf]d\xf]s_ .
=====Æ=============, @)^! nL; -/Ln\xLª uf]dx\ f]s_ .
==========Æ=======, @)%% vL;\;f ª]/fxfg 8 kLxLgL -pvfg, nf]ssyf / ufpFvfg] syf_ .
/fgfdu/, phL/ @)^$ P 8fh] 8O{sf] -/Ln\xLª uf]ds_ .
=====Æ=============== @)^% df]O { emfcf] + /f]xcfª -cfxfg uf]/x\ f]d_ .
/fgfdu/, d]saxfb'/ @)^$ aLs\r uLg -uhn uf]d\xf]s_ .
7f8fdu/, dg' ædLuLgÆ @)^$ sf6 nL;f/ -/Ln\xLª uf]d\xf]s_ .
g]kfn du/ ;F3, tgx"F -k|sfzs_, @)^# du/ 9"6cf]+ cfxfg uf]d\xf]s .
cfn]du/, v8\saxfb'/ @)%) ;]6 6fxfs] -slxn] k'Ug]_, /Ln\xLª uf]d\xf]s .
a'9fdu/, s0f{axfb'/, @)^* lqefifLo du/ zAbsf]z -c7f/ du/ efiff_ rf }Fyf] ;+:s/0f, k|sfzs lhtdfg
k'gdu/ .
===========Æ============= @)^% ax'efifLo g]kfnLdu/ zAbsf]if, g]kfn du/ ljBfyL{ ;ª\3, sf7df8f}F
yfkf -;f]d];]gdu/_, lx/fl;ª, @)^^ du/ 9"6v;cª\u]h | L zAbsf]if -g]=d=;+3, sf7df8f}+_F .
========= Æ==================== du/ y| ' b Ph -ck|sflzt du/ Oltxf;_ .
kf]v/]n, k|f= afns[i0f -¿kfaf;L_ @))( sfg'ª\ nfd, gofF hgjfbL k|sfzg, sfzL .
zdf{, sdnk|;fb @)#! k"0f{ g]kfnLcª\u]h | L sf]if -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}F .
k/fh'nL, s[i0fk|;fb @)^! /fd|f] /rgf M dL7f] g]kfnL -kRrL;f}F ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}F .
Gof}kfg], eljZj/ @)^@ :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] Onfsf g+= !# sf ^ uf=lj=;=df k|rlnt du/ efiffsf pvfgx¿sf]
ljZn]if0ffTds cWog, lq=lj=lj :gfsf]Q/ txsf] nflu k|:t't cWog kq .
dfxf:yla/, 8f= cd[tfgGb dxfgfos, @)%& kfnLg]kfnLg]kfn efiff zAbsf]if, cGt/fli6« af}4 ;dfh .
ofbj, 8f= of]u]Gb|÷/]UdL eLdgf/fo0f @)%( efiff lj1fg -t];|f] ;+:s/0f_, sLlt{k'/ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh @)%( z}nL lj1fg, k|sfzs M g]=/f=k|= sf7df8f}F .
;'Aaf, e/t/fh÷;fDjfb]g, t't'u]g x:tnfn, @)$( g]kfnLlnDa'cª\u]|hL zAbsf]if .
sf]ª\/]g, /fdsfhL÷ljZjsfhL, @)^# ofSvfg]kfnLcª\u]|hL zAbsf]if .
/fO{, 6ª\saxfb'/, @)^) rfdlnª af]Ng l;sfpg] k':ts, k|sfzs pQ/s'df/ /fO{, sf7df8f}F .
yfkf -u'?ª5fgdu/_, lzjnfn @)^% n"k\r /x -cfxfg uf]d\xf]s_, sf7df8f}+.F .
g]kfn du/ ;+3, sf:sL, @)%*, du/fF6L 9'6 .
yfkf, nf]s axfb'/, @)%@, du/fFtL efiffsf] Aofs/0f -g]=/f=k|=k|=df a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bg_ .
l;ª\hfnL, lai0f's'df/, @)^&, a8fk -v/fgL÷du/ 9'6df sljtf ;ª\u|x_ .
Æ @)^*, du/ 9'6cfª s'/fsfgL, t];|f] ;+:s/0f, du/ cWoog s]Gb| sf7df8f}F .
aufn], dg axfb'/ / c¿ @)^$, du/ 9'6 njh uf]Dxf]Sdf -;'v{]t af6 k|sflzt_ .
aufn], dg axfb'/ @)^!, du/ 9'6 njhvf6 -;'v{t] af6 k|sflzt_ .
yfkf, Pd=P;, @)%( k|flrg du/ / cSvf lnlk, a[lh k|sfzg nlntk'/ .
yfkf -ufxf_, dgaxfb'/ / c¿, @)^& 6\ofª\r nfd, k|sfzs M g]kfn ;/sf/ .
k|1 f MM 19
hg{n÷kqklqsfx¿
df:6/ ldq;]g :d[lt k|lt:yfg, sf7df8f}F :dfl/sf -ljleGg cª\sx¿_ .
>L;, dLg -;Dkfbs_ @)^# cª\s ! xfd|f] ef;]{ .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, :ofª\hf -k|sfzs_ @)^$ :ofª\hf lhNnf kfZj{lrq .
aLdnLssf s]xL cª\sx¿ .
nfkmf klqsfsf s]xL cª\sx¿ .
k'gxLn klqsfsf s]xL cª\sx¿ .
;f]gL -tgx"Faf6 k|sflzt_ klqsfsf s]xL cª\sx¿ .
uf]/vfkq -du/ 9'6df k|sflzt ePsf_ s]xL cª\sx¿ .
zf]wdfnf -du/ cWoog s]Gb|sf] hg{n_ sf s]xL cª\sx¿ .
e]m/fs -du/ ;+3 ¿kGb]xLsf] d'vkq_ s]xL cª\sx¿ .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 20
;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf JolStTjsf] ljj]rg
efg'eSt kf]v/]n
k|1 f MM 22
kl/dfh{g, gj;[hg / k|lt;[hgfdf ;jf{Tdgf g]kfnL syf n]vg k|sfzg eg]
gjk|j]zÚ gfds
tNnLg eP/ nfu]sf] s'/f pgsf hLjgLsf] syfaf6
l;+xgfbÚ& slQsd+l;/ @)@) ;fnb]lv
ljj]rgfdf ul/;lsPsf] 5 . dfq ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5, lsGt' Tof] g]kfnL syf
klg
b]jÚ gfdaf6 k|sflzt ePsf]n ] pgnfO{ syfdf
lgaGwsf/ syfsf/ JolQmTj cfkm\gf] gfd n]Vg ;d]t ck7\of/f] nfu]sf] b]lvG5 .
jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] g]kfnL lgaGwsf] n]vg To;kl5 t pgnfO{ ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf] ?lrn]
k|sfzgsf] qmd
gofF ;dfhÚ b}lgs klqsfdf tfg]/ nfg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ª\If]kdf pgsf] egfO
k|sflzt k|aGwfTds n]v
cf7 u|xof]usf] qf;Ú cg';f/ pgn] g]kfnLdf obfsbf n]lvPsf syfsf]
@)!* ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;+:s[t ;ª\Vof a9Ldf #÷$ cf]6f dfq ePsf] atfPaf6
efiffsf] lgaGwrflxF @)!( ;fn dª\l;/df
hot' syfsf If]qdf pgsf] JolQmTj gkm:6fPsf] :ki6
;+:s[td\Ú gfds ;+:s[t dfl;s klqsfdf k|sflzt x'G5 .
cfTdlj:d[ltMÚ af6 ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 of] rflxF
pgsf] klxnf]
lgaGwwdL{Ú /rgf ag]sf] kfOG5 . uLtsf/ JolQmTj
o;/L lqkf7Lsf] vf; lgaGw ofqfrflxF ;+:s[t jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln]
gj kNnaÚ gfds gf}
efiffaf6 ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgsf] g]kfnL lgaGw -(_ cf]6f b]zelQmsf uLtx¿sf] ;fgf] k'l:tsf
n]vgsf] vf; k|f/De rflxF
l;+xgfbÚ klqsfdf @)$^ ;fndf k|sflzt u/fPsf 5g\ / pgn]
@)@)df k|sflzt
kl/l:yltÚ gfds lgaGwaf6 s]xL afnuLtx¿ klg n]v]sf 5g\ t/ kqklqsfdf
;'? ePsf] dfGg' pko'Qm x'G5 t/ ;+:s[t efiffsf] pgsf uLtx¿sf] k|sfzg Tolt ePsf] b]lvb}g /
cfTd lj:d[ltMÚ @)!( eGbf klxn]sf lgaGwx¿ / pgsf] ?lr uLtsfl/tfdf plt g/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 .
g]kfnLsf klg
kl/l:yltÚ @)@) eGbf klxn]sf olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg pgsf
b]zelQmsf uLtÚ gj
uB n] v x¿ d" n tM k| a Gw aGg k' u ] s f / kNnjsljtfTdstfn] o'Qm /fd|} uLt ePsfn]
lgaGwwld{tf sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h] xf];\ ;+:s[t yf]/ } eP klg / Ps ljifo s]lGb|t /x] klg ;[hgfTds
efiffdf klg lgaGw n]Vg] Ifdtf ePsf jf;'b]j n]vgsf kmfF6df jf;'b]jnfO{ uLtsf/sf ¿kdf
lqkf7Lsf] n]vgsf] Ps zlQmzfnL ljwf lgaGw klg pNn]v;Dd ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] xf] .
klg xf] / pgn] g]kfnLdf Psbd} :t/Lo j:t'k/s,
ljrf/fTds, cfTd/s, efjfTds / sfJofTds ;dfnf]rs JolQmTj
lgaGwx¿ klg n]v]sf 5g\ . pgsf lgaGwdf g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf jf;'bj]
af}l4stf / uxg lrGtgsf] dfqf a9L /x] klg lqkf7Lsf] JolQmTj nueu
;u/dfyfÚ hlQs} pRr
pgsf]
lgaGwsf/JolQmTjÚsf] kl/rfos tj klg pRrt/ aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg slj
ToxL xf] / pgsf lgaGwsf] lghTj klg ToxL n]vsx¿sf] kB uB ;flxTodo
lxdfnL ;flxToÚsf]
x'gfn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwsf/df pgsf] klg ;Dkfbssf x}l;otn] ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL n]Vg]
pNn]v gu/L gx'g] cj:yf /x]sf] cg'ej x'G5 . qmdaf6 lj=;+= @)!(÷@)@) ;fnb]lv pgsf]
jf;'b]jsf] g]kfnL syfsf/ JolQmTj Tolt ;dfnf]rgf ofqfsf] cf/Dek"jf{/De ePsf] s'/f
pHHjn /x]sf] gb]lvP klg pgsf] syfn]vg ;+:s[t pQm
lxdfnL ;flxToÚsf] k|sfzg @)@) n] :ki6
efiffdf n]lvPsf]
hLjg+ tyf ;+:s[td\Ú,
hot' u/]sf] 5, tfklg pgsf]
pQ/ /fdrl/tdf eje"ltÚ
;+:s[td\Ú klqsfdf k|sflzt ;+:s[t syf @)!& gfds ;dfnf]rgf
l;+xgfbÚ @)@) df k|sflzt
;fn j}zfvaf6 ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ;'? ePsf] x'gf;fy To;nfO{
uf]/vfkqÚn] p;} ;fn ;fef/
b]lvG5 . To;kl5 @)!* ;fndf b'O6f, @)!( k|sflzt ul/lbg' / To;}nfO{
/]l8of] g]kfnÚn] ;fef/
;fndf Pp6f / @)@) ;fndf Pp6f u/L hDdf k|;f/0f ul/lbg'n ] pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf ofqf pko'Q { m
kfFr -%_ cf]6f ;+:s[t efiffdf /lrPsf syf ;+:s[t gf6s / To;sf] g]kfnL cg'jfbnfO{ lnP/
k|sflzt u/]/ syflzNk k|fKt ub} { nu]sf jf;'bj] sf] n]lvPsf] pQm ;dfnf]rgfaf6 ljlwjt\ tyf a8f]
k|1 f MM 23
nf]slk|otfsf ;fy k|f/De ;Dos\ k|f/De ePsf] k|ltlglw k|sfzg
lxdfnL ;flxToÚsf] cg]sf}F kB
dfGg' pko' Qm b] lvG5 . h] xf] ;\ jf;' b] jsf] uB slj, lgaGwsf/, syfsf/x¿sf s[ltx¿sf]
;dfnf]rgf ofqf @)@) ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] xf] ;dLIffTds l6Kk0fL ;lxt s'zn ;Dkfbg u/]sf
/ Tof] gf6s ;DaGwL ;dfnf]rgfsf] Jofks k|rf/ jf;'bj] nfO{ g]=/f= k|1f k|lti7fgn]
sljtfÚ klqsfsf]
k|;f/n] jf;'b]j lqkf7LnfO{ ;dfnf]rgf If]qlt/ 5Gbf]a4 sljtf ljz]iffÍ -k[=^*_ sf] cltly
o;/L Psf]xf]¥ofP/ tfg]/ nUof] ls pgL cfh ;Dkfbs agfPsf] k|;Ë klg pNn]Vo b]lvG5 .
g]kfnleq / g]kfnaflx/ klg g]kfnL ;flxTosf o;} u/L
/rgfÚ tyf ;femf k|sfzgsf]
ul/dfÚ
dxf;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf Vofltk|fKt k|l;4 JolQm dfl;s ;flxlTos klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg klg s]xL
aGg k'Ug'sf ;fy} lj=;+= @)#% ;fnb]lv otfsf ;do pgn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pko'Q { m ;+:s[t g]kfnL
t
;j{>]i7 g]kfnL ;dfnf]rsÚ ;d]t aGg k'u]sf ;flxlTos klqsfx¿sf] ;Dkfbg, k|wfg ;Dkfbg
b]lvG5g\ . k"jL{o ;+:s[t ;dfnf]rgfl;4fGt / ug]{ sfo{af6 pgn] ;flxlTos klqsfx¿sf]
kfZrfTo d"ntM cª\u]|hL ;dfnf]rgfsf] vfl/Psf] ;Dkfbgdf kof{Kt bIftf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] k|tLt
cWoogåf/f g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf] w/ftn p7fpg] x'G5 .
jf;'bj] lqkf7L ax'njfbL l;4fGtdf ljZjf; /fVg] k'gZr g]kfnLsf ljleGg sIff pRr pRrt/
tyf ljZn]if0ffTds / t'ngfTds ¿kn] ;dfnf]rgf sIffsf kf7\ok':tsx¿sf] af/Daf/ ;Dkfbg,
ug]{ j:t'k/s s[lts]Gb|L ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . pgn] ;x;Dkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu,
;ª\VofTds tyf u'0ffTds b'j} ¿kn] ;}4flGts, lq=lj=sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns z}lIfs;flxlTos klqsf
Jofjxfl/s z}lIfs / zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf] a[xt\
jfª\doÚsf] rflxF k|wfg ;Dkfbs ag]/ pgn] w]/}
/flz g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ lbO;s]sf 5g\ . cem} jif{;Dd s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkfbg u/]sf] s'/f ljz]if
klg kq klqsfdf k|sflzt a9L / s]xL ck|sflzt pNn]Vo /x]sf] cg'ej x'G5 .
;dfnf]rgfx¿ k'gM ;+zf]wg kl/dfh{g / k'gn]{vg
u/L k':tsfsf/df @%÷#) yfg k':ts aGg] cg'jfbs JolQmTj
;dfnf]rgfx¿ 5kfpg afFsL /x]sf] s'/f pgL jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln] dxfljBfnodf k9\bfb]lv
u5{g \ .
g]kfnL sljtfsf] l;+xfjnf]sgÚ@)@& tyf g} ljljw efiffaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf ljljw ljwfsf
ljBfjfl/lw k"/f u/]sf] ldlt @)#) b]lv otfsf km'6s/ /rgfx¿sf] cg'jfb ug]{ u/]sf] s'/f
nueu ;jf]{Ts[i6 ;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf lqkf7Lsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . pgn] c¿ efiffaf6 ;+:s[t
;dfnf]rs JolQmTjÚsf] cnª\£o df}nf] 7l8Psf] efiffdf ;d]t cg'jfb ug]{ u/]sf] / vf; u/L
cg'ej x'G5 . dxfslj sflnbf;sf]
Ct'ljrf/Ú v08sfJo,
cª\uh]| L slj hf]g ls6\;sf km'6s/ sljtf, 6L=P;=
;Dkfbs JolQmTj Olno6sf ;dfnf]rgfTds k|aGwx¿sf] g]kfnLdf
jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln] @)!& b]lv @)!* ;Dd cg'jfb ug'{sf ;fy} ;+:s[t lxGbL, cª\u|]hL /
lxdfnÚ gfds x:tlnlvt -dfl;s<_ klqsfsf] aª\nf efiffsf km'6s/ s[ltsf] cg'jfb ug]{ /
k|wfg ;Dkfbs ag]/ o; If]qdf k|jz ] u/]sf] b]lvG5 tLdWo] s]xLnfO{ k|sflzt ;d]t u/]sf] s'/f a'lemg
eg] @)!& b]lv @)@! ;Dd
hot' ;+:s[td\Ú cfPsf] 5 .! o;/L 5fqfj:yfb]lv g} cem uf]/vf
gfds ;+:s[t efiffsf] dfl;s klqsfsf ;Dkfbs tgx'Flt/sf u|fdL0f kf7zfnfx¿df k9\b}b]lv
ag]/ ;Dkfbgsnfdf bIftf xfl;n ub}{ nu]sf] ;+:s[tlxGbLcª\u|]hL / g]kfnLdf k/:k/ cg'jfb
b]lvG5 . o; qmddf @)!( ;fnb]lv @)@! ;Dd u/] cg'jfb snfdf cEof; ;'? u/]sf jf;'b]jn]
l;+xgfbÚ gfds g]kfnL ;flxlTos å}dfl;s cª\u]|hL Oltxf;sf/bfz{lgs cfgf]{N8 6f]ojL /
klqsfsf] k|sfzs / k|aGw d08nÚsf] cWoIf ag]/
sfd u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] != / s[
z]/axfb'/ P=;L=
jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] hLjgL, JolQmTj
ltjÚ ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wk|aGw
/fi6«JofkL a[xt\ ;flxTo ;Dd]ngÚ @)!* sf] g]=s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj= sf7df8f}F, @)%^ .
k|1 f MM 24
hfkfgL ;flxTosf/ bfO;fs" Os]bfsf] jftf{nfk pRr sf]l6sf] k|fWofksLo snf / bIftf cfkm\gf
r'h nfOkmÚ gfds cª\u|]hL k':tssf] g]kfnLdf ljifosf] /fd|f ] ljåQf ;d]tn] tlåifos ;dfnf]rgf
hLjg /f]Hg'xf];Ú\ eGg] gfdn] ;kmn cg'jfb u/]sf] n]vgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg ef/L d2t u5{ eGg]
s'/f To;sf ;Dkfbs ;"o{axfb'/ zfSon] To;sf] d]/f] cg'ej jf;'bj] lqkf7Ldf nfu' ePsf] b]lvG5 .
k|z+;f u/]af6 :ki6 x'G5 .@ kmntM jf;'b]jsf] ;ª\If]kdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k7gkf7g u/fpg]
cg'jfbs JolQmTj klg kof{Kt dflhg vfl/g k'us ] f] k| f Wofkg k] z f gcF u fn] s f] eP pgL g] k fnL
cg'ej x'G5 . ;flxTosf olQsf] 7"nf ;dfnf]rs aGg] lyPgg\ .
o;/L x]bf{ k|fWofks JolQmTj g} jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf
k|fWofks JolQmTj cGo ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTjsf] cfwf/ :tDe aGg k'u]sf]
jf;'b]jn] @)@$ ;fnb]lv lqrGb| sn]h, b]lvG5 . cGttM jf;'b]j ckm\gf] o'u / ;dosf]
sf7df8f}aF f6 ;+:s[t k9fpg] n]Sr// ag]/ k|fWofkg ljlzi6 >]0fLsf ljåfg\\sf] ¿kdf ;':yflkt /fli6«o
k];f ;'? u/] tfklg p;} ;fnsf] cGTolt/ pgL cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|Voflt k|fKt k|fWofks ag]sf]
g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu :gftsf]Q/ txdf g]kfnL s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
efiff;flxTo k9fpg] sfddf lgo'Qm eP eg] @)#)
;fnb]lv pQm ljefusf cWoIf eP/ w]/} nfdf] jfª\dosf/ sf]zsf/ JolQmTj
;do;Dd cWoIfsf ¿kdf g} k|fWofkg u/L o;} jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln] ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf
k];faf6 ;]jflgj[Q ;d]t eP . @)#$ ;fndf ;[hgfTds ;flxTosf If]qdf dfq x}g ;flxTo]t/
pkk|fWofks kbaf6 -;xk|fWofks geOsg_ jfª\dosf If]qdf klg dxjk"0f{ sfd u/]/ cfkm\gf]
PSsfl; k|fWofks kbdf a9'jf eP/ pgn] g]kfnL dxjk"0f{ pkl:ylt hgfPsf 5g\ . pgn] lzIff,
k7gkf7gsf] :t/sf ;fy} k|fWofkgsf] :t/;d]t ;+:s[lt / /fhgLltzf:ql;t ;Dj4 ljleGg ljifodf
/fli6«o :t/df dfly p7fpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . n]v /rgf n]Vg'sf ;fy} kof{Kt sfo{kqx¿ klg
@)@$ ;fnb]lv @)^@÷)^# ;fn;Ddsf] #*÷#( n]v]sf 5g\ . lxGb' wd{sf ;DaGwdf pgn] Pp6f
jif] { cjlwe/ pRr -Pd=P_ sIffdf cgj/t g]kfnL k' l :tsf g} k| s flzt u/fPsf 5g\ . zf] w
effiff ;flxTo, d"ntM ;flxTo k9fpg] cj;/ cg';Gwfgsf ljlw k|ljlwx¿af/] klg pgsf uxg
kfpg'n] pgsf ;dfnf]rs JolQmTjnfO{ klg 7'nf] uDeL/ n]v tyf k':tsfsf/ s[lt k|sflzt ePsf
;xof]u k''¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . k9fOg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTodf zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgfsf
ljleGg sf]0faf6 3'dfOlkm/fO t'ngf k|ltt'ngf / t pgL clwi7ftf jf k|ydfrfo{ g} x'g\ eg] x'G5 .
JofVof ljZn]if0f u/]/ cToGt :ki6 kfg]{ tyf o;} u/L
lzIf0f k|fWofkg If]ql;t ;Da4 ljifodf
5n{Ë a'emfpg] nueu clåtLo k|fWofkssf] ¿kdf lzIfs k|fWofks cled'vLs/0f sfo{zfnf uf]i7L
pgsf] sIff lnOGYof] / pgsf] ;Ddfg klg cfkm\gf cflbdf ljljw ljifosf sfo{kq tof/ ug'{, jfrg
;dosf cToGt s'zn / ;kmn k|fWofkssf ¿kdf ug'{sf ;fy} xfn cfP/ tlåifos Pp6f k':ts g}
sfod /x]sf] s'/f d]/f] k]zf klg g]kfnL ljifos tof/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ljefuLo k|dv ' sfndf
k|fWofkg g} ePsfn] / !@÷!$ jif{ ko{Gt ljefuLo g} lq=lj= g]kfnL ljefuaf6
jfª\doÚ klqsf pgs}
k|dv ' eP/ :gftsf]Q/ SofDk;, lj/f6gu/sf] Pd=P= ;Dkfbg k|sfzgdf k|sflzt ug{ yflnPsf] xf] hf]
sIffdf g]kfnL k9fpg] u/]sf] x'gfn] dnfO{ /fd|f] ;flxTo ;ldIffTds /rgf k|wfg eP klg To;df
yfxf ePsf] xf] . d}n] cfkm"nfO{
d :jefjn] slj
zf]w k|lqmof / To;sf ;}4flGts 9fFrfsf] k|of]uÚ
x'F eg] k|fWofkg k]zfn] dnfO{ ;dfnf]rs agfof]Ú h:tf n]vx¿ klg pgn] cfkm} n]v]/ k|sflzt
eGg] u/]sf] 5', j:t'tM ljifoj:t'nfO{ 5n{Ë } a'emfpg] u/fPsf 5g\ . ;flxTo]t/ ljleGg ljifox¿df klg
pgn] tof/ kf/]sf nfdfnfdf sfo{kq, uf]i7Lkq,
@= ;"o{axfb'/ zfSo, ;+=
hLjg /f]Hg'xf];\Ú g]kfn
Pl;ofnL cWoog ;+:yfg,sf7df8f}F, k[i7 -em_
k|jrg JofVofg kqx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg kof{Kt
cS6f]a/ !(==-<_ 7'nf] /x]sf] 5 / ltgdWo] w]/}h;f] t k|sflzt klg
k|1 f MM 25
ePsf 5g\ . o;/L jf;'b]j Ps s'zn / ;'bIf s'/f pgLl;tsf af/Daf/sf s'/fsfgLaf6 a'lemG5,
jfª\dosf/ klg ePsfn] o; If]qdf klg pgsf] a'lemPsf] 5 . xfn cfP/ klg pgL k"jL{ klZrdL
JolQmTj cToGt k|efjzfnL /x]sf] s'/f ;dsflns k'/f0fx¿sf] k'gc{Woog klg ub}{ 5g\ . ;a}yf]s
k|fWofks ldq ePsfn] dnfO{ 1ft ePsf] 5 . k9\g] t/ ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf b[li6n] rfn]/ o'ufg's'n
cy cfu] jf;' b ] j sf] sf] z sfl/tf jf gjLg kl/j]zdf 9fNg] pgsf] k|of; /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
zAbsf]zsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL bIftf klg /fd|f] dfq o;/L jf;'b]jn] h'g h'g If]qdf pNn]Vo ;kmntf
xf]Og pNn]Vo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . klxn]
g]kfn /fhsLo k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ To;sf] k"jf{wf/ pgsf cys
k|1f k|lti7fgÚ sf]
g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zÚsf ljz]if cWoogsf] tf]8 xf]Ú eGg ;lsG5 .
;Dkfbs ag]/ To; If]qdf bIftf k|fKt ub}{ nu]sf
jf;'bj] lqkf7Ln] kl5 uP/ jf xfn cfP/
cw'gftg cGo JolQmTj
j}1flgs k4ltdf cfwfl/t Pp6f clt j[xt\ g]kfnL jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf cGo JolQmTjdf af}l4s
zAbsf]z tof/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . tLg nfveGbf k|fl1s JolQmTj, dggzLn JolQmTj, s"6g}lts
a9L zAbsf] of] ljzfn g]kfnL zAbsf]z gjLgtd\ JolQmTj / /fi6«jfbL JolQmTj cflb k5{g\ . b]z
j}1flgs k4ltsf] cToGt pNn]Vo g]kfnL zAbsf]z ljb]zsf ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿df u7g ul/g]
aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/ jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] ljleGg d"ntM g]kfnL efiff ;lxTol;t ;Da4
sf]zsf/ JolQmTj klg g]kfnL sf]zsf/x¿dWo]
k|fl1s ;ldltÚx¿df pgsf] ;fb/ dgf]gog x'g'
;jf{ltzfoL aGg k'Ug] b]lvG5 . pgLl;tsf] s'/fsfgL lqkf7Lsf k|fl1s JolQmTjsf] sb/ ug'{ [ xf] eg]
/ sDKo'6/ 6fOk ePsf To; zAbsf]zsf sltko g]kfnleq tyf aflx/sf g]kfnL ;dfhn] ljleGg
k[i7x¿ x]bf{ ef]ln uP/ jf;'b]j lqkf7L g]kfnsf af} l 4s, k| f l1s tyf cg' ; GwfgfTds ;ª\ 3
Ps d"w{Go zAbsf]zsf/ aGg] s'/f d}n] :jod\ ;+:yfx¿df pgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' pgsf af}l4s
cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . pRrtfsf] ;Ddfg ug' { xf] . o;} klg ljZjljBfnodf
sfo{/t ljåfg\ \ k|fWofksdf k|fl1s af}l4s JolQmTj
cWoogzLn JolQmTj ljBdfg x'G5 g} .
jf;'bj] lqkf7Lsf pnn]Vo JolQmTjx¿dWo] jf;'bj] lqkf7L cfkm\gf ljBfyL{ tyf lh1f;'
cWoogzLn JolQmTjÚ klg Ps xf] . 5fqfj:yfb]lv ;fyLefOx¿nfO{ k|]/0ff Pjd\ plrt ;Nnfx lbP/
g} k9\gdf cToGt ?lr /fVg], ;ftf}F sIffaf6 Ps} ltgsf] :t/j[l4 ug] { clek|/] s JolQmTjsf wgL
rf]l6 b;f} F sIffdf km8\lsP/ klg ;kmn x'g ] pNn]Vo klg /x]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt 5, d :jod\ klg sltko
k9Gtf ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt lqkf7L kl5 s'/fdf pgLaf6 clek|]l/t, k|f]T;flxt ePsf] 5' .
uP/ 306f}F 306f;Dd k':tsfnodf a;]/ k9\g], csf] { dxjk"0f{ s'/f jf;'bj] n] lq=lj= g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo
k9\g' g} d]/f] ;f]v xf]Ú eGg] ;fFRr}sf cWoogzLn ljefusf] k|dv ' ag]/ w]/ } nfdf] ;do;Dd / lq=lj=s}
JolQm b]lvG5g\ . pgn] k"jL{o j]b, pklgifb\, k'/f0f, dfgljsL / ;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfosf] 8Lg ag]/
:d[lt / wd{zf:q tyf ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] klg ;kmn k|zf;g rnfPsf] k|ToIf b]lvPs} ef]luPs}
cWoog u/]sf 5g\ eg] gjLg 1fg lj1fg, dgf]lj1fg s'/f xf] . o;af6 pgdf Ps cToGt s'zn k|zf;s
tyf cfw'lgs j}1flgs zf]wvf]hsf kl/0ffd nufot JolQmTj /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . olt dfq x}g tTsfnLg
klZrdL k| frLg k' /ftg ldysLo nf] sufyf g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] s'nklt h:tf]
syfx¿sf] cWoog klg u/] s f 5g\ . o; ;jf]R{ r k|zf;ssf] kbdf a;]/ tLg jif{;Dd To;sf]
cWoogsf qmddf clt k|frLgtd\
Ps ;d'b|f Ps k|zf;g s'zntfk"js { rnfpg'n ] jf;'bj] lqkf7Ldf
åLkf k[lyjLÚ h:tf e"agf]6sf] l:yltb]lv lnP/ k|zf;sLo JolQmTj klg kof{Kt k|an /x]sf] c'gej
kf}/fl0fs dWosfnLg e"uf]n tyf kl5Nnf] ;dosf x'G5 . o;kl5 lqkf7Lsf] Ps pNn]Vo JolQmTjsf
ef}ule{s xnrn tyf gjLgtd\ j}1flgs e"ule{s, ¿kdf pgsf]
jQmf JolQmTjÚ b]lvG5 . o;} klg
;fd'lb|s, cGtl/lIfs vf]hx¿sf] cWoog klg u/]sf] s'zn ;kmn k|fWofks jQmf k|jQmf x'Fb} xf] c;n
k|1 f MM 26
jQmf k|jQmf jf JofVoftf gagL ;kmn s'zn ;r]t JolQmTjÚ klg /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .
k|fWofks aGg ;lsFb}g . leGg ;dodf g]kfn cGttM h'g If]qdf xft xfn] klg ;kmn
ef/tsf ljleGg ;df/f]x tyf uf]i7Lx¿df k|d'v b]lvPsf lqkf7LnfO{ Ps cys nugzLn sd{7
jQmfsf ¿kdf tyf k|dv ' cltly cflb ag]/ pgn] JolQmTjsf wgL JolQm dfGg' k5{ . kl/z]ifdf
k|efjzfnL jQmJox¿ lbPsf k|;Ëx¿ cglulGt JolQmTjsf prfOsf qmdn] jf;'b]j lqkf7LnfO{ !=
5g\ eg]
Pl;ofnL ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|Ú o'g:] sf] ;+oQ ' m ;dfnf] r s JolQmTj, o; cGt{ u t !=! df
/fi6«;ª\3h:tf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+:yfx¿df ;d]t Jofjxfl/s ;dfnf]rs JolQmTj -oxfF d}n]
g]kfnL
;xefuL k|jQmfsf ¿kdf efu lnP/ pgn] ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vgÚ nfO{ klg Jofjxfl/s
dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . ;ª\If]kdf jf;'b]j ;dfnf]rgfdf ufe]sf] 5'_ / !=@ ;}4flGts
Ps s'zn jQmf k|jQmf JolQm klg x'g \ eGg ;lsG5 ;dfnf]rs JolQmTj ufleG5g\ . @= sljJolQmTj,
/ jQm[Tjsnf ePsf]
jQmf JolQmTjÚn] ;DkGg x'g' #= k|fWofks JolQmTj, $= sf]zsf/ JolQmTj, %=
klg lqkf7Lsf] ljz]iftf g} xf] . o; afx]s jf;'b]j ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf/ JolQmTj, ^= lgaGwsf/
lqkf7L k|ToIftM /fhg}lts JolQm geP tfklg JolQmTj, &= ljljw jfª\dosf/ JolQmTj, *=
k/f]If ¿kdf /fhgLlt ;r]t JolQm ePsf] s'/f cWoogzLn k|fl1s JolQmTj / (= k|zf;s
lal;{g ldNb}g . pgsf dflxnf dfdf /f]lx0fLb]j JolQmTjnfO{ qmdzM :yfg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;df
e§ /f0ff lj/f]wL /fhgLlts ultljlwdf ;lqmo dtfGt/ x'g ;S5, h;/L d}n] klg
k|fWofks
/x]sf g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf sfo{stf{ x'gfn] lqkf7LnfO{ JolQmTjnfO{ bf];|f] gDa/df /fVg rfx]sf] lyPF t/
klg pQ/ afNo sfnb]lv /fhg}lts r]tgfsf To;sf] k|df0fdf lr/sfn sfod /xg] :yfoL ;fdu|L
r:sfn] 5'g yfn]sf] cg'ej x'G5 / pgn] ljBfyL{ pknAw gx'g] jf sd dfq x'g] x'gfn] To;nfO{
g]tf, ;efklt ag]/ sfd klg u/]sf x'g\ t/ pgL t];|f] gDa/df emf/]sf] x'F . o; ljifodf lg0f{o lbg]
d"ntM /fhg}lts JolQm geP/ /fhgLlt ;r]t sfd
jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] JolQmTjÚ ljifodf k|fl1s
JolQm dfq x'g\ . o;af6 klg pgdf
/fhgLlt cWoog ug] { JolQmx¿n] ub} { hfg]5g\ .
/rgfsfn M @)&)÷)@÷!^
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 27
;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
;dfnf]rs efg'eSt kf]v/]n
k|f=8f= s'df/k|;fb sf]O/fnf
ljifok|j]z ;dfnf]rgf s] s:tf 5g\, pgL s:tf ;dfnf]rs
efg'eQm kf]v/]n -lj=;+= !((&@)&)_ x'g \ eg]/ ;ª\If]kdf cWoog ug] { k|of; ul/Psf]
g]kfnL ;flxTodf d"ntM slj, dxfsljs} ¿kdf 5 .
k|Voft 5g\ . To;kl5 ljlzi6 ;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf
lrlgG5g\ . o;/L ;|i6f / b|i6f JolQmTjsf] of]uaf6 kf]v/]nsf ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt
pgsf] ;flxlTos JolQmTj lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . kf]v/]n :jefjn] slj x'g,\ t/ k];fn] pgnfO{
pgsf] k|fWofks JolQmTj klg pNn]Vo 5 . pgn] ;dfnf]rs agfPsf] yfxf kfOG5 . pRr txdf
sl/a rf/ bzs;Dd lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] cWofkg ug{, k|fWofkg
g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] cWofkg u/fPsf 5g\ . sd{nfO{ ltvfg{ / kbf]Ggltsf nflu klg ;dfnf]rgf
Toltdfq xf]Og slj dfwj l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] n]vg clgjfo{ x'G5 . pgL ha @)@@ ;fn
d"NofÍg zLif{sdf ljBfjfl/lw sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf cfiff9b] l v tTsfnLg jL/] G b| OG6/ sn] h ,
k'¥ofP/ klg k|fljlws sf/0fn] pkflwaf6 jl~rt r'xfg8fF8f cf7/fO{df g]kfnL ljifosf k|fWofks
kf]v/]n sltko ljBfjfl/lw pkflw k|fKt ljåfg\e \ Gbf eP clg pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf n]vg cf/De ePsf]
cem uxlsnf, cf]lhnf / kl/kSj b]lvG5g\ . x'g kfOG5 . pgL eG5g\, æd]/f ;flxlTos hLjgdf
t ljåtfsf] dfkg ljBfjfl/lwn] dfq ug'{ x'Fb}g cf7/fO{sf] a;fO 1fgj[l4sf b[li6n] dxjk"0f{ /Xof],
tfklg o;f] lsg elgPsf] xf] eg] pgsf] ljåtfsf] ;dLIff ;dfnf]rgf n]vglt/sf] df]8 klg d"ntM
ufDeLo{ pgsf ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltdf k|ltlalDat To;} j]nfsf] pkh xf] h:tf] nfU5Æ -@)%%, k[=
ePsf] blvG5 . @)@@ ;fnb]lv k|fWofkg sfo{df @%%_ . o;kl5 pgn] ;flxlTos kqklqsfdf
;+nUg kf]v/]nn] ljBfyL{nfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] /rgf ;dfnf]rgf k|sflzt u/fpg yfn] . @)#) ;fn
/ cleJolQm l;k l;sfpFbf l;sfpFb } af]w, z}nL / >fj0fb]lv pgL tTsfnLg dx]Gb| df]/ª cfbz{
cleJolQm gfds s[lt @)#! ;fndf k|sflzt SofDk; lj/f6gu/df ;?jf eP . ToxfF klg pgL
u/fP . @)@$ ;fnb]lv ;dfnf]rgf n]Vg yfn]sf ;dLIff ;dfnf]rgf / kf7\ok':ts n]vg k|sfzgdf
kf]v/]nsf] klxnf] ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt ;flxlTos ;lqmo /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . @)#$ ;fnb]lv pgL
cg'zLng @)#% ;fndf k|sflzt u/fP . o;kl5 ljBfjfl/lw sfo{df k|j[Q eP . o;kl5 pgsf
ljBfjfl/lwsf qmddf / To;kl5 slj l3ld/] / ;dfnf]rgfTds k':ts k|sflzt x'g yfN5g\ .
pgsf sfJolrGtg -@)#(_, dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 pgL zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgf n]Vg yfN5g\ / pgsf]
v08sfJo -@)#(_, l;4fGt / ;flxTo -@)$)_, ;dfnf]rgf n]vg dflemFb} / vfl/Fb} hfG5 . @)$!
;flxlTos ;dLIff ;ª\ux| -@)%%_ / slj l3ld/]sf] ;fnkl5 eg] pgL k'gM sljsd{d } kms{g ] lgZro
/rgfof]u -@)%(_ h:tf s[lt k|sflzt u/fPsf u5{g,\ t/ @)$$ ;fndf lj/f6gu/df :gftsf]Q/
5g\ . pgL clxn] ;dfnf]rgf n]vgdf sd ;lqmo txsf] g]kfnL ljifosf] k7gkf7g ;'? x'G5 /
b]lvG5g\, t/ km'6s/ ¿kdf slxn]sfxLF ;dfnf]rgf To;sf pgL cWoIf x'G5g\ . pgL ;dfnf]rgf
k|sflzt u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . o; n]vdf kf]v/]nsf n]vgaf6 lj/t x'g kfpFbg} g\ . o; cjlwdf pgsf
k|1 f MM 28
b'O6f ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . k/Dk/f, efiff, ;+ : s[ l t / ;flxTo ;DaGwL
oxfF pgsf ltg} ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltsf] cWoog efg'eQmsf lghL ljrf/ JoQm ePsf 5g\ . oL
ul/Psf] 5 . cfTdk/s 9Ëdf n]lvPsf j}rfl/s n]v x'g\ .
oL ;a} /rgfsf] cWoog u/]/ efg'eQmsf]
;flxlTos cg'zLng -@)#%_ ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6 / j}lzi6\osf af/]df s]xL
kf]v/]nsf] of] klxnf] ;dfnf]rgf ;ª\u|x rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . of] pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf]
xf] . o;df k|foM ;flxlTos klqsfdf k|sflzt cfEofl;s r/0fsf] s[ l t xf] . o;df pgL
;dfnf]rgf 5g\ . o;df @)@$ ;fnb]lv k|sflzt ;dfnf]rgf s;/L n]Vg] eg]/ cEof; ul//x]sf
ePsf ;dfnf]rgf / bf];|f] ;+:s/0f -@)%&_ df b]lvG5g\ . o;df ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf
b'O6f ;dfnf]rgf ylkPsf 5g\ . o;df ;flxTosf/ / ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt cfTdut lrGtg
ljz]if / ltgsf] n]vg tyf vf; ljz]iftfsf] JofVof k| : t' t ug] { lgaGw 5g\ . ;dfnf] r gfdf
ljZn]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfnf]rgfx¿ ;ft j6f ljZn]if0ffTds / P]ltxfl;s ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
5g\ . tL x'g\M g]kfnL ;flxTo / df]tL/fd e§, b] l vG5 . k| e fjk/stf, cfTdk/stf,
g]kfnL gf6s / df]tL/fd e§, n]vgfyaf/] s]xL, d"NofÍgk/stf, ljZn]if0fdf uDeL/tf, dfgs
lgx' F lttf}/f d:of}/fsf] rrf{ eLdlglw / xf:oJoª\Uo efiffsf] k|of]u, k|jfxk"0f{ z}nL cflb ljz]iftfn]
sljtfsf], g]kfnL uB lgaGw / b]jsf]6f, slj ubf{ pgsf ;dfnf]rgf ;fdfGoeGbf ljz]if
l;l4r/0fM s]xL ljz]iftf, b]jsf]6fsf sljTjsf] b]lvG5g\ . pgsf ;dfnf]rgfdf zLif{s /vfOdf
s] xL kIfM Ps ;" q fTds ;dLIf0f, dxfslj l;sf¿kg, cfTdk/s ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg, lglb{i6
b]jsf]6fsf s]xL ljz]iffÍgx¿ . ljwfljz]ifsf] ljlwsf] cefj, k|:t'ltdf v'sn ' f]kg h:tf s;/d;/
ljZn] i f0f / ljwfut Oltxf;;F u ;DalGwt klg /x]sf 5g\ . ljifonfO{ ;"Idtfk"j{s x]g{ ;Sg]
;dfnf] r gfdf g] k fnL sljtf ;flxTosf] Ifdtf ;dfnf]rsdf kof{Kt dfqfdf kfOG5 . pgdf
ljsf;qmd, g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf] ¿k/]vf, ;flxTo l;4fGtsf] 1fg 5 / ToxL 1fgn] pgsf]
pkGof;sf] nx/df a;fOF, d;fg gf6sdfly Ps ;dfnf]rgfTds b[li6 ;"Id ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n]
cWoog kb{5g\ . ;flxTo l;4fGt / ;flxlTos oL ;dfnf]rgf uDeL/ nfUb5g\ .
jfb;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfnf]rgfdf /; l;4fGt /
kfZrfTo sfJozf:qsf s] x L jfb, /;sf] slj l3ld/] / pgsf sfJolrGtg -@)#(_
;fDk|bflos ljsf;sf sf]l6 / pQ/f]Q/ /lrg] gofF of] s[lt efg'eQmn] slj dfwj l3ld/]sf
gofF sljtf, g]kfnL k|ultjfbL ;flxTon] 6flS;g' sljTjsf] d"NofÍg ljifos ljBfjfl/lw ug] { qmddf
kgf{sf s]xL s6' sf/0f h:tf ;dfnf]rgf kb{5g\ . n]v]/ k|sflzt u/]sf] yfxf kfOG5 . o; s[ltnfO{
k|]dkq, cfkm\g} uGyg cfkm\g} dGyg, /fli6«o tLg j6f k|d'v zLif{sdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
lrGtgsf] ;Gbe{, s]xL u'gf;f], s]xL b'v];f], xfd|f klxnf] zLif{s slj dfwj l3ld/]sf sljtf dfGotf
kf/Dkl/s, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ;flxlTos cGtu{t sfJoofqfsf] k|yd r/0fb]lv k~rd
?lrM xfd|} ;[hgzLntfsf zlQm, ;|f]t / ;DklQ r/0f;Ddsf r/0f} lkR5] sf sfJo dfGotfsf]
gfds /rgf ;dfnf]rgf xf]Ogg\ . oLdWo] k|]dkq ljZn]if0f u/L cGTodf lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
cfTdk/s lgaGw xf] . cfkm\g} uGyg, cfkm\g} o;df lj=;+= !((@ b]lv @)#& ;fn;Ddsf
dGygdf ;+:s[t k9]sf k/Dk/fjfbL efg'eQmdf l3ld/]sf] sfJoofqfsf] ljZn]if0f ub} { l3ld/] efjdf
s;/L la:tf/} j}rfl/s kl/jt{g cfof] / pgL :jR5GbtfjfbL / lzNkdf zf:qLotfjfbL slj
s;/L dfS;{jfbL ljrf/sf lgs6 k'u] eg]/ :ki6 x'g\ . pgL ;'?df /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/, sflnbf;h:tf
kfl/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o lrGtgsf] ;Gbe{df 8L=kL sljaf6 k|efljt eP, kl5 pgdf b]jsf]6f /
clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] /fli6«o lrGtgsf] e|fds JofVofsf] n]vgfysf] klg k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5, pgn]
lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . afFsL b'O6f n]vdf ;flxTo, kl/isf/åf/f lgb]{lzt :jR5GbtfjfbnfO{ sfJo
k|1 f MM 29
dfGotf agfPsf 5g\ eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] /fi6«lgdf{tf / kfFrdf wtL{dftfsf] cWoog ul/Psf]
5 . 5 . ;dfnf]rsn] e"ldsfM sfJonf]rg u'l6sf zLif{s
bf];|f] zLif{s dfwj l3ld/]sf slj JolQmTj lbP/ e"ldsf n]v]sf 5g\ . of] jf:tjdf sljtf
/ hLjgsf] ;]/f]km]/f]nfO{ gf} j6f pkzLif{sdf ljZn]if0f ug] { k|f¿k xf] . o;df cfVofg, ljifoj:t',
ljeflht u/L l3ld/]sf] hLjgL / sfJo ;[hgsf] efjljwfg, 5Gbljwfg, no;Gwfg, ;+ /rgf,
cGtM ;DaGw s]nfOPsf] 5 . l3ld/] lszf]/ sfnd} lzNkljwfg, kbfjnL h:tf sljtf ljZn]if0f ug]{
sljtfk|lt cfs[i6 eO;s]sf lyP . laxf u/]/ cfwf/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ sljtf
k9\g yfn]kl5 pgL sljtf n]vg / k|sfzglt/ ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ jf 9fFrf klg eGg
nfu] . pgL hlthlt kl/kSj x'bF } uP, pgsf] sljtf ;lsG5 . o;sf] lgdf{0f zf]wfyL{, zf]w lgb]{zs /
n]vgdf klg kl/is[t / kl/dflh{t cfpg yfNof] . zf]w gfossf] ;Nnfxdf ePsf] yfxf kfOG5 .
pgL k|Voft x'Fb} uP / pgsf] sfJodf k|f}9tf, o;df cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36 ug{ ;lsg] s'/f
bfz{lgstf / lrGtgdf ufDeLo{ cfpFb} uof] eg]/ klg ul/Psf] 5 / l3ld/]sf v08sfJosf] ljZn]if0f
:ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . t];|f] zLif{sdf l3ld/]n] s] ubf{ k|f¿kdf yk36 klg ul/Psf] 5 . k|f¿kdf
slt sljtf n]vs ] f 5g\, tL s'g, s'g ldltdf nrstf x'g' /fd|f] s'/f x'g ;Snf, t/ o; k|f¿kn]
k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ / s] s:tf 5Gb k|of]u u/]/ k|aGwsfJo ljZn]if0fsf nflu rflxg] rl/q
sljtf n]v]sf 5g\ To;sf] ljj/0f ;d]t k|:t't ljwfgnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5}g . o;sf ;fy}
ul/Psf] 5 . of] zLif{snfO{ kl/lzi6df /flvPsf] wtL{dftfsf] cWoog ubf{ ;a} zLif{sdf /x]sf]
eP /fd|f] x'GYof] . lgisif{ d"NofÍg /flvPsf] 5}g . of] jf:tjdf lgisif{
o;df dfwj l3ld/]sf sfJo dfGotf, pgsf] ljgfsf] cWoog eof] . zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgfdf
hLjgL / sljtf ;[hgfsf] cGtM;DaGw tyf o:tf] x' g' Ps k| s f/sf] q' l 6 g} xf] . 5df
l3ld/]sf] pd]/ ;Fu;Fu} sljtf n]vgdf cfPsf] v08sfJosf/sf] ¿kdf slj l3ld/]sf] of]ubfg /
kl/jt{g b]vfOPsf] 5 . of] zf]wd"ns 5 . o;df d"NofÍg gfds zLif{s 5 . o;df n]vgfy kf}8]n,
P]ltxfl;s ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L l3ld/]sf sfJo nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, afns[i0f ;d, l;l4r/0f
dfGotf / sfJo n]vg s;/L qmlds ¿kdf >] i 7, df] x g sf] O /fnf / cGo sltko
ljsl;t eof] eg]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . v08sfJosf/;Fu l3ld/]sf v08sfJosfl/tfsf]
zf]wd"ns eP/ klg l7s;Fu zf]wljlwsf] k|of]u t'ngf u/]/ lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . efg'eQmsf]
ul/Psf] 5}g . klxnf] zLif{ssf] cWoogdf lgisif{ o; s[ltnfO{ ljBfjfl/lw a/fa/s} u|Gy eGg
n]lvPsf] 5, t/ bf];|f]df lgisif{ 5}g . kl/lzi6df ;lsG5 . of] zf]wd"ns 5 . ljifosf] juL{s/0f /
/fVg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ d"n kf7d} /flvPsf] 5 . of] ljZn]if0f ;}4flGts cfwf/ / j:t'k/s 9Ëdf
Pp6} JolQmsf] sfJo dfGotfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . oyfzSo zf]wljlwsf] kfngf ul/Psf]
dxjk"0f{ s[ltsf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . 5, tfklg ljifo ljZn]if0fdf Ps¿ktfsf] sdL
ljifosf] juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f j:t'k/s lsl;dn] b]lvG5 . o;df efg'eQm ;dfnf]rs dfq geP/
ePsf] 5 . d"NofÍgnfO{ tYok/s agfOPsf] 5 . cg';Gwftfsf ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf 5g\ / of] s[lt
efiffz}nL z'4 / k|jfxk"0f{ 5 . ;dfnf]rgf dfq geP/ zf]wu|Gy h:tf] ePsf]
5 . o;df l3ld/]sf kfFr j6f v08sfJosf] ;"Id
dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo -@)#(_] / uDeL/ cWoog ePsf] 5 . o;df zf]wfyL{sf]
o; s[ltsf] bf];f| ] ;+:s/0f @)%^ ;fnlt/ sljtf l;4fGt ;DaGwL kof{Kt 1fg / lrGtg
/ t];|f] ;+:s/0f @)^( ;fnlt/ k|sflzt ePsf] tyf uDeL/ ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍgsf] b/f] Ifdtf
b] l vG5 . o;df dfwj l3ld/] s f kfF r j6f k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 . of] lwld/]sf v08sfJosf]
v08sfJosf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . Psdf kflkgL tfljs ljZn]if0f dfq geP/ v08sfJosf/
cfdf, b'O{df uf}/L, ltgdf /fh]Zj/L, rf/df l3ld/]sf] cGo ;djtL{ pQ/jtL{ v08sfJosf/;Fu
k|1 f MM 30
t'ngf u/L v08sfJosfl/tfsf dfWodaf6 l3ld/]n] l;4fGtsf] 1fg u/]/ dfq g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cWoog
g]kfnL v08sfJosf If]qdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] cWofkg k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 eGg] oyfy{nfO{ 5n{Ë
d"NofÍg ;d]t ug] { ljlzi6 s[lt ag]/ cufl8 kf/]/ b]vfOlbPsf] 5 . of] s[lt d"ntM ;flxTosf]
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;}4flGts kIf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] k"jL{o
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf k|rlnt k|dv ' l;4fGt / jfbsf]
l;4fGt / ;flxTo -@)$)_ rrf{ ug's{ f ;fy} ;flxTosf k|dv ' ljwfljz]if sljtf,
of] s[ l t @)#@ ;fnlt/} n] l v;s] / cfVofg, gf6Ø / lgaGwsf] ;}4flGts :j¿ksf]
k|sfzgsf nflu kf]v/]nsf ldqn] bflh{lnª nu]sf], ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTodf tL ljwfsf]
t/ k|sflzt gu/L cf7 jif{kl5 kmsf{Psfn] ;femf ljsf;sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eg]/ klg b]vfOPsf]
k|sfzgaf6 k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] bf];f| ] 5 . of] ljZn]if0ffTds / P]ltxfl;s ljlwdf n]lvPsf]
;+:s/0f @)%( ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . of] 5 . o;/L o;n] ;flxTo l;4fGt, jfb, ;flxlTos
s[lt b'O{ efudf ljeQm 5 . l;4fGt gfds klxnf] ljwf / g]kfnL ;flxTodf ltgsf] cj:yf b]vfP/
efudf k"jL{o sfJozf:qsf /;jfb, cnÍf/jfb, g]kfnL ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfsf If]qdf ljz]if
/Lltjfb, jqmf]lQmjfb, Wjlgjfb, cf}lrTojfb / of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o; s[ltaf6 kf]v/]ndf
rdTsf/jfbsf] ;ª\lIfKt / ;"qfTds 9Ëdf ljj]rgf /x]sf] ;flxTo l;4fGt ;DaGwL 1fgsf] zlQm /
ul/Psf] 5 . kfZrfTo sfJozf:qsf cflehfTojfb, ;Ldf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] efiffz}nL k|jfxk"0f{,
:jR5Gbtfjfb, cfbz{jfb, snfjfb, oyfy{jfb, cf8Da//lxt / k|f~hn 5 . ljifo ljefhg hlt
k|s[tjfb, k|tLsjfb, k|efjjfb, cleJo~hgfjfb, :ki6;Fu x'g ' kYof] { Tolt x'g g;s]sf] / zf]wljlwdf
laDajfb, cltoyfy{jfb, k|ultjfb, cl:tTjjfb, klg Tolt Wofg gk'u]sf] eg] b]lvG5 .
lj;Ëltjfb, k|of]ujfb / z}nLl;4fGtsf] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 zAbzlQm l;4fGt / k"jL{o ;flxlTos ;dLIff;ª\u|x -@)%%_
kfZrfTo b[li6df zAbzlQmsf] t'ngf, ;fwf/0fLs/0f o;df @)#! ;fnb] l vsf ;dfnf] r gf
l;4fGtsf] kl/ro / o;sf] k"jL{o kfZrfTo b[li6n] ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . o;leq P3f/ j6f slj / sljtf
t'ngf klg ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ ;flxlTos jfb ;DaGwL ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf /x]sf
/ l;4fGtsf] ljj]rgf /fd|/L a'em]/ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 5g\ . n]vgfysf] sfJo ofqfsf] ljsf;qmlds
k|df0fkq / :gfts txsf ljBfyL{sf nflu pkof]uL r/0ffÍg, b]jsf]6fsf sfJo ofqfsf] ljsf;qmlds
agfOPsf] 5 . ;flxlTos rrf{ gfds bf];f| ] efudf r/0f ljefhg, sljtfdw'kfssf b[li6n] n]vgfy
sljtf l;4fGt / k|frLg gjLg n]kfnL dxfsfJo, kf}8Øfn / dfwj l3ld/], dxfslj b]jsf]6f / slj
v08sfJo / km'6s/ sljtfsf] ljsf;, gf6Ø dfwj l3ld/]M Ps t'ngfTds rrf{, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
l;4fGt / k|frLg gjLg g]kfnL gf6ssf] ljsf;, sf]O/fnfsf] sljTjM kf]v/f sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf
pkGof; l;4fGt / k|frLg gjLg g]kfnL pkGof;sf] h:tf ;dfnf]rgf slj / ltgsf] sljTjsf]
ljsf;, hf;';L pkGof;sf] kl/ro, lgaGw l;4fGt ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ .
/ k|frLg gjLg g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ljsf;, syf k|of]ujfbf]Q/ g]kfnL sljtfM ;xhfg'e"ltsf]
l;4fGt / k|frLg gjLg g]kfnL syfsf] ljsf;, lgs6tf / cTofw'lgs sljtfM csljtf h:tf
PsfÍL l;4fGt / g]kfnL PsfÍLsf] cj:yf, ;dfnf]rgfn] ;d;fdlos g]kfnL sljtfsf]
cfnf] r gf l;4fGt / k| f rLg gjLg g] k fnL d"NofÍg u/]sf 5g\ . sljtfdf 5Gb / uBsf]
;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L /x]sf ;afnM klxnf] k'k{R5], sljtfdf 5Gb / uBsf]
5g\ . ;afnM tfljs k'k{R5], sljtfsf tjM lr/rrf{
of] s[lt d"ntM z}lIfs k|of]hgsf nflu h:tf ;dfnf]rgf sljtfsf] ;}4flGts ax;;Fu
n]lvPsf] b]lvG5, To;}n] of] kf7Øk':ts h:tf] ;DalGwt 5g\ . ldys, ;flxTo / ldysLo ;dLIff
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] k"jL{o kfZrfTo ;flxTo gfds ;dfnf]rgf lxGbLsf k|l;4 ;dfnf]rs 8f=
k|1 f MM 31
gu]Gb|sf] ldys cf}/ ;flxTo gfds u|Gyaf6 cg"lbt, a'lemg] vfnsf] / ld7f;k"0f{ 5 . pgsf] z}nL
cg'sl" nt u/]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df kf]v/]nn] cfTdk/s eP/ klg efj'stfk"0f{ eg] 5}g, a?
ldys l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/]/ dfwj l3ld/]sf] b'nxL ts{k"0f{ / k|efjsf/L 5 .
lxdfn s~rghª\3f sljtfsf] ljj]rgf u/]sf klg
5g\ . ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cfkm\gf] syf slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u -@)%(_
s[ l tsf] cf} k Gofl;s ;dsIftf gfds of] s[lt ltg efudf ljeflht 5 . klxnf]
;dfnf]rgfdf cfVofgsf/sf ¿kdf k|l;4 aLkLsf] efudf :yfkgf / k|of]u gfds zLif{s 5 . :yfkgf
cfTdsyfnfO{ cf}kGofl;s b[li6n] cWoog u/]sf] cGtu{t sljtf ljZn]if0fsf] k|f¿k k|:t't ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vg / sfn 5 . of] k|f¿k dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo
ljefhg ;flxTo]ltxf; n]vg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . gfds u|Gysf] e"ldsfdf k|:t't eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;df g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; n]vg / sfn oxfF To;nfO{ s]xL yk36 u/]/ k|:t't ul/Psf]
ljefhg ;DaGwL uDeL/ ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . 5 . k|of]u cGtu{t l3ld/]sf b'O6f km'6s/ sljtf
hLjgaf]w / o'uaf]w ;flxTo ljifos lrGtgk/s sfnLu08sL / b'nxL lxdfn s~rghª\3f tyf
;dfnf]rgf xf] . o;df hLjgaf]w / o'uaf]w ljgfsf] /fh]Zj/L v08sfJo, zs'Gtnf uLltgf6s / lsGg/
;flxTo n]vgsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . lsGg/L uLlt ;ª\u|xsf] tfljs ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
o; s[ltdf ;aeGbf w]/ } slj / sljtf 5 . bf];|f] efudf d"NofÍg / lgisif{ gfds zLif{s
;DaGwL ;dfnf]rgf 5g\ . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ o; 5 . of] cf7 j6f pkzLif{sdf ljeQm 5 . klxnf]df
s[ l tsf dfWodaf6 kf] v /] n ;zQm sfJo dfwj l3ld/]sf ljljw JolQmTjsf], bf];|f]df sfJo
;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . pgn] ofqfsf] . t];f| d
] f sfJo k|jl[ Qsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
dfwj l3ld/] / n]vgfy kf}8Øfn, b]jsf]6f / 5 . l3ld/]sf] sfJoofqf / sfJo k|j[lQsf] rrf{
l3ld/]sf] t'ngfTds cWoog u/]/ pgLx¿sf] slj l3ld/] / pgsf sfJo lrGtg gfds k':tsdf
sljTjsf] d"NofÍg u/]sf 5g\ . n]vgfy / eO;s] tfklg ltgnfO{ oxfF s]xL yk36 u/]/ k'gM
b]jsf]6fsf] sfJo ofqfsf] ljj]rg / ljZn]if0f u/]sf k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;/L g} rf}yf] / kfFrf}F
5g\ . cfVofgsf/ aLkLsf] sljTjsf] ljZn]if0f zLif{sdf l3ld/] / n]vgfy kf}8Øfn tyf l3ld/] /
u/]/ ljkLsf] gjLg kIfsf] pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\ . b]jsf]6fsf] t'ngf u/]/ l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] d"NofÍg
kf]v/]nn] sljtfsf] ;}4flGts rrf{ ug]{ qmddf ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'j} ;dfnf]rgf kf]v/]nsf]
sljtfdf 5Gb jf no ckl/xfo{ 5 eg]/ h] h:tf ;flxlTos ;dLIff ;ª\u|xdf klxn] g} k|sflzt
b/f ts{ u/]sf 5g\, To;sf] v08g s;}n ] ug{;Sg] eO;s]sf b]lvG5g\ / ltgnfO{ klg yk36 u/]/}
cj:yf b]lvFb}g . cfhsf] uBsljtf k|wfg o'udf oxfF k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . c¿ tLg j6f
lgeL{stfk"j{s 5Gbsf] ckl/xfo{tfsf] s'/f ug]{, ;dfnf]rgfdf g]kfnL kB sljtfdf l3ld/]sf]
cTofw'lgs g]kfnL sljtfnfO{ csljtf eg]/ PSn} of]ubfg / :yfg, g]kfnL uLtsf/sf ¿kdf l3ld/]sf]
pleg ;fx; ug] { tyf hLjgaf]w / o'uaf]wljgfsf] of]ubfg / :yfg tyf l3ld/]sf cGo sltko
;flxTonfO{ cwf]Gd'vL eg]/ lgzÍf]r eGg ;Sg] s[ltjut of]ubfg / :yfg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
kf]v/]nsf] sfJosljtf ;DaGwL dfGotf k"jL{o o;f] ubf{ l3ld/]sf ;djtL{ pQ/jtL{ ljleGg
sfJozf:qsf] dlnnf] e"lddf k'likt / kNnljt sljx¿sf] sfJosfl/tf;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 .
ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgL o; s[ltdf b/f, v/f / lg8/ t];|f] efu pk;+xf/sf ¿kdf cPsf] 5 . o;df
;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . b'O6f lgisiff{Tds clwdGyg gfds zLif{sdf ;Dk"0f{
;dfnf]rgf lxGbLaf6 cg"lbt / cg's"lnt 5g\ . cWoogsf] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .
o; s[ l tleqsf ;dfnf] r gf ljZn] i f0ffTds, o; s[ltdf dfwj l3ld/]sf s[ltjsf]
t'ngfTds / P]ltxfl;s ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . of] zf]wd"ns
n]lvPsf 5g\ . pgsf] efiff tT;dk|wfg eP/ klg 5, t/ zf]wcg'zf;g eg] 5}g . o;df ljifosf]
k|1 f MM 32
JofVof / ljZn]if0f cToGt ;"Idtfk"j{s ul/Psf] ug{ ;lsG5 .
5 . of] ljZn]if0ffTds / t'ngfTds ljlwdf n]lvPsf]
5 . ;dfnf]rsåf/f d"ntM k"jL{o sfJozf:qs} kf]v/]nsf k|d'v ;dfnf]rgfTds ljz]iftf jf k|jl[ Q
cfnf]sdf l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] cWoog ul/Psf] kf]v/]n -@)%(_ sf ljrf/df æPp6f c;n
5 . o;df ;dfnf]rssf] ljifonfO{ ;}4flGts cfnf] r sdf x' g ' k g] { cfjZos u' 0 fx¿dWo]
cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug]{, JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug]{ / lgDglnlvt k|d'v dflgG5g\M k|ltef, ljåtf,
ToxL JofVof / ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsfNg] ;'lglZrttf, ;dembf/L, pRrljrf/, lgikIftf,
zf]wd"ns ;Lk /fd|/L k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . ToxL ;x[botf, u'0fu|flxtf, cg'el" tzLntf, w}o,{ pT;fx,
;Lkn] ubf{ s[lt uDeL/ ePsf] 5 . nugzLntf / lgeL{stfÆ -k[= @^!_ . oxfF
o;/L oL 5j6} ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltsf] ;dfnf]rssf nflu uf}0f x'g;Sg] s]xL u'0f k/]sf
cWoog u/]/ x]bf{ l;4fGt / ;flxTo, ;flxlTos 5g\, h:t}M ;'lglZrtf, ;dembf/L, pT;fx cflb /
cg'zLng / ;flxTo ;dLIff ;ª\ux| k"jL{o, kfZrfTo k|dv' u'0f 5'6s
] f 5g\, h:t}M ;"Idb[li6, sfJozf:q
;flxTo l;4fGt / g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg dd{1tf cflb . ;dfnf]rs kf]v/]ndf dflysf w]/}
;flxTosf/ / ltgsf ;flxlTos s[lt tyf g]kfnL u'0f ljBdfg 5g\ . pgsf oL s[lt cWoog u/]/ s]
;flxTosf] Oltxf; / o;sf ljleGg wf/f jf k|jl[ Qsf] yfxf kfOG5 eg] pgL xn'sf l6Kk0fLsf/ xf]Ogg\,
cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] slj l3ld/] / pgsf s[ltsf] dd{ ga'emL af]qmf] dfq sf]6ØfP/ s[lt
sfJo lrGtg, dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo o:tf] xf] / p:tf] xf] eg]/ s[lqd ljåtf k|bz{g ug]{
/ slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u rflxF dfwj l3ld/]sf u'bLljgfsf ;dLIfs klg xf]Ogg\ . pgL jf:tjdf
JolQmTj / s[ltjsf] cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;h{sn] k|of]u u/]sf zAbsf] clek|fo /fd|/L
To:t} ;flxlTos cg'zLng / ;flxTo ;dLIff ;ª\ux| a'g;Sg], ;h{ssf] lzNk ;f}Gbo{sf] ljj]rgf
ljleGg s[lt, s[ltsf/, k|j[lQ / Oltxf;;Fu ug{;Sg], s[ltsf] efjdf r'n'D{ d 8'a]/ /;f:jfbg
;DalGwt km'6s/ ;dfnf]rgfsf ;Íng x'g\ eg] ug{;Sg] / s[ltsf] ;xL tl/sfn] d"Nolgwf{/0f
afFsL tLg j6frflxF slj l3ld/]sf sljTjsf] ug{;Sg] /;1 ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . zdf{ -@)%^_ n]
d"NofÍg zLif{sdf ljBfjfl/lw ug]{ qmddf tof/ ;dfnf]rs kf]v/]nsf] o;/L d"NofÍg u/]sf 5g\M
kfl/sf s[lt x'g\ . lognfO{ sfF65fF6 u/]/ b'O6f jf ækBsljtfsf] /rgfdf ljlzi6tf k|fKt u/]sf /
Pp6} s[lt agfP/ k|:t't ug{ klg ;lsGYof] . tLg k|fWofkg k];fdf ;dlk{t efg'eQm kf]v/]nn] dfwj
j6f s[lt k|sflzt u/fpFbf rflxF sltko zLif{s l3ld/] ;DaGwL / ;+:s[t sfJosf l;4fGt ;DaGwL
bf]xf]l/Psf / ltgnfO{ yk36 u/]/ k|:t't u/]sf] /fd|f/fd|f ljZn]if0f / JofVof k|:t't u/]sf 5g\Æ -
b]lvG5 . o;n] Psflt/ k'g?lQmn] ubf{ s[ltsf] k[=@#(_ . To;/L g} ;'j]bL -@)%%_ n] kf]v/]nsf]
d"No 36]sf] 5 eg], csf{tkm{ Pp6} s'/f b'O { tLgkN6 ;dfnf]rgf b[li6r]t 7DofpFb} eg]sf 5g\Mæ pgsf
k9\bf kf7s e|ddf klg k5{g\ . ;dfnf]rgf ;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltx¿ klg d"ntM ;}4flGts
;ª\u|xdf k|sflzt ;dfnf]rgf ;dfnf]rssf lrGtg;Fu / k|efjfTds / j:t'k/s ljZn]if0f;Fu
cfEofl;s r/0fb]lv cEo:t r/0f;Ddsf 5g\ . a9L ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\Æ -k[=v _ . pgnfO{
oL d"ntM cfTdk/s, k|efjjfbL / zf]wljlwsf] æjt{dfg ;dosf k"jL{o sfJo dfGotfsf ;jf{lws
k|of]u gu/L :jtGq 9Ën] n]lvPsf ljljwf]Gd'v d'v/ clwjQmf eGg ;lsG5Æ - pkfWofo, @)%(,
5g\ . l3ld/]sf] sljTjsf] d"NofÍg;Fu ;DalGwt k[= v_ . jf:tjdf @)@) sf] bzsb]lv ;dfnf]rgf
;dfnf] r gf zf] w ljlwsf] k| o f] u u/] klg n]vgdf k|j[Q ePsf k|fWofks efg'eQmn] g]kfnL
zf]wfg'zf;gdf gafFlwPsf, lglZrt ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfsf] Oltxf;df dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf
cfwf/ / 9fFrfdf n]lvPsf, Psf]Gd'v 5g\ . log} 5g\ . pgn] cg]s k|sf/sf,cg]s ljz]iftf ePsf
;dfnf] r gfsf cfwf/df kf] v /] n sf k| d ' v ;dfnf] r gf n] v ] s f 5g\ . pgsf k| d ' v
;dfnf]rgfTds k|j[lQ jf ljz]iftfsf] ljj]rgf ;dfnf]rgfTds k|j[lQ jf ljz]iftfnfO{ tn k|:t't
k|1 f MM 33
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf tyf ;flxTo ;dLIff ;ª\ux| sf
-s_ k"jL{o kfZrfTo sfJozf:qsf cfwf/df sljtfdf 5Gb / uBsf] ;afn ;DaGwL b'O6f
;flxTosf] cWoog M efg'eQm k];fn] k|fWofks ;dfnf]rgf, sljtf tjM lr/rrf{, ldys, ;flxTo
ePsfn] pgL k"jL{o kfZrfTo sfJozf:q;Fu kl/lrt / ldysLo ;dLIff / ;dwf/0fLs/0fsf]
b]lvG5g\ . pgn] ljBfjfl/w pkflwsf lglDt gjcGjfVofg h:tf ;dfnf]rgfn] kf]v/]nnfO{
ldlxg]tk"j{s cWoog u/]/ To;df ljz]if 1fg ;flxTo l;4fGtsf lrGts, ljj]rssf ¿kdf
k|fKt u/]sf klg 5g\ . l;4fGt / ;flxTo gfds lrgfPsf 5g\ . oL ;dfnf]rgfaf6 pgL kfZrfTo
s[lt ToxL cWoogs} kl/0ffd xf] . pgsf ;dfnf]rgf / k"jL{o ;flxTo zf:qsf 1ftf b]lvG5g\ . pgsf
d"ntM k"jL{o sfJo l;4fGtd} cfwfl/t 5g\ . s'g} ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf x]bf{ pgL d"ntM
s'g} dfq h:t}M d;fg gf6s / a;fOF pkGof;sf] b]xjfbLeGbf cfTdjfbL ;dfnf]rssf ¿kdf
ljj]rgf ubf{ kfZrfTo ;flxTo l;4fGt k[i7e"lddf lrlgPsf 5g\ / /;jfbsf rflxF pgL uDeL/
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . pgsf ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf eg] cWo]tfs} ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . log} sf/0fn]
b'jl} t/sf sfJozf:qsf] cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . pgnfO{ ;flxTo l;4fGtsf ljj]rs elgPsf] xf] .
h] xf];\ kf]v/]nsf ;dfnf]rgf sd{nfO{ ;'j]bL / -3_ ;}4flGts / k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf n]vg M
nId0f uf}td -@)^*_ n] o;/L d"NofÍg u/]sf ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfdf s[ltsf] j:t' ;f}Gbo{ /
5g\, æ;dfnf]rgfdf k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j} ¿k ;f}Gbo{sf] rrf{ ul/Fb}g, ;flxTo l;4fGtsf]
l;4fGtsf dfkb08nfO{ a/fa/ ;+of]hg u/]/ dfq rrf{ ul/G5 . To:t} ;flxTo l;4fGtsf
;dfnf]rgf sfo{ ug]{ n]vsx¿df l8NnL/fd cfwf/df s[ltsf ¿k / j:t'sf] ljZn]if0f k|fof]lus
ltlD;gf, s]zjk|;fb pkfWofo, efg'eQm kf]v/]n, ;dfnf]rgfdf ul/G5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] leGg}
7fs'/ k/fh'nL, uf]kLs[i0f zdf{x¿ ljlzi6 e"ldsf ;flxTo l;4fGt 5}g, k"jL{o kfZrfTo l;4fGtsf
lgjf{x ug]{ JolQmTj ag]sf 5g\ Æ-k[= (_ . cfwf/df g} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cWoog ul/G5 .
-v_ sfJo ;dfnf]rgf M kf]v/]nsf ;Dk"0f{ efg'eQmn] b'j} kIfsf l;4fGt;Fu ;DalGwt y'k}|
;dfnf]rgfTds s[ltsf] cWoog ubf{ pgn] c¿ ;dfnf]rgf n]vs ] f 5g\ . ;flxTo l;4fGtsf] l;ª\uf]
;flxlTos ljwfsf t'ngfdf sljtf ljwfsf s[lt eg] l;4fGt / ;flxTo xf] . To;/L g} kf]v/]nn]
;dfnf]rgf w]/} n]v]sf] b]lvG5 . pgsf] l;4fGt / k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rgf emg\ w]/ } n]vs] f 5g\ . pgsf
;flxTo gfds s[lt afx]s c¿ kfFr j6fdWo] b'j} k|sf/sf ;dfnf]rgfn] pgsf] ;dfnf]rsLo
b'O6f ;dfnf]rgf ;ª\u|xdf sfJosljtf ;DaGwL zlQm / ;Ldf k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ .
;dfnf]rgfs} cflwSo b]lvG5 . afFsL tLg j6f -ª_ k|efjk/stf M s'g } s[lt k9]/ kf7ssf
s[lt dfwj l3ld/]sf sljTj;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . dgdf h:tf] k|efj k5{ To;nfO{ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s
kf]v/]nn] slj / sljtfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k"jL{o JoQm ug]{ ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ k|efjk/s elgG5 .
sfJo zf:qnfO{ g} k|d'v cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|efjk/s ;dfnf]rgf ubf{ ;dfnf]rs ;flxTo
pgL d"ntM slj x'g\ / pgsf] ?lrIf]q klg sljtf l;4fGtsf aGwgdf afFlwg jf gafFlwg ;S5 .
g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfnf]rgf ubf{ klg pgn] o;df ;dfnf]rssf] a'l4tjeGbf efjgf tjsf]
sljtfs} a9L u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ sfJo a9L k|of]u x'g ;S5 . kf]v/]n -@)%(_ n] o:tf]
;dfnf]rs elgPsf] xf] . ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ cfTd k|wfg cfnf]rgf eg]sf 5g\
-u_ ;flxTo l;4fGtsf] ljj]rgf M kf]v/]nn] -k[= @%$_ . efg'eQmsf k|f/lDes ;dfnf]rgf
;'?b]lv g} ;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ . k|efjk/s jf cfTd k|wfg 5g\ . sltko t
;flxlTos cg'zLngleqsf /; l;4fGt / kfZrfTo cfTdk/s lghfTds lgaGw h:tf ePsf 5g\ .
sfJozf:qsf s]xL jfb, /;sf] ;fDk|bflos ;dfnf]rs ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wfyL{ ePkl5 eg]
ljsf;sf] sf]l6 / pQ/f]Q/ /lrg] gofFgofF sljtf ;}4flGts cfwf/df s[lt ljZn]if0f ug{ yfN5g\ /
h:tf ;dfnf]rgf / l;4fGt / ;flxTo h:tf] k|efjk/stfnfO{ sd ug]{ k|oTg u5{g\, t/
k|1 f MM 34
cfTdk/stfdf eg] sdL cfPsf] b]lvFb}g . g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] JofVofTds,
;dfnf]rgfdf z}nLk/s / ;+/rgfjfbL ;dfnf]rgf t'ngfTds, P]ltxfl;s / ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog
n]vg ;'? x'g'eGbf cufl8 k|foM k|efjk/s ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf] b]lvG5 .
;dfnf]rgf g} n]lvGy] / efg'eQm ToxL k/Dk/fdf pgnfO{ cf+lzs ¿kdf gj zf:qLotfjfbL /
pbfPsf ;zQm ;dfnf] r s x' g \ . kfZrfTo cf+lzs ¿kdf :jR5GbtfjfbL ;dfnf]rs klg
;dfnf]rs jfN6/ k]6/, cgftf]n ] k|mfG; k|efjk/s eGg ;lsG5 . lsgeg] oL b'j} ;dfnf]rgfsf
;dfnf]rss} ¿ksf Voflt sdfPsf k|ltef x'g\ . ljz]iftf pgsf ;dfnf]rgfdf kfOG5g\ .
;+:s[t sfJozf:q k/Dk/fsf k|fof]lus ;dfnf]rs -h_ sflJos efiff / cfnÍfl/s z}nLsf]
k| e fjk/s g} nfUb5g\ . To;} n ] k| e fjk/s k|of]u M efg'eQm ;+:s[tsf ljåfg\ \ x'g,\ clg ljlzi6
;dfnf]rgf cfkm}df g/fd|f] xf]Og, t/ ;dfnf]rs slj klg x'g\ . oxL ljåtf / sljTj zlQmn] ubf{
b'/fu|xL, lIfb|fGj]ifL / kIfkftL eof] eg] dfq of] pgsf ;dfnf]rgfsf] efiff ljåtfk"0f{ / sljTjk"0f{
;dfnf] r gf d" N oxLg x' G 5 . efg' e Qmsf x'g k'u]sf] 5 . tT;d k|wfg efiff k|of]u ug{ dg
;dfnf]rgfdf b'/fu|x, lIfb|fGj]if0f / kIfkft k/fpg] efg'eQm ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf k|rlnt
b]lvFbg} . zAbs} cf8df gofF zAb sKg / k|of]u ug{
-r_ ;fdfGo / zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgf n]vgM ?rfpF5g\ . slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u s[ltdf
zf]wljlwsf] k|of]u gu/L n]lvPsf ;dfnf]rgf o:tf] k| j [ l Q a9L d' v l/t ePsf] kfOG5 .
;fdfGo x' g \ eg] zf] w ljlwsf] k| o f] u u/] / sljtf ;[hgfdf l;4x:t kf]v/]nsf] efiff k|f~hn,
n]lvPsf ;dfnf]rgf zf]wd"ns x'g\ . ;fdfGo k|jfxk"0f{ / dfgs 5 . pgsf] z}nL nflnTok"0f{,
;dfnf]rgfn] s[ltsf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg uDeL/ / cfTd k|wfg 5 . pgL sfJofTds
ub{5 . zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgfn] s[ltsf] cWoog z}nLdf ;dfnf]rgf n]V5g\ . pgsf z}nLdf
;}4flGts cfwf/df ub{5 . o;df k"jf{Woog sljtfs} ld7f; kfOG5 . pgn] ;dfnf]rgfsf
clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;fdfGo ;dfnf]rgfdf k"jf{Woog lardf sljtfdf ;dLIo ljifosf] d"NofÍg
clgjfo{ x'Fb}g . ;fdfGo ;dfnf]rgf cfTdk/s u/]sf 5g\ . sltko ;dfnf]rgfsf] lgisif{ sljtfdf
x'g;S5, t/ zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgf j:t'k/s / k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . ;+:s[tsf ;dfnf]rgf gk9]sf
tYok/s x'g } k5{ . ;fdfGo ;dfnf]rgfsf] lglZrt JolQmn] o:tf] sljtfTds cleJolQmnfO{ ;dfnf]rgf
9fFrf x'Fb}g, t/ zf]wk/s ;dfnf]rgf lglZrt gdfGg ;S5g\ . t/ of] Ps k|sf/sf] k|ltef zlQm
9fFrf / cWoog ljlwdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . efg'eQmsf xf] hf] cToGt yf] / } ;dfnf] r sdf kfOG5 .
;'?sf ;dfnf]rgf ;fdfGo 5g\ eg] pgn] ljBfjfl/lw efg'eQmsf] of] ljz]iftf Ps k|sf/n] u'0f klg xf]
ug{ yfn]kl5sf ;dfnf]rgf zf]wd"ns 5g\ . / bf]if klg xf] .
zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgfdf x'g'kg]{ zf]wfg'zf;g eg]
Tolt 5}g . h] xf];\ kf]v/]nn] b'j} k|sf/sf lgisif{
;dfnf]rgf n]v]/ cfkm\gf] ;dfnf]rsLo j}lzi6\o g]kfnL ;flxTodf slj dxfsljs} ¿kdf
a9fPsf] b]lvG5 . Voflt k|fKt efg'eQm kf]v/]n sxlnPsf b|i6f klg
-5_ ;dfnf]rgfsf ljljw afGsL / ljljw x'g \ . pgnfO{ k|fWofkg k];fn] ;dfnf]rs agfPsf]
cWoog ljlwsf] k|of]uM efg'eQmn] cg]s k|sf/sf xf] . pgn] 5j6f ;dfnf]rgfTds s[lt k|sflzt
;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ . pgsf ;dfnf]rgf u/fP/ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfdf klg dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k|efjk/s 5g\ eg]/ dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] @)@) sf] bzsb]lv ;dfnf]rgf
5 . To; afx]s pgn] lg0f{ofTds, k|fl1s jf n] V g yfn] s f] b] l vG5 . o;nfO{ g] k fnL
zf:qLo, JofVofTds, hLjgLk/s, t'ngfTds, ;dfnf]rgfsf] rf}yf] r/0f dflgG5 . pgsf]
gLltk/s ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ . pgn] /;jfb, ;dfnf]rgf n]vgsf] pj{/ / ;lqmo sfn @)@$
cnÍf/jfb, /Lltjfb cflbnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ klg b]lv @)$! ;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k"jL{o / kfZrfTo
k|1 f MM 35
sfJozf:qsf 1ftf kf] v /] n d" n tM ;+ : s[ t dnhn u/]/ x'sf{Psf] b]lvG5 . cfh of] k/Dk/f w]/}
sfJozf:qs} dd{1 x'g\ . pgnfO{ b]xjfbLeGbf ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 . efg'eQm oxL k/Dk/fsf
cfTdjfbL ;dfnf]rs eGg' a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . k|ltef x'g\ . o; k/Dk/fdf s]xL ;dfnf]rs
pgL /;1 ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . pgn] ;}4flGts / ;flxTosf/ljz]ifsf ljz]if1sf ¿kdf k|l;4 ePsf
k|fof]lus b'j} k|sf/sf ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ . 5g\ . jf;'b]j lqkf7L slj n]vgfy ljz]if1,
pgL d"n ¿kdf sfJo ;dfnf]rs g} x'g\ . pgn] s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL dxfslj b]jsf]6f ljz]if1 /
cg]s k|sf/sf ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ / ljljw efg'eQm kf]v/]n slj dfwj l3ld/] ljz]if1sf ¿kdf
cWoog ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . pgL g]kfnL lrlgPsf 5g\ . efg'eQm ;"Idb[li6 ePsf k"jL{o
k|efjjfbL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/fsf ljlzi6 / sfJozf:qsf] uDeL/ k| o f] u n] cfkm\ g f
pbfx/0fLo ;dfnf]rs x'g\ . pgn] ;fdfGo / ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ ljlzi6 agfpg] pDbf ;dfnf]rssf
zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgf n]v]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfdf ;w} F rlDs/xg] To:tf
;flxTodf zf]wd"ns ;dfnf]rgf n]vg k/Dk/f 5f]6f] gIfq x'g,\ h;sf] k|sfzn] g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgfsf]
5 . g]kfnL ljifosf k|fWofksx¿n] o; k/Dk/fnfO{ Pp6f s'gf] ;w} F k|sflzt eO/xg] 5 .
;Gbe{;"rL
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb -@)%(_,
e"ldsfÚ slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)#%_, ;flxlTos cg'zLng, -bf]=;+ @)%&_, sf7df8f}FM ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)#(_, slj l3ld/] / pgsf sfJolrGtg, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)#(_, dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo, -t]=;+=@)^(_, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)$)_, l;4fGt / ;flxTo, -bf]=;+=@)%(_, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)%%_, ;flxTo ;dLIff;ª\u|x, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, efg'eQm -@)%(_, slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
zdf{, tf/fgfy -@)%^_, g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;, -rf}yf] ;+=_, sf7df8f}MF cIf/ k|sfzg .
;'jb] L, blw/fh -@)%%_,
efg'eQm kf]v/]nsf] ;dfnf]rgf b[li6r]tÚ, ;flxTo ;dLIff;ª\ux| , nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
;'jb] L, /fh]Gb| / nId0f uf}td -;Dkf=_ -@)^*_, /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf, ;}4flGts v08, sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts
e08f/ .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 36
;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
k|1 f MM 38
sk8f, skf;af6 38f cflb . o;f] g'xg] x'gfn] kbfy{sf] d"ntjnfO{ ;fª\Vobz{gdf k|sl[ t elgG5 . o;
sfo{sf] cl:tTj sf/0fd} /x]sf] x'G5 / b'waf6 bxL k|sl[ tnfO{ k|wfg jf cJoQm klg elgG5 .
ag]h:t} x/]s sf/0fx¿ kl/jlt{t eP/ sfo{sf] ¿kdf k|sl[ t cr]tg -h8_ tj xf], To;sf/0f
pTkGg x'G5g\ . To;}n] sf/0f¿kdf cJoQm /x]sf] r]tg k'?if-cfTdf_sf] ;+of]uaf6 k|s[lt ;Dk"0f{ tj
j:t' g} sfo{¿kdf JoQm x'G5 eGg] ;fª\Vo bz{gsf] ;[li6 ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . k|sl[ t ;lqmo tj ePsfn]
cledt b]lvG5 / oxL g} ;Tsfo{jfbsf] ¿kdf of] kl/0ffdL -kl/jt{gzLn_ x'G5 eg] k'?if r]tg
:yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;} cfwf/df ;f++Vo bz{gdf ePklg lglZqmo /xG5 . t/ b|i6f ¿kdf /x]/ ;Dk"0f{
of] sfo{¿kdf JoQm ;+;f/ / o;df ljBdfg x/]s kbfy{sf] ef]u ub{5 . oxL k'?ifsf] s}jNo -df]If_ sf]
j:t'x¿ cJoQm ¿kdf sf/0f¿kL d"nk|sl[ tdf /x]sf nlu k|sl[ t lqmofzLn /xg5 . xfdLn] h'g ;'v,
x'G5g\ / ;a} ef}lts kbfy{x¿ kl/jlt{t x'bF } uP/ b'Mv cflbsf] cg'ej u5f} +{ tL ;a}, z/L/ dg a'l4sf
d"n k|sl[ td} F ljno x'G5g\ . ljifo x'g \ . cfTdf oL ;a} ljifoaf6 cnu /x]/ klg
-s_ kl/0ffdjfb÷ljjt{jfb c1fgtfsf] sf/0f ;a} ljifox¿sf] cg'ej ub{5 .
kl/0ffdjfb / ljjt{jfb ;Tsfo{jfbs} k'li6sf] ha cfTdfn] 1fg k| f Kt ub{ 5 tj oL ;a}
nflu k|of]u ul/Psf cjwf/0ff b]lvG5g\ . kl/0ffdjfb cg'ejx¿af6 d'Qm eP/ s}jNo k|fKt ub{5 o;}
;fª\Vobz{gl;t ;DalGwt 5 eg] ljjt{jfb j]bfGt cj:yfnfO{ k/dfgGb cfTdf;fIffTsf/, df]If cflb
bz{gl;t ;DalGwt 5 . ;fª\Vobz{gcg';f/ j:t'sf] elgPsf] kfOG5 .
:j¿kdf h'g kl/jt{g b]lvG5 ToxL g} kl/0ffd xf] . k|sl[ tdf tLg u'0f -;Tj, /h, td_ /x]sf
j:t' jf tjsf] h'g :j¿k x'G5 To;nfO{ To; x'G5g\ / oL tLg u'0fsf] ;fDofj:yf g} k|sl[ t xf] .
j:t'sf] wd{ elgG5 . of] wd{ ;w} F kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . jf:tjdf oL tLg u'0fklg cnu cnu x'bF g} g\ t/
b'wsf] wd{ kl/jt{g eP/ bxL aG5 eg] df6f]sf] wd{ u'0fLe"t ePsfn] g} lognfO{ tLg efudf 5'6o\ fOPsf]
kl/jt{g eP/ 38f aGb5 . To;sf/0f j:t' kl/jt{g xf] . ;fDofj:yfdf logLx¿ Ps¿k x'G5g\ / s]jn
x'g ] xf]Og ls j:t' pxL g} /xG5 / To;sf] wd{df d"n k|sl[ tdfq afFsL /xG5 . logLx¿ 5'l§+bf ;[li6
dfq kl/jt{g eP/ csf] { :j¿k u|x0f ub{5 . oxL g} x'G5 eg] ;fDofj:yfdf k|no x'G5 . of] ;[li6 k|no
;fª\Vobz{gsf] kl/0ffdjfb xf] . cgflb cgGt¿kdf rln/xG5 . h;/L j[If / jg
j]bfGt bz{gdf o:tf] kl/0ffdnfO{ ljjt{ cnu /xg ;Sb}gg\ . j[Ifsf] ;d'bfonfO{ g} jg elgG5,
elgG5 . j]bfGt cå}tjfbL -a|XdjfbL_ bz{g ePsfn] To;/L g} oL u'0fx¿eGbf leGg k|sl[ tsf] s'g } cl:tTj
o;sfcg';f/ /:;Ldf ;k{sf] cfef; jf e|d x'g' g} /xGg / u'0fx¿s} ;dli6¿k k|sl[ t xf] .
ljjt{ xf] . o:tf] ljjt{ ;f¿Ko -;dfg¿k_ sf -s_ u'0fx¿sf] :j¿k / :jefj
cfwf/df x'G5 . o;} ;f¿Kon] ubf{ /:;Ldf ;k{sf] u' 0 fx¿ k| T oIf b[ l i6uf] r / x' F b } g g\ , t/
e|d ePh:t} ;+;f/df a|Xdsf] e|d x'g' klg ljjt{ ltgLx¿af6 k|efljt ;+;f/sf] lqmofsnfk x]//] ltgsf]
xf] . j]bfGt / ;fª\Vo b'j}df j:t' kl/jt{g geP/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+;f/df hltklg lqmofsnfk
To;sf] wd{ jf :j¿kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] s'/f x'G5g\ tL ;a}n ] ;'v, b'Mv / df]x pTkGg ub{5g\ .
;dfg b]lvP klg ;fª\Von] ;+;f/nfO{ ;To dfGb5 o:tf] ;'v, b'Mv / df]x klg JolQmJolQmdf cnu
/ kl/jt{gnfO{ k|sl[ tsf] kl/0ffd dfGb5 eg] j]bfGtn] cnu x'G5g\ . Ps JolQmnfO{ ;'v nfUg], bf];|f]sf]
;+;f/nfO{ c;To / a|Xdtjsf] ljjt{dfq 7fGb5 . nflu b'Mv / t];f| s ] f] nflu df]x nfUg ;S5 . oL
;'v, b'Mv / df]x ;+;f/df h'gh'g sf/0faf6 pTkGg
#= k|sl[ tsf] :j¿k x'G5g\, tL ;a} d"n k|sl[ td} /x]sf x'G5g\ / k|sl[ tsf
;fª\Vobz{gsf] ;Tsfo{jfbaf6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 sfo{et" k~rdxfe"tsf dfWodaf6 k|s6 x'G5g\ clg
eg] of] ;Dk"0f{ r/fr/ hut\, z/L/, OlGb|o, dg, a'l4 cflb k'?ifx¿n] -;fª\Vodf ax'k?' ifsf] sNkgf ul/Psf] 5_
;Dk"0f{ sfo{¿k kbfy{af6 ag]sf x'g \ . oxL sfo{¿k cnucnu -s;}n ] ;'v, s;}n ] b'Mv / s;}n ] df]x_
k|1 f MM 39
sf] ¿kdf pkef]u u5{g\ . ;'v, b'Mv df]x cflb k|k~rsf] ef]Qmf xf] . kbfy{ jf
oL u'0fx¿sf] :jefjaf/] rrf{ ub{ } O{Zj/s[i0f tj 1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 k'?ifn] qmdzM tdf]u'0fnfO{
n]V5g\ /hf]u'0f / /hf]u'0fnfO{ ;Tju'0fdf lv+r]/ cGttM
æ;Tj+ n3' k|sfzsldi6d'ki6Des+ rn~r /hM k|sl[ taf6} cnu eP/ s}jNo -cfk"mdfq_ k|fKt ub{5 .
u'¿j/0fd]s tdM k|bLkjRrfo{tf] j[lQM .Æ% o:tf] cj:yfdf k|sl[ tsf u'0fx¿sf] ;fDofj:yf pTkGg
;Tju'0f n3', k|sfzs, Oi6 -cfgGb:j¿k_ x'G5 . of] s'/f ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ Ps}k6s k|fKt x'g
/hf]u0' f ultzLn -r~rn_ pknDes -pQ]hs_ clg ;Sb}g . dfgjafx]s c¿ k|f0fL jg:kltx¿df df]x
tdf]u'0f u'? -ef/L_ / cj/f]ws -lg/f]ws_ :jefjsf -tdf]u'0f_ sf] k|wfgtf /xg] x'Fbf ltgn] 1fg k|fKt
x'G5g\ . oL tLg lj/f]wL u'0fx¿ ldn]/ ef]u, ckju{¿k ug{ ;Sb|g} g\ eg] ;fdfGo dflg;df /hf]u0' fsf] k|wfgtf
sfo{ ;DkGg u5{g\ . h;/L aQLdf t]n, wfuf] / x'G5 / /hf]u'0fsf] :j¿k b'MvfTds dflgPsf] 5 .
clUg h:tf lj/f]wL tj ldn]/ bLk k|Hjlnt u5{g\ 1fg k|fKt u/]kl5 1fgL k'?ifn] k|s[ltsf tLgj6}
To;/L g} oL k|sl[ t:j¿k u'0fx¿n] klg u5{g \ . u'0fx¿nfO{ tt\tt\ :yfgdf k|jz ] u/fP/ ;fDofj:yf
oL tLg u'0fx¿ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gzLn /xG5g\ . k|fKt u/L k|sl[ taf6 s}jNo k|fKt ub{5 . o; l:yltdf
u'0fsf] of] kl/jt{g k|lqmof b'O{ k|sf/n] x'G5 . -!_ k|f/Aw sd{ ef]Ugsf] nflu hLljt z/L/ wf/0f u/]klg
;¿k -@_ lj¿k . ;¿k kl/0ffddf tLgj6} u'0fx¿n] Tof] hLjgd'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . afFsL c1fgL
cfcfgf] cl:tTjnfO{ lvr]/ cfk}Fmdf ;dflxt k'?ifx¿n] ;'v, b'Mv cflb u'0fx¿ ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ .
ub{5g\ . ;Tjn] ;Tj, /hn] /h / tkn] tdf]u0' fnfO{ oL ;a} ef]u jf pkju{ k|flKt u/fpgs} nflu h8k|sl[ t
csf]{ u'0fdf ;ª\qmldt cl:tTjnfO{ lvr]/ cfk"mdf lqmofzLn eO/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ;fª\Vo bz{gsf] dfGotf
;dflxt ubf{ k|s[ltsf] ;fDofj:yf pTkGg x'G5 / /x]sf] 5 .
;+;f/sf] k|no x'G5 . lj¿k kl/0ffddf s'g} Pp6f ;fª\Vobz{gn] PsfTdjfbL÷a|XdjfbL j]bfGt
u'0f k|an eP/ afFsL b'O{ u'0fnfO{ cfgf] cwLgdf bz{gsf ljk/Lt ax'TjjfbL k'?ifsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
NofpF5 / k|sl[ tdf xnrn pTkGg x'g yfNb5 . 5 . ;fª\Vosf] b'li6df hLjfTdf g} z'4, lgln{Kt /
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;[li6 k|f/De x'G5 . of] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ lrGdo k'?if xf] / o;sf cltl/Qm O{Zj/ jf k/dfTdfsf]
rln/xG5 . a|Xdf08df st} ;[li6 eO/x]sf] x'G5 eg] cl:tTj l;4 x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf] k'?if Ps geP/
st} k|no -ljgfz_ eO/x]sf] x'G5 . a|Xdf08df w]/ } 5g\ . hltklg z/L/wf/L k|f0fL jf
o;/L ;fª\Vobz{gdf k|s[ltsf] :j¿knfO{ jg:kltx¿ 5g\ tL ;a}df / cem ghGd]sf lnª\u -
cJoQm dfg]/ klg ef}lts xnrn / kl/jt{gnfO{ ;"Id_ z/L/sf] ¿kdf cg]s k'?ifx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
k|sl[ ts} u'0fsf cfwf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d"nk|sl[ t æhgg d/0f s/0ffgf+ k|ltlgodfbo'ujt\k|j[Q]~r .
cJoQm /x]klg / k|sl[ tsf u'0fx¿ k|ToIf b]vf gk/] k'?if ax'Tj+ l;4+ q}u0' o ljko{ofRr}j .Æ^,&
klg tL u'0fx¿ g} ;du| a|Xdf08sf kbfy{x¿df cyf{t \ hGd, d[To', OlGb|o cflb k|To]s z/L/df
kl/0ffdL eP/ k|s6 x'g ] x'gfn] ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|sl[ t cnucnu x'G5g\ . To;}n ] k'?ifx¿ k|To]s z/L/df
ljlzi6 / dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cnucnu 5g\ eGg] s'/f l;4 x'G5 . olb Ps k'?if-
cfTdf_ sf] cl:tTj dfGg] xf] eg] hGd, d[To' OlGb|o
$= k'?ifsf] :j¿k cflbsf] ;DaGw klg To;} Ps k'?if-cfTdf_ ;Fu x'g
;fª\Vobz{gdf k'?if eg]/ hLjfTdfnfO{ hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;a} k|f0fLn] o'ukt\ -Ps}k6s_
lnOPsf] 5 . hLjfTdf -k'?if_ g} lqu'0fflTdsf k|sl[ tsf ;'v b'MMvsf] cg'ej ug's { f] ;fy} hGd d[To' klg
%= uf}8, Hjfnfk|;fb, ;fª\Vosfl/sf!#, -rf}vDaf ljBfejg, jf/f0f;L_
^= uf}8, Hjfnfk|;fb, ;fª\Vosfl/sf!*, -rf}vDaf ljBfejg, jf/f0f;L_
&=
hGdflb Joj:yftM k'?if ax'Tjd\Ú cfrfo{, >L/fd zdf{, k"j{jt\ .
k|1 f MM 40
;a}sf] Ps;fy x'gk' Yof] { t/ To;f] gx'g ] x'gfn] k|To]s yfNb5 . To;kl5 k|s[ltn] ;[li6 u/]sf ljleGg
hLjwf/Ldf cnucnu k'?ifx¿dWo] s'g } 1fg k|fKt kbfy{ x ¿sf] pkef] u ub} { s} j Nosf] nflu
u/L d'Qm x'g ] / s'g } k'?ifa4 cj:yfd} F /xg] ePsf] xf] sNksNkfGt/;Dd ljleGg of]gLx¿df hGd ln+b} /
eGg] ;fª\Vozf:qLx¿sf] k|an wf/0ff kfOG5 . db} { k|of; ul//xG5 cGttM dg'io of]gL k|fKt ePsf
a]nf 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;Sof] eg] dfq To;df k|s[ltsf
%= ;[li6k|lqmof kbfy{ ef]uaf6 j}/fUo pTkGg eO{ s}jNo k|fKt ub{5 .
;fVo bz{gdf ;[li6k|lqmofnfO{ lgs} tfls{s o;/L k'?ifnfO{ s}jNo k|fKt u/fpg g} k|sl[ t lg/Gt/
/ j}1flgs ¿kaf6 ljj]rgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . r]tg ;[li6sfo{df ;+nUg /xG5 .
k'?ifsf] cr]tg k|s[lt;Fu ;+of]u ePkl5 dfq ;[li6 ;[li6eGbf klxn] k|sl[ tsf u'0fx¿ -;Tj, /h,
k|s[of k|f/De x'G5 . r]tg eP/ klg lgliqmo k'?if td_ ;fDoj:yfdf /xG5g\ . ha k|s[lt / k'?ifsf]
/ h8 k|sl[ tn] PSn} ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ To;sf/0f ;+of]u x'G5 ta u'0fsf] ;fDofj:yfdf If]fe -xnrn_
;[li6sf] nflu b'js } f] cfk;L ;DaGw -of]u_ cfjZos pTkGg x'G5 h;nfO{ u'0f Iff]e elgG5 . tLgj6}
x'G5 . r]tg k'?if / h8 k|sl[ tsf aLr s;/L ;+of]u u'0fx¿sf] Iff]en] Ps csf{nfO{ cfk"mleq ;dflxt
x'G5 eGg] ;Gbe{df cGwf] / nª\u8fsf] pbfx/0f ug{ vf]Hbf u'0fsf] ;Gt'ng Go"gflws x'g hfG5,
lbP/ :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ gfgfljw ;[li6 pTkGg x'G5 .
æk'?if:o bz{gfy{ s}jNofy{ tyf k|wfg:of ;Tj/h:td;f+ ;fDofj:yf k|s[ltM
kªUaGwjb'eof]/lk ;+of]u:tTs[tM :ju{M .Æ* k|st[ d] x{ fGdxtf]xª\sf/f]xª\sf/fTk~rtGdfqf0o'eo ldlGb|o+
h;/L cfFvf ePsf] t/ nª\u8f] JolQmnfO{ tGdfq]EoM :y"ne"tflg k'?if Olt k+rlj+zltu{0ffM(
cfFvf gePsf] t/ lxF8g\ ;Sg] JolQmn] af]sk] l5 b'j} lqu'0ffTds d"n k|s[ltaf6 ;j{k|yd dxj
uGtJodf k'Ug ;kmn x'G5g\ To;/L g} r]tgzLn -a'l4_ pTkGg x'G5 . dxt\tjaf6 cxª\sf/ /
lglZqmo k'?ifnfO{ h8 t/ ;lqmo k|sl[ tn] df]If cxªsf/af6 dg, kfFr 1fg]lGb|o, kfFr sd]{lGb|o,
k|flKtsf] nflu ;[li6 sfo{ ub{5 cyf{t\ k|s[lt ;[li6 clg kfFr tGdfqf pTkGg x'G5g\ . kfFrtGqdfqfaf6
sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'sf] p2]Zo jf k|of]hg k'?ifnfO{ kfFr dxfe"t pTkGg x'G5g\ . k|s[lt / k'?if k|ToIf
ef]u pknAw u/fpg / s}jNo -df]If_ k|fKt u/fpg b]lvb}gg\ t/ k|sl[ tsf] ;[li6 /rgfaf6 k|sl[ t k'?ifsf]
g} xf] . æljd'Qm df]Zrfy{ :jfy{ jf k|wfg:oÆ - cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . b[Zodfg hut k|sl[ tsf] ljs[lt
;fª\Vobz{g @÷!_ jf kl/0ffd xf] .
-k|s[lt ;[li6sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'sf] Psdfq -s_ dxj -a'l4_
:jfy{ aGwgdf k/]sf k'?ifx¿nfO{ d'Qm u/fpg' g} k|s[ltsf] klxnf] ;[li6 a'l4tj xf] . o;nfO{
xf] . o;/L ;fª\Vobz{gdf k|sl[ tnfO{ Hofb} dxjk"0f{ dxj eGg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df wd{, 1fg,
dflgPsf] 5 / k|s[ltsf] ;xof]ulagf k'?if slxNo} P]Zjo{, j}/fUo cflb pTs[i6 u'0fx¿ /xG5g\ . o;sf]
klg d'Qm x'g ;Sb}g t;y{ d'lQmsf] nflu g} k|sl[ t sfo{ s'g } j:t'sf] 1fg k|fKt ug' { / lg0f{o ug' { xf] .
k'?ifsf] ;+of]u x'G5 / ;[li6k|lqmof cf/De x'G5 eGg] of] tj ;Tju'0f k|wfg x'G5 / /h / td o;df
b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oBlk aGwgsf] lt/f]lxt cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . a'l4, dg / cxª\sf/
sf/0f klg k|s[ltnfO{ g} dflgPsf] 5 . ha k|s[lt / ldn]/ cGt:s/0fsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . cfk"m;lxt c¿nfO{
k'?ifsf] ;+of]u x'G5 ta k'?ifdf c1fgtfa;
d, k|sflzt ug'{ a'l4tjsf] wd{ dflgG5 .
d]/f]Ú eGg] efjgf hfu[t eP/ h8 k|sl[ t -dg, a'l4, dxj b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M ;fljs /
z/L/ cflb_ d}F cfgf] -cfTdfsf]_ k|ltlaDa b]Vg tfdl;s . wd{, 1fg, j}/fUo, P]Zjo{ ;flTjs a'l4sf
*= uf}8, Hjfnfk|;fb, ;fª\Vosfl/sf@!, k"jj{ t ._
(= cfrfo{, >L/fd zdf{, ;fª\Vobz{g, k"jj{ t\ .
k|1 f MM 41
u'0f x'g \ eg] cwd{, c1fg, cj}/fJo tyf cg}Zjo{ bz{gx¿n] dxfe"tnfO{ k/df0f' -;"Id_ dfGb5g\ eg]
tfd;L a'l4sf u'0f x'g \ . a'l4n] dflg;nfO{ ;f+;fl/s ;fª\Vobz{gn] tGdfqfnfO{ ;"Id / dxfe"tnfO{ :y"n
ef]u jf s}jNo k|flKtsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ u/fP/ dfg] klg Gofo j}zl] ifs bz{gsf k/df0f'eGbf ;"Id g}
aGwg jf df]If k|fKt u/fpgdf dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf dflgG5g\ . oL dxfe"tx¿sf cfcfgf u'0fx¿ /x]sf
v]Nb5 . x'G5g\ . k[YjLsf] u'0f uGw, hnsf] u'0f /; cfsfzsf]
-v_ cxª\sf/ u'0f zAb t]hsf] u'0f ¿k -k|sfz_ jfo'sf] u'0f :kz{
dxt\ -a'l4_ af6 cxª\sf/sf] pTklQ x'G5 . dflgPsf 5g\ . log} tGdfqfsf u'0f;lxt k[YjL, hn,
a'l4df ha d, d]/f] sf] efjgf hfu[t x'G5 ta a'l4df cfsfz, t]h -clUg_ jfo' / k[YjL oL kfFr dxfe"tx¿
cxª\sf/ pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n ] cxª\sf/ dxjsf] pTkGg x'G5g\ .
ljs[lt xf] . cxª\sf/sf] k|sl[ t dxt\ jf a'l4 xf] .
cxª\sf/ klg tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . ;Tju'0f ^= t?0ftk;L gJosfJodf ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|efj
k|wfg cxª\sf/nfO{ j}st[ , tdf]u0' f k|wfg cxª\sf/nfO{ dfly ;}4flGts ljj]rgf ul/Psf] ;fª\Vobz{gsf
e"tflb / /hf]u0' f k|wfg cxª\sf/nfO{ t}h; elgG5 . cfwf/df sljlz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8o\ fnsf] t?0f tk;Lsf]
;flTjs cxª\sf/af6 kfFr 1fg]lGb|o, kfFr sd]{lGb|o ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;df ;fª\Vobz{gsf] kof{Kt k|efj e]6g\
/ dgsf] pTklQ x'G5 eg] tfd; cxª\sf/af6 kfFr ;lsG5 . x'g t slj n]vgfy k"jL{o cfWoflTds bz{gaf6
tGdfqfx¿sf] ;[li6 x'G5 . /fh; cxª\sf/ b'a}sf] k|efljt slj ePsfn] pgdf lddf+;f, j]bfGt / of]ubz{gsf]
;xfos eP/ b'a}nfO{ zlQm k|bfg ub{5 . k|efj klg ge]l6g] xf]Og tfklg t?0ftk;Lsf] ljifosf]
cfFvf, sfg, gfs, lha|f ] / Tjrf oL kfFr k|:t'lt, qmd / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ x]bf{ o;df s]xL dfqfdf
1fg]lGb|ox¿ x'g \ . lognfO{ a'l4lGb|o klg elgG5 . oL j]bfGt / ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|efj a9L dfqfdf b]vfkb{5 .
;a} OlGb|ox¿ k'?if -cfTdf_ sf] ef]ufkju{sf] nflu ;fª\Vobz{gcg';f/ of] ;[li6 lqu'0ffTds
pTklQ ePsf x'g \ . jfs\, kfl0f, kfb, kfo'-u'bf_ pk:y k|sl[ tsf] Iff]e -xnrn_ sf] kl/0ffd xf] / o:tf] Iff]e
-lnË_ oL sd]l{ Gb|o x'g \ . logL klg k'?ifs} lgldQ h8 k|sl[ t / r]tg k'?ifsf] ;+of]uaf6 pTkGg x'G5 .
;flTjs cxª\sf/af6 pTklQ ePsf x'g \ . oL ;a} n]vgfyn] klg tk;L j[Ifsf] ;du| hLjgLnfO{ k|:t't
OlGb|ox¿ ;flTjs cxª\sf/af6 pTkGg ePsf x'g \ / ug] { qmddf k|:t't u/]sf ljleGg b[i6fGt / pbfx/0fx¿
logLx¿ z/L/sf cjojx¿df /x] klg k|ToIf x'bF g} g\ ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|s[lt k'?if ;+of]uaf6 pTkGg
/ cg'do] dfq x'G5g\ . dg peofTds OlGb|o xf] . ;[l6k|lqmofsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Ifd b]lvG5g\ .
1fg]lGb|o;Fu sfd ubf{ of] 1fg]lGb|o / sd]l{ Gb|o;Fu cs:dft\ ldNgfn] dw'/td Tof] hLjg ;'wf
sfd ubf{ of] sd]l{ Gb|o x'G5 . ;ª\sNk ljsNk o;sf] eof] d]/f n]vf cd/ gu/Lt'No j;'wf .
ljifo x'G5 / o;n] lg0f{o ug] { sfd klg ub{5 . pbfo] + df}nfo] + h8 klg hdfo] + jl/kl/
tGdfqfsf] cy{ xf] ætb]j dfqd\tGdfqd\Æ cyf{t\ k¥of] To} a]nfdf t/ dsg cs}{ y/x/L ..!)
1fg]lGb|osf ¿k, /;, uGw, :kz{, zAb oL kfFr ljifo lqu'0ffTds k|sl[ t;Fusf] ;+of]usf] kmn:j¿k
x'G5g\, ltg} k~r tGdfqf x'g \ . cxª\sf/sf] tfd; k'?if -hLjfTdf_ ;f+;fl/s aGwgdf afFlwP/ hGd
c+zsf] k|antfaf6 pTkGg x'g ] oL tGdfqfx¿ Hofb} hGdfGt/;Dd b'Mv ;'v ef]Ub} e6\ls/xG5 / 1fg
;"Id x'G5g\, To;}n ] logL cg'dfguDo x'G5g\, ¿k, /; -kRrL; tjsf] 1fg_ k|fKt ePkl5 dfq p;df
cflb :y"n x'G5g\ / cg'ejuDo x'G5g\ t/ ltgsf j}/fUo pTkGg x'G5 clgdfq pm s}jNo -d'lQm_ k|fKt
tGdfqfx¿ Hofb} ;"Id x'g ] x'gfn] k|ToIf / cg'ejuDo u/L z'4 lrGdo, lgln{Kt eP/ c;Ld cfgGbdo
geP/ s]jn cg'dfguDodfq x'G5g\ . ;"Id tGdfqfaf6 ¿kdf cjl:yt x'G5 . To:t} n]vgfysf] tk;L
:y"n k~rdxfe"t pTklQ x'G5g\ . Gofo j}zl] ifs -j[If_ klg cª\sl' /t -hGd_ ePb]lv g} cg]s b'Mv,
!)= n]vgfy kf}8Øfn, t?0f tk;L, sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg .
k|1 f MM 42
si6, afwf / c8\rgx¿ ;xFb } ljsl;t x'bF } uP/ j[If kl/kSj geP;Dd_ kz'n ] b'Mv lbG5g\ .
k"0f{j[Ifsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePkl5 tk;L j[Ifdf s]xL s'g } d'G6} 6f]s F" egL gog lbGy] pk/ tL
;'v / ;Gtf]if k|fKt x'G5 . t/ ;[li6k|lqmofdf j[If¿kL s'g } v]Nb} rNb} 3';3 ' ;
' ' ws]Ny] dsg tL .
k'?ifn] Ifl0fs ;'v ;Gtf]if k|fKt u/]klg Tof] ;'v s'g} bNy] dNy] x/lsl;dsf o'lQmann]
zfZjt / bL3{sfnLg geP/ Ifl0fs x'g] x'gfn] s7} Û o:t} rfnfl;t sl7g w]/ } lbg rn] ..
;Tju'0fsf] k|wfgtf:j¿k k|fKt x'g] ;'v lqu'0f - otfsf] of] afwf, tn ko/df sL6 sl7g
;Tj, /h td_ sf] ;ª\3if{sf] qmddf /hf]u'0f jf ltvf bfx|f 3:y] x/lsl;dn] hLjg lng .
tdf]u'0fsf] k|antf pkl:yt ePkl5 b'Mvdf kl/0ft e'msL Tof} df}sfdf lhgltg s8f cfTdansf]
x'G5 . tk;L j[Ifn] cfk"m ljsl;t eP/ tlËPsf] ;xf/fn] ;f/f dl/dl/ ;x]+ 3ft vnsf] ..!@
a]nf cfk"mnfO{ zlQmzfnL -cxÍf/_ af]w u/]/ Ifl0fs tk;L j[Ifsf] hLjg rqmdf cfk"m 7'nf] ePkl5
;'vfg'e"lt k|fKt u/]klg ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ltaf6 ljof]u kz'x¿n] b'Mv lbg 5f]85 \ g\ eg] hLjsf] hLjg rqmdf
-1fg_ gx'Gh]n;Dd k|sl[ t -lqu'0f_ sf] k|efj /lx/xg] s}jNo k|fKt u/]kl5dfq k|sl[ thGo kbfy{ -tj_ x¿n]
x'gfn] j[If¿kL tk;Ln] klg km]/L csf]{ emd]nf b'Mv lbg 5f]85 \ g\ . ha;Dd dfG5] /hf]u0' f / tdf]u0' f¿kL
-b'Mv_ Joxf]g{ ' k/]sf] 5 . dflg; klg bof, dfof k|sl[ tsf] j;df /lx/xG5 ta;Dd æd} vfpmF d} nfpmF
cflb ;Tsd{ u/]/ s]xL ;'v zflGt k|fKt u/]klg =======Æ eGg] cxª\sf/L efjgfsf ;fy} sfd, qmf]w,
To;df ;Tju'0fsf] k|wfgtf x'g] / kl5 csf]{ u'0fsf] nf]e cflb ljs[ltx¿ /lx/xG5g\ . t/ cfTd1fg -
bjfj ePkl5 k'gM b'MvL x'g ] x'gfn] 1fg k|fKt u/]/ k|sl[ t k'?ifsf] lje]b 1fg_ k|fKt ePkl5 hLjgrqmaf6
lqu'0ffTds k|sl[ taf6 k[ys\ ePkl5dfq p;n] cgGt dflg;n] ;bfsf] lglDt 5'6s \ f/f kfpF5 .
;'v jf cfgGb k|fKt ub{5 eGg] s'/f tk;L j[Ifsf] o;/L t?0f tk;L gJosfJosf] ljifoj:t'
ljsf; rqmsf dfWodaf6 kl/nlIft x'g cfpF5 . ;fª\Vobz{gsf] ;}4flGts kIf;Fu d]nvfFbf] b]lvG5 .
tk:ofsf] 5fof e'jge/ kf/]/ ;adf, n]vgfysf] ;du| sljTj k"jL{o bz{gaf6 k|efljt
a9" F ;':t} ;':t} k/ k/ r9" F gLn gedf . /x]sf] / To;df klg j]bfGt / ;fª\Vobz{gsf] a9L
d eGy]+ Tof] a]nf knkn 7'nf] ;fx; u/L k|efj k/]sf] s'/f pgsf sljtfdf k|ltlalDat ljrf/n]
lar}df rf}tkmL{ kz' w'l/g cfP u/u/L .. g} k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . logsf cGo sltko /rgfx¿
sxfF d]/f] To:tf] tklgodsf] l;l4;kgf Ct'larf/, ;Tosln ;+jfb cflb v08sfJo / k'm6s/
sxfF 5f]6f k]6' cwd kz'sf] Tof] kz'kgf . sljtfdf g} l ts, cfb{ z , ;fdflhs ;' w f/,
l;ª\uf}/L v]Nb} tL lgx' F lgx' F lemsL nfvg k/L wfld{s÷cfWoflTds r]tgf / j]bfGt, of]ubz{gl;t
lg;fgf d}nfO{ u/L vlgg cfo] jl/kl/ ..!! ;DalGwt af}l4stf cflb kIfx¿ k|s6 ePsf 5g\
x/]s dflg; -k'?if_ k|sl[ tsf h8j:t' -z/L/, eg] t?0ftk;L sfJosf] ljifo tk;L j[Ifsf] l;ª\uf]
dg, OlGb|o, a'l4, cxª\sf/, tGdfqf, dxfe"t cflb_ hLjgrqmsf dfWodaf6 k|f0fL hut\sf] ljsf; rqm
af6 j}/fUo k|fKt u/L s}jNo k|fKt ug{ rfxG5 . t/ / cem ;Dk"0f{ a|Xdf08s} ;[li6 / ljsf;k|lqmof;Fu
ltg} h8 k|fs[lt¿kL kz'x¿n] k'?ifnfO{ b'Mv d]nvfg] b]lvG5 . o; sfJodf tk;L j[Ifsf]
lbO/xG5g\ d'Qm x'g lb+bg} g\ . tk;Ln] hlt d'Qm / jLhf/f]k0fb]lv oflËPsf] cj:yf;Dd k|s[ltsf]
zfGt /xg] rfxgf /fv]klg ufO{, afv|f cflb kz'x¿n] kl/0ffdL -kl/jt{gzLn_ :j¿k;Fu / tk;L j[Ifn]
b'Mv lbg g5f]8h ] :t} ;fª\Vobz{gdf z/L/, OlGb|o¿kL cg'ej u/]sf egL sljn] cleJoQm u/]sf ;'v
h8k|sl[ thGo tjx¿n] o'uo'u / sNksNkfGt/;Dd b'MvfTds cg'el" thGo ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;fª\Vosf] k'?if
b'Mv lbO/xG5g\ . tk;L j[Ifsf] k|;ª\udf w]/ } lbg - -ef]Qmf_ ;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ ljj]rgf ug{ pko'Qm x'g]
k|1 f MM 43
x'gfn]
t?0ftk;LÚ gJosfJodf ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|efj ckju{sf] nflu g} ub{5 . To;sf/0f ;fª\Vosf] k|sl[ t
kof{Kt dfqfdf k|ltlalDat ePsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . k'?if -cfTdf_sf] v]nf}gf jf nLnfdfq geP/ k'?ifsf]
d'lQmsf] nflu ;f]2Z] o lqmofzLn /xG5 . ;fª\Vosf]
pk;+xf/ k|sl[ t h8 eP klg k'?ifsf] ;+of]uaf6 :jtGq¿kdf
k|sl[ tk'?ifjfbL ;fª\Vobz{g lgs} k|frLg bz{g ultzLn b]lvG5 . k¿k'?ifrflxF r}tGodo x'bF fx'bF } klg
eP/ klg O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj :jLsfg{ cfjZos g7fGg] lglZqmo /x]/ k|sl[ tsf ultljlwx¿sf] b|i6f / k|fs[lts
/ å}tjfb bz{g ePsfn] a|XdfjfbL j]bfGtLx¿n] / kbfy{x¿sf] ef]Qmf eP/ al;/xG5 . o;/L ;fª\Vobz{g
O{Zj/jfbL Gofo, j}zl] ifs, dLdf+;f cflb bfz{lgsx¿sf d"ntM 1fgbz{gsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 / o;n] k|sl[ tsf
b[li6df of] bz{g Tolt lk|o ePsf] b]lvFbg} . x'g t ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ / tjx¿ a'g dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf
o;df k|:t't ul/Psf csf6\o ts{ / ;"Id ljZn]if0fn] v]Nb5 .
cGo bfz{lgsx¿nfO{ k|efljt kf/]sfn] g} o;nfO{ o;/L g} slj lz/f]dl0f n]vfgfy kf}8o\ fnsf]
cWoflTds bz{g jf 1fgbz{g dflgPsf] 5 t/ j]bsf t?0f tk;Ldf klg tk;L j[Ifsf] hLjgrqmsf
k|df0fx¿ hlt j]bfGt cflb bz{gdf pNn]v ul/Psf dfWodaf6 ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] ljsf; / a|Xdf08Lo
5g\ Tolt o; bz{gdf ul/Psf 5}gg\ . j]bnfO{ k|df0f ;[li6 tyf ljsf; rqmsf] ljj]rgf ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/e"t
-zAbk|df0f_ dfGbfdfGb} klg of] bz{g ts{ / oyfy{tfdf ljifo k|:t't ePsfn] o; 5f]6f] ljifon] lgs} 7'nf]
a9L ljZjf; ub{5 . ;fª\Vobz{gdf k|sl[ tk'?ifsf] lgTotf, dxj af]ss ] f] 5 . o;df tk;Ln] cg'ej u/]sf ;'v
ltgLx¿sf] :j¿ksf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f ul/g'sf ;fy} b'Mvx¿ ;r]t dfgjn] cg'ej ug] { ljifo x'g \ / oL
k|sl[ tsf] ;h{g k|lqmofnfO{ lgs} Jojl:yt / j}1flgs ljifox¿ bfz{lgs b[li6n] k|sl[ t -;Tj, /h, td_ åf/f
tl/sfaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fª\Vobz{gn] k/f]If k|bQ x'g \ slj n]vgfy :jod\ k"jL{o bz{gaf6 k|efljt
O{Zj/, a|Xdf k/dfTdf cflb tjsf] rrf{ ug'e{ Gbf slj ePsfn] logdf k"jL{o bz{gsf] Jofks k|efj
k|To]s hLjwf/Ldf cGtlg{lxt cg]s k'?if -hLjfTdf_ k/]sf] kfOG5 . o;} qmddf t?0ftk;L gJosfJon]
nfO{ g} cfgf] cWoog ljZn]if0fsf] ljifo agfPsf] / ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k|sl[ tk'?if;Fu tfbfTDo ;DaGw /fVb5 .
k|sl[ tnfO{ g} ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf] ;[li6stf{ dfg]sf]n ] of] sfJodf tk;Låf/f cg'et" ;'v b'MvfTds cg'el" tx¿
bz{gn] cfWoflTdstfsf ;fy} ef}lts hutnfO{ klg k|sl[ tsf :jfefljs u'0f x'g \ / tL ;a} Go"gflws¿kdf
;d]6s ] f] 5 . ef}lts cfwf/df tjsf] ljj]rgf ubf{ub}{ -u'0fsf] Go"gflwSotfsf cfwf/df_ ;a} k|f0fLn] pkef]u
klg o;n] k|sl[ t k'?ifsf] ;DaGw ;[li6 k|lqmof / s}jNo u5{g \ eg] ;f+;fl/s b'Mv;'vaf6 cnu\ eP/ cfg}
-df]If_ k|flKtsf] nflu k|sl[ ts} ;xof]u rflxg] tyf lgu'0{ f :j¿kdf cjl:yt x'g ' hLjgsf] ;fy{stf xf]
k|sl[ tsf] ;xof]ulagf Tof] c;Dej x'g ] s'/f u/]/ bfz{lgs eGg] s'/f tk;Ln] JoQm u/]sf cleJolQmaf6 :ki6
lrGtg k/Dk/fdf ljz]if cfofd yk]sf] 5 . ;fª\Vosf] ePsf] 5 . cyf{t \ tk;Lsf] afXo:j¿k -hLjg_ ;'v
k|sl[ t j]bfGtLx¿sf] h:tf] PsfTds a|Xdfsf] ljjt{ b'MvfTds k|sl[ t;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5 eg] tk;Låf/f
dfof jf e|ddfq geP/ k|sl[ tnfO{ h8tj dfg] klg JoQm ljrf/ h'g ;w} F ;'v / cfgGbsf] vf]hLdf 5
cv08, zfZjt / k'?ifsf] nflu ef]Uo dfGb5 . of] To;n] k|fKt ug{ vf]hs ] f] tj ;fª\Vobz{gsf] k'?if;Fu
;f+;fl/s k|k~r klg k|sl[ tn] k'?ifsf] ef]usf] nflu / ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 . t;y{ o; gJosfJodf ;fª\Vobz{gåf/f
k|ltkflbt k|sl[ tk'?ifsf] k|efj :ki6¿kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
cfrfo{, >L/fd zdf{, ;fª\Vobz{gM -j]bdftf ufoqL 6«i6, j]bljefu, zflGts'~h, xl/åf/_ .
O{Zj/s[i0f, ;fª\Vosfl/sf -rf}vDaf ljBfejg, jf/f0f;L_ .
kf}8o\ fn, n]vgfy, t?0ftk;L,
gJosfJoÚ -;femf k|sfzg, sf7df8f} +F ._
dxlif{, j]bJof;, j]bfGtbz{gM -uLtf k|];, uf]/vk'/_ .
;bfgGb, ;bfgGb j]bfGt;f/M -rf}vDaf ljBfejg, jf/f0f;L_ ∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 44
;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] ;j]{If0f
8f= wgk|;fb ;'j]bL ->lds_
cf~rlns pkGof; k[i7e"ldsfn
lglZrt If]q ljz]ifnfO{ l;ª\uf] ljifo dfg]/ g]kfnL pkGof;df ;j{k|yd g]kfnL 7fpF /
To;}df cfwfl/t eO{ n]lvPsf] pkGof;nfO{ g]kfnL kfqsf] k|of]usf] yfngL lu/LzjNne
cf~rlns pkGof; elgG5 . o;df s'g } lglZrt hf]zLåf/f n]lvPsf] jL/rl/qaf6 ePsfn] g]kfnL
/ ljlzi6 c~rnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts cf~rlns pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ldsfnsf] ;'?jft
kof{j/0f, Oltxf;, hLjg k|0ffnL, nf]stj, ;+:s[lt, o;}nfO{ dfGg' plrt b]lvG5 . jL/rl/qkl5 g]kfnL
cfly{s /fhgLlts cj:yf, dgf]efj, ;f}Gbo{, pkGof;df g]kfnL kl/j]zn] k|j]z kfPsf] /
;d:of, eflifs ljlzi6tf cflbsf] lrq0f ul/G5 o;qmddf hf]zLs} k|f/Awbk{0f, lj1fg ljnf;sf]
-;'j]bL, @)^* M $^_ . cf~rlns pkGof;sf] 8f= ;"o{k|;fb, lji0f'r/0f >]i7sf] ;'dtL h:tf
syf~rn u|fdL0f jf ;x/L b'j} x'g ;S5 . ;Da4 pkGof;df s]xL dfqfdf g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf
syf~rnsf ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df pkGof;sf/n] ;Gbe{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . ?b|/fh kf08]sf] ¿kdtLaf6
ToxfFsf] d'Vo ljlzi6tfnfO{ d'Vo / c¿ ljlzi6tfnfO{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfn ;'? ePkl5
;xfos ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ ;S5 . ;fy} ;Da4 g]kfnL pkGof;df ;fdfhsf] oyfy{sf] lrq0f x'g
c~rnsf ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, ;+:s[lt, hflt, :yfgLo yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x k|wfgsf] e|d/
;d:of cflb ljifox¿dWo] s]xL jf s'g } Pp6fnfO{ -!((#_ df g]kfn aflx/ bflh{lnª, snsQf, jgf/;,
s]Gb|df /fv]/ c¿ ljifonfO{ ;xfos jf uf}0f agfP jdf{ nufotsf If]qsf] kl/j]zsf] k|of]u ePsf]
klg s'g } lglZrt syf~rnsf] x'g ] / To; syf~rnsf kfOG5 . o;n] g]kfnL pkGof;df :yfgLo kl/j]zsf]
;fd"lxs hLjg / ;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f x'g ] pkGof; k|of]u ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] kfOG5 .
cf~rlns pkGof; x'G5 . cf~rlns ljifosf n} g l;+ x afª\ b ] n sf] d' n ' s aflx/ -@))$_
lrq0fsf cfwf/df pkGof;nfO{ k"0f{ / cf+lzs pkGof;af6 g] k fnL pkGof;df ;fdflhs
cf~rlns u/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQsf] ;'?jft ePsf] / o;qmddf
:yfgLo ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, ToxfFsf] cfly{s ;d:of,
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] ;j]I{ f0f ul/aL cflbsf] lrq0f x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o;kl5
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] ljsf; k|sflzt ljleGg pkGof;x¿df g]kfnL u|fdL0f
k|lqmofnfO{ lgDglnlvt sfnv08df juL{s/0f u/L tyf ;x/L kl/j]zsf] ;fdfGo k|of]u x'g yfn]sf]
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M kfOG5 . o;qmddf nLnaxfb'/ If]qLsf] a;fO
-s_ k[i7e"ldsfn M jL/rl/qb]lv v}l/gL3f6 -@)!$_ pkGof;n] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kxf8L c~rnsf]
k|sfzgk"j{ -!(^)@)!&_ . ;fdfGo lrq0f u/] s f] kfOG5 . cf~rlns
-v_ ljsf;sfn M v}l/gL3f6b]lv otf pkGof;sf cfwf/e"t clenIf0fdf cfwfl/t
-@)!*xfn;Dd_ pkGof; eg] o; r/0fdf cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g,
sf7df8f}F, bflh{lnª tyf g]kfnsf] ljleGg 7fpFsf]
k|1 f MM 45
;fdfGo kl/j]zsf] k|of]u dfq ePsf] kfOG5 . pkGof; xf] .
o;}n] o; sfnv08sf pkGof; cf~rlnstfsf] tfgf zdf{ s f] cf] e m] n kbf{ -@)@@_
:t/df /x]sf 5}gg\ . e|d/, d'ns' aflx/, dfOt3/, pkGof;df vf]6fª / ef]hk'/sf] l;dfgfdf kg]{
nª\u8fsf] ;fyL, a;fO nufotsf pkGof;n] 6]Ds]8fF8f] / cf;kf;sf vf]nfgfnf, af6f]3f6f],
g]kfnL 7fpF, ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] k[i7e"lddf klg d]nfhfqf cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . 6]Ds]8fF8fdf
pkGof; n]Vg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf] :yfkgf nfUg] afnfrt'{bzL{sf] d]nf, d]nfdf x'g] em}emu8f
u/]sfn] o; sfnnfO{ g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] / sf6df/sf] s]Gb|Lotfdf pkGof;df To; If]qsf]
k[i7e"ldsfn dfGg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . a;fO :yfgLo kl/j]zsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . r'qfsf a'6f,
pkGof;n] Pp6f If]q ljz]ifdf s]lGb|t /x]/ ;dfhsf lrdfnf]sf af]6, dflnËfsf ofª, lav'df, uf]a|]
;d:ofsf] lrq0f ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL u/]sfn] ;Nnf, ;'gfv/L cflb jg:kltÙ nfdfv', afFem],
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] k[i7e"lddf a;fO 8fF8fufpF, /tG5f, bf]kf{, bf]a]nf, g]kf{, d'8], cflb
pkGof;sf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :yfgÙ ;fK;' v f] n f, nK;Lvf] n f -nK;] v f] n f_,
d]jfvf]nf, l5k]vf]nf, lsjfvf]nf, df]a'vf]nf cflb
ljsf;sfn gbLgfnfÙ ;fK;'vf]nfn] k"j{ g+ # / $ g+ nfO{{
g] k fnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf zª\ s / 5'6\ofpg] k|;Ë cflbsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . dr'{Ëf
sf]O/fnfsf] v}l/gL3f6 -@)!*_ pkGof;af6 ahfP/ uLt ufpg], wfdLx¿ gfRb} dlGb/lt/ hfg],
g]kfnL pkGof;df cf~rlns pkGof;sf] yfngL /OgLx¿n] /S;L a] R g] , 7' n L Psfb;L,
eof] . o;kl5 g]kfnL pkGof;df cf~rlns afnfrt'{bzL{h:tf kj{df gbLsf lsgf/ tyf
ljifoj:t' klg ;dfj]z x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . of] b]jLb]jtfsf dlGb/df d]nf, hfqf nfUg]Ù d]nfhfqfdf
qmd xfn;Dd / o;kl5 klg rNg] b]lvPsfn] ljleGg ufpFsf cnucnu ;d"x agfO{ df/lk6
v} l /gL3f6b] l v otfsf] g] k fnL cf~rlns rNg] h:tf :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
pkGof;sf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ ljsf;sfn elgPsf] 5 . ;fy} pkGof;df Gofo Joj:yf, e|i6frf/,
xf] . zf]if0f cflbsf] klg lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . olt x'bF fx'bF }
zª\s/ sf]O/fnfsf] v}l/gL3f6 pkGof;nfO{ klg c~rnljz]ifsf ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f g} of]
w]/}h;f] ;dfnf]rsx¿n] klxnf] g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifo eg] xf]Og . syfjfrs
pkGof; eg]sf 5g\ . cf~rlnstfsf af/]df rrf{ d kfq;Fu} ;fª\u] ;]kf{ h]n k/]sf] 5 . ;fË] ;]kf{n]
ug] { k|foM ;a}h;f] g]kfnL ;dfnf]rsx¿n] o;nfO{ cfkm" h]n kgf{sf] sf/0f atfpF5 . o; qmddf
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTs[i6 cf~rlns pkGof; pko'{St cf~rlns ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
eg]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf af/]df 5 . s] s:tf sf/0fn] dflg;n] h]n kg'{k5{ eGg]
ePsf ;a} zf]wsfo{df o; pkGof;nfO{ g]kfnL b]vfpg' g} d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] of] pkGof; cf+lzs
;flxTosf] klxnf] / ;kmn cf~rlns pkGof; cf~rlns pkGof;sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
elgPsf] 5 . of] pkGof; xfnsf] hgsk'/ c~rnsf tfgf zdf{s} d]/f] syf -@)@#_ pkGof;df
/fd]5fk / l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] l;dfgf -tTsfnLg sf:sL lhNnfsf] n'Dn] / To; cf;kf;sf] If]q
k"j{ @ g+=_ df /x]sf] ;'gsf]zL lsgf/sf sf]yk] / ;fy} ef/t / g]kfnsf ljleGg h]nsf] k|;Ë cfPsf]
cf;kf;sf b'Dhf, Hofld/], g]kfnyf]s, k/]jf8fF8f 5 . o;df k]d| , gf/Lx¿sf] rl/q tyf uf]vf{ etL{df
cflb If]qsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]zleqsf] k|sl[ t, ;dfh, uP/ g]kfnL o'jfx¿n] c¿sf] bf; x'g'kg]{ cj:yf
jftfj/0f, ;+:s[lt, cfly{s cj:yf cflbsf] cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . oL k|;Ë / k[i7e"lddf
ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0fdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;df ljz]iftM o; pkGof;df :yfgLotfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
dfemL / cGo hfltsf] :yfgLo ;dfh / ;+:s[lt, cGgk" 0 f{ , df5fk' 5 « ] cflb lxdfnÙ km] j ftfn,
@))( ;fnlt/sf] ;dosf] zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfsf] j]ugf;tfn, lbkfª / dfb|L tfnx¿Ù sf5]sf] 8fF8f],
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] k"0f{ / ;kmn cf~rlns 9'Ë]gL le/fnf] / ljz]iftM n'Dn] ufpFsf] k|s[lt tyf
k|1 f MM 46
;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . 5]nf] k|ltof]lutf, x'bF } uPsf 5g\ . ToxfF lrofv]tL x6fP/ c¿ g}
/f]bL3/sf] k|;Ë, hGtL hfg], lax]df aGb's v] t L ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . To;sf] :jfldTj
k8\sfpg], ;fOt x]g,{] sf];n ] L n}hfg], /Lt v'jfpg], g]kfnLx¿;Fu 5}g / pgLx¿ lj:yflkt x'gk' g] { cj:yf
;DaGwljR5]bsf] /Lt
l;Gsf] kfËf]Ú ug]{ h:tf cfPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;n] oxL ljjztfnfO{{
u'?ª ;+:s[ltsf ljlzi6tfx¿ o;df lrlqt 5g\ . emNsfPsf] 5 . of] n3' pkGof; xf] . o;sf] d"n
s]xL nf]s ls+abGtL / uLtsf c+z klg cfPsf kfq dg] 6'x/' f] / ckfª\u 5 . p;sL k]l| dsf dgdfof
5g\ . olt x'bF fx'bF } klg of] pkGof; cf~rlnstfdf klg afa'cfdf;Fu } wgs'6flt/ cfpF5 ] . ckfË /
dfq s]lGb|t 5}g . h]n k/]sf] aGbLn] cfgf] k]|d levf/L dg] PSnf] x'G5 / pm klg a]kQf x'G5 .
hLjgsf] ;+:d/0fsf qmddf pko'Qm c~rnljz]ifsf pkGof;sf] d'Vo syf olQ g} xf] . o;df bflh{lnªsf]
cf+lzs ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, of] cf+lzs lrofaufgdf sfd ug] { g]kfnLx¿sf] ljlzi6 ;d:of
cf~rlns pkGof; xf] . / Pp6f bLgxLg kfqsf] kL8fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .
ljgf]bk|;fb lwtfnsf] pHofnf] x'g'cl3 o;df lrlqt lrofaufgnfO{ Pp6f c~rn dfGbf
-@)@*_ pkGof;df uf]vf{ lhNnfsf] vl/af]6 klg lrofaufgsf vf;vf; ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f x'g
k~rfot / cf;kf;sf 5fkf:jfF/f, ;fgLufpF, g;s]sf] / ;Da4 If]qsf] lrq0fdf eGbf dg]sf]
cf]nfª, lvDk', ck'g, l;:g], k|k] ª' , eGHofª ufpF, bLgxLg cj:yfsf] lrq0fd} s]lGb|t /x]sfn] of] pkGof;
nf};Laf]6,] sfkmn8fF8f, v/LufpF cflb 7fpF÷If]qsf] k"0f{ cf~rlns ag]sf] 5}g .
ef}uf]lns kl/j]zleqsf] k|sl[ t, ;dfh / jftfj/0f zª\s/ sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt x]nDa' d]/f] ufpF
cfPsf] 5 . o;df @)!& b] l v @)@)÷@@ -@)#@_ pkGof; sf7df8f}F+b]lv aQL; dfOn
cf;kf;sf] ;dofjlwdf syf~rnsf] b'ud { tyf pQ/k"js { f] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfdf kg] { x]nDa' ufpFsf]
lk5l8Psf] cj:yf, 5kf:jfF/fsf blntsf] ul/aL, ;]/f]km]/f]df s]lGb|t 5 . o; pkGof;df x]nDa'
k~rfotL /fhgLltn] To; If]qdf NofPsf ;d:of If]qsf] :yfgLo k|s[lt, ToxfFsf d"n afl;Gbf
/ kfgL rNg] hftsf] g]K6] / c5't dflgg] nfx'gL{ ;]kf{x¿sf] ;+:s[lt, emf/km's k|yf, :yfgLo efiff
sfG5Lsf larsf] k|d ] / ljjfxsf cflbsf] ljifo cflbsf] ljlzi6 lrq0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;df
lrlqt 5 . o;df ToxfFsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts x]nDa' ufpFsf] ko{6sLo dxjnfO{ { klg hf]8 lbOPsf]
kof{j/0f, ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt, cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs 5 . k]d| / of}gnfO{ { 8f]/f] agfP/ pkGof;sf] syf;"q
l:ylt, :yfgLo efiff, dgf]efj, ;f}Gbo{ cflbsf] cufl8 a9]sf] eP klg o; pkGof;sf] s]Gb|df
ljlzi6tfnfO{ /fd|/L emNsfPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df x]nDa' ufpF g} /x]sf] 5 . ;]kf{ efiffsf zAb /
syf~rnsf ljlzi6tf :ki6 kfg{ zf]ifs, zf]lift, sltko jfSox¿sf] k|of]u x'g,' ;]kf{ ;+:s[ltsf]
k'?if, dlxnf, j[4, afns, sd{rf/L, k|wfgk~r, ljlzi6 lrq0f x' g ' , lj/fdL x' F b f :yfgLo
kl08t nufotsf cf~rlns ljz]iftf af]s]sf ljz]iftfcg';f/ emf/km's tyf hl8a'6Lsf] k|of]u
kfqx¿ 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo zAb, u'?ª efiffsf ul/g' :yfgLo hfqfd]nf cflbsf] lrq0f x'g,' x]nDa'
zAb, :yfgLo ufnLsf zAb, pvfg, uLtsf c+z, ufpFsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts kof{j/0fsf] lrq0f
u'?ª njhsf] g]kfnL efiffsf ;+jfb cflbsf] k|of]un] x'g' h:tf sf/0fn] k|:t't pkGof; cf~rlns
of] pkGof; cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 . ag]sf] 5 .
pkGof;sf/ ;'jf;åf/f lnlvt dg] -@)#)_ k|sfz P=/fhsf] /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgf -@)##_
pkGof;nfO{ { klg cf~rlns pkGof; elgPsf] pkGof;df sf:sL lhNnfsf] Pp6f sfNklgs ufpF
kfOG5 -/fO{, @)%* M @*$_ . of] pkGof;df dnfªsf] :yfgLo k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt tyf ToxfFsf]
bflh{lnªsf] lrof aufgleq /x]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
bLgxLg cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k':tf} F cl3b]lv o; pkGof;df ;f]bLvf]nfdf af9L cfPsf] / k'n
uP/ lrof aufgdf sfd ul//x]sf g]kfnLx¿ To; elTsPsf] ufpFsf] dflyNnf] e]udf a:g] u'?ªx¿sf]
lrofaufgdf sfd ul//xg] cj:yfaf6 jl~rt /f]bL3/df uLt ufpg] u/]sf], u'?ª hfltsf] lhp8fn,
k|1 f MM 47
cg'xf/ kf];fs tyf If]qL afx'gx¿sf] lhp8fn, ;fy} bflh{lnª / cf;kf;df a:g] g]kfnLx¿sf]
cg'xf/, kf];fs cflbsf] rrf{, :yfgLo 3/sf] kl5Nnf] / cfufdL k':tfsf] cj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf
5fgfsf] rrf{, :yfgLo cGgafnLsf] gfd, ufpFsf] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} a]/f]huf/L ;d:of, gofF k':tfdf
dflyNnf] e]usf u'?ª / tNnf] e]usf If]qL afx'g cfgf] efiff, ;+:s[lt / k'vf{x¿k|ltsf] cf:yf /
tyf sfdLx¿sf] hLjgk|0ffnLsf] rrf{, /f]huf/Lsf df]x x6\g,] /ª\uLg b'lgofFdf km:g] / pkef]QmfjfbL
nflu d'Unfg hfg' kg]{, ufpFsf] /fd|f s]6L / nf]Ug] aGg] ;Defjgf, ul/aLsf] df/ v]Kg' kg],{ cefjdf
3/df gePsf :jf:gL dflg;n] ufpF s f afFRg' kg] { h:tf ljjztfk|lt vj/bf/L ul/Psf]
6f7faf7fx¿sf] of}gzf]if0f v]Kg' kg]{ h:tf ljifo 5 . bflh{lnª / cf;kf;sf] If]qdf ;Lldt /x]sf]
cfPsf 5g\ . of] cf~rlns pkGof; xf] . eP klg pkGof;df bflh{lnª c~rnsf] eGbf klg
w=r= uf]tfd]sf] 3fdsf kfOnfx¿ -@)#%_ bflh{lnª] g]kfnLx¿sf] Oltxf; vf]tNb} eljiosf]
pkGof;df jL/uGh ;x/sf] ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts, lbzf lgb]z { ug] { p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cf+lzs
;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb ljlzi6tfsf] cf~rlns pkGof; xf] .
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfnf]rsx¿ O{Zj/ OGb| ;'Gbf;sf] lgolt -@)#(_ pkGof;df
a/fnn] o;nfO{ gfu/ cf~rlns pkGof; eg]sf ef/tsf] bflh{lnªsf] kmf/;a:tL, ToxfFsf] uf]?h'/]
5g\ -uf]tfd], @)^# M r_ . o; pkGof;df jL/uGh 8fF8f / To; cf;kf;sf] kl/j]zsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
;x/sf] df};d, xfjfkfgL, ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, 5 . o; pkGof;df ufO{j:t' r/fpg], v]tLkftL
k5f}6k] g, /xg;xg, ToxfFsf /]Nj] :6];g, c:ktfn, ug],{ 3fF;bfp/f ug],{ sf]Onf sf6\g,] sf7 sf6\gh
] :tf
lrofk;n, kfgk;n, ToxfFsf] ;8s, :yfgLo kmf/; a:tLsf afl;Gbfsf hLljsf] k fh{ g sf
vfgkfg, e]ife"iff ;d]tsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k];fJoj;fosf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} kmf/;
o;/L jL/uGhd} s]lGb|t /xL ToxfFsf] ljlzi6tf a:tLsf afl;Gbfsf] vfglkg, j]ze"iff, u/uxgf,
lrq0fsf] s]lGb|t /x]sfn] of] pkGof; cf~rlns cGwljZjf;, :jf:Yof] k rf/ k4lt, ToxfF s f
ag]sf] 5 . afl;Gbfsf] b}lgs p7a;sf] tl/sf, ToxfFsf
c;Lt /fO{sf] gofFF lIflthsf] vf]h -@)#&_ afl;Gbfsf] xfF;v]nsf] 9ª\u, ;fdlhs ;DaGw,
bflh{lnªsf] kl/j]zdf n]lvPsf] 5 . o;df cf:yf, ljZjf; / dgf]lj1fg ;d]tsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
afnf;gsf] au/, sfn]aª' sf] hª\un, bflh{lnª, 5 . o;df kfqcg'¿k :jfefljs ;+jfbsf] k|of]u
l;lSsd cflbsf] kl/j]zdf :yfgLo sYoaf]nL, ul/Psf] 5, kmf/; a:tLsf afl;Gbfn] af]Ng] af]nrfn
:yfgLo ;+:s[lt ;d]t lrq0f ePsf] 5 . o; / s'/fsfgLsf efiffsf ;fy} pvfg6'Ssfsf] k|of]u klg
pkGof;df bflh{lnª / cf;kf;sf] If]qdf g]kfnLx¿ ePsf] 5 . olt x'bF fx'bF } klg cf~rlns ljlzi6tfsf]
slxn] / s;/L k'u,] s;/L ;ª\3if{ ub} { cfP, clxn] lrq0f g} o;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifo eg] b]lvFbg} . o;df
s;/L a;]sf 5g\ / eljiodf pgLx¿sf] cj:yf lah{dfg gfdsf] Pp6f kfqsf] aLh{dfgsf] lgolt
s:tf] x'G5 < eGg] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . o;df bflh{lnª :ki6 kfg' { g} o; pkGof;sf] p2]Zo b]lvG5 . of]
If]qsf] 3gf hª\un km8fgL u/]/ g]kfnLx¿n] a:tL cf+lzs cf~rlns pkGof; xf] .
a;fPsf], g]kfnaf6 cfPsf g]kfnLx¿n] cfgf] /d]z ljsnåf/f lnlvt clj/n aUb5
;+:s[lt, efiff klg ;Fu;Fu } lnP/ cfPsf] ] h:tf OGb|fjtL -@)$)_ pkGof;df OGb|fjtL t6df /x]sf]
ljifob]lv klxnf] ljZjo'4, !(@) sf] c;xof]u dfemL bg'jf/ ufpFsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts
cfGbf]ng, lrofaufgsf b'Mv / zf]if0f, uf]vf{ lnusf] kof{j/0f / To; kof{j/0fleqsf] hLjgrof{, cfly{s
:yfkgf / uf]vf{nLn] u/]sf cfGbf]ng, låtLo Joj:yf, zf]if0f, ;+:s[lt, juL{o åGå / k|fs[lts
ljZjo'4, ljZjo'4df uf]vf{ ;}lgssf] ;xeflutf, k|sf]k ;d]tsf] ljlzi6 lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM
lrofaufgsf dhb'/sf] cfGbf]ng, adf{af6 kmls{Psf dfemL hLjg;+:s[ltdf s]lGb|t o; pkGof;df dfemL
g]kfnLx¿sf] cj:yf / pgLx¿sf] bflh{lnª a;fO, hLjg;+:s[ltsf] ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnLx¿n] :jfoQtfsf nflu u/]sf] n8fOFsf ul/a / ;f]emfl;wf hgtfsf] >d zf]if0f u/L
k|1 f MM 48
lanf;L hLjg latfpg] ;fdGt ju{ / ;fdGtsf pkGof; af/f lhNnfsf] d'sL{klnof / cf;kf;sf
lj?4 ;ª\3if{ ug{ afWo /x]sf >ldsju{sf larsf] If]qsf] cf~rlns ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0fdf s]lGb|t
åGåsf] syf d'Vo /x]sf] 5 / o:tf] ;ª\3if{sf] /x]sf] 5 / cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 .
ljifoj:t' OGb|fjtL gbL lsgf/sf] dfemL / ToxfFsf nLnaxfb'/ If]qLåf/f lnlvt a|x\dk'qsf
;fdGt sfhL vnssf lardf ePsf] 5 . 5]p5fp -@)$#_ pkGof;df ef/tsf] cf;d
ju{;ª\3if{sf] ljifoj:t' klg d"ntM cf~rlns /fHocGtu{t a|Xdk'q gbLsf] 5]p5fpsf s5'jfpF,
k[i7e"lddf syf~rnsf ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f;lxt ao/cfF6L, k5'df/f, dxv'F§L, d5'jfkf8f, ;lbof,
cfPsfn] cla/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL pkGof; cf~rlns d}gfkf8f cflb g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]jf; If]qdf s]lGb|t
ag]sf] 5 . 5 . o; If]qdf ufO{e}F;L kfn]/ / v]tLkftL u/]/
w| ' j rGb| uf} t dåf/f lnlvt clnlvt hLjgofkg ul//x]sf cf;fd]nL g]kfnLx¿sf]
-@)$)_ pkGof;df w/dk'/ tyf lj/lxgk'/ a/]jf cfly{s, ;dflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts cflb
eGg] t/fO{ c~rnsf] ef}uf]lns tyf k|fs[lts ljljw kIfsf] lrq0f ePsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df
kof{j/0f, ToxfFsf] hghLjg, ;+:s[lt, cfly{s cj:yf, a|Xdk'q gbLsf] lsgf/df a;f]jf; ug]{ g]kfnL
P]ltxf;lstf, efiff, r]tgf:t/, dgf]efj cflbsf] d"nsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns
ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df k;fxf tyf k|fs[lts kof{j/0f tyf To;sf] c;/, gbLsf]
gbLsf] jfl/kl§ /x]sf] w/dk'/ / kfl/kl§ /x]sf] af9Ln] NofPsf] ljklQ, P]ltxfl;stf, ToxfFsf]
lj/lxgk'/ a/]jf / ToxfF /x]sf] zf]if0f, cGofo afl;Gbfsf] k];f, Joj;fo, ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt, ;+:sf/,
cTofrf/, ul/aL, clzIff cflbsf] ljlzi6 lrq0f hfqf kj{, uf]7k"hf, wfdLemfFqmL k|yfsf ;fy} ToxfFsf
ul/Psf] 5 . k;fxfjfl/sf] w/dk'/ ufpFsf] clwg:y g]kfnLx¿sf] /fhgLlts x}l;ot ;d]tsf] lrq0f
eP/ k;fxfkfl/sf] lj/lxgk'/ a/]jf ufpF /x]sf] ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof; d"ntM a|Xdk'q gbL
b]vfOPsf] 5 . b]zsf] gS;fdf g/x]sf] la/lxgk'/ cf;kf;sf] g]kfnL a:tLdf s]lGb|t eP/ ToxLFsf
a/]jf ufpFsf] cl:tTj /x]/ klg cl:tTjljxLg ljlzi6tfsf lrq0fnfO{ d'Vo p2]Zo agfPsf] x'Fbf
eP/ /x]sf] 5 . ;Da4 c~rnsf] hLjg / la/lxgk'/ of] pkGof; cf~rlns b]lvG5 .
a/]jfsf lj;ª\ultsf] lrq0fnfO{ d"n ljifo agfOPsf] bf}ntljqmd lai6åf/f lnlvt lxdfn / dfG5]
x'gfn] of] pkGof; k"0f{ cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 . -@)$%_ pkGof; ;f]nv ' D' a' lhNnfsf] v'Dh'ª, yfd]
w=r= uf]tfd]sf] oxfbl] v Toxf;Dd -@)$@_ / v'Gb| ] ufpFsf] ;]/f]km]/f] / ToxfFsf afl;Gbf ;]kf{sf]
df af/f lhNnfsf] d'sL{klnofsf] ef}uf]lns tyf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t 5 . o;df ;]kf{ hfltsf]
k|fs[lts kof{j/0f, ;fdflhs cj:yf, cfly{s hLjg ;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkGof;df
tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yf cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] k]dfbf]hL{, lgdf, cfªl/u' / nfSkf g'ah {' :tf kfqx¿
5 . o;df s] x L dfqfdf t/fO{ s f zAbx¿, 5g\ .
dfg]?D8'Ú,
;f]gfDafÚ,
nf];/Ú h:tf ;]kf{
pvfg6' S sf, nf] s uLt, Znf] s tyf sltko hfltsf ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
cf~rlns nf]sf]lQmsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;]kf{ efiffsf zAbx¿ / s]xL jfSox¿ tyf :yfgLo
t/fO{sf] u|fdL0f ;dfhdf x'g ] zf]if0f, bdg, ;'vb'Mv, nf]suLtsf s]xL kª\lQmx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
xif{lj:dft\, ;+:s[lt, r]tgf, ;Eotf, efjgf cflbsf] ;+jfbsf qmddf ;]kf{ af]nLdf g]kfnL efiffsf]
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkGof;sf] e"ldsfdf :yfgLo sYo ¿ksf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . ;]kf{ hfltsf
O{Zj/ a/fnn] o;nfO{ ;kmn cf~rlns pkGof; d[To', ljjfx cflb ;+:sf/sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
eg]sf 5g\ . cf~rlnstfsf af/]df rrf{ ug] { k|foM ;du|df x]bf{ ;u/dfyf lxdfn cf;kf;sf] e"uf]n,
;a} h ;f] g] k fnL ;dfnf] r sx¿n] o;nfO{ k|sl[ t, ToxfFsf afl;Gbfsf] hLjgk|0ffnL, pgLx¿sf]
cf~rlns pkGof; eg]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL cf~rlns ;+:s[lt, ToxfFsf] /fhgLlt cflbsf] lrq0fdf ;Lldt
pkGof;sf af/]df o;cl3 ePsf ;a} zf]wsfo{df ePsfn] k|:t't pkGof; cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 .
o; pkGof;nfO{ cf~rlns elgPsf] 5 . of] vu]Gb| k|wfgfª\uåf/f n]lvPsf] xf/L -@)%)_
k|1 f MM 49
k"jL{ g]kfnsf] wgs'6f lhNnfsf s6x/af]6,] ;fFu/' L, kl/j]zsf] lrq0f 5 . ls/ftL hfltsf ;+:s[ltsf]
wf/fkfgL cflb ufpFsf] kof{j/0fleqsf] cf7kl/of s]xL emnssf ;fy} ;dfhdf /x]sf clzIff,
/fO{ hfltsf] ;+:s[lt ljz]ifdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;df cGwljZjf;, ufpFsf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, k5f}6k] g,
/fO{ hfltsf] Oltxf; ;ª\lIfKtdf pNn]v ePsf] ul/aL / zf]if0fsf ;Gbe{x¿ o; pkGof;sf]
5 . o;df :ofd|L, s+;fxfª, u|fdL, n]ptL, kof{j/0fsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . :jf:Yo, lzIff,
wgZj/h:tf kfqx¿ 5g\ . of] pkGof; d"ntM ;~rf/, /f]huf/, oftfoft cflbsf cefjdf ufpFn]
;f+:s[lts lrq0fdf s]lGb|t 5 . lnDa" hfltsf] hLjg si6s/ 5 eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . k~rfotL
wfggfr, /fO{ hfltsf] ljjfx ;+:sf/, d[To';:+ sf/ /fhgLltsf s]xL ;Gbe{x¿ klg pkGof;df cfPsf
cflbsf] lrq0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 ;fy} wfdL, 5g\ . ufpFsf 6f7faf7fx¿n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{
emfFqmL, efsn, k|fy{gf cflbsf] lrq0f 5 . o; s;/L zf]if0f u5{g \ eGg] s'/fnfO{ pkGof;n] ljz]if
k|sf/ wgs'6f lhNnfsf s]xL ufpF / tL ufpFdf ¿kdf phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . o; pkGof;df k"jL{
a:g] cf7kxl/of /fO{ hfltsf] ;+:s[ltdf g} s]lGb|t g]kfnsf] vf]6fª lhNnfdf af]lng] k|rlnt g]kfnL
ePsfn] of] pkGof; cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 . efiff / s]xL dfqfdf /fO{ -ls/ftL_ efiffsf
eLdk|;fb >]i7 lnlvt gf}dtL -@)%!_ zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf] cfwf
pkGof; h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns ljlzli6tf, v08 bflh{lnª / cfwf v08 vf]6fª lhNnfsf] /fO{
hLjgk4lt, ;+:s[lt, efiff / d"ntM zf]if0fnfO{ a:tLdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhdf ufpFsf
ljifoj:t' agfP/ n] l vPsf] 5 . k~rfotL 6f7faf7fx¿sf] if8\oGq, ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf si6,
Joj:yfsf ljs[lt b]vfpFb } To; Joj:yfsf] cGTosf] zf]ifsx¿sf if8\oGqsf sf/0f o'jfo'jtL knfog
rfxgf /fVg] o; pkGof;df s0ff{nL If]qsf x'gk' g{,] gf/L hfltn] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s zf]if0f
8f]/kf6g, yfkfufpF, hf]uLjf8f, /fjnjf8f, b/fvf]nf, a] x f] g ' { kg] { h:tf ljifo s] x L cf~rlns
v8sfjf8f, 8'djf8f, /sfnjf8f, dflnsf k~rfot, ljlzi6tf;lxt b]vfOPsf] 5 . vf]6fª lhNnfsf
sflnsf k~rfot cflb ufpFsf] ;Gbe{ pNn]v /fO{ hfltljz]ifsf ;+:s[lt, efiff, ToxfFsf] ef}uf]lns
ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo k|s[lt, df};d, e]8Luf]7, tyf k|fs[lts kof{j/0fsf] lrq0fsf k[i7e"lddf
e};F Luf]7, jg hËn, 3fF; ] d}bfg cflbsf] rrf{ k|]dsyfnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ljifo agfOPsf] of] pkGof;
ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df :yfgLo e]ife"iff, uxgf, cf+lzs cf~rlns b]lvG5 .
l/gkft tyf P]r F f]kr
F} f] u/] vfFrf] 6fg{,] lax]sf nflu lx/0o ef]hk'/]sf] l56]g -@)%$_ df dgfª
s]6Lsf 3/df gf]s/L ug{,] kf]On uPsL >LdtLsf lhNnfsf lxdfnL If]qsf] ef}uf]lns kof{j/0f, :yfgLo
kf]Oaf6 cl3Nnf] nf]Ug]n] hf/L p7fpg] h:tf efiff / s]xL ljlzi6 ;+:s[ltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
;f+:s[lts kIfsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df kfgL 5 . dgfªdf ljdfg:ynsf] ;j]{If0f ug{ uPsf
3§df ds} cflb lk:g], bfp/f, 3fF; ug{,] ufO{j:t', ;Gtf]if / z/b\ gfdsf OlGhlgo/ åon] To; 7fpFdf
r/fpg], v]tL ug{ ] h:tf cfly{s pkfh{g tyf kfPsf] cfltYo / k|d ] pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t' /x]sf]
b}lgs hLjgrof{sf ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df dgfªsf] lxdfnL e] u df /x] s f
5 . k~rfotL Joj:yfsf v/faL, k~rx¿sf o'jtLx¿sf] ;f}Gbo{ / pgLx¿sf] :jR5 k|]dsf]
s's[Tox¿sf] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 / To; dxfgtfnfO{ b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . dgfª ufpF,
Joj:yfsf ljs[ltx¿k|lt Joª\Uo ul/Psf 5g\ . lk;fª ufpF, £of? ufpF, ªfjn ufpF / o;
o; pkGof;df kfqx¿sf] ;+jfbdf g]kfnL efiffsf] cf;kf;sf] If]qsf] k|s[lt tyf hghLjgsf]
v;fgL e]b dflgg] eflifsfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . lrq0fdf pkGof;n] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . pkGof;df
of] pkGof; cf~rlns pkGof; xf] . :yfgLo u'?ª ;+:s[ltsf s]xL ;f+:s[lts kIfsf]
lzjs'df/ /fO{sf] lIflth kfl/df -@)%!_ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo u'?ª ;dfhdf kfx'gfsf]
pkGof;df vf]6fª lhNnfsf] bf]kf{, Ajf;'ª, nfdfv' cToGt} ;Tsf/ ul/G5, hf8f] 7fpF ePsfn] ToxfF
cflb ufpFsf ;fy} cf+lzs ¿kdf bflh{lnªsf] cf/f vfg] rng 5 . u'?ª o'jtLx¿ v'nf lbnsf
k|1 f MM 50
:ki6jfbL 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] lhp8fn / cg'xf/ klg vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf] h"gls/Lsf] ;ª\uLt
cToGt} /fd|f ] 5 . dLtnfO{ v'j ;Ddfg ul/G5 . -@)%^_ pkGof;df kj{t lhNnfsf] l;dl/ª ufpF
dgfªdf xjfOhxfh cf]/fNg] 7fpFsf] ;j{I] f0f ug{ / cf;kf;sf blnt a:tLsf] :yfgLo ;fdflhs,
uPsf OlGhlgo/ ;Gtf]if / z/b ToxfFsf :jR5 ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf]
efjgfsf /fd|f ] s]6Lx¿k|lt x'?Ss x'G5g\ / k|d ] df 5 . blntx¿ clzIff, ul/aL / pTkL8gdf
r'nD{' a 8'A5g\ . oxL ljifoj:t'sf ;]/f]km]/f]df o; lklN;Psf 5g\ . pkNnf] hfltsf dflgg]x¿n]
pkGof;df dgfªsf s]xL cf~rlns ljlzi6tfsf] blntnfO{ dfG5]sf] sf]l6df ;d]t /fVb}gg\ .
lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] cf+lzs cf~rlns pkGof; blntx¿ u}/blntaf6 dfq xf]Og, blntblnts}
xf] . lardf klg 5'jf5't e]befj /x]sf] 5 . o;
gog/fh kf08]åf/f lnlvt pnf/ -@)%%_ pkGof;df blntsf o:tf ;d:of / ljjztfsf]
nfO{ ;gt /] U dLn] æefiffdf kfqcg' ; f/sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;df :yfgLo efiffsf]
cf~rlnstf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . /Ë / kl/j]zåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . blntx¿sf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f
cf~rlnstfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5Æ eg]sf 5g\ - ub}{ pgLx¿sf] pTyfg / k|ultsf] rfxgf o;
cfj/0f k[i7_ . /fh]Gb| ;'j]bLn] o;nfO{ cf~rlns pkGof;sf] p2]Zo b]lvG5 . o; pkGof;df ;a}
pkGof; eg]sf 5g\ -;'j]bL, @)%^ M &&_ . pnf/ kfqx¿n] :yfgLo af]nL af]n]sf 5g\ . ;du|df
pkGof; g]kfnu~h / j/k/sf zdz]/uGh, x] b f{ o; pkGof;sf] efiff c~rnljz] i fsf]
xg'dfggu/, auf}8f cflb 7fpFsf] kl/j]zdf n]lvPsf] ljlzi6tfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;df k|of]u ePsf] kl/j]z
5 . pkGof;df /fhgLlts ljs[lt, lj;ª\ultsf :yfgLo 5 . o;df /x]sf blnt kfqx¿ :yfgLo
;fy} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] bLgxLg cj:yfsf] lrq0f x'g\ . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg c~rn ljz]ifsf] ljlzi6tf
ul/Psf] 5 . o;df :yfgLo l/S;fjfnf, jfbL dlxnf eGbf blnt ;d:ofsf] ljifo s]Gb|df /x]sf] /
tyf cGo ul/ax¿sf] bb{gfs cj:yf / @)$^ blntsf] ljifosf k[i7e"lddf dfq cf~rlns
;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5sf] g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] of] pkGof; cf+lzs
/fhgLltsf ljs[t kIfsf] phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 . cf~rlns pkGof; xf] .
pkGof;df sf7df8f} F / ;Da4 c~rn -g]kfnu~h s[ i 0f/fh ;j{ x f/Lsf] uGtJo -@)%(_
If]q_ larsf] cGt/nfO{ klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;df pkGof;df klZrd g] k fnsf] bfª, s} n fnL
k|of]u ul/Psf] ;+jfbn] klg cf~rlnstfaf]w nufotsf lhNNffdf a;f]af; ug]{ sd}ofx¿sf]
u/fpF5 . /fhgLlts zf]if0fsf] r/d ¿k b]vfPsf] bb{gfs cj:yf / sd}of d'lQmkl5 klg pgLx¿n]
eP klg c~rnljz]ifsf ljkGg ju{sf s]Gb|Lotfdf ef]Ug' k/]sf] ljjztfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df
/x]sfn] of] pkGof; cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 . a'9fg, lahf}/f, kmsnk'/ ufpF / k|;ª\ujz wgu9L,
/ljls/0f lghL{jåf/f lnlvt sfnf] s0ff{nL sf7df8f}F, ef/tsf] g}}gLtfn cflb 7fpFsf] pNn]v
;]tf] 5fof -@)%^_ pkGof; s0ff{nL c~rnsf] ul/Psf] 5 eg] s}nfnL lhNnfsf a]nfb]jLk'/,
e§jf8f / To; cf;kf;sf] If]qsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df b}8\jf/, pdf{ ltnsk'/, dfnfv]tL, u]6f, ctl/of,
n]lvPsf] 5 . pkGof;df To; If]qsf] ef}uf]lns, t]3/L, /fhLk'/, nª\u8L, uf}/Luª\uf, a]txgL,
k|fs[lts, z}lIfs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts 6Lsfk'/, alnof, ky/}of, d;'l/of, rª\u/} f, sdnk'/,
/ s]xL dfqdf eflifs ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] jf}lgof cflb tyf sGrgk'/sf] dx]Gb|gu/, emnf/L,
5 . o;df :yfgLo vfgkfg, Jojxf/, ;+:s[lt a]nf}/L, lsrfxL, sn'jfk'/ cflb ufpFdf d'Qm
cflbnfO{ hgfpg] :yfgLo zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] sd}ofx¿n] c:yfoL 5fk|f] xfn]/ a;]sf] pNn]v
5 . ljho / b]jsGof gfds kfqsf] k|]dsyfsf ul/Psf] 5 . lhDbf/x¿n] sd}ofx¿dfly ug]{
;Gbe{nfO{ hf]8 lbOP klg s0ff{nL If]qsf vf;vf; cTofrf/ / zf]if0fsf] lrq0f, yf¿ hfltsf] k|l;4
ljlzi6tfsf] lrq0f ePsf] x'gfn] of] pkGof; rf8df3L kj{sf] ljz]if rrf{sf ;fy} w'/x]/L, b;}F,
cf~rlns ag]sf] 5 . bLkfjnL cflb rf8sf] rrf{ o;df ePsf] 5 .
k|1 f MM 51
yf¿ hflt ljz]ifsf ;lvof gfr, n7\7L gfr, g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] juL{s/0f
a8sf gfr cflbsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|z:t g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;nfO{ cf~rlns
dfqfdf yf¿ efiffsf zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] / ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df k"0f{ cf~rlns / cf+lzs
ltgsf] k|of]u ;f+:s[lts ljlzi6tfsf ;Gbe{df cf~rlns, cf~rlns ljlzi6tfsf] s]Gb|Lotfsf
ePsf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof; klZrd t/fO{sf] sd}of cfwf/df :yfgs]Gb|L, hflt tyf ;+:s[lt s]Gb|L /
yf¿a:tLdf s]lGb|t cf~rlns pkGof; xf] . ;d:ofs]Gb|L, ;x/L jf u|fdL0f c~rnsf cfwf/df
pko'Q{ m pkGof;afx]s klg ;fdfGo ¿kdf u|fdL0f cf~rlns / ;x/L cf~rlns, If]qLo
s'g} :yfgsf] rrf{ ul/Psf pkGof;x¿ k|z:t ljefhgsf cfwf/df lxdfnL If]qsf cf~rlns
/x]sf 5g\ . pkGof;, kxf8L If]qsf cf~rlns pkGof; /
t/fO{ If]qsf cf~rlns pkGof; u/L juL{s/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] ;du|
juL{s/0fnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf] juL{s/0f
qmd
qmd pkGof;
pkGof; ljifo
ljifo ljzi6tfs]Gb|L u|fdL0f;x/L
dL0f;x/L If]qLotf
Lotf
! v}l/gL3f6
/gL3f6 k"0f{ :yfgs]Gb|L u|fdL0f
dL0f kxf8
kxf8
@ cf]em]n kbf{ FIO]V
]V GRIV@*E_/ X_IG/I
G/I N[I
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G@I@XIS) NI^ \IJV@*E_/
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'HPJI NI^ KIOWV@*E_/
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IGVINI2QI[u NI^ \IJV@*E_/
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FOMQD8E2*E_IMW/MW/ NI^ GRIV@*E_/ X_IG/I
G/I N[I
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#
# FOQOYW
FOQOYW NI^ GRIV@*E_//
/ X_IG/I
G/I WI2^
R[I)E@OY7R[I)'G
'G NI^ \IJV@*E_/
X_IG/I
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D_;GN
TVI@ISIS NI^ GRIV@*E_/ X_IG/I
G/I N[I
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O[GIQGI*@ NI^ +IIOWV@*E_/
X_IG/I
G/I O[GIQ/
O[GIQ/
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[I/ NI^ +IIOWV@*E_/
X_IG/I
G/I N[I
N[I
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W/ NI^ \IJV@*E_/
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G/I O[GIQ/
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O,IOWKNIOGI
O,IOWKNIOGI FIO]V
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#
# SQI
SQI NI^ GRIV@*E_/ [/
[/ WI2^
#
# VIQI@VII^Q/@WI@IRI
IRI NI^ \IJV@*E_/
X_IG/I
G/I O[GIQ/
O[GIQ/
##
## KJOV/VI@i?
i?X/W
X/W
X/W FIO]V
]V +IIOWV@*E_/
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# X*W-R
X*W-R NI^ GRIV@*E_/ X_IG/I
G/I WI2^
%= lgisif{ 5g\ . g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf xfn;Dd sl/a
g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf cf~rlnstf *)) n]vssf sl/a !%)) eGbf a9L pkGof;
klg Pp6f d'Vo k|jl[ Qsf ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; s[lt k|sflzt ePsf kl/k|]Iodf cf~rlns
;j]{If0fdf @) hgf pkGof;sf/sf @# j6f pkGof;sf] ;ª\Vof yf]/ } b]lvP klg zª\s/ sf]O/fnfsf]
cf~rlns pkGof; km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . o;df !# v}l/gL3f6, w=r= uf]tfd]sf] 3fdsf kfOnfx¿, /d]z
hgf pkGof;sf/sf !% j6f pkGof; k"0f{ cf~rlns ljsnsf] clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL, w|j' rGb| uf}tdsf]
k|1 f MM 52
clnlvt, nLnaxfb'/ IfqLsf] a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fp, k/Dk/fdf cf~rlnstf Pp6f dxjk"0f{ k|jl[ Q xf]
gog/fh kf08]sf] pnf/ h:tf pkGof; g]kfnL eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] e"uf]n, k|sl[ t, ;dfh,
pkGof; k/Dk/fdf rlr{t / pTs[i6 dflggsf ;fy} ;+:s[lt, Oltxf;, dgf]efj tyf ;f}Gbo{ r]tgf cflbsf]
z}Ifl0fs kf7\oqmddf ;d]t 5flgPsf 5g\ . o:tf ljlzi6tfsf] cWoogsf ;fy} ;dfhzf:qLo
pkGof; cf~rlns x' gfn] g] kfnL pkGof; cWoogsf b[li6n] g]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;x¿
dxjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ .
;Gbe{;"rL
sf]O/fnf, zª\s/ -@)#@_= x]nDa' d]/f] ufp= jf/f0f;L M gjLg k|sfzg =
============== -@)%$_= v}l/gL3f6= gjf} F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)!*_= sf7df8f} +F M ;femf k|sfzg =
If]qL, nLnaxfb'/ -@)!$_= a;fO= sf7df8f}F M dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno =
================== -@)%(_= a|xd\ k'qsf 5]p5fp= t]=;+== nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg =
uf]tfd], w=r= -@)^#_= oxfbl] v Toxf;Dd= bf]=;+= -k|=;+= @)$@_= sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
==================== -@)^$_= 3fdsf kfOnfx¿= 5}6f} F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)#%_= sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
uf}td, w|j' rGb -@)^^_= clnlvt= 5}6f} F ;+:s/0f -k|=;+= @)$)_ = sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
lwtfn, ljgf]bk|;fb -@)@*_= pHofnf] x'gc' l3= sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
lghL{j, /ljls/0f -@)%^_= sfnf] s0ff{nL ;]tf] 5fof= gf/fo0fu9 M n]vs :jod\ =
kf08], gog/fh -@)^%_= pnf/= bf];f| ] d'b0| f -k|= ;+= @)%%_ = sf7df8f} F M kmfOglk|G6 cfOPg;L =
k|sfz P= /fh -@)##_= /f]bL3/sf] ;Demgf= sf7df8f}F M cf/=;L= hf]zL =
k|wfg, s[i0frGb|l;+x -@)%@_= g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/= t]=;+= -k|=;+= @)#&_= sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
k|wfgfª\u, vu]Gb| -@)%)_= xf/L= sf7df8f} F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg =
afª\b]n, n}gl;+x -O= !($*_= d'ns ' aflx/= bflh{lnª M ;flxTo ;Dd]ng =
ef]hk'/], lx/0o -@)%$_= l56]g÷uf]/L = sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg =
/fO{, c;Lt -O= !(*)_= gof lIflthsf] vf]h= bflh{lnª M Zofd a|bz{ =
/fO{, OGb|axfb'/ -@)%*_= g]kfnL pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿= t]=;+= -k|=;+=-@)#!_ sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg =
/fO{, lzjs'df/ -@)%!_= lIflth kf/Ldf= sf7df8f}F+ M tf/f /fO{ / zflGt /fO{ =
/fs]z, /fdbofn -@)%%_= æcf~rlnstfÆ= g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z -;Dkf=_= O{Zj/ a/fn, s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, >Lw/
nf]xgL, hubLzrGb| /]UdL, hgsnfn zdf{, s'df/axfb'/ hf]zL, dfwj kf]v/]n= sf7df8f}+ F M g]kfn
/fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg=
ljsn, /d]z -@)$)_= clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg =
lji6, bf}ntljqmd -@)$%_= lxdfn / dfG5]= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg =
zdf{, tf/fgfy -@)@#_= cf]em]n kbf{= sf7df8f}+ F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ =
===================== -@)@#_= d]/f] syf= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ =
zdf{, df]xg/fh / vu]Gb|k|;fb n'O6]n -@)^)_= ælu/LzjNne hf]zLsf] jL/rl/q / g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ;o jif{Æ=
g]kfnL pkGof; ztjflif{sL :dfl/sf -;Dkf=_, ;gt /]UdL, efpkGyL / /f]zg yfkf
gL/jÚ= sf7df8f}+F M
g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg =
>]i7, bof/fd / df]xg/fh zdf{ -@)^$_= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;= gjf} F ;+= -k|=;+ @)#$_= sf7df8f} F M ;femf k|sfzg=
>]i7, eLdk|;fb -@)%!_= gf}dtL= sf7df8f} F M ;fdflhs cWoog ;d'bfo =
;ª\uf| n} f, vu]Gb| -@)%^_= h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLt= sf7df8f}F M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg =
;j{xf/L, s[i0f/fh -@)%(_= uGtJo= sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ k|sfzg =
;'Gbf;, OGb -O= !(*@_ lgolt= bflh{lnª M u|Gy k|sfzg =
;'jf; -O= !(*(_= dg]= t]=;+= -k|=;+= @)#)_ = bflh{lnª M uf]vf{ k':ts ;bg =
;'jb] L, wgk|;fb -@)^*_= æg]kfnL cf~rlns pkGof;sf k|j[lQÆ, ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]wk|aGw, sLlt{k'/ M
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno =
;'jb] L, /fh]Gb| -@)%^_= æpnf/
pnf/ pkGof; M cf~rlns w/ftnsf] lhpFbf] lrq= ;dsfnLg ;flxTo
pnf/ ;dsfnLg ;flxTo -#^_= k[= !@@!@&=
;dsfnLg ;flxTo
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 53
;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog
;dfhzf:qLo k[i7e"lddf dfwjL pkGof;sf] ;fdflhstf
xl/k|;fb l;njfn
k|1 f MM 54
/rgf xf] . ljZjfldqsf lzio sxlnPsf] elgPsf] lj:kmf]6sf] qmddf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL r]tgfs}
kf}/lf0fs sygsf cfwf/df ufnjn] u'?blIf0ff hudf ;dfhsf] Jofks ljsf;df j[l4 ePsf]
glbO{ g5f8\g ] x7 u/]sfn] clt sl7g b'M;fWo x'g] xf] . 8flj{gsf]
pb\ljsf; l;4fGtnfO{ cfh k"0f{
Zofds0f{ 3f]8f ;dk{0f ug' { kg] { dfwjL pkGof;df ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] dflgG5 / o;sf ;fydf
gf/L ;dfh, ;fdGtL ;dfh, ofofj/L ;dfh, ¿kfGt/0fsf] kl/efiffnfO{ lnOPsf] kfOG5 -z'Sn,
l;sf/L ;dfh, u|fdL0f ;dfh, gu/ ;dfh, !(($ M *)_ . dl:tissf] ultzLn ¿ksf sf/0f
k|fs[lts ;dfh, ldysLo ;dfh, cfbz{ ;dfh, dfgj hfltn] c¿ hflteGbf leGg ljsf; /
tGqdGq ;dfh, ;j{xf/f ;dfh, wfld{s sd{sf08Lo kl/jt{g u/]/ cnu klxrfg agfpg ;kmn ePsf]
;dfh, dft[kw| fg ;dfh, bf; ljb|fx] pGd'v ;dfh, af]w x'G5 . o; ljifodf ulx/f] cg';Gwfg ug]x{ ¿sf]
bf;xLg ;dtfsf] ;fDojfbL ;dfh, u'?s'nLg ts{nfO{ cl3 ;fbf{ tyf dfgjsf] pTklQ / ;dfhsf]
;dfh /x]sf 5g\ . of] n]v log} ;Gbe{sf lardf agf]6 ;DaGwL k|frLgtf vf]tNg] xf] eg] k|fOd]6
/x]sf] 5 . d"ntM o; n]vdf /x]sf zLif{sLs/0fnfO{ ;d"xsf] cWoog sf]; ] 9'Ëf]sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
x]bf{ k[i7e"ld, dfgj hLjgsf] dfgjzf:qLo rrf{, To;sf] sf/0f klg r]tgf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .
;dfh lgdf{0fsf] rrf{, ;flxTo / ;dfhzf:qsf] nueu %) jf ^) xhf/ jif{ klxn] rf}yf]
;dGjofTds cWoogsf] cfjZostf clg dfwjL lxdo'usf] cfkm\gf] k/fsfi7fdf k'Ug'cl3 wtL{df
pkGof;sf] gf/L ;dfh, bf; ;dfh, ;dfh bz{g, Ps k|f0fL /xGYof] / olt w]/} dfgj h:t} lyof] .===
P]ltxfl;s ;dfhsf ;fdflhstfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pm bflxg] xftn] sfd ub{Yof] h:tf] ls jf:tljs
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld rrf{sf dfgjn] ub{5g\ . -j]N;, @)^^M $)_ . k|f/Dedf
qmddf ;"Ro ¿kdf dfq dfgjzf:qLo ljsf; Ps jfg/ k|hfltaf6 b'O{ v'§fn] la:tf/} p7\g]
z[ªv\ nf / ;dfhzf:qLo ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ o; n]vdf sf]l;; u/]/ zf/Ll/s ¿kdf xfnsf] dfgjpGd'v
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;+/rgftkm{ ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] dflgG5 .
o;sf] pTklQ / ljsf;df dl:tis z/L/sf]
dfgj hflt M pTklQ / ljsf; ;+/rgfn] d'Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs
of] l;Ëf] ;+;f/df dfgj km/s klxrfg cGt/lqmof k|fOd]6 ;d"xsf] ljlzi6tf xf] hxfF
ePsf] hLj -hflt_ xf] . xfn;Dd k|fKt tYo, ltgnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L dl:tisLo lqmofzLn
b[Zo, 36gf / cWoogcg';Gwfgaf6 dfgj g} e"ldsfsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] lyof] --z'Sn, !(($
;a}eGbf r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] . oxL r]tgfs} sf/0f M (%_ . k|fOd]6 hLj dfgj aGg'cl3 c;ª\Vo -jf
dfgj hfltn] ;dfhsf] ;Eotf lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]sf] cg'dfg dfqsf] ;do_ pb\ljsf;sf] qmddf nfu]sf]
xf] . w]/} k|f0fLx¿dWo] Pp6f hflt dfq} olt dflgG5 . z'Sns} cg';f/ %) nfv jif{cl3 clkm|sf
r]tgzLn / c¿ hLjx¿ ;fdflhs r]tgfsf / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] åLk ;d"xdf ljz]if hftsf
b[li6n] lgs} k5fl8 x'g'sf] j:t'ut sf/0faf/] dfgj lgs6 u'0fjQf -k|fOd]6 ju{s}_ jfg/x¿sf]
cg';Gwfg x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ h'g s'/f dxjk"0f{ klg af;:yfg /x]sf] cjz]if k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . k|fOd]6
5 . dflg; pGgt ;fdflhs k|f0fL aGg'sf vf; ju{sf hLjwf/Ldf clwsf+ztM zfsfxf/L ef]hg
sf/0fx¿ s] n fpg] qmddf dfgjzf:q tyf u|x0f ug] { k|sl[ taf6 logsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
dfgjlj1fgsf] nfdf] cWoog klg eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;}n] dflg;sf] d"n k|j[lQ zfsfxf/L /x]sf] /
o;df d"ntM ltg cf]6f k|lqmof ljj]Ro b]lvG5 ;do k|sf/Gt/df df;' vfg] ePsf] kfOG5 . o;
dfgj pTklQ clg ljsf; cyf{t\ pbljsf; / ju{df zfsfxf/, kmnfxf/ / ;j{cfxf/ u/L ltg
¿kfGt/0f x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf . oxL pTklQ, ljsf; lsl;dsf kf]if0faf6 ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
/ ¿kfGt/0fsf sf/0f dfgj, ;fdfGo hLj;/x
a9LeGbf a9L k|fOd]6 zfsfxf/L Pj+ kmnfxf/L /
dfq g/x]/ ;fdflhs aGb} uPsf] l:ylt 5 eg] ;jf{xf/L x'g\ -z'Sn, !(($ M !@(_ . oBlk of]
emg\ emg\ pGgt, lj1fgsf] cfljisf/s r]tgfsf] egfOdfly y'k }| cfnf]rgf klg ePsf 5g\ . dflg;
k|1 f MM 55
;'?df zfsfxf/ df+;fxf/eGbf klg cfxf/sf] vf]hLsf >dn] jgdfG5]nfO{ dflg; agfof] t/
qmddf h] kfpFYof] Tof] vfGYof] eGg] ts{x¿ klg To;sf] b]g ToxLF;Dd ;Lldt 5}g -l;+x, @)^$ M
;dfhzf:qLx¿n] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . z'Snsf &^_ . o;af6 ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nflu nfdf] ;do
cg' ; f/ k| f Od] 6 cGtu{ t klg k| f ] l ;ldoG;, nfu]sf] s'/f k|:6 x'G5 . ;dfh Ps} k6s cfPsf]
PGy|fkfof]l8of, l6«l;o'h, nf]l/l;gL, u}nflugL, Joj:yf geO{ dfgj hLjgsf] qmlds ljsf;sf]
6f/l;o/, Kn] l 6/fOg afF b /, :kfO8/ afF b /, r/0fdf la:tf/} la:tf/} cufl8 a9]sf] k|lqmof
xf]ldGafOl8of, luag, cf]/]gu'6fg, uf]l/Nnf, ePsf] k|fo ljåfg\\x¿n] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
lrDkfGhL, xf]ldlg8L h:tf ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0f o;sf cfwf/df xfdL lgrf]8df k'Ug ;S5f}F dfgj
/x]sf] kfOG5 . dfgj :ynjf;L k|fOd]6 xf] . hËn, ljsf; / dfgj ;dfh ;Fu;Fu} ePsf] xf] / o;n]
d}bfg / s[lif e"ldsf] k|of]u ub}{ dfgj hfltn] ;dosf] Jofks kl/lw cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 . dfG5]n]
;fdflhs hLjsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . qmlds r]tgfsf] k|of]u u/L cfkm"nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug]{ qmddf ;d"x tyf ldn]/ a:g] hLjgz}nLaf6
dfgj ;dfh / ;fdflhstf ;fdflhs aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . JolStx¿sf] Ps
cfhsf] dfgj cflbd ;[li6, ;Eotf / Jofks ;d"xsf] ¿k g} ;dfhdf kl/0ft x'g k'Uof]
;dfhsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} ;';Eo, ;';:+ s[t, lzi6, / To;n] ;do, ;Gbe{, cfjZostf, e"uf]ncg';f/
lSni6, cfbz{, l;4fGtlgi7 / ;DkGg lyPg . dfgj cfkm\\gf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ r]tgfsf] klg km8\sf] dfb}{
;dfhsf] lgdf{0fk"j{ klg dflg;n] nfdf] hLjg uof] . cfhsf] ;dfh lgdf{0fdf sfnqmdsf o'uLg
z[ª\vnf kf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3'dGt] lkm/Gt], u'kmf cfjZostfsf] dfu / e"uf]nsf] agf]6 cg';f/
sfn, hª\unL sfn, JolStaf6 ;d"x lgdf{0f, dflg;n] w]/} r/0fx¿ kf/ u/]/ e"ldsf lgjf{x
cfuf]sf] cfljisf/, 9'Ëfsf] xltof/ k|of]u, vfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] ;ª\s]t u/]sf uf]/]6fx¿nfO{
s'/fsf] klxrfg, :yfg / df};dsf] hfgsf/L, cg'sn " ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6df cWoog ubf{ ;dfh tyf
/ k|lts"n cj:yfsf] ;fª\s]lts af]w x'Fb} cln ;fdflhstf dfgj r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn
nfdf] ;do;Dd Ps} ynf]df a;]/ ToxfFsf] kmnkm"n xf] clg o; vfnsf] ljsf; / k|ltkmnsf] lg/Gt/tf
vfg], To; jl/kl/sf] df};dsf] cj:yf Vofn u/]/ klg /x]sf] 5 .
k'gM Tot}lt/ kms{g], v]tLsf] k|f/lDes r]tgf x'g
yfn] b ] l v la:tf/} Ps ynf] d f Ps ;d" x n] ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf
a;f]af;sf] nflu 7fpF sAhf u/]sf] / qmdzM s]xL cfo{ dflg;x¿sf] ;fdflhs hLjg
s]xL vfg] s'/fsf] af]6 /f]k]df To;n] kmn lbG5 logLx¿sf] g]t[Tjsf/L dflg;x¿sf] 3/x¿df
eGg] r]tgf cfO{ s'g} cGgafnL tyf kmnkm"nsf s]lGb|t x'GYof] . ltgLx¿ hxfF;'s} s]xL ;dosf]
la?jf /f]Kg yfn]kl5 dfgj ;dfhsf] cflbsfnLg nflu /xGy], ToxfF pgLx¿sf] d'lvofx¿sf] cfjf;
:yfkgf ;fª\s]lts ¿kdf cf/De ePsf] xf] . Ps w/} 7'nf] x'GYof] / sf7n] ag]sf] x'GYof] -j]N;,
csf{df ;fª\s]lts efiffsf] dfWodaf6 ;~rf/ @)^^ M *) _ . dfgj ;dfh cfjZostfsf]
k| l qmof ug{ yfn] k l5 To; ¿ksf] ;d" x n] cfwf/df ag]sf] 5 . dfgj ;dfh r]tgfsf] cfwf/,
;dfhtkm{sf] agf]6df yk kxn a9fPsf] kfOG5 . afWotfsf] pkh, k|fs[lts k|lqmof / :jtM klg
;'/Iff, kfgL, cfFwLx'/L, rsf] { 3fd, hª\unL hGt'sf] ag]sf] 5 . o;af6 dfgj ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf w]/}
cfqmd0faf6 aRg' k5{ eGg] r]tgf, 3'dGt] ofofj/L sf/s tjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ eGg] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
hLjgdf /x]sf dfgj ;d"x;Fu PSsfl; hDsfe]6 ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf qmddf ljljw r/0fdf ePsf]
x'Fbfsf] eofqmfGt ;f]Fraf6 lg:s]sf] lrGtgaf6 jf PSsfl; gePsf] k|:6 x'G5 . o;n] lbPsf]
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;f]Fr cfPsf] dfGg tYonfO{ x]bf{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f qmlds ljsf;sf]
;lsG5 . kl/0ffd dflgG5 . ;dfhdf xfn eO/x]sf ljljw
ultljlwnfO{ Wofg lbP/ cWoog ug] { xf] eg] jt{dfg
k|1 f MM 56
;dfh c;ª\Vo r/0fx¿df u'h]/| ag]sf] ;fd"lxs dgl:yltdf x'ss {] f] dfgl;s w/ftn af]ss
] f] JolSt
dfgj r]tgfsf] k|ltkmn xf] . cfo{x¿ uf]?x¿n] xf] . To;sf/0f ;fdflhstf, ;flxTosf/, kf7s /
v]t hf]t]/ ux'Fsf] v]tL ub{y], t/ ltgLx¿ cfkm\gf] ;flxTo ;fdu|L oL rf/} kIf larsf] ;DaGwaf6
v]tL glhs} :yfoL ¿kn] a:b}gy] -j]N;, @)^^ M ;dfh / ;flxTosf] gftf lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 .
*)_ . v]tLsf] o'ukl5 g} dfgj ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ;flxTosf/df klg k'/f dfgj / cfw'lgs dfgjsf]
cfjZos kg{ yfn]sf] xf] . To;kl5 ;dfh emg\ k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . kf7sdf klg ;f]xL k|efjsf]
hl6n aGb} uPsf] xf] . To; ;fdflhs cj:yfsf ;Gbe{ hf]l8G5 . To;}n] ;dfhzf:q / ;flxTo
w]/ } k|sf/x¿ ;fdflhs ljifdtf, ljleGgtf cfpg lardf 1fgsf] b'O{ zfvfsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .
yfn]sf] xf] . ef}lts cfjZostfaf6 aGg yfn]sf] ;flxTo ;dfhs} snfTds l;h{Gff ePsfn]
dfgj ;dfh kl5 uP/ lj:t[t ag]sf] xf] . ;dfhzf:qLo cWoogaf6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;sf]
a9L dfld{stf af]w ug{ ;lsG5 .
;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fdf ;flxTo
;dfhljgf ;flxTosf] cl:tTj /xGg clg dfwjL pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t'ut ;fdflhstf
;flxTon] ;dfhnfO{ yk ultzLn agfOlbG5 . dfwjL pkGof;nfO{ dxfsfJofTds prfO
;flxTo ;fdflhs k|ult tyf sNof0fsf] ljwfos dflgPsf] 5 . ljåfg\x\ ¿sf ts{df dfwjL P]ltxfl;s,
xf] -j]N;, @)^^ M @^_ . ;dfhsf] cWoogdf kf}/fl0fs, j}lbs ;fdflhs ljifok|wfg pkGof;
xfn;Dd sfod /x] s f l;4fGtx¿dWo] xf] . o;df pkGof;sf/n] ;fdflhstfnfO{
;dfhzf:qLo l;4fGt a9L j:t'ut tyf j}1flgs P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs, ldysLo / k|ultzLn
x'g] u5{ . ;dfhzf:qn] ;dfhsf] Oltxf; / b[li6af6 ;dfhzf:qLo z}nLdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
jt{dfg b'j} If]qdf cWoog ub{5 .
;j{k|yd k|ultzLn bfz{lgs lrGtgdf dfgjtfjfbL clg
cu:6 sf]D6n] ;dfhzf:q zAbsf] k|of]u dfgj ;dfgtfd"ns efj tyf ;fdfGo hgtfsf] hLjgdf
;dfhsf] cWoogsf] ;Gbe{df k|of]u u/]sf x'g\ - k|ultsf] rfxgf cleJoSt ug'{ xf] . kLl8t
l;ª\3L,@)!) M !_ . ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fdf ju{kl| tsf] ;xfg'el" t dfq} geP/ ltgdf cfO/x]sf]
;fdflhs bz{g, ;fdflhs l;4fGt, ;fdflhs qmlds r]tgf, hfu?stf, ;fdflhs st{Jo, x}l;ot,
d"Noaf]w, ;fdflhs cfjZostf, ;dfh dgf]lj1fg, clwsf/af/] ;ts{tf h:Tff kIfdf pkGof;sf/sf]
;dfh ;fk]Iftf, ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0f, ;fdflhs efj cleJoSt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; dfGotf cg';f/
ju{, ;fdflhs :jfy{, ;fdflhs z}nL, ;fdflhs dfwjL pkGof;df ;fdflhs k|ultsf] rfxgf
snfsfl/tf, ;fdflhs g}ltstf, ;fdflhs cfbz{, ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . JolStsf] hLjg cfgGbL jf
;fdflhs Oltxf;, ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg, ;fdflhs b'MvL x'g ;S5 t/ ;d"xsf] hLjgdf csf/0f
lj36g, ;fdflhs efiff, ;fdflhs oyfy{ , g}/fZo / ljof]unfO{ d dflGbgF -bLlIft, @)^& M
;fdflhs ;+:sf/, ;fdflhs ljefhg, ;fdflhs %_ . ;flxTosf/ bLlIftn] o; s[ltdf ;dfhsf]
åGå tyf ;ª\3if{, ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt h:tf kIfx¿ agf]6 ;DaGwL ;fdflhstfsf] hudf /x]/ ;fdflhs
/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;flxTon] log} ljifoj:t'dfly yk k|ultsf] lrGtg b;f{Psf 5g\ . ;dfh ljljw
k|sfz kfb{5 . ;flxTon] log} ;fdflhstfnfO{ 36gf, lrGtg, k|lqmof, ljrf/, efj, ;+:sf/,
snfTds, laDafTds, k|tLsfTds, sfNklgs, /Lltl/jfhaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . To;nfO{
;"qfTds, ;ª\st] fTds / P]ltxfl;s cfwf/df JoSt ;fdflhs kIf dflgG5 . ltg} ;fdflhs kIfnfO{
ub{5 . To;}n ] ;flxTonfO{ ;dfhsf] bk{0f dflgG5 . ;fdflhs k|lqmof, lg/Gt/tf ;~rfngsf 36s
;dfhzf:qLx¿n] ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] lardf dflgG5 . ltg} 36snfO{ lnP/ o; pkGof;df
3lgi6 ;DaGw /x]sf] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;flxTosf/ pkGof;sf/n] ;fdflhstfsf b[li6sf]0fx¿ JoSt
;fdflhstfs} kof{j/0fdf pTkflbt dfgl;s u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf 36sx¿df ePsf tTsfnLg
r]tgfaf6 rNg] ;|i6f xf] eg] kf7s klg ;dfhs} cdfgjLo kIfsf] cfnf] r gfTds ¿kdf
k|1 f MM 57
Joª\UofTds k|:t'lt o;df kfOG5 . To; ;dosf] ug{ eg] of] pkGof; ;xh b]lvG5 . j}lbssfnk"js { f]
d"No dfGotf tyf cfbz{dfly lgd{d Joª\Uo u/L ;do dflgPsf ;d|f6 oofltn] cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{
gf/Ldflysf] lyrf]ldrf] jf n}ª\lus lje]bfTds Ps 3f]8f ;dfg Ps 5f]/f kfOlbg] h:tf] si6do
cj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf o; s[ltdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . sfdsf] lglDt v6fPsf] b]lvG5 . dfwjLnfO{ t
pkGof;df cfVofgsf] ;"qa4tf ;fy ;dfhsf To; j]nfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs ljifdtf, ljv08g
j}ljWo 36gfx¿nfO{ cfbz{ / cgfbz{sf] cfwf/af6 / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ lalDat ug]{ k|tLs eg] x'G5 -
x]l/Psf] 5 . To; ;dodf rn]sf cfbz{n] bf;, k|wfg, @)%@ M !#*_ . o;af6 gf/L hLjgsf]
gf/L, ul/a ju{nfO{ cfbz{ hLjg k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs zlStsf]
oyfy{tf o; s[ltdf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . pkof]u s;/L ePsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f af]w x'G5 .
pQ/j}lbs sfndf gf/Lsf] ;fdflhstf Ps¿ktfsf]
dfwjL pkGof;sf] gf/L ;dfh 5} g . pkGof;sf/ bLlIftn] To; ;dosf]
o; pkGof;df n}ª\lustfsf] tTsfnLg ;dfhnfO{ ;fdGtL k'?ifk|wfg / gf/Lk|wfg b'j}
;dfh ;fk] I f lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf/sf] /x]sf] ;ª\s]t dfwjL pkGof;df u/]sf
æpQ/j}lbssfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf gf/Ln] cfkm\gf] x}sd 5g\ . To; j]nf dft[;Qfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
u'dfO;s]sL lyO{, ca pm bf;L, ef]Uof / oGqsf] rf}nfdftfsf] ;dfh klg pkl:yt u/fOPsf] 5 .
¿kdf ;Lldt lyO{ -a/fn,@)^$ M !&# _ . j}lbs of] klg o; pkGof;sf] gf/L ;fdflhstf cWoog
/ k"jj{ l} bssfn clg To;cl3sf] ;dfhdf gf/Lsf] ug]{ csf]{ dxjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
cj:yf s:tf] lyof] eGg] ;TotYo t cGj]if0sf] j}lbs sfnsf] j/k/ k"0f{tM gf/Ldflysf]
k|tLIffs} ljifo xf] . dfwjL pkGof;n] j}lbssfnLg bdg ug]{ ;dfh dfq g/x]sf] ;ª\s]t rf}nfsf]
:qL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhstfnfO{ cf}kGofl;sLs/0f gf/Lk|wfg ;fdflhs agf]6sf] 36gfn] b]vfpF5 .
u/]sf] 5 . o;df dfwjLnfO{ gflosf agfP/ cf+lzs ¿kdf gf/Lsf] cl:tTjaf]w, clwsf/ tyf
pkGof;sf/n] gf/Lk| w fg dfgl;stf tyf af]njfnf ePsf] ;fdflhstf rf}nf, rDkf /
;fdflhstf k| : t' t u/] s f 5g\ . dfwjLsf] lzljsf] ;dfhdf klg kfpg ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf
/yofqfsf] cl3 cl3 afF;'/L, s/tfn, EmofnL, dft[;Qf eGbf klg tL ;fdflhs k|lqmof /
d[bË, 9f]n / zª\v tyf 306 ahfpFb}, cla/ / Joj:yfnfO{ gf/Lk|wfg ;dfhsf] ¿kdf lng' plrt
km"nsf] jif{ ub}{ hu4fqL ul0fsf dxfdfof b]jL dflgG5 / Tof] ;dfh IfL0f aGb} k'?if k|wfgtf
dfwjLaf/] pRr u'0ffg'jfb ub}{ Pp6f hg;d"x clg ;fdGtL k|wfg aGb} uPsf] lyof] . ;dfhsf]
lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] -bLlIft,@)^& M !(_ . d"n syf qmlds ljsf;df r]tgfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;fk]Iftfdf
ufnjsf] eP klg dfwjLnfO{ o; pkGof;sf] /fv]/ cWoog ug'{ kb{5 . gf/L / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg
sYo, s] G b| L o, gflosf kfq agfOPsf] 5 . dfgjLo x}l;ot lbg'k5{ eGg] s'/f klg r]tgfsf]
pkGof;sf] gf/L k|wfg cleJolStsf] k|jl[ Qn] o;df Pp6f ljsf; xf] . pkGof;sf] sYonfO{ tYo dfGbf
sf/s e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . j}lbs, pQ/j}lbs To; j]nfsf] ;dfh n}ª\lus b[li6n] ;dli6df
/ dxfef/tsfnLg ;dfhdf gf/Lsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ gf/L hLjgsf] lxtdf g/x]sf] af]w x'G5 . dfwjL
b]lvPsf] 5 . gf/Lsf] cj:yfsf] s'/f ubf{ t cfhsf] To:t} lyO{, o;sf/0f o:tL eOlbPsL eP eGg'eGbf
;dfh klg cfnf]Ro g} 5 . To; ;dodf gf/Lsf] klg p;sf] ;fdflhs dfGotf / ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ld
;fdflhs x} l ;ot k' ? if;dfg x' g g;s] s f To:t} x' G y] , h;af6 s] z z' N sf x' g ' k¥of]
36gfqmd dfwjL pkGof;df JoSt ePsf 5g\ . -k|wfg,@)^& M !$)_ . kf}/fl0fs, ldysLo tyf
tTsfnLg ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf s] z z' N sf j}lbs k|frLgtfsf] gf/L ;dfhnfO{ cfhsf] cfw'lgs
Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lyof] xf]nf, Tof] kf}/fl0fs gf/LjfbL r]tgfsf] ;fdflhs hfu/0f cfO;s]sf]
36gfsf] j:t'ut vf]hL t hl6n g} 5 . To; b[li6af6 eGbf klg To; j]nfsf] dfgjdf /x]sf
k|sf/sf] gf/L pkef]ujfbL ;dfhsf] emns cWoog ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] :t/af6 g} ljj]rgf ug' { plrt
k|1 f MM 58
x'g hfG5 . x/]s 36gf lg/k]If ¿kdf geO{ ;fk]If @)^& M $_ . k|frLg ;dodf h;n] ;S5 p;n]
¿kdf 3l6/x]sf x'G5g\ . Tof] ;fdflhs ;fk]Iftf bf; shfpg] / bf;x¿nfO{ lg/Lx hLjg ef]Ug
klxNofpg ;dfhzf:qLo dfgjzf:qLo P]ltxfl;s afWo kfg]{ ;fdflhs k|rngnfO{ wd{, :ju{, gs{,
JofVof a9L ;fGble{ s x' G 5 . æ;dfhsf] efUo h:tf e|dfTds dgf]lj1fgaf6 cl3 a9fOPsf]
oyf;+/rgfaf6 aflx/ /x]/ gf/Ld'lStsf] gf/f lbg' lyof] . lgZro g} ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf clzIff,
P6f xf:of:kb kl/36gf dfq x'G5 -a/fn, @)^$ cefj, r]tgfsf] lgDg:t/ / ;'/Iffsf sf/0f ;lhn}
M &#_ . bf;tfsf] ;fª\nf]df k/]/ afFRg afWo x'g ' tTsfnLg
;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] oyfy{tf lyof] . bf;tfsf]
dfwjL pkGof;sf] bf; ;dfh k|rngnfO{ ;+/If0f lbP/ To;d} 3d08 ug]{ slyt
;dfh zf]ifs / zf]lift ju{sf] åGåaf6 /fhf;fx'dxfhg;fdGtx¿n] cfkm\gf juL{o /
u'h|]sf] x'G5 eGg] sfn{ dfS;{sf] egfO /x]sf] 5 . If]qLo :jfy{sf] lglDt lgd'vf bf;x¿nfO{ wd{sf]
o;sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf cfd ;dfhzf:qLx¿n] unt JofVof ug{ nufP/ tyf u/]/ bf;:jfdLsf]
dfS;{s } b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} pTkfbg k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f
O{Zj/Úsf] ljlw xf]] eGg] cj}1flgs s'ts{
/ ljt/0f Joj:yf clg >dsf] d"Nol;t x]/]sf ub{y ] . To;sf cjz]ifx¿ cfhsf] dfgj ;dfhdf
5g\ . oxL ;fdflhs ju{ sf/sqosf] ;dfg klg k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . cfh klg bf;tf 3'dfp/f]
c;dfg cj:yfsf] laraf6 dflns bf; ju{sf] / ck|ToIf ¿kdf JofKt /x]s } 5 . bf;tfsf] cf/De
hGd x'g k'U5 . k|To]s ;dfhsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf dfgj ;dfhsf] ;'?b]lv g} ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
w]/} yf]/} ljz]iftfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ -hf]g;g, @)!! pTkfbg k|0ffnLl;t dfgj hLjg hf]l8Pkl5 >dsf]
M @#)_ . dfgj ;dfhsf x/]s sfn / cj:yfdf nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] ef]u rng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
bf;tfsf ¿kx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . bf;tf :j¿kdf bf; dflnssf] hGd x'g k'u]sf] xf] . To;}n] bf;tf
leGgtf eP klg dfgj hLjg bf; ;dfhsf] >d, pTkfbg / ljt/0fl;t ;Da4 ljifo xf] .
l:yltaf6 g} ;ª\3if{ ub} { ultzLn ePsf] Oltxf;n] ;dfhzf:qLo cfwf/df cWoog ubf{ >lds /
klg b]vfPsf] 5 . vf; u/L pQ/j}lbs ;dfhdf dflnssf] ju{ ljefhg g} Ps k|sf/n] bf;tfsf]
;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo x'bF } ubf{ bf;tfsf] ljsf; cjwf/0ff hGdg] sf/s kIf /x]sf] dflgG5 . klxnf
r/d cj:yfdf k'u]sf] / sltko :yfgdf bf; hldg jf If]q cfkm\gf] cwLgdf lng] clg o'4df
ljb|f]xsf] ¿k b]vf k/]sf] rrf{ dfwjL pkGof;df xf/]sf, sdhf]/, ;fgf] ;ª\Vofsf dflg;nfO{
kfOG5 . sd{ bf; / 3/]n' bf;sf df]6fdf]6L cwLgdf lnP/ cfkm\gf] hldgdf sfd nufpg]
/]vfª\sg pkGof;sf/ bLlIftn] o; s[ltdf k|:t't rng bf;tfsf] alnof] ;dfhzf:q xf] . s'g} klg
u/]sf 5g\ . bf; / dflnssf] k/:k/ lj/f]wL dflg; /x/n] eGbf klg afWotf, kl/l:yltsf]
:jfy{x¿nfO{ cf}kGof;Ls/0f ug' { g} o; pkGof;sf] k|lts"ntf, cr]tgf, c1fgtf, cefj h:tf
s]Gb|Lo p2]Zo syg xf] . ædfwjL pkGof;sf] d"n sf/0faf6 bf; x'g k'u]sf x'g\ . kl5 uP/ bf;
syfj:t' bf;ljdf] r gl;t ufF l ;Psfn] klg s'ndf hGd]kl5 :jtM bf; g} ePsfn] p;nfO{
pkGof;n] bf; / dflnsx¿sf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ Tof] hLjg klg hGdl;4 kl/j]z h:tf] x'g uPsf]
k|d'v cfwf/ agfPsf] ;flat x'G5 -a/fn, @)^$ xf] . P]ltxfl;s ;dfhzf:qsf] j}1flgs tyf
M !&*_ . j:t'ut cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] bf;tfsf] hGd /
cGt ef}ltsjfbl;t ;DalGwt /x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 .
s_ bf;tf M hGd / e|dx¿ o;df s'g } klg cfWoflTds cfbz{ / slyt O{Zj/sf]
bf;tf k|frLg ;dfhsf] v'n]cfd k|yf cf1fsf] :yfg /x]sf] 5}g h'g s'/f t r/d ;fdflhs
lyof] . æljZjdf klxnf] qmflGt k"/f x'g xhf/f}F jif{ e|dsf] z[ª\vnf dfq} xf] .
nfu] / bf;Joj:yfsf] To; j] n fsf] ;jf] { R r
;fdflhs cy{Joj:yf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] -bLlIft,
k|1 f MM 59
v_ dfwjL pkGof;df bf;tf dfwjL pkGof;df ;dfhbz{g
dfwjL pkGof;df j}lbs sfn k"j { / pQ/sf pkGof; ;dfhbz{gsf] cleJolStsf nflu
;fdflhs ;Gbe{, k'/f0f, nf]s hg>'lt / dxfef/t k|of]hgjtL{ eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs bz{gsf] bk{0fsf]
u| G ysf ljljw ;fdflhs 36gfqmdsf sfd cfhsf pkGof; ljwfn] ul//x]sf] 5 . cfh
cj:yfx¿nfO{ cf}kGofl;sLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To; pkGof; / ;dfh bz{g ;Fu } x]l/g] cWoogsf ;d
j]nfsf] ;fdflhs hghLjgdf cfwfl/t x'g zfvf aGg nflu /x]sf 5g\ . dbgdl0f bLlIftsf]
vf]lhPsf] o; pkGof;n] j}lbs ;]/f]km]/f]sf] ;dfhdf dfwjL pkGof;df lrq0f ul/Psf] ;dfhn]
/x]sf bf;tfsf] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . To; ;do tTsfnLg ;fdflhs bz{gsf] vfsf ptf/]sf] 5 .
bf;tfsf] r/d ljsf;kl5 ;fdGtL /fhtGqfTds k|:t't pkGof;df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtgsf] bfz{lgs
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] / sltko :yfgdf bf; lg¿k0f ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/j}lbssfnLg ;dfh
ljb|f]xsf] r]tgf / 36gf x'g yfn]sf] ;dfhnfO{ Joj:yfnfO{ cf}kGofl;s ¿k lbO{ To;sf] ;f/df
pkGof;n] ;'Gb/ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . pkGof;sf/n] s]lGb|t x'g ' g} dfwjL pkGof;sf] ;dfh xf] . o;df
bf;dfly tTsfnLg ;fdGtx¿n] rnfPsf] c;lxi0f' k|o'Qm ;dfh / hLjglrq0fn] dfgjhLjgdf
Jojxf/ / bf;k|lt ul/Psf ;xfg'el" tsf Jojxf/nfO{ ;dfhsf] e" ldsfnfO{ k| :6 kf/] sf] 5 . o;
klg k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . d'lgs'df/ bf;k4ltnfO{ pkGof;df pkl:yt ;fdflhs ;+/rgf k|frLg
c;'/x¿af6 ltdL o1stf{x¿n] lnPsf] eGof} t}klg oyfy{sf] k|tLsfTds ;dfh;f}Gbo{ xf] . o;n]
ltdL g} o:tf] s7f]/ s'/f u/]/ kz' / bf; lar pkGof; / ;dfsf] ;DaGw klg k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 .
;dfg efjsf] rrf{ u5f}F -bLlIft, @)^&M !&*_ . ;fy} xfdL Oltxf;sf] s'g r/0faf6 ljsl;t x'Fb}
o; pkGof;sL gflosf dfwjL cfkm} To; j]nfsf] / s]s:tf ;ª\3if{ ub}{} jt{dfgdf cfOk'u]sf /x]5f}F
;dfhsL Ps bf;L xf] . t/ dfwjLsf] ;fdflhs eGg] ;fdflhs ctLtbz{g dfwjL pkGof;af6
rl/qnfO{ To; j]nfsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf bf;Lsf] af]w u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . Oltxf;, bz{g /
¿kdf x]l/Psf] kfOGg . ;dfh :jLs[t ul0fsf jf ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L oyfy{sf] lrq0f x'g
s]zz'Nsf gf/Lsf] :Yffgdf
dxfdfofÚ kbn] ;Sb}g . dfgjhLjgsf ofjt sfnv08sf ofjt
;fdflhs dfGotf lbOPsf] dfwjLsf] rl/qnfO{ 36gfx¿ Oltxf;df 3l6t clg kl/0ft ePsf
gf/L hLjgsf] ;fdflhs w/ftn s:tf] /x]sf] lyof] x'G5g\ . tL sfnv08df PsPs bz{gsf] k|efj /
eGg] ;fdflhs Oltxf;af6 ljZn]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . k|/] 0ff pkl:yt x'G5 / To;}af6 hLjgsf ;f}Gbo{x¿
gflosf dfwjLåf/f Zofds0f{ 3f]8fsf] nflu rf/ k|ltkfbg eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;dfh JolStnfO{
;d|f6;Fu ;xjf; ub}{ k'q kfpFb} 5f8\b} lxF8\g] abln/x]sf] 5, JolSt ;dfhnfO{ abln/x]sf] 5 -
u/]sf] 36gfn] Tof] ;fdflhs ;Gbe{df pRr:t/Lo ;fª\sT[ ofog, @)^^ M$%_ .
bf; rl/qsf] lgs[ i 6 gd' g f lyof] eGg] pko' { S t ;Gbe{ n fO{ cfwf/ agfpF b f
;fdflhstfnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ;dfhsf] pTkfbg pkGof;sf/ bLlIftsf] dfwjLdf ;dfhbz{gnfO{
k|0ffnLn] n}ª\lus lje]b, >dsf] lje]b / j0f{sf] s]nfpg] snfTds cf}kGofl;s /rgf ;Dkfbg
lje]b u/]sf 36gfx¿ klg :d/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ePsf] 5 . o;df gf/Lk|wfg rf}nfsf] ;dfh,
pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf k'?ifsf] clwkTo ePsfn] j}lbs z} j flns ;dfh, xo{ Z osf ;fdGtL ;dfh,
;dfhdf gf/Lsf] cj:yf bogLo /x]sf] x'g ;Sg] clxR5qdf /x] s f r/d bf;hGo ;dfh,
cg'dfg o; s[ltdf ul/Psf] 5 . k'?ifx¿ sd{bf; lbjf]bf;sf] ;fdGt ;dfh, lzljsf] ;dfgtfjfbL
tyf >lds bf; / gf/Lx¿ 3/]n' bf; tyf ef]Uof ;fDo ;dfh, rDkfsf] ;dfh, ;Danf ;dfh,
bf;sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] j}lbs ;fdflhstfnfO{ ljleGg hgkb tyf dxfhgkbx¿, l;sf/L 3'dGt]
dfwjL pkGof;n] cleJoSt u/]sf] 5 . ;dfh, u0fuf]qwf/L cf~rlns ;dfh / ltgdf
/x]sf ;fdflhs ;fDo j}ifDo ¿knfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf]
5 . o;df tL ;dfhdf /x]sf JolQm, kl/jf/,
k|1 f MM 60
;d"x, /fHosf tTsfnLg åGåfTds :j¿knfO{ ul/g] dfgljsL lj1fg g} xf] . o;nfO{ z'4 lj1fgeGbf
5n{ªu\ kfl/Psf] 5 . dxfef/tLo u|Gysf] pkhLJodf cln 3'dfp/f] af6f]af6 k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
klg df}lns / cf}kGofl;s ljGof;sf cfwf/df ;dfhbz{g ;DaGwL log} dfGotfx¿ k|:t't
k|:t't pkGof;n] ;dfhsf] /]vfª\sgnfO{ pEofP/ pkGof;df JoSt ePsf 5g\ . kf}/fl0fs ldysLo
ef/tjifL{ o sfnv08sf] d" n tM pQ/j} l bs j0f{ g , pklgifb\ d f pNn] v ePsf ;" S tx¿,
o'u;dfhsf ljifdtf, ;dfhsf] lj36g, bf;k|yf nf]s>'ltsf] lemgf] k|df0f cg'dfg, j}lbs Crfsf
;DaGwL wf/0ffdf cfPsf ljljw ljrf/nfO{ cleJolStaf6 ;dfhsf] cfFsng u/L ;fdflhs
;dft]sf] 5 . o; s[ltdf åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL hLjgnfO{ pkGof;df cfa4 ug' { g} ;dfh bz{gsf]
bz{g / nf]sfot bz{gnfO{ ;fdflhs ljZn]if0fsf] uDeL/ k|:t'lt xf] . tTsfnLg j}lbs / pQ/j}lbs
cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . cWofTdhut\nfO{ 6]s]/ klg ;dfhsf zf]if0f, /xg ;xg, k|hgg k|lqmof, v]tL,
j:t'ut ;dfhsf] lrGtg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfWoflTds zf;g Joj:yf, kfl/jfl/s u7g 9fFrf, k|d] ;DaGw,
lrGtgdf ePsf j}1flgs tyf j:t'ut sfo{sf/0f of}g ;DaGw, o1sfo{ tyf sd{sf08sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df
z[ªv\ nfnfO{ klg O{Zj/jfbL kl08tn] cd"t { JofVof dfwjL pkGof;sf] a[xt\ syfgs tof/ ePsfn]
u/]sfn] To;af6 ;dfh cWoogsf] nfe lng of] s[lt ;fdflhs bz{gsf] dxjk"0f{ cf}kGofl;s
jl~rt x'g' k/]sf] xf] . cWofTdjfbLx¿ klg cleJolSt ag]sf] l;4 x'G5 . ;dfhsf] JofVof
ef}ltshuts} pTkfbg x'g\ / ef}lts ;+;f/d} k|df0fxLg, sfNklgs, Psfª\uL / dgf]ut x'g
cflTds cfgGbsf] vf]hL ul//xs]sf x'G5g\ . ltgsf ;Sb}g . t/ k|df0f gi6 eO;s]sf] / cjz]if afFsL
lardf vfln ;dfhnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6 ljifd ljrf/ g/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljljw cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] dfgjLo
/x]sf] x'G5 . bLlIftsf b[li6df Psnsf6] ef}ltsjfbL hLjgsf kIfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;xL ctLt
x'g'eGbf ;dGjofTds cWoog ubf{ Jofjxfl/s sNkgf / k'gMlgdf{0f klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} cg';f/
;Tosf] lgSof]n { df k'Ug ;xh x'G5 . pgn] cfkm\gf tTsfnLg ;du| j}lbs / pQ/j}lbssfnLg ;dfhsf]
/rgfsf cflTds tj klg ef}lts ¿ks} ljlzi6 oyfy{ s f] cg' d flgt k' g Ml;h{ g ul/Psf
c+z ePsfn] To;nfO{ TofHo ¿kdf eGbf ljj]Ro hLjglrq0faf6 ;Tosf] lgs6td lg¿k0f ug{
¿kdf /fVg ;lsg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . dfwjL ;lsG5 eGg] lrGtg klg dfwjL pkGof;df /x]sf]
pkGof;df sd{sf08Lo 36gfqmdsf oyfy{tfnfO{ 5 . o;n] kl5Nnf k':tfnfO{ ;dfhzf:qLo
pkGof;sf] syfgsdf ;dfj] z ul/g' s f] Oltxf;af]w dfq geO{ cfkmgf] k"j{ hLjgsf]
;dfhzf:qLo tfTko{ oxL xf] . ;dfhsf ef}lts ;fdflhs agf]6, kL8f tyf ;du| ljz]iftfsf]
cef}lts ;a} s'/fnfO{ l6k]/ To;sf] laraf6 af/]df dgf]wf/0ff agfpg ;xh x'g k'Ub5 .
;Tosf] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfhbz{gn] o;sf r/0fx¿sf] nfdf] JofVof
oBlk s'g } klg ;dfhnfO{ x]g {] b[li6sf]0fdWo] u/]sf] 5 tfklg cf}kGofl;s ¿kdf laDafTds
åGåfTds bz{g g} ;fGble{s x'G5 . dfS;{jfbL / lzNkdf dfwjL pkGof; ;dfhbk{0fsf] k|of;df
u}/dfS;{jfbL b'j} b[li6df ;dfh bz{gnfO{ x]g]{ b]vf k/]sf] s[lt xf] . dfwjL pkGof;d"ns /rgf
P]ltxfl;s ef}lts ljsf;sf] cfwf/ nueu ;dfg ePsfn] o;df ltly ldltsf] tYok/s jf:tljstf
g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . cWofTdbz{gsf] ck|f0fdo O{Zj/Lo vf] H g] eGbf klg ;dfhzf:qLo cWoogsf]
cfwf/sf] sfNklgs dfu{afx]s cGo ef}lts lj1fg ;xhLs/0f x'g ;Sg] ;flxlTos /;fTds ;fdu|Lsf]
/ ;fdflhs lj1fgsf] vf]hL p:t} tl/sfn] eO/x]sf ¿kdf / ;dfh ;fk]If b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ cYof{P/
5g\ . z'4 j:t' lj1fg / ;dfh lj1fgsf] lardf af]w ug'{ oyf]lrt x'G5 .
ljifout leGgtf eP klg b[li6sf] j}1flgstfdf
t'No ¿kx¿ kfOG5g\ . ;dfh bz{g ;dfhsf] lgisif{
pTklQ, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / pkGof;sf/ dbgdl0f bLlIft g]kfnL
;fdflhs kof{j/0fdf dfgj hLjgsf] lg/Gt/tfaf/] ;flxTodf ljlzi6 k|ltef ePsf ;flxTo;|i6f x'g \ .
k|1 f MM 61
pgsf] pkGof;wld{tf u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTds To; j]nfsf] ;fdflhs kL8f cGtu{t gf/Lsf]
b[ l i6n] k| e fjsf/L /x] s f] 5 . bLlIftsf ef]Uof hLjg Joyf, cl:tTjsf] vf]hL, bf; kL8f
pkGof;x¿dWo] ;j{ax[ t\ cfofd / k|efjsf ¿kdf / ljb|fx] sf] kl/j]z, ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofsf
dfwjLnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . dfwjL pkGof; 36gfx¿, ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo, s[liftGqsf]
pQ/j}lbssfnLg tyf To;cl3sf] / kl5sf] ljsf;, u0f ;d"xsf] cj:yf, k|]d, /f]bg, o1
;fdflhstf;Fu cfa4 dfld{s ;dfhbz{gk/s sd{nfO{ ;dfhzf:qLo :j¿kdf k|s6 ul/Psf]
/rgf xf] . dfwjL pkGof; ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 5 . d"ntM of] s[lt ;dfhbz{gsf] Ps ;flxlTos
ljifo u| x 0f ul/Psf] / gf/L hLjgsf] snfTds k|:t'lt xf] . ;dfhzf:q / ;flxTosf
;fdflhstfnfO{ ;fy} bf;tfsf] kL8fnfO{ lrq0f larsf] cWoogsf nflu ;'Gb/ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf
u/]/ /lrt ;dfhzf:qLo l;h{gf xf] . dfgj /x]sf] dfwjL pkGof;nfO{ ;flxlTos / zf:qLo
;dfhsf] cf/Deb]lv xfn;Ddsf s}og\ r/0fdf ;+of]hgaf6 af]w ubf{ a9L Gofof]lrt x'G5 .
j}lbssfnLg ;dfhsf] ljlzi6tfx¿ s]s:tf lyP ;flxTodf ;fdflhstfsf] uxg k|of]u:j¿k cfPsf]
eGg] dd{:kzL{ kIfnfO{ cf}kGofl;s lzNkdf o; dfwjLleqsf ;+:s[t zAbfjnLsf] clws k|of]u
pkGof;n] cleJoSt u/]sf] 5 . j]b, k'/f0f, eg] ;fdfGo efiffaf]ws kf7ssf lglDt s]xL hl6n
dxfef/t, hgufyfdf ldysLo / P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf /x] s f] 5 . of] pkGof; ;dfhzf:q /
kfOg] syfj:t'sf] cfwf/df j}lbssfnLg ;dfhsf] ;flxTozf:qsf] 1fgsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ ;kmn
k'gMlgdf{0f ug] { sfd o;df ePsf] 5 . o;} qmddf ePsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL
g]kfnL k':ts
bLlIft, dbgdl0f, -@)^& kfFrf}_F , dfwjL, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
bLlIft, dbgdl0f, @)^(, CUj}lbs gf/L rl/q, sf7df8f}F M ;fª\lu|nf k':ts k|fln=.
k|wfg, s[i0frGb|l;+x, @)%@, g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/, nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
a/fn, Clif/fh, @)^$, ;flxTo / ;dfh, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
/]UdL, ;d/fh, @)^), dfgj ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f, kf]v/fM u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos ljsf; k|lti7fg .
j]N;, Pr= hL=, @)^^ -cg'= gf/fo0f lu/L_, ljZjsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f} F M k|ult k':ts ;bg .
z'Sn, la cf/= s] gf/fo0f / ;'wf /:tf]uL, -;g\ !(($_ dfgj hfltsf] pb\ljsf;, nvgp M ;'ne k|sfzg .
l;+x, df]xgljqmd, @)^$, w/tLsf] k"j { Oltxf;, sf7df8f} F M k|ult k':ts ;bg .
;'j]bL, /fh]Gb|, @)^$, g]kfnL pkGof;M k/Dk/f / k|jl[ Q, jf/f0f;L M e"ldsf k|sfzg .
lxGbL k':ts
hf]g;g, x]/L=Pd=, -@)!! k'gMd'b0| f_, ;dfhzf:q Ps ljlwjt ljj]rgf, n'lwofgf M sNof0fL klAn;;{ .
/hgL, -;g\ @)!)_, lg/fnf s] uB ;flxTo d] ;fdflhs r]tgf, jf/f0f;L M lszf]/ ljBf lgs]tg .
l;ª\3L, g/]Gb|s'df/ / j;'wfs/ uf]:jfdL, -;g\ @)!) afO;f}F ;+:s=_, ;dfhzf:q ljj]rg, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL
u|Gy csfbdL .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 62
;f+:s[lts cWoog
lxdfn kxf8L ;+:s[ltsf Ps cgGo lz/f]dl0f kb\d;Dej
M s]xL k|;ª\u
8f= uf]kfn kf]v/]n ljjzÚ
k|1 f MM 64
lz/f]dl0f cfrfo{sf] ¿kdf kb\d;Dej tfTsflns ltAatL ;Eotf s} n fz
k|frLg gfnGbf ljqmdlznf dxfljBfnosf dfg;/f]j/ ªf/L If]q / ax\dk'q gbL lsgf/f
k| Voflt sdfPsf JolQmTjx¿df dxfkl08t rfªIf]qaf6 k|f/De ePsf] Ps j[xt ;Eotf dflgG5
zfGt/lIft, dxftflGqs kb\d;Dej, bLkª\s/, -nfdf, @)^&M&_ . ljzfn ¿kdf lj:tfl/t k|Voft
>L1fg -cltzf_ cflb lyP . zfGt/lIft, kb\d;Dej ltAatL ;Eotf;+:s[ltdf kb\d;Dejsf] lgM;Gb]x
g]kfn cfP / kl5 ef]6 k'u] . kb\d;Dej ef]6df pRr / k"hgLo :yfg /x]sf] 5 .
tflGqs lz/f]dl0f cfrfo{s } ¿kdf pleP eg] pgsf]
tflGqs ;Dk|bfon] ef]6, g]kfn / e'6fg tLglt/sf] kb\d;Dejsf] dxfd'b|fsf] l;l4k|flKt:yn kmlk{ª
;dfhdf 7"n} k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . pgL af}4sf] ef/taf6 aflx/ lgl:sO{ af}4wd{sf] k|rf/
dxfofg zfvfsf] jh|ofg ;xgofgsf k|jt{s k|;f/ ug]{ qmddf kb\d;Dej sf7df8f}F pkTosf
l;4tflGqs x'g k'u] . kb\d;Dejsf] tflGqs cfO{ Ps jif{eGbf a9L g]kfndf /xFbf kmlk{ªl:yt
;Dk|bfo ljz]if u/L ltAatL leIf'x¿sf] pRr c;'/ u'kmf -ofª\n];f]b\_ df tk:of/t x'g k'u] .
cfsif{0fsf] ljifo aGof] -g]kfn, @)&)M@^@&_ . kmlk{ª Wofgaf6 pgnfO{ dxfd'b|fsf] l;l4k|flKt
kb\d;Dejsf] k|f/lDes cWoog k|;ª\uaf/] w]/} x'g k'Uof] -Mama, 2008:18; e§/fO{, @)^)M^;
kIf cg'Ql/t eP klg s]xLkl5 eg] tfTsflns >]i7, @))*M@&_ . elgG5, oxfF kb\d;Dejn]
Vofltk|fKt ljZjljBfnodf cWoogcWofkg ug]{ ljz'bfb]jLsf] klg ;fwgf u/]sf lyP . cfh klg
cu|0fL / k|v/ ljåfg\sf] ;"rLdf pgL klg /x] . kmlk{ª af}4wd{snf ;+/rgfdf Ps kfjg :ynsf]
kb\d;Dej /fhkf6lt/ cfslif{t geO{ b/af/ 5f]8L ¿kdf pleg k'u]sf] 5 .
tGq;fwgfcWoogdf nfUg] qmddf cfrfo{ kmlk{ª:yn
zfGt/lIftn] k|frfo{Tj u|x0f u/]sf] gfnGbf $=@ jh||z/L/ k|fKt u/]sf] e"ld xn];L
ljZjljBfnosf] cfrfo{Tj :jLsf/ u/L k|fWofkg
If]qdf cfa4 ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ToxfF
tflGqs af}4wd{cGtu{t of]ufrf/ cEof;sf]
lzIf0fdf ;+nUg eO{ Ifdtf a[l4 u/]sf] 7DofO
5 .
$= kb\d;Dej;Da4 g]kfnsf ;fwgf:yn
Wofg;fwgf / tk:of ;fy;fy} af}4wd{sf]
k| r f/k| ; f/ ug{ aflx/L b] z k' U g] qmddf
kb\d;Dejn] ;DejtM klxnf] 5gf}6 g]kfnnfO{ g}
u/] . g]kfndf pgL ;fwgf/t /x]sf rlr{t
;fwgf:yndf kmlk{ª, xn];L, ;]/fª, ltdfn, bfdg,
d':tfª cflb dflgG5g\ . g]kfndf cd/Tj k|fKt kb\d;Dejn] ;fwgf u/]sf :yndf k"jL{
u/L pgL ltAatLe"ld k|j]z u/]sf] / ltAatkl5 g]kfnl:yt xn];L klg Ps k|d'v xf], h'g 7fpF
e'6fgsf] lgdGq0ffdf ToxfF k'u]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 . cfh lxGb', af}4 tyf ls/ftwd{ nufotsf] Ps
kb\d;Dej g]kfn cfpg'cufl8 ef/tjif{d } ToxfFsf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g
k|Voflt sdfPsf k|f1 a'41fgkfb / cfgGbjh|l;t k'u]sf] 5 . o;nfO{
k"j{sf kz'kltÚ cyf{t\
af}l4scfWoflTds ljifodf cGt/lqmofk|lzIf0f >Lx\n]Zj/ dxfb]j lj/fhdfg ePsf] tLy{:ynsf]
ePsf] / zfGt/lIft;ª\usf] ;DaGwn] eg] ltAat ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . cfh o;sf] wfld{s dxjnfO{
hfg cg's"ntf agfOlbPsf] atfOPsf] 5 ->]i7, lnP/ ljljw sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg O= !((^
@))*M@*_ . b]lv xn];L dxfb]j ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
k|1 f MM 65
5 . ltAatL af}4x¿sf] alnof] cg'>'ltcg';f/ ;]/fª u'Daf If]q kb\d;Dejn] ;fwgfsf] nflu
klg kb\d;Dejsf] Ps tk:yn xn];L g} xf] . ;+/lIft dflgPsf ;ft kljq e"lddWo] Ps xf] .
xn];L dxfb]jsf] dfxfTDosf] k|frLgtfsf] emNsf] ;]/fª u'Daf lalx uflj;df :yflkt 5, h'g 7fpFnfO{
ltAatL ;|f]tn] klg lbG5 -g]kfn, @)%%M@($; lsdf]n'ª eGg] ul/G5 -efbufpFn], @)^(M^_ .
1jfnL, @||)|##M!|*@; vqL, @)&)M!#$_ . elgG5, g]kfnsf ljleGg e"ldnfO{ tk:yn
kb\ d ;Dej cfgf cfWoflTds ;fyL agfpFb} kb\d;Dej sfe|]sf] ltdfnsf] of/L gfu
dGbf/jfsf ;fy O= cf7f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ o; 3]n'ª -Uof]nf]ª_ u'kmfdf k'uL Wofgd'b|fdf /x] .
tkf]e"ldsf] df/fltsf u'kmf cyf{t\ a;fxf:yn - oxfFsf] uf]KtL ufpFsf] u'Dafdf /x]sf] Ps lrGxnfO{
a;fxfl5b|_ df a;L cd/ hLjg k|flKtsf p2]Zon] kb\d;Dejsf] kfOnf / of/L gfukf]v/Lsf] d"lt{nfO{
nuftf/ tLg dlxgf;Dd a'4 cldtfo';sf] Wofg, kb\d;Dejsf] k|ltdf xf] elgG5 . cfh cfsif{s,
hk, ;fwgf cflb cEof; u/]sf lyP . elgG5, Uof]nf]ª u'kmfsf] j/k/ af}4wd{;Da4 5f]tg{] , u'Daf,
o; ;fwgfsf] kl/0ffd cldtfo';af6 kb\d;Dejn] dfg], sfslnª cflb ;+/rgf b]Vg ;lsG5 -nfdf,
cfzLjf{b:j¿k, hGd / d[To' gx'g ]
jh|z/L/Ú cyf{t\ @)&) sM(; nfdf, @)&) vM(_ . o; If]qdf
cd/Tj lr/~hLjLTj cyf{t \ ljBfw/:t/sf] bL3f{o' lxhf]cfh kb\d;Dejsf] :d[ltdf kyk|bz{g;Da4
k|fKt u/] -e§/fO{, @)^)M&, >]i7 @))*M@&_ . lgsfon] ltdfn, gdf]a4' , gf/fo0f:yfg nufot
o;}n] kb\d;Dej ;w}F chDa/L 5g\ eGg] ljZjf; sfe|]sf If]qx¿nfO{ ;d]6\b} wfld{s Pj+ ko{6sLo
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;kl5 dfq pgL ltAat k|j]z gofF kbdfu{x¿ agfO/x]sf] k|ToIf e]l6G5 .
u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] sltkosf] cg'dfg 5 . xn];L kb\ d ;Dej bfdgsf] Cif] Z j/
:yn g] k fn, ltAat / e' 6 fgnufotsf 5'ldsofª\u5'ksf] cf]8f/df klg tk:of/t x'g k'us ] f]
af}4wdf{nDaLx¿sf] ;d]t Ps tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf atfOPsf] 5 eg] d':tfªsf] ;fªkm'ªu\ u'kmfdf klg
cfh :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . pgL Wofg ug{ k'u ] elgG5 . ToxfF Wofg ubf{ub} { pgn]
xn];L u'kmfIf]q jh|lsnf -bf]h {] k'mj{_' sf] eoª\s/ s|fw] L ¿k wf/0f
u/]sf] / k|lts"n zlQmx¿nfO{ sHofP/ af}4wd{sf]
/Iff ug{ k|lta4 kf/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 ->]i7,
@))*M@&_ . cg'>l' tcg';f/ pgL klZrd g]kfnsf
lxdfnL k|bz] x'Dnf;d]t uO{ tk:of/t /x]sf] atfOPsf]
5 . x'DnfnfO{ ;fwgf:yn agfPsf];DaGwdf vf;}
hg>'lt eg] kfOPsf] 5}g .
;]/fªu'Daf
$=#= kb\d;Dejsf] Wofgs]Gb| ;]/fª, ltdfn, bfdg,
d':tfª, x'Dnf cflb
;TotYo cfwf/ geP klg cg'>l' tcg';f/
dgf;n' If]ql:yt k|fs[lts 56fsf] ;]/fª / tfdfª
efiff;+:s[ltsf] Ps s]Gb| dflgPsf] sfe|]l:yt lt
-t]_ dfn:yn klg kb\d;Dejsf Wofgs]Gb| x'g
;Sg] 7DofO 5 . elgG5, dgf;n' kmfF6df cjl:yt
k|1 f MM 66
ltdfnv08 $=$= kb\d;Dej -u'? l/Dkf]5]_ sf kTgLafnaRrf
;DaGwdf
u' ? l/Dkf] 5 ] s f kTgLx¿ tyf
afnaRrf;d]t lyP elgPsf] 5 . elgG5, g]kfn
/xFbf l;l4 / zfSo b]jLl;t ljjfx ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L e'6fgdf l;Gbf/fhfsL 5f]/L tfzL v]8]g
(Tashi Khyiden) ;ª\u klg pgsf] ljjfx ePsf]
k|;ª\u kfOG5 . pgsf k|ltdfsf bfofFjfofF
bfdge]s d]G3/jf / o]zf] 5f]un] sf k|ltdf;d]t dlGb/, u'Daf
cflblt/ b]lvg'af6 oL b'O{ klg pgsf kTgL x'g
;Sg] cg'dfg 5 -Bell, 2007:80; >]i7, O=
@))*M@^@&_ . t/ oL b'O{ kTgL s'g b]zsf
gful/s / s'g kl/jf/;ª\u ;DalGwt lyP eGg]af/]
k|;ª\u kfOb}g -ltAatL;ª\u klg pgsf] ljjfx
ePsf] eP cfwf bh{g kTgL x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 / afnaRrfx¿ klg cjZo lyP eGg
;ª\ s f] r dfGg' kb{ } g . Ps egfOcg' ; f/
kb\d;Dejn] k|sf08 ljåfg\ leIf' zfGt/lIftsL
d':tfªIf]q alxgL;d] t ljjfx u/] s f lyP . o:t} Ps
k|ltefzfnL ;'Gb/ ltAatL /fhs'df/L klg ljjfx
u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 -Banerjee, 1973:228;
Kawaguchi, 1999:105_
%= kb\d;Dejsf] ltAat k|jz ] ÷nfdfofgsf k|0f]tf
/ cflbu'?sf] ¿kdf
kb\d;Dej g]kfnsf ljleGg :yndf ;fwgf
k"/f u/L /;'jfu8Lsf] af6f] x'Fb} ltAat k'u] . ToxfF
cfgf] ;fwgf1fg tyf rdTsfl/s kfl08Tok"0f{
k|jrgpkb]zsf] k|efjn] ;a}nfO{ clee"t u/fO
ltAatdf k|rlnt k'/fgf] af]gwd{nfO{ lj:yfkg
x'Dnfk|b]z ub}{ ltAatL hg;d'bfonfO{ af}4wd{df cfa4 x'g
pTk]|l/t u/] . wd{bz{g, ;+:s[ltsf] kmfF6df
pynk'yn g} NofO{ lbP/ pgL lziox¿af6 3]l/g
k'uL ;Ddflgt u'?sf] :yfgdf pleP . pgn]
zf:qfy{ , tGqdGq Pj+ cg] s f} F o' l Qm u/] /
k|lts"ntfnfO{ ;fdgf ub}{ af}4wd{nfO{ :yflkt
u/] . ltAat k|j]zcufl8sf] g]kfnsf] s/La kfFr
jif{sf] Wofg, tk:ofsf] l;l4nfO{ ltAatdf s'zn
k|of]u ubf{ g} af]gwd{sf] 7fpFdf af}4wd{ :yfkgf
ug{ ;lsPsf] lyof] .
elgG5, kb\d;Dej O= cf7f}F ztfAbLdf
k|1 f MM 67
tfTsflns ltAatL /fhf l7«;f]ª\u b]T;]g (Tising hg;fu/sf dfg;leq ch/cd/ k|s6 eO/x]sf
Detsen/khri-srong-lde-btsan) sf] lgdGq0ffdf 5g\ .
kRrL; hgf lziosf ;fy ltAat k'u]sf lyP . Ps cfs[ltdf kb\d;Dej
pgL w]/} lnlkefiffsf] 1ftf x'g'sf] ;fy} af}4wd{,
bz{g, ;flxTo;+:s[lt;DaGwL u|Gy n]vgdf cu|;/
eP tyf n]Vg nufP / cg'jfb klg u/fP .
kb\d;Dej ToxfF k'Ug' klxn] g} zfGt/lIft / pgsf
lzio sdnlznn] ltAat 6]ls;s]sf lyP . O=
&*& lt/ kb\d;Dejn] ToxfF duwsf] cf]bfGtk'/L
dxfljxf/sf] gd"gfdf
;fDo] u'DafÚ (bsamryas)
/ gLª\df (rNying-ma) gfds ltAatL af}4wd{sf]
lzIf0f s]Gb| sf] k|lti7f u/] . pgL ltAatdf lgª\dfkf
;Dk|bfosf k|jt{s / nfdfofg -ltAatL nfdf
af}4wd{_ sf] k|0f]tfsf] ¿kdf cfTd;ft ul/P
- Banerjee, 1973:229;Govinda, 1974:21;
Lipman, 2010:9-10;vd", !(*$M!!!;Xiaoming,
2004:35_. pgsf] cnf}lss k|ltef / cfsif{0fn]
ltAatL k'/fgf] wd{;+:s[ltdfly ljho k|fKt ug{
;kmn eO{ pgL ltAatL af}4wd{sf
cflbdu'?Ú sf]
:yfg u|x0f ug{ k'u] -e§/fO{, @)^)M^_ . ltAatdf
cflbof] u ;Dk| b fosf cg' o foLx¿ lgª\ d fkf
-Nying-ma-pa_slxG5g\ / k'/f0fkGyL dflgG5g\ .
elgG5, /ftf] j:q klx/g] /ftf] 6f] k Ljfnf
;Dk|bfonfO{ dxftflGqs u'? l/Dkf]5 ] kb\d;Dejn] ^= e'6fgL wd{;+:s[ltleq kb\d;Dej -u'? l/Dkf]5_]
a9fjf lbPsf lyP . of] klg egfO 5 ls of] dtdf kb\d;Dejsf] af}4wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/sf]
k~rdsf/ rNg] x'bF f jfddfu{ ef]6df nf]slk|o x'g d'Vo sfo{:yn ef/t, g]kfn, ltAat / e'6fg g}
k'u]sf] xf] -g]kfn, @)&)M#|); Burman, 1979:5; lyof] . elgG5, O= &$& lt/ a'dyfªsf l;Gbf
Banerjee, 1973:228| _ . elgG5, Ps k6s /fhfsf] lgdGq0fdf pgL ltAataf6 e'6fg k'u] .
zfGt/lIft kb\d;Dej / sdnlzn ltAatdf ;ª\u} ToxfF pgn] tflGqs ljlwåf/f l;l4 / zlQm k|flKt;fy
/xFg k'u . ltAatdf af}4wd{ /fhwd{ g} x'g k'Uof] . e"tlkrf;, bfgjLo tTjnfO{ bdg u/L af}4wd{sf]
Ps egfOcg';f/ kb\d;Dej krf; jif{ hu a;fO /fhfnfO{ klg of] wd{sf] cg'ofoL agfpg
hlt ef]6df g} /x] . ef]6sf] dWo efudf Wofgdf ;kmntf k|fKt u/] .
a:bf k|]tx¿af6 pgL ;tfOP klg x/fpg ;kmn e'6fgsf] kf/f]df l:yt tfs\;fª\uf u'kmfnfO{
ePsf lyP . clGtddf pgL rdTsfl/s 9ª\uaf6 u'? l/Dkf]5] al3gLdf ;jf/ eP/ cfO{ tk:of/t
cGtWof{g eP elgPsf] 5 -Sakya, 2000:47; Ps kljq tLy{:yn dflgG5 . oxfF cfh klg u'?
Powers, 2007:148_ . af}4wd{sf] clj/n k|rf/n] l/Dkf]5s
] f] cb\et' / rdTsfl/s JolQmTj;DaGwdf
qmdzM af}4wd{sf w]/} xfFufljuf km}lng k'u] . cg]s /f]rs hg>'ltx¿ ;'Ggdf e]l6G5g\ .
clåtLo zlQm ePsf dxftflGqs of] u u' ? a'dyfª\usf] s'h {] u'Dafleqsf] u'kmfdf u'? l/Dkf]5s
] f]
kb\d;Dejsf] k|l;l4n] pRr lzv/ g} r'ds ] f] lyof] z/L/sf] 5fk kTy/df cª\lst ePsf], pgsf] n§L
(Furen, Wenqing, 1984:28; Bell, 2007:16, ufl8P/ ?v pld|Psf], ;]olnª sfkf]{nfO{ sHofP/
38;Govinda, 1974:21) . cfh klg pgL nfvf}n
F fv af}4wd{sf] eQm agfO ;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf :yflkt
k|1 f MM 68
u/]sf], l;Gbf /fhfnfO{ e"tk|t] kG5fO 7'nf] /f]uaf6
bf];f| ] a'4Úsf] ¿kdf kb\d;Dej
arfO pgsL 5f]/Ll;t g} ljjfx u/]sf] tyf cGo
k|ltåGbLnfO{ ;d]t jzdf NofPsf] cflb k|;ª\ux¿
hglha|fd ] f /x]sf 5g\ ->]i7, @))*M@*_ . ;du|df
eGg'kbf{ sfnfGt/df cfOk'Ubf kb\d;Dej e'6fgL
wd{;+:s[ltleq Ps dxfg u'?, ;jf]R{ r k"Ho ;+/Ifs
b]jtfsf] ¿kdf lj/fhdfg b]lvG5g\ . u'? l/Dkf]5s ] f]
¿kdf ;Ddfg k|s6 ub}{ k|To]s u'Daf, hf]ª\u /
3/cfjf; If]q cflbdf k|ltdf /fvL >4f;fy
k'lhG5g\ -Ahir, 1993:207_. e'6fgdf kb\d;Dejn]
Wofg u/]sf u'kmfx¿df tyf pgsf kblrGx, xftsf
5fk cflbdf ;d]t k"hfpkf;gf x'g] u/]sf] b]Vg
;lsG5 .
^=@= kb\d;Dejsf cf7 :j¿k -cjtf/_ sf gfdfjnL
u'? kb\d;Dej -l/Dkf]5_] sf cfs[ltk|sl[ t
u'? l/Dkf]5] kb\d;Dej :j¿kx¿ ljleGg b]lvG5g\ . pgsf k|dv ' cf7
:j¿knfO{ cjtf/sf] ¿kdf klg lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
^=!= kb\d;Dej chDa/L < bf];|f] a'4 < kb\d;Dejsf cf7 :j¿knfO{ ;s];Dd g]kfnLnufot
u'? kb\d;Dejsf cg'ofoLx¿ cfh klg pRrf/0fdf oxfF gfdfjnL dfq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
pgL afFlr/x]sf 5g\ egL c6n ljZjf; ub{5g\ . != kb\d h'ªU\ g]÷;'vbftf -Padma-hbyung-gnas_
wtL{sf] s'g} sf]0fdf jf c1ftnf]sdf a;L uf]Ko @= kb\d;Dej d'lQmbftf÷Pandita of the great
dGq0ffpkb]z ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf pgLx¿ Vehicle
ljZj:t b]lvG5g\ -e§/fO{, @)^)M^_ . nfdf #= kb\d u]Nkf÷lqlk6sfrfo{ -Guru Padma Gyalpo_
af}4wd{sf] k|rf/nfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] k|sf08 $= bf]hL{ b|f]nf]÷;a}nfO{ enf]ug]{ -Guru Dorgi-
ljåfg\ kb\d;Dejsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfgnfO{ lnP/ Do-Lo/r Do-rge-Gro-lod_
af}4wdf{nDaLx¿ pgnfO{ em08} eujfg a'4s} %= lgdf cf]8/÷af]lwk|fKt -Guru Nyima Ozer/
xf/fxf/L cyf{t\
bf];|f] a'4Ú sf] bhf{ k|bfg ub}{ Nyi-ma-hOd-gzer_
pRr k"hgLo :yfgdf /fVb5g\ . lxdfnkxf8L ^= zfSo ;]ªu\ ] u]÷bf];f | ] zfSo z]/ -Guru Sakya-Seng-ge_
k|b]zsf] kb\d;Dejk|lt cf:yfjfg 7'nf] ;d'bfo &= ;]ªu\ u]8« ] 8f]s÷wd{ k|rf/s z]/ -Guru Seng-
pgsf] k|ltdfnfO{ ;d]t k"hfu[xdf /fvL
bf];|f] ge-Da-dog/Seng-ge sgra-sgrogs_
a'4Ú sf] ¿kdf cfTd;ft ub}{ >4felQm JoQm *= nf]8]g 5f]u;]÷1fgbftf -Guru Lo-dan
ub{5g\ . chog-se/slo-ldan mchog-sred)
k|1 f MM 69
(Govinda, 1974:23-24; >]i7, @))*M@^_ . tyf ;f+:s[ltswfld{s ;+/rgfsf :ynx¿df
cfs[lt/ª\nfO{ tn lrqdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M oqtq u'? kb\d;Dej lj/fhdfg b]lvG5g\ .
;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf ;d]t pgnfO{ cu|0fL
e"ldsfdf k|s6 u/fOG5 . oyfy{ ¿kdf eGbf o;
e]ssf hg;d'bfodf uf}tda'4eGbf klg u'?
kb\d;Dejaf/] a'g] / hfGg]x¿ clu|d /x]sf]
dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnkxf8L
k|bz
] df cfjf;Lo nfvf}n
F fv hg;d"xsf] ;+:s[ltsf]
Ps cgGo lz/f]dl0fsf] ¿kdf kb\d;Dej :yflkt
x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .
(= lgisif{
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ pRr lzv/df r9fpFb}
g]kfnLsf] ;fy} ltAatL tyf e'6fgL e"lddf ;d]t
c6n ;f+:s[lts 5fk 5f]8\g] Ps wfld{s w/f]x/
lz/f]dl0f kb\d;Dej csf] { cfs[ltdf x'g\ u'? kb\d;Dej . x'g t pgsf] k|f/lDes
k|1 f MM 70
cWoogcWofkg tfTsflns ef/tjif{d} JotLt af}4wd{sf] k|rf/fy{ g} e'6fg klg k'u] . lxdfn
ePsf] dflgG5 . oBlk hLjgsf] k"jf{4k{ l5 /fhu2L kxf8L wd{;:s[ltdf pgL
bf];|f] a'4Úsf ¿kdf
g} kl/Tofu u/L tk:jLsf] ¿kdf ljleGg Wofg :yflkt ul/P . cnf}lss kb\d;Dejsf] af}4wd{
;fwgfdf tNnLg x'g ] qmddf pgL aflxl/Psf lyP . bz{gn] ltAatLe'6fgL ;dfh dfq k|efjL u/]g
kb\d;Dej k|frLgsfndf cyf{t\ ;ftf}F, g]kfnsf] hghLjg klg k|efljt x'g k'Uof] . cfh
cf7f}F ztfAbLlt/ -<_ ef/taf6 lgl:sO{ ltAat klg afFlr/x]sf elgPsf kb\d;Dej ljz]if lxdfnL
k|j]z ug'{cufl8 g]kfn cfP . elgG5, g]kfnsf / kxf8L k|bz] sf] wd{;+:s[ltdf Ps k"hgLo cgGo
kmlk{ª, xn];L, ltdfn, ;]/fª, bfdg, d':tfª cflb lz/fdl0fsf ¿kdf k|lti7flkt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .
:ynnfO{ Wofg;fwgfsf] tk:yn agfP . g]kfnd} k| s f08 ljåfg\ u' ? kb\ d ;Dejsf] l;ª\ u f]
dxfd'bf| sf] l;l4k|flKt tyf cldtfo';af6 jh|z/L/ hLjg;Da4 sltko ljifok|;ª\ux¿ ;TotYo
cyf{t\ cd/Tj lr/~hLjLTj k|fKt u/] . ltAat / oyfy{k/s ¿kdf cfpg afFsL g} /x] klg
k'u]kl5 ToxfF k'/fgf] wd{ -af]g_ sf] 7fpFdf nfdf cfheGbf s/La xhf/ jif{cufl8sf] ;dfh ;+:s[lt
af}4wd{sf] k|rf/k|;f/nfO{ r/df]Tsif{df k'¥ofP . eg] pgsf] clåtLo ¿k / ljåtfn] t/ª\lut ePsf]
ljnIf0f k|ltef;fnL tflGqs u'? l/Dkf]5] kl5 lyPg eGg ;lsb}g .
;Gbe{;fdu|L;"rL
g]kfnL
] -@)&)_= The sacred complex of Halesi: A Hindu, Buddhist and Kirata social-cultural
vqL, k|d
interface. ;+:s[lt / cg'el" tsf cfofdx¿= sf7df8f}FM ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf
;fd'bflos ljsf; ;dfh .
vd", rLg -!(*$_= rLgef/t d}qLsf ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;= k]Olrª\uM ljb]zL efiff k|sfzg u[x .
1jfnL, ;"ol{ jqmd -@)##_= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx= bfhL{lnª M g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng .
g]kfn, 1fgdl0f -@)%%_= g]kfn lg¿k0f= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg .
================, -@)&)_= g]kfnef]6rLg ;DaGw M ;Eotf / wd{;+:s[lt= ldld{/], $@ -!_ .
e§/fO{, /fw]Zofd -@)^)_= u'? kb\d;Dejaf/] s]xL lh1f;f= sflGtk'/, !! -^)_ .
efbufFpn], cd[t -@)^(_= ;]/fª u'Dafdf kb\d;Dej= gful/s, $ -@(*_ .
nfdf, s0f{ -@)&) v_= u'? kb\d;Dej ;lDemFb}= gful/s, % -!$$|_ .
nfdf, y'bg] -@)^&_= lk|m ltAatsf] syf bnfO{ nfdfsf] Joyf= ;fF3,' @* -$&_ .
nfdf, /fh]Gb|axfb'/ -@)&)s_= emfFqmL 6'/= gful/s, % -^)_ .
>]i7, lx/0onfn -@))*_= e'6fgdf af}4wd{ / g]kfnl;tsf] ;DaGw= sf7df8f}F M hgd}qL k|sfzg .
cª\uh
]| L
Ahir, D.C. (1993). Himalayan Buddhism: Past and Present. NewDelhi: Sri Satguru
Publications.
Banerjee, A.C. (1973). Buddhism in India and Abroad. Calcutta: The World Press.
Bell, C. (2007). The Religion of Tibet. NewDelhi: Rupa Co.
Burman, B.R.(1979). Religion and Politics in Tibet. NewDelhi: Vikas Publishing House.
Furen, W. and Wenqing, S. (1984). Highlights of the Tibetan History. Beijing: New World
Press.
Govinda, B.L.A. (1974). The Eight Forms of Guru Padmasambhava. Bulletin of Tibetologg,
11(2).
k|1 f MM 71
Haicheng, L.(2004). Buddhism in China. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
Kongtrul, J. (1995). The Light of Wisdom. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
Lipman, K.(2010). Secret Teachings of Padmasambhava: Essential Instructions on
Matering the Energies of Life. Transl. Boston: Sambhala Publications.
Mama, L.(2008). Reloaded Gandhara. Kathmandu: Lama Mama.
Sakya, J.B.(2000). Short Description of Gods, Goddesses and Ritual Objects of Buddhism
and Hinduism in Nepal. Lalitpur: Handicraft Association of Nepal.
Subedi, A. (1999). Ekai Kawaguchi: The Trespassing Insider. Kathmandu: Mandala Book
Point.
Tsogyal, Y.(1999). The Lotus-Born. Massachusetts: Shambhala South Asia Editions.
Wallace. B.A.(1998). Natural Liberation: Padmasambhava's Teachings on the Six
Bardos. Transl. Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications.
Xiaoming, Z.(2004). Tibetan Buddhism. Beijing: China Pictorial Publishing House.
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 72
nf]s;flxlTos cWoog
nf]s;flxTosf] cWoogdf ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ljlw
d's'Gb zdf{
k|1 f MM 74
If]q e|d0fsf] k"j { tof/L ug]{, eGg] af/]df lgSof{} ug]{,
If]q e|d0f ug'{k"j{ ;DalGwt zf]wstf{n] v_ s] s:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ h:t}
To;sf] k"j{ tof/L ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o; cGtu{t vfg, a:g, sk8f, ;fa'g, a|;, /sd, snd,
;fdu|L ;Íng ug{ If]q e|d0fsf nflu hfg] 7fpFsf] sfkL, 8fo/L cflbsf] hf]xf] ug]{,
lglZrt ug'{ zf]wfyL{sf] klxnf] st{Jo x'G5 . If]q u slt lbg e'Ng' kg]{ xf] Tolt lbgsf nflu cGo
sfo{ ;j]{If0fsf nflu ef}uf]lns :yfgsf af/]df sfdaf6 k'm;{b ldnfpg],
k"j { hfgsf/L lng' ljz]if pkof]uL x'G5 . Jofjxfl/s 3 If]qsf nflu cfjZos vr{sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
cg';Gwfgsf] Pp6f ¿k ;j]{If0f klg xf] -aGw', ª ;Íng ;fdu|L÷pks/0f -6]k/]s8{/, Sod/f,
@)^%M$(_ . ;j]{If0fsf lglDt ;fdu|Lsf] ;Íng lel8of] cflb_ l7s 5g\ 5}gg\ hfFr ug],{
ug' { cl3 pko'Qm gd'gf 5gf]6sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . r s'g s'g JolQmnfO{ sxfF / s;/L e]6\g] xf],
o:tf] gd'gf 5gf]6 cGtjf{tf{, k|ZgfjnL, dtfjnL, To:tf JolQmsf] ;"rL agfpg],
cg';r " L, lrXgfÍg ;"rL e/fpg] cflb ljleGg 5 ;fdu|L ;Íng ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ lgDg
tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;kl5 ;DalGWft If]q cg';f/sf] cGtjf{tf{ jf k|ZgfjnL kmf/d tof/
e|d0fsf nflu tof/L ug'{ kb{5 . If]q e|d0fsf] ug]{
tof/L cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg' h= ;xof]uL s;nfO{ n}hfg] xf] ljrf/ ug]{ .
kb{5M k|fljlws sfdsf nflu el/;So k|ljlwsf] 1fg
s_ sxfF hfg] xf], slt ;do nfUg] xf] / s] s] sfd ePsf] JolQm nfO{ n}hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
k|ZgfjnLsf] gd'gf
! ;Ínssf] gfdM
@ sfo{qmd k|:t't ePsf] :yfgM lhNnfM uflj;÷g kfM j8f g+M 6f]nM
# k|bz{g :ynsf] P]ltxfl;s dxj -ePdf dfq_ M
$ sfo{qmd k|:t't ug]{ hflt -Psn jf ldl>t_M
% sfo{qmdsf] gfdM
^ k|:t't ul/Psf] ldlt / cj;/M
& ;Dkfbs÷k|:t't stf{sf] kl/roM
s gfdM v hftM u k];fM 3 pd]/M
ª k|:t'ltsf] e"ldsfM k|dv ' ÷;xfos r k|:t'ltut cg'ej
* kl/j]z / b[ZoM
s afXo -k|fs[lts÷ef}uf]lns_M ===============================
v cfGtl/s jftfj/0f -wd{, ;+:s[lt / dgf]lj1fg ;d]t
===================================================================================================================================
( k|bz{g ljlwM
s zf:qLo cg'i7fg v nf]s ljlw ljwfg
u d'Qm k|bz{g
!) of] k/Dk/f slxn]b]lv rn]sf] xf] <=================================
==========================================================================================
!! of] sfo{qmd lsg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] <
s dgf]/~hg v lzIff u k/Dk/fsf] lgjf{x
!@ ;xefuLx¿sf] kl/ro
s ;Dkfbs÷lgb]z { ssf] gfdM pd]/M k|:t'ltsf] cg'ej jif{M
v gt{s÷k|:tf]tfsf] gfdM pd]/M k|:t'ltsf] cg'ej jif{M
k|1 f MM 75
u ufos÷jfBjfbssf] gfdM pd]/M k|:t'ltsf] cg'ej jif{M
!# gt{s tyf k|:tf]tfsf] ¿k ;HhfM
s kf];fsM v z[Ëf/sf] gfdM u uxgf klx/gM
3 z}nL ª cGo ePdf pNn]v ug]{
!$ s'g s'g afhfx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 gfd ;d]t pNn]v ug]{M
s v u 3
!% sfo{qmdsf] k|:t'lt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < ;'?b]lv clGtd;Dd l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]Vg]M
=============================================================================================================================
==============================================================================================================================
!^ k|:t'ltsf] ljwf s] x]f pNn]v ug]{M -uLt ePdf_
================================================================
s efsfM v no÷5GbM u :yfoL÷cGt/f÷y]uf]M
3 z}nLM ª cGo eP pNn]v ug]{M =======================================
!& k|:t'ltsf] efiffM s= g]kfnL dfgs efiff
v=cGo===========================
!* g[Tosf] k|sf/M
s_ tf08j v_ nf:o u_ df?gL 3_ ;f]/7L 3_ g[To
ª_ nLnf r_ cGo==================
!( k|:t't ug'{sf sf/0f= ============================================================================================
@) bz{s÷>f]tfsf] cle?lr / dgf] jftfj/0f s:tf] 5 v'nfpg] =======================================
@! cGo ePdf pNn]v ug]{ ================================================================================
===================================================================================================================================
;fdu|L ;Íngsf nflu dflysf plNnlvt ;Íng ug{ d2t ldNb5 . o;sf nflu k"j { tof/Lsf
;fdu|Lx¿ tof/ u/]/ dfq} If]qdf sfo{ ug{ hfg' qmddf 5gf]6 ul/Psf ;DalGwt ;"rsx¿sf]
k5{ . ;Dks{df hfg' zf]wfyL{sf] klxnf] sfo{ x'g cfpF5 .
If]q e|d0f / ;fdu|L ;Íng o;kl5 pgLx¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj cg';f/ cfk"mn]
nf]s ;flxTosf ;fdu|L ;Íngsf nflu cWoog ug] { ;}4flGts cfwf/nfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;fdu|L
If]q e|d0f ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] s'/f cl3Nnf zLif{sx¿df ;Íng ug{ yfNg' kb{5 .
rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . nf]s ;flxTosf ;fdu|L k|fKt ;fdu|L ;Íng ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ rflxg] ;fdu|L
ug]{ d'Vo 7fpF -:yn_
nf]sÚ xf] . nf]s eGgfn] -pks/0f_ x¿sf] plrt k|of]]u u/L >Job[Zo
nf]s ;flxTosf ;fdu|Lx¿ kfOg] /xg] ;dfh eGg] ;fdu|Låf/f lvRg] jf lng] / ;"rsaf6 cfk"mn]
a'lemG5 . nf]s ;flxTosf] zf]wsf nflu If]q e|d0f :ki6 a'g] u/L ;f]w]/ sfkLdf ;fg]{ ug'{ kb{5 .
eGgfn] zf]wfyL{ cfkm} ;fdu|L ;Íngsf nflu ;fdu|L ;Íng ug]{ ljwfsf] cfwf/df cfgf] zf]Wo
;DalGwt If]q -;DalGwt ;fdu|L kfOg] :yn_ df zLif{s afx]ssf tYofÍ ;Íngdf ;do vr{g] /
hfg] sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . ;fdu|L ;Íng eGgfn] h] kfof] ToxL ;fdu|Ldf ;do aaf{b ug]{tk{m nfUg'
;DalGWft If]qdf kfOg] nf]s ;fdu|Lsf] ljleGg x'Fb}g . s'g} ;d:of cfOk/]df ;~rf/ ;fwgåf/f
dfWodåf/f ;Íng ug'{ eGg] x'G5 . ;DalGwt ;Dej eP;Dd cWoog If]qaf6} zf]w lgb]{zs;Fu
If]qdf zf]wfyL{ cfkm} hfg' / ;DalGwt ;"rsaf6 k/fdz{ lng klg ;lsG5 . cfk"mn] ;fdu|L ;Íng
;fdu|L lng' g} If]q e|d0f / ;fduL ;Íng sfo{ ubf{ Pp6f If]qnfO{ d'Vo s]Gb| / c¿ sDtLdf b'O{
xf] . o; sfo{af6 zf]wfyL{nfO{ tYok/s ;fdu|L cf]6f If]qnfO{ ;xfos s]Gb| jf pks]Gb| agfO{
k|1 f MM 76
;fdu| L ;Íng ug' { pko' Qm x' G 5 . ;fdu| L ldnfP/ /fVg] sfo{ eGGf] a'emfpF5 . nf]s;flxTosf]
;ª\sngs} k"j{ tof/Lsf l;nl;nfdf tof/ If]qsfo{af6 k|fKt ;fdu|LnfO{ ldnfP/ ljleGg
kfl/Psf k|ZgfjnL kmf/d klg eg'{ / e/fpg' zLif{s pkzLif{s cg';f/ /fVg' k5{ . zf]wdf
clgjfo{ x'g hfG5 . o;sf nflu cGtjf{tf{ lng], cfjZos ;fdu|LnfO{ ldNbf zLif{s pkzLif{sdf
5nkmn ug]{ cflb ljlw ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . dfq k|of]u ug'{ k5{ . o;sf nflu zf]w ;d:ofdf
o;/L ljleGGf If]qaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ /flvPsf lh1f;f cg';f/ rflxg] tYox¿ cnu
l7s 5g\ 7Ls 5}gg\ eGg] zª\sf lgjf/0fsf nflu cnu Joj:yf ldnfP/ /fVg' k5{ h:fn] ubf{ vf]hs ] f]
;"rsx¿af6 tTsfn ?h' u/fO{ /fVg' a]z x'G5 . ;fdu|L ;lhn} k|fKt x'g ;sf]; \ . ;fdu|L ;Ë7gdf
;fdu| L sf] k| f dfl0fstfsf nflu w] / } h;f] sfnqmlds ldnfP/ /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fdu|L
;"rsx¿sf] ;xdtL ldNg] tYo agfO{ ljZj:t ;Íng ul/;s]kl5 ;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg ;Ë7g,
agfpgsf nflu k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf hflgkmsf/ ;+lxtfs/0f, juL{s/0f / tflnsLs/0f ug{ e'Ng'
dWo]sf ;"rsx¿nfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu Ps :yfgdf x'Fb}g -aGw', @)^% M &%_ . If]q sfo{af6 k|fKt
af]nfO{ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug'{ a]z x'G5 . o;/L tYox¿nfO{ å]y{s gx'g], tyf c:ki6 / ;+zo
If]q sfo{af6} tYosf] k'i6\ofOF u/L ;fdu|L ;Íng gx'g] u/L ldnfP/ Jojl:yt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
ljZj;gLo tl/sfn] ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . sltko o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfkgn] zf]wsfo{ ;'? ubf{
kl/l:yltdf ;"rsn] zf]wfyL{nfO{ la/fgf] dfg]/ zf]wfyL{ cfkm}nfO{ d2t k'Ub5 . o;/L Jojl:yt
;xL ;"rgf glbg] klg x'g ;S5 . o; lsl;dsf] eP ul/Psf ;fdu|L lnO{ zf]w lgb]z { ssf] ;Dks{df
sl7gfOaf6 aRg zf]wfyL{n] cfk"m pgLx¿;Fu} hfg'k5{ .
3'nldn eO{ /}yfg] ;/x aGg] k|of; ug'{ k5{ .
cfkm} klg ;d"xdf 3'nldn eO{ ;Dkfbg ul/g] lgisif{
sfo{df ;fd]n x'Fbf ;fdu|L tYok/s cfpg] / nf]s ;flxTosf] ;fdu|Lsf] ;|ft] :yfg
nf]sÚ
;Dkfbsx¿ klg v'n/] cfGtl/s uf]Ko ;"rgf klg ePsfn] o;sf] ;Íngsf k|d'v ljlw If]q sfo{ g}
lbg ;Sg] x'G5g\ . o;/L k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ If]qdf xf] . tL ;fdu|L ;Íng ug]{ ljleGg k|lqmofx¿
g} Joj:yfkg ug],{ juL{s/0f ug],{ l;nl;nf ldnfpg], 5g\ . zf]wfyL{n ] tL k|lqmofdWo] If]q sfo{nfO{ Wofgdf
6]k cflb pks/0f ePdf htg;fy /fVg] cflb /fVb} cfkm} ;Da4 If]qdf uO{ k|ZgfjnLx¿ e/L
xf]lzof/L ckgfpg' k5{ . o;/L k|fKt ;fdu|LnfO{ e/fO{ cfjZos ;"rgf / tYo -;fdu|L_ ;Íng
Jojl:yt u/L zf]w sfo{ ug' { Jofjxfl/s / pkof]uL ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] zf]w sfo{nfO{ ljZj;gLo, j}w,
x'G5 . k|fdfl0fs / j:t'k/s agfpg d2t u5{ . log}
;fdu|L Joj:yfkg tYosf cfwf/df nf]s;flxTosf] zf]wsf nflu If]q
;fdu|L Joj:yfkg zAbn] pknAw j:t'nfO{ sfo{ ug'{ clgjfo{ 5 eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j=@)^^= ;flxTo l;4fGtM zf]w tyf ;[hg ljlw= sf7df8f}FM kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n .
aGw', r"8fdl0f=@)^%= cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg= bf];|f] ;+= sf7df8f}FM /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
=====================@)%*= g]kfnL nf]s;flxTo= sf7df8f}MF Pstf a'S;=.
===================== @)^!= ;+= cg';Gwfg ljlwsf s]xL kIf, sf7df8f}MF g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg .
lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn / ltns rf}nfufO{=+ @)%!= cg';Gwfg k4ltsf] kl/ro= bf];|f ;+= sf7df8f}FM kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 77
;f+:s[lts tyf nf]s;flxlTos cWoog
g]kfnL nf]safhf M lagfof] / d'r{ª
' \uf
ljqmd d}gfnL
kfnd uLt
afF;}sf] em\ofªdf lg r/L n} n}
gfrL kf] hfpmF x} a/L n} n}
kfn};uF xh'/ lbg'xf]nf
xfxfdf xf xf xf xf
hF3f/ vf]nf tl/hfpFm x}
/fd/;} Ho"sf] ul/hfpmF x}
s'jfsf] kfgL s] vfg]
h'u hfg] dfof s] nfpg]
k|1 f MM 80
lagfof] lgdf{0f ub}{ d'r{'ª\ufsf] ;'dw'/ w'gn] :yfg kfof] .
d'r{'ª\ufsf] cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf klg k|of]u
ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6sx¿n] ?lrsf
;fy d'r'{ª\uf vl/b u/]/ nfg] ub{5g\ . ;fgf]
cfsf/sf] t/ cToGt dgdf]xs cfjfh lbg] of]
afhf sf];]nLsf ¿kdf lbg] ul/G5\ . g]kfnsf
ljleGg efsf tyf :j/lnlkdf of] afhfnfO{ k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . em\ofp/], VofnL, rG8L, Rofe|'ª,
xfs\kf/] cflbdf o;sf] w'gnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L g]kfnL
df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg lbg'sf] ;fy} d'rª{' u\ fsf]
cfkm\g} Psn nf]sw'g klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf d'rª {' u\ f jfbs tyf k|lzIfs
#= d'r'{ª\uf d'r{ª' \uf jfbsx¿sf] kl/rofTds ljj/0f
d' r ' { ª \ u f g] k fnsf nf] s afhfdWo] Ps tof/ ug]{ sfo{ Psbd} sl7g sfo{ xf] . d'r{ª' \uf
k|rlnt afhf xf] . of] lagfof]af6 ljsl;t eO{ ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f e]u / b'u{d kxf8L Onfsfdf
:yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 . logLx¿sf] cfjfh k|of]u x'g] ePsf]n] jfbsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{
ldNbf]hN' bf] x'G5 . wft' kQf nfu]kl5 xfd|f ufpF3/df clt sl7g ePsf] xf] . xfn;Dd kQf nfu]sf
kmnfdsf ljleGg cf}hf/sf lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug]{ d'rª{' u\ f jfbsx¿dWo] k|lzIfs gf/bdl0f xft{D5fnL
sfo{ yfngL eof] . To;qmddf ljZjsdf{af6 -ef]hk'/_, pd]zrGb| k|wfg -xfn cd]l/sf_, ls/0f
dgf]/~hg sfo{df pkof]uL afhf d'r'{ª\uf agfpg] sfsL{ -/fd]5fk_, ;'zLn uf}td -kf]v/f_, w'j| v8\sf
sfd x'g yfNof] . o;sf] cfjfh ;'dw'/, s0f{lk|o -sf7df8f}_F , Zofd g]kfnL -sf7df8f}_F , ljqmd d}gfnL
x'g] x'Fbf ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x¿nfO{ o;n] -;nf{xL_, Ogf]s /;}nL -nlntk'/_, dª\un uGwj{
dgf]/~hg lbnfpg] g} eof] . d'r{'ª\ufsf] cfkm\g} -ndh'ª_, abf{ uGwj{ -ef]hk'/_ cflb pNn]vgLo
lsl;dsf] sDkgo'St cfjfhn] >f]tfnfO{ ljz]if 5g\ .
cfgGb k|bfg ub{5 . o;} sf/0fn] of] afhf nf]slk|o d'rª {' u\ f lgdf{0f
nf]safhf x'g k'Uof] . d'r'{ª\uf afhfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ kmnfd /
;ª\uLt hut\df d'rª {' u\ fsf] k|of]u lkQn wft'sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ljz]if u/L o;
u|fdL0f e]usf dflg;x¿n] 3fF; bfp/f wft'nfO{ unfpgsf] nflu cf/gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
d]nfkft hfFbf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf nfu]sf] ysfO cfuf]sf] s8f /fkdf kmnfdnfO{ unfO{ ljleGg
d]6fpg / cfkm\gf dgsf efjgf Pscfk;df JoSt cfsf/df 9flnG5 . d'r'{ª\uf agfpg kmnfd lk6\g]
ug{ d'r{'ª\ufsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L g} 3g, ;g];f], /]tL, s/f}FtL h:tf cf}hf/ rflxG5g\ .
el/of, uf]7fnf, v]tfnfx¿n] klg o;nfO{ ;fydf s]xL 7fpFdf sfFrsf] aLr efudf kmnfdsf] lha|L
lnO{ km';{bsf] ;dodf ahfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h8fg u/]/ aflx/L efurflxF ljz]if k|sf/sf] sfFr
6]lnlehg, /]l8of], Pkm=Pd= :6];g, rnlrq k|of]u ub}{ lgdf{0f ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . o;sf]
/]sl8{ª :6'l8of]x¿sf] :yfkgf x'g yfn]kl5 cfsf/ 7fpF cg';f/ km/s kfOG5 . o;sf]
nf]safhfx¿sf] k|of]u a9\of] . o;} qmddf d'rª{' u\ f agfj6sf d'Vo u/L aHg] efu lha|Lsf] agfj6 /
w'gn] /]l8of]df dfq geO{ rnlrqsf] ;ª\uLtdf lgdf{0fstf{sf] bIftfn] o;sf] cfjfh s:tf] pTkGg
klg k|j]z kfof] . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf
u}/L v]tsf]Ú x'g] eGg] s'/f lge{/ kb{5 . g]kfnsf vf; u/]/
-k|k|]dlk08
lk08_,
ufO{ t afFWof] 9'ª\u|f]df df]xL 5}gÚ u| f dL0f e] u sf d' r ' { ª \ u f lgdf{ 0 fsdL{ x ¿nfO{
-alnbfg
alnbfg_ nufot rnlrqsf uLt / ljleGg ;ª\uLtsf] cfwf/e"t 1fg lbg ;lsof] eg] g]kfndf
alnbfg
nf] s w' g df cfwfl/t Sof;] 6 tyf ;L=8L=df ag]sf] d'r{'ª\uf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf rlr{t x'g'sf]
k|1 f MM 81
;fy} Jofkfl/s b[li6n] klg pQd x'G5 . bfOF xfn]sf] k/fnem}F x'Fb}
d'r{ª
' \ufsf] :j/ pTklQ tyf jfbgz}nL 3/ t v}/]gL ==================
d'r{'ª\ufsf] :j/ pTklQ lagfof]sf] h:t} ;ª\sns M wd{/fh yfkf
xf] .
d'r{'ª\ufsf] jfbg z}nLsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ubf{ o; afhfsf vf; u/L b'O{ efu x'G5g\ M
xftn] ;dfpg] efu / ahfpg] -lha|L_ efu .
d'r'{ª\ufnfO{ cf]7 / bfFtsf] aLr efudf ldnfP/
/fvL lha|Lsf] efudf tfn / ;'/ ldnfpFb} cfkm"n]
rfx]sf] efsf jf w'gsf] :j/ pTkGg ub}{ hfg'k5{ .
cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg w'gdf d'rª{' u\ f ahfpg
;lsG5 . k|of]ustf{ lgk'0f ePdf o; afhfaf6 r08L uLt
nf]s, cfw'lgs, zf:qLo nufot ;a}h;f] ;ª\uLt tLgtn] 3/sf] hf]/afxfF
lbg ;lsG5 . olb o; afhfsf] k|lzIf0fsf] sfo{qmd lhp dfq oxfF dg sxfF
;~rfngsf] cleofg rnfpg ;s]df d'r{ª' \ufnfO{ P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
jfBjfbgsf] If]qdf cu|0fL :yfgdf k'¥ofpg /ftf]nfO{ efn] l5/la/]
;lsG5 . em\ofp/] uLt, rG8L uLtnufotsf pHofnf] eof] ld/ld/]
nf]suLtx¿df d'r{'ª\ufsf] k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
xn];L yfgsf] dxfb]p
em\ofp/]
3/ t v}/]gLÚ efsf lbgel/ vf]hF ] sxfF 5\of}
3/ t v}/]gL P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
xfF;] lg af]n] lg dg t /f]O/gL ;f/ª\uLh:tf] k]6 x'Fbf
;fg'dfof ljrf/ u/, hLjgnfO{ cnkq gkf/ ;fGgfgL;Fu e]6 x'Fbf
3/ t v}/]gL ================ P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
d]/f] dfof sf]eGbf sDtL 5 eft} / vfg' bfn 5}g
xftdf 38L ;'g}sf] cf}F7L 5 lktL{nfO{ hftsf] Vofn 5}g
3/ t v}/]gL ================== P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
of] dfofn] s] u¥of] s] u¥of] lxdfn}r'nL lxpF em';L
dg lauf¥of] dfofhfn ;kf¥of] slxn] kf] x'GYof] lbn v';L
3/ t v}/]gL ================== P]of a/L n} n}, s'/{ xf xf ..
of] dfofsf] d'xfgL af]nL ;ª\sns M sfhLdfg sGbª\af
cfheGbf ;Dem"Fnf emg\ ef]ln
3/ t v}/]gL ==================
l;u/]6 vfg' dflr; cf/]
d]/f] dfof gvfg' tntn]
3/ t v}/]gL ==================
6f9fsf] dfof gug'{ /}5
d]/f] dfof gh/n] emnemn]
3/ t v}/]gL ==================
of] dfof sfF k'Uof] ?Fb}
k|1 f MM 82
Rofe|ª
' uLt
dfbn} aHof] l3Gtfªdf l3Gtfª
xf x} 9f]n aHof] 3'D3'DtL
wgs'6 } lxn] lbn lrQ ldn]
xf x} gflrhfd ?d?DtL
kfg} / vfg' Hofg s'6's'6'
xf x} ;'kf/L kmf]/]/
cfh ls ef]ln lhGbufgL xfd|f]
xf x} s] nfg' d/]/
lt/Ldf lt/L d'/nL aHof]
xf x} d'r{ª' \uf /ªrª}
ef]lnsf] lbgdf g d5'{ afR5'
xf x} cfpg hfpmF ;Fu;Fu}
lxdfn} r'nL Tof] kfl/kl§
xf x} km"n km'Nof] s/dsf]
3/ klg 5}g y/ klg 5}g
xf x} d} xh'/ cwdsf]
sf6LnfO{ s'6L sf}j}sf] df;'
xf x} vfg dg nfUb}g
3/} / d]/f] cj:yf o:tf]
xf x} hfg dg nfUb}g
;ª\sns M t'n;L lbj;
leotgfddf k|rlnt d'r'{ª\uf -dfly_ / tn
g]kfndf k|rlnt d'r{'ª\uf
k|1 f MM 83
$= lgisif{ kl/jlt{ t ;dosf] dfu;F u } nf] s ;ª\ u Ltsf]
;dfh ljsf;sf] k| f /lDes r/0fdf nf]slk|otf a9\bf] 5 . g]kfnL nf]s;ª\uLtsf]
nf]s;ª\uLt :jod\ dfgjLo lqmofk|ltlqmofsf] ljlzi6tfnfO{ hf]ufpg ljb]zaf6 cfofltt ;fwgsf]
;fwg /x]sf] lyof] . ;fdflhs ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] k|of]u sd ug{ clg cfkm\gf nf]safhfx¿sf]
sf/0fn] nf]s;ª\uLtn] ufpF3/ / kxf8 sGb/faf6 k|of]udf hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 . nf]s;ª\uLt ;Dk"0f{
;x/, ahf/df k|j]z kfof] /]l8of], 6L=eL=, ;L=8L=, dfgj hfltsf] ;femf ;DklQ xf] / dgsf efjgf
Sof;]6 cflb dfWod eP/ of] lj:tfl/t eof] . JoSt ug] { ;fwg xf] . nf]s;ª\uLtsf] cfkm\g } ljz]if
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|efj k|sf/sf] u'0f Pjd\ k|efj 5 . lagfof] / d'r{'ª\uf
;a} snfdf k/]sf] 5 . o:t} ;/sf/L /]sl8{ª nf]safhf g]kfnL ;dfhsf cd"No lglw x'g\ .
:6'l8of]x¿sf ;fy;fy} lghL /]sl8{ª :6'l8of]x¿sf] ctM o:f g]kfnL nf]safhfsf] ;+/If0f ;+j4{g ug]{
:yfkgf klg a9\ b } 5 . oL :6' l 8of] x ¿n] bfloTj g]kfn ;/sf/, ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf k|To]s
nf]s;ª\uLtnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpFb } nu]sf 5g\ . gful/ssf] xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L;"rL
lu/L, hLj]Gb|b]j -@)%&_, xfd| ufyf, sf7df8f} F M Pstf k|sfzg .
xfd|f nf]sufyf
ltjf/L -nf]xgL_, zf]ef -@)^)_, nf]
nf]s;ª\uLt tfk{0ff, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
t'Dofxfª, cd/ / eLdf vh'd -@)^(_, lnDa" nf]safhf tyf nf]sefsfx¿
efsfx¿, sf7df8f} F M nf]s;+:s[lt, g]kfn
Do'lhs ;]G6/ .
/fjn, a]lghª\ud -@)^#_, ;Gbe{ uLtsf, sf7df8f} F M e[s6' L Ps]8l] ds k|sfzg .
;Gbe{ nf]suLtsf
xft{D5fnL, gf/b -@)%^_, snfª
snfª, sf7df8f}F .
snfª
;Gbe{ JolStx¿
gfb/dl0f xft{D5fnL, ls/0f sfsL{ / w|'j pk|]tL .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 84
;fdflhs zf:qLo cWoog
kf}/vL eLdg/l;+x / sfG5f afF8fsf s[Tox¿af/] vf]h /
cWoog
5qg/l;+x zfSoj+z
ljifo k|j]z tL ultljlw / s[Tox¿sf k'i6\ofOFsf nflu !* j6f
s}of} F g]kfnLx¿ ljutdf d'unfg k;]/ klg kmf]6f]x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/]/ tyf lj=;+= !(&$ O:jL
cfgf] js{t, kf}/v, ;Lk, j'l4 / 1fgn] To; 7fpFsf] ;g\ !(!& df /ª\ u ] n Lsf] lzjfno dlGb/df
cfjfb / ljsf;df cl4tLo e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L eLdg/l;+xn] r9fPsf] ;fF9] 5 ;]/sf] 7"nf] 306Ldf
of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . l;lSsddf klg To:tf n]v/] s'lF b/fv]sf] clen]v -x]gf];
{ \ k[i7 g+= !$_ ;d]t
g]kfnLx¿n] cfgf] /ut / kl;gf aufP/ cuDo h:tfsf] t:t} lbOPsf 5g\ . logLx¿sf cltl/Qm
kxf8 / afFemf] kftnnfO{ pmj{/f agfO{ ;'ud kf/]sf æ;'kl/6]G8]G6 cf]a /f]8, l;lSsdÆn] t !! lb;Da/
5g\ . k|jf;df a;]/ klg ljutdf l;lSsdsf !()) df æ===eLdg/l;+xnfO{ /ª\un ] Ldf Pp6f b'sfg
g]kfnLx¿n] hfteft, ljx]hf/L, gftf;fOgf], agfpg'sf] nflu hux lbg' ===Æ egL dG8n 6]G6]G8's
sd{sf08, OToflbdf g]kfns} P]gsfg'g / /Llt e'l6ofnfO{ n]v]sf] kq / tfM@$ l8;Da/ !*(( df
lyltsf] cg';/0f u/L lg0f{o ug] { rng cjnDag hf]g Sn8 XjfO6n] eLdg/l;+x / j'l4g/l;+xnfO{
u/]sf lyP . cfh tL g]kfnLx¿sf s[Tox¿ / gf6f]ª\udf ahf/ vf]Ng] cg'dlt lbPsf] cª\u]h | L /
pT;u{x¿ lj:d[ltsf sfnf] afbn leq x/fpg lxGbLdf ;d]t n]vs ] f] kqx¿ klg h:tfsf t:t}
nflu/x]sf 5g\ . vf]tn]/ phfu/ ug{ hfFu/ rnfpg] kmf]6f]skL u/L o;df /flvPsf] 5 .
JolQmx¿sf] vf]hLdf tL s[Tox¿n] k'sf/f ul//x]sf jt{dfgdf kmf]6f]x¿sf 7fpFx¿sf w/ftnLo
5g\ . :j¿kx¿ abln;s]sf 5g\ . kmf]6f]x¿sf 3/ /
o; cWoogdf g]kfnaf6 k|jf;df k:g] dlGb/ klg 5}gg\ . o;df ePsf kmf]6f]x¿sf dflg;x¿
bf}/fgdf eLdg/l;+xn] sflnDkf]ªdf a;f]af; ubf{ sf]xL klg hLljt 5}gg\ . o; cg';Gwfg cWoogn]
g]kfns} 9fFrfdf lx6L -af3 wf/f_ agfPsf] -x]gf]{;\ ztfAbL cl3sf tL JolQmx¿n] u/]sf clj:d/0fLo
kmf]6f] g+= @_, To;kl5 lj=;+= !(%@ O:jL ;g\ !*(% kf}/vx¿nfO{ hLjGt /fVg] / cGo g]kfnaf6 uPsf
df l;lSsd uP/ gfyfªdf 3fF;sf] 7]Ssf / /S;L kf}/vL k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿sf s[Tox¿nfO{ klg vf]h
u2L rnfPsf], l;lSsdsf] /ª\u]nLdf lj=;+= !(%# cg';Gwfg u/L k|sfzdf Nofpg]x¿nfO{ ;d]t
O:jL ;g\ !*(^ df kSsL 3/ agfPsf] -x]gf]{;\ xf}:ofpg]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5 .
kmf]6f] g+= #_, lj=;+= !(%& O:jL ;g\ !()) df
g]kfns} b:t'/ cg';f/ /ª\u]nLdf ahf/ a;fO{ k;n kl/ro !
yfk]sf], g]kfnaf6 NofP/ 9nj6] dfgfkfyLsf] k|rng o; cWoogsf] nflu ;Dbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
k|f/De u/]sf] -x]gf]{;\ kmf]6f] g+= %_, sfG5f afF8fn] ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{ lj=;+= @)@) O{= ;g\ !(^@ b]lv
wft'sf d"lt{x¿ / uh'/ g]kfnaf6 NofO{ lj=;+= !(&$ cWoogstf{ l;lSsddf /xFbfb]lv g} ;'? ul/Psf]
O:jL ;g\ !(!& df kSsL lzjfno dlGb/ agfPsf] lyof] . To;a]nfsf kmf]6fx¿ To; ;dodf g} hL0f{
-x]gf]{;\ kmf]6f] g+= &_ , /ª\u]nLdf cfOtaf/] xf6 / 6'qmf 6'qmf eO;s]sf lyP . a8f] htgl;t
nufpg] yfngL u/]sf], cflbsf] vf]hcg';Gwfg u/L 6'qmfx¿nfO{ ;ª\ufn]/ s]xLnfO{ :6'l8of]df nu]/
k|1 f MM 85
agfpg nufO{ / s]xLsf] kmf]6f]skL u/fP/ ;ª\sng k'u ] . ToxfF hldg lsgL ltgn] lrof aufg ;'?
ul/of] . 306Lsf] clen]v dlGb/df 306L 5Fbf g} u/] .@ To; a]nf sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf lrof lkpg]
;fl//flvPsf] lyof] . logLx¿sf cltl/Qm slt rng lyPg . To;}n ] ltgsf] aufgsf] lrof vkt
s'/fx¿ eLdg/l;+xn] n]v]sf sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ / x'g ;s]g . lrof v]tLaf6 gf]S;fg eP kl5 ltgnfO{
sfG5f afF8fn] n]vs ] f sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿af6 hfgsf/L C0f nfUof] / C0f ltg{sf] nflu sdfOsf] ;|f]tsf]
lnP/ oxfF lbOPsf] 5 . eLdg/l;+xnfO{ !@ jif{sf] vf]lhdf ltgL lj=;+= !($& O{=;g\ !*() df d'unfg
pd]/df bfOx¿n] c+z lbO{ 5'6\ofPsf], dsjfgk'/df k;] . bflh{lnª / sflnDkf]ª x'Fb} l;lSsd k'u]/ ltgL
lrofv]tL u/]sf], sfG5f afF8fn] 5f]/f, gfltgfltgfsf ToxL a;f]af; u/]/ wg sdfP/ C0faf6 d'St eP .#
lrGxfx¿ n]vL lrGxf cg';f/ ltgLx¿sf eljiosf a'9;] sfnsf] afFsL hLjg ltgn] g]kfn kmsL{ kf6gsf]
af/]df n]v]sf n]vf}6x¿af6 hfgsf/L lnO{ o; cfg} 3/df latfP . ltgsf] :ju{af; lj=;+= !(*@
cWoogdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tL sfuhsf 6'qmfx¿ O{=;g\ !(@% df *) jif{sf] pd]/df eof] .
klg hL0f{ eO{ arfO/fVg of]Uo g} /x]gg\ .
o; cWoogdf lbOPsf 7fpFx¿sf gfpFx¿ kl/ro #
klg Tolt a]nfsf ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] eGg] u/] sfG5fafF8f
cg';f/sf gfpFx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ . jt{dfgsf eLdg/l;+xsf sfG5f 5f]/f cd[tg/l;+x lktfsf]
/ª\ u ] n LnfO{
/f] + n LÚ, sflnDkf] ª nfO{
sfn] a f] + Ú , ;ª\3if{zLn hLjgsf] ;xofqL aGb} lktf;Fu } l;lSsd
cnu8fnfO{
cf]nuf]8fÚ, k]bf]ªnfO{
k]bf]Ú+, /];LnfO{ k'u ] . ToxfF pgL
sfG5f afF8fÚ gfpFaf6 nf]slk|o eP .
l/;LÚ+, l/gfsnfO{
rf}FyfkfÚ,+ bnkrgnfO{
bnAr]Ú, sfG5f afF8fsf] hGd lj=;+= !(#* O{=;g\ !**! df
lnªtfdnfO{
n]ªtf]+Ú, So'vf]nfnfO{
Sof]+5'vf]Ú+, g]kfnsf] kf6g zx/sf] :ju[xdf ePsf] lyof] . ;fgf]
kbfdrLgnfO{
kmbf+rÚ+] ,+ gfyfªnfO{
gfyf]Ú+ eGg] rng 5Fbf s]6fs]6L;Fu v]Nbf ;w} F pgL /fhf agL v]Ng]
lyof] . o;} cg';Gwfgn] To;a]nfsf] j:t'l:ylt ePsfn] pgnfO{ ;a}n ] g]kfn efiffdf h'h ' eGy] .$
emNsfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn efiffdf /fhfnfO{ h'h ' elgG5 . a'9f] eO;s]/
klg g]kfndf pgnfO{ ;a}n ] h'h ' g} eGy] . pgL cfkm'
kl/ro @ cfhLjg afna|Dxrf/L /x]/ hLjg latfP klg
eLdg/l;+x bfOx¿sf ;GtfgnfO{ clt dfof uy] { / lzIff bLIff
eLdg/l;+x afF8f g]kfnaf6 k|jf;df uO{ w]/} lbGy] . ltgL Hof]ltif ljBfsf lj4fg lyP . cfkm\gf
b'Mv / ;ª\3if{ u/]/ g]kfnL cl:tTjnfO{ hLljt /fVb} lktfn] ahf/ a;fPsf] /ª\un ] Ldf pgn] cfOtaf/] xf6
cfkm\gf] d]xgt / afx'ann] /ª\un
] L vf]nfsf] hª\unnfO{ nufpg] sfo{ ;'? u/]sf lyP .% pgsf lktfn] agfPsf]
dª\un kfb}{ PSn}n] kSsL 3/ 7¥ofO{ k;n yfkL sRrL dlGb/sf] 6x/fdf pgn] lj=;+= !(&$ O{=;g\
a;f]af; u/]/ ahf/ a;fPsf Ps kf}/vL JolQm !(!& df kSsL dlGb/ agfP/^ u0f]z / j'4sf d'lt{x¿
lyP . ltgsf] hGd lj=;+= !()@ O{= ;g\ !*$% df / 9'ªu\ fsf] 7'nf] lzjlnª\u :yfkgf u/] . lzjfnosf]
g]kfnsf] kf6g ;x/df ePsf] lyof] . ltgsf b'O{ k"jk{ l§ pgn] gfy]Zj/ b]jtfsf] ;fgf] dlGb/ klg agfP .&
hgf bfOx¿n] ltgnfO{ !@ jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/df dlGb/ kl/;/ leq pgn] k'hf/L a:g] kSsL 3/ agfO{
c+z lbO{ 5'6\ofO{lbPsf lyP .! k9\g] n]Vg] / ;Lk k'hf/L a|Dxf0f /fvL lzjfno dlGb/df lgTok"hfsf]
Ond l;Sg] afNosfndf cfgf] k]6 kfNgsf] nflu ;d]t Joj:yf u/] .* pgL lj=;+= @))! O{= ;g\ !($$
w]/ } ;d:ofx¿;Fu h'b} ltgL o'jfj:yfdf dsjfgk'/ nIdL k"hfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg :ju{jf; eP .
!= eLdg/l;+xn] l6kf]6 ul//fv]sf] sfuhaf6
@= P]=af6 ahf/ algg cl3 /ª\un ] Lsf] cj:yf
#= 306Lsf] clen]vaf6 k[i7 !* l;lSsdsf] clxn]sf] /ª\un
] L ahf/ 8]9 ztfAbL
$ eLdg/l;+xn] l6kf]6 u/]sf] sfuhdf
h'hÚ' egL n]vs
] f]af6 cl3 /f]+nL 5'vf -/ª\u]nL vf]nf_ sf] au/sf] 3g3f]/
% sfG5f afF8fn] l6kf]6 u/]sf] sfuhaf6
^ 306Ldf ePsf] clen]v k[i7 !* kftn lx+;|s kz'x¿sf] af;:yfg lyof] . sfn]af]+ -
& sfG5f afF8fn] l6kf]6 u/]sf] sfuhaf6 sflnDkf]ª_ af6 ltAatsf] Nxf;f;Dd tGs]sf] 3f]/6] f]
* P] af6f] oxL /f]+nL 5'vfsf] au/ dfemaf6 eP/ uPsf]
k|1 f MM 86
lyof] . Nxf;fdf ;'g l6Kg hfg]x¿ Hofg xTs]nfdf / kGb5f]+l;t eLdg/l;+xsf] lrgfkrL{ eof] .!@
/fv]/ hª\unL lx«; + s kz'x¿af6 hf]luFb } / lxpFbdf pxfFx¿sf] sfd u/L s]xL k};f sdfP kl5 ltgn]
lxpFdf s'NrFb} oxL 3f]/]6f] 6]Sb} lxF8\g ky]{ . ofqf g]kfnsf cfkm\gf ;fx' hLj/fh xnfjfO{nfO{ sfn]af]a+ f6}
clt hf]lvdk"0f{ / si6k"0f{ x'GYof] . s}Fof}F a6f]xLx¿ 8fs -x'nfs_ af6 OG:of]/ u/L clncln ub} { C0f
lxpFdf lxF8b\ flxF8b\ } s7ofª\lu|P/ ;fnLs em} F l7Ë ltb} { uP .!# o;/L C0f lt/] kl5 ;Gb5f] + / kGb5f]ªs
\ f]
plePsf]plePs} eP/ k|f0f TofUby] . s}Fof}ª\sf xft d2taf6 sfn]af]+ ahf/df ltgn] sf7sf] cfgf]
/ v'§fsf cf}Fnfx¿ lxpFn] vfP/ 8'F9] x'Gy] . s;}nfO{ Pp6f kSsL 3/ 7¥ofP .!$ C0f lt/]/ s]xL hf]xf]
lxF8\bf lxF8\b} s}F8f nfu]/ %÷& lbg;Dd Ps} ynf]df u/]kl5 eLdg/l;+xdf s]xL cfTdljZjf; hfu] .
lbg latfpFby] . s}Fof}F a6f]xLsf cfFvf kfs]/ /ftf
eO{ l3p bn] h:tf] lrk|}lrk|f x'Gy] . of] af6f] lxF8\g] sfn]+af]+df af3wf/fsf] lgdf{0f
klysx¿ km]l/ kms]/{ cfO{ cfkm\gf hxfgkl/jf/l;t wfld{s lrQ ePsf eLdg/l;+x afF8fn]
e]6 ug{ kfOg] xf] ls xf]Og eGg] zª\sf lnP/ dg 8fF8fdfly a;]sf] sfn]af]+ ahf/df kfgLsf] cefj
lvGg agfO{ O{Zj/nfO{ k'sf/f ub}{ lx8\y] . ePsf] b]v]kl5 ToxfF hldg leqaf6 s'nf] agfO{
g]kfndf agfOg] lx6Lsf] kf/fn] 9'ª\u] wf/f agfP .
of] 9'ªu\ w] f/fsf] cuf8Lkl§sf] 6'Kkf]df lkQnsf] af3sf]
6fpsf]sf] cfsf/ s'Fb]/ d'vaf6 kfgL emg]{ agfOPsf]
x'Fbf Tof] wf/fsf] gfpF
af3wf/fÚ /flvof] . wf/f]
tof/ ePkl5 eLdg/l;+x afF8fn] ToxL af3wf/fsf]
5]pdf pleP/ Pp6f kmf]6f] klg lv+rfP . Tof] af3
wf/f cBflk 5Fb}5 . ;dofGt/df Tof] af3wf/f
lalu|g nfu]kl5 sflnDkf]ªs} Ps hgf df8jf/Ln]
lh0ff]w{ f/ u/L eLdg/l;+x afF8fsf] gfd x6fP/ cfkm\gf]
gfd /fv] . Tof] af3wf/faf6 em/]sf] kfgL clxn]
klg sflnDkf]ªjf;Ln] lkO/x]s} 5g\ .
kmf]6f] !M /ª\u]nL vf]nf
eLdg/l;+x afF8f -zfSo_ dsjfgk'/df lrof
aufg agfpg] k|oTg c;kmn eP kl5( C0f nfu]/
cefju|:t eO{ ;'tf{ / lk9fn] /GylgP/ cfkm\gf
hxfg / 5f]/f gfltnfO{ g]kfnd} 5f]8/] . lj=;+= !($&
O:jL ;g\ !*() df PSn} d'unfg k;]sf lyP .!)
wg sdfP/ :jb]z kmsL{ C0f lt/]/ cfkm\gf]
a'9];sfnsf] hLjg hxfg 5f]/f gfltsf ;fydf
;'Mvn] latfpg] dg;fo lnP/ ltgL bflh{lnª k'us ] f
lyP .!! s]xL ;do ltgn] ToxL latfP . t/ dg
dflkmssf] sfdsfh / Joj;fo ;dfTg c;dy{ eO{
sdfO{ ug{ g;s] kl5 afF8f ToxfFaf6 sfn]af]+ nfu] .
sfn]af] + a:bf ef]6fªsf wgf9o tyf zf;sx¿ ;Gb5f]+
(= eLdg/l;+xn] n]v]sf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfaf6
!)= dlGb/df /flvPsf] 306Lsf] clen]v k[i7 @#
!!= eLdg/l;+xn] n]v]sf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfaf6
!@= P] af6
!#= P] af6 kmf]6f] @M af3wf/f 5]pdf eLdg/l;+xn]
!$= P] af6 lvrfPsf] kmf]6f]
k|1 f MM 87
sfn]+af]+df a;f]af; u/]kl5 eLdg/l;+xsf] cf]Nuf]/f -cnu8f_ k'u ] . cf]Nuf]/faf6 cf]/fn}cf]/fnf]
w]/ } dflg;x¿;Fu lxdlrd a9\of] . ltgn] ;Gb5f],+ emb}F k]bf]+ -k]bf]ª_ x'Fb} l/;L 5'vf -/];L vf]nf_ t/]/
kGb5f]ª\sf w]/} sfdx¿ klg u/] . ToxfF /xFbfa:bf s]xL psfnf] r9]+ kl5 rf]+yfkf -l/gfs_df af;
ltgsf] e]6 ef/tsf] cª\u]|h ;/sf/sf] l;lSsdsf] a:g k'u] . cfkm\gf] kl/jf/af6 5'l§P/ sfn]af]+ k'Ubf
nflu /fhgLlts clwsf/L -Political Officer_ g} ltgsf] dg cwL/ lyof] . ca kl/jf/nfO{ km]l/
hf]g Sn8 ÅjfO6 -John Clud White _ ;Fu e]6\g kfOg] xf] ls gkfOg] xf] eGg] ;f]rn] Jofs'n
eof] .!% eO{ afF8fn] rf]+yfkfdf /ft latfP . ef]lnkN6 vfgf
vfP/ rf]+yfkfaf6 psfnf] 3f]/]6f] pSnFb} 8fF8fsf]
Gofyf]+df Jofkf/ / 3fF;sf] 7]Ssf yfKnf]df k'uk] l5 klysx¿ la;fpg] Pp6f 7'nf] lrKn]6L
To; ;dodf ef/tdf cª\uh ]| sf] zf;g lyof] . 9'Fuf] ePsf] 7fpFdf afF8f k'u] . of] rKn]6L 9'Fuf
l;lSsdsf] ufGtf]sdf ef/tsf] cª\u|]h ;/sf/sf ePsf]n ] g} of] 8fF8fsf] gfpF bnAr] + -bnkrg_ ePsf]
/fhgLlts clwsf/L -Political Officer in xf] eGg] hgsyg 5 . To; ;dosf] ef]6] efiffdf
Gangtok Sikkim_ hf]g Sn8 XjfO6 -John
bnaÚ eg]sf] r]K6f] cyf{t\ rKn]6L /
r]+Ú eg]sf] 9'Ëf]
Clud White_ a:by] . ltgnfO{ XjfO6;fx]a x'GYof] egL a'9fkfsfx¿n] eGy] . t/ clxn] ef]6]x¿
elgGYof] . cfFvfnfO{
r]Ú+ eG5g\ . bnAr]a+ f6 gfua]nL k/]/ em/]sf]
eLdg/l;+xsf] cbDo ;fx;, nugzLntf / 3f]/]6f] cf]n+b{ } ltgL ;fjf5'vf -;fpvf]nf_ t/]/ s]xL
kf}/v b]v]/ XjfO6 ;fx]an] ltgnfO{ Gofyf]+ -sxL+ t];f] { lxF8/] /f]n
+ L 5'vf -/ª\un ] L vf]nf_ tg{ lalQs}
Gofy'ª n]lvPsf] 5_ -gfyfª_ / emLdf cr]n kmf/L k"j{lt/ km}lnPsf] kftnau/df k'u] . /f]+nL 5'vfsf]
elgG5_ df uO{ Jofkf/ ug{ hfgsf] nflu eg] .!^ hª\unsf] dfemdf ePsf] Pp6f 5fk|f]df k'u]kl5
To; a]nf l;lSsddf dxf/fhf y'6'a gfDUofnsf] eLdg/l;+x afF8f Ps l5g ;':tfP . ToxfF ltgn] Tof]
zf;gsfn lyof] .!& dxf/fh 5'DjLyfª -5'DjL_ df 5fk|f]af6 cfuf] lnO{ tdfv' vfP .
a:by] . 5'DjLyfª klg To; ;dodf l;lSsds} s]xL l5g ToxfF latfP kl5 km]l/ ltgL psfnf]
lyof] . dxf/fhn] To;tfsf g]kfnaf6 cfPsf pSnFb} n]ªtf]+ -lnª\tfd_ k'u] . n]ªtf] 5'vf -lnªtfd
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ vf; -;/sf/L afFemf] tyf v]tL vf]nf_ t/]/ psfnL r9L 8fF8fdf pSn] kl5 t];{}
gul/Psf] hldg_ / k/tL -klxn] v]tL u/]/ 5f]l8 t]l;{Psf] 3f]/]6f] 6]Sb} ltgL Sof]+ 5'vf -So"vf]nf_ t/]/
/fv]sf] a]jfl/;] hldg_ hldgdf a;f]af; u/fpg kf/ u/] . Sof]+ 5'vf kfl/kl§af6 gfua]nL cfsf/
eg]sf lyP .!* Gofyf]+df Jofkf/ ug{ s;}n] klg hfg] lnPsf] psfnL 3f]/6] f] pSnFb } afF8f kmbfFr +] -kmbfdrLg_
cfF6 ug{ g;s]sf] / gdfg]sf] x'Fbf XjfO6 ;fx]an] df af; a:g k'u] . ToxfFaf6 ef]lnkN6 vfgf vfP/
eLdg/l;+xnfO{ tLg k6s ;Dd cfu|x u/]sfn] sfn]a+ f]+ 7f8f] 3f]/]6f] af6f] pSnFb} ;fFemkv ltgL Gofyf]+ -
af6 Gofyf] + hfg tof/ eP .!( hgljxLg ljs6 7fpF, gfyfª_ cfgf] 6'Ëf]df k'u ] . efUonfO{ cfgf] ;fdYo{n]
kxf8sf] psfnf]cf]/fnf], 3g3f]/ hª\un / lx+;s lgwf{/0f ug{ vf]Hg] eLdg/l;+xn] dfof a:g] 5ftLnfO{
kz'x¿sf] cfqmd0fsf] eosf] afah"b klg eLdg/l;+x r§fg agfO{ loaf]usf] lj/xnfO{ 5ftL leq} n'sfO{
afF8f Gofyf]+d
] f Jofkf/ ug{ egL lj=;+= !(%@ O:jL sd{ If]qdf cuf8L a9\g nfu] . Gofyf]a+ f6 ltgLemLdf
;g\ !*(% df lx+8 ] .@) -kmf/L_ ;Dd k'uL Jofkf/ ug{ nfu] . ltgsf] cbDo
sfn]af]a+ f6 bfD;fOnf] 3f]/6] f] af6f] lx+8b\ } ltgL ;xf;, cys kl/>d / nugzLntf yfxf kfP kl5
!%= P] af6 lj=;+= !(%# O:jL ;g\ !*(^ df XjfO6 ;fx]an]
!^= P] af6 s;}n] cfF6 ug{ g;s]sf] / ug{ gdfg]sf] sfd ef]6
!&= y'6'j gfDUon !*&$!(!$ -ltAat_ af6 NofOPsf ;fdfgsf ef/L lhDdf lng]
!*= n]vssf] ck|sflzt n]v
l;lSsdsf] gfds/0f, zf;sx¿ sfd klg ltgnfO{ g} lbP .@! ToxL jif{ vRr/nfO{
/ gfDUon dxf/fhfx¿Ú af6
!(= eLdg/l;+xn] n]v]sf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfaf6 v'jfpg] 3fF;sf] aGbf]j:t ug]{ 7]Ssf klg XjfO6
@)= lzjfno dlGb/sf] 7'nf] 306Ldf s'Fb]sf] clen]v k[i7 ;fx]jn] ltg}nfO{ lhDdf nfP . s'zntfk"j{s cfgf]
@# lhDd]jf/L lgefPsfn] eLdg/l;+xaf6 h]=;L= XjfO6
@!= P] k[i7 @# ;fx]a cToGt k|efljt eP . To;a]nf Gofyf]d+ f lsNnf
k|1 f MM 88
lyof] . ToxL ;fn Gofyf]d
+ f 6]lnu|fkm -Telegraph_ l;+xf;gf¿9 xf]OaS;GYof] . t/ tf/nfOgsf] sDkf;
sf] tf/ nfOg agfpgsf] nflu ;e] { -Survey_ u/L k"/f eO;s]/ klg To; ;dosf l;lSsdsf dxf/fh
sDkf; -Compass_ sf] sfd ;d]t k"/f ul/;lsPsf] y'6g' gfDUo]nn] tf/ nfOg agfpg] :jLs[lt lbPgg\ .
lyof] . To;f] x'bF f Gofyf]d+ f ahf/ a;fpg] sfd klg x'g ;s]g .
Gofyf]d+ f ahf/ a;fpg] sfd x'g g;s]kl5 eLdg/l;+x
/ª\u]nLdf sf7sf] kSsL 3/ lgdf{0f afF8f lj=;+= !(%& O:jL ;g\ !()) df /f]n + Ldf cfO{
ToxL ;fn cyf{t \ lj=;+= !(%# O:jL ;g\ cfkm}nF ] lj=;+= !(%# O:jL ;g\ !*(^ df agfPsf]
!*(^ df /f]+nL 5'vf -/ª\u]nL vf]nf_ sf] au/sf] kSsL 3/df PSn}n ] k;n yfk] . /S;Lsf]
kSsfu2LÚ
3g3f]/ hª\unnfO{ XjfO6 ;fx]an] kmfF8\g nufO{ -/S;L a]Rg] k;n_ klg rnfO{ /f]n + Ldf klg vRr/nfO{
g]kfnL / ef]6]n] 3/ agfO{ ahf/ u/L a;, b];Lx¿ v'jfpg] 3fF;sf] 7]Ssfsf] sfd ;d]t lhDdf lnO{ a8f]
-ef/tLox¿_ n] kfpFb}gg\ egL eg] . ToxL jif{ s'zntf / Odfgbf/Lk"js { u/] .
eLdg/l;+x afF8f PSn}n ] /f]n
+ L 5'vfsf] hª\un kmfF8s ] f] XjfO6 ;fx]asf] df}lvs x'sd' af6 /f]ªu\ nL -
au/df klxn] Gofyf]+ hfFbf la;fP/ tdfv' vfgnfO{ Rongli_ df kSsL 3/ agfPsf] eP tfklg k;n vf]n]
cfuf] lnPsf] 5fk|f] ePs} 7fpFdf sf7sf] b'O{ tn] kl5 dfq ;'lkl/G6]G8]G6 cf]a/f]8 -Superientendent
7'nf] kSsL 3/ agfP .@@ of Road_ n] k;n agfpg -vf]Ng_ sf] nflu 7fpF lbg'
eGg] cf}krfl/s kq tfl/v !! lb;Da/ !()) df dfq
lbPsf lyP .@% /f]n + Lsf] k;n eLdg/l;+x afF8fsf sfG5f
5f]/f cd[tg/l;+x afF8fn] rnfpg nfu] . cfgf lktfsf
sfG5f 5f]/f ePsfn] cd[tg/l;+xnfO{ ;a}n ]
sfG5f
afF8fÚ egL eGg nfu] . ltgsf] gfpF g} sfG5f afF8f
aGof] / oxL gfpF nf]slk|o klg eof] .
kmf]6f] #M /f]+nL 5'vfsf] au/df ;aeGbf klxn]
eLdg/l;+x aFf8fn] la=;+= !(%# O:jL ;g\ !*(^
df agfPsf] kSsL 3/
To:tf] hgljlxg 7fpFdf PSn}n ] kSsL 3/ agfO{
a:g] cfF6 u/]sf b]v/] XjfO6 ;fx]a v';L eO{ eLdg/l;+x
afF8fnfO{ lj=;+= !(%^ O:jL ;g\ !*(( df g]kfnsf]
b:t'/ cg';f/ Gofyf]-+ gfyfª_ df ahf/ a;fpgsf] nflu
kq lbP .@# XjfO6 ;fx]an] ahf/ a;fpgsf] nflu
eg]sf s'/f eLdg/l;+xn] g]kfn cfO{ tTsfnLg /f0ff
k|wfgdGqL jL/ ;D;]/ h=a=/f=nfO{ ;d]t hfx]/L u/] .@$
To; avt g]kfndf >L % k[YjLjL/ljqmd zfxb]j
@@= ;'lkl/G6]G8]G6 cf]a /f]8 sf] tf= !! l8;Da/ !*(%
sf] kq / 306Lsf] clen]v k[i7 @#
@#= hf]g Sn8 XjfO6sf] tf= @$ l8;Da/ !*((, g+=%*
sf] cª\u|]hL / lxGbLdf n]v]sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
@$= lzjfno dlGb/sf] 306Ldf ePsf] clen]v k[i7 @#
@%=
;'kl/6]G8]G6 cf]a /f]8Úsf] tf= !! lb;Da/ !()) sf]
kqsf] kmf]6f]skL kmf]6f] $M afna|Xdrf/L cd[tg/l;+x zfSo
sfG5f afF8fÚ
k|1 f MM 89
9nj6] dfgfkfyLsf] k|rng
eLdg/l;+x afF8f g]kfn uO{ lj=;+= !(%^ O:jL
;g\ !*(( df g]kfnsf tTsfnLg /f0ff ;/sf/nfO{
XjfO6 ;fx]an] l;lSsdsf] Gofyf]d+ f g]kfnsf] b:t'/
cg';f/ ahf/ a;fpg eg]sf s'/f hfx]/ u/] klg
l;lSsd ;/sf/n] tf/ nfOg agfpg :jLs[lt glbPsfn]
x'g ;s]g .@^ t/ lj=;+= !(%& O:jL ;g\ !()) df
g]kfnaf6 9nj6] dfgfkfyL lnP/ cfO{ l;lSsdsf]
/f]n
+ Lsf] k;ndf h:t} u/L tL dfgfkfyLn] cGgx¿
e/]/ v/LbljqmL u/L Jofkf/ ug{ nfu] .@&
hf]g Sn8 JxfO6n] lbPsf] lr7L kmf]6f] %M ->L % k[YjL jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf]
zf;gsfndf lj=;+= !($% df agfPsf] 9nj6] kfyL .
l;lSsddf ;aeGbf klxn] oxL kfyLn] dfgfkfyLsf]
rng ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . x]gx{ ' f]; \ kfyLsf] kmf]6f]sf] 5fkdf
>L % k[YjLsf] gfd, lj=;+= !($% g+= !$# k9\gf]; \ ._
of]Uo lktfsf kf}/vL k'qÚ eg] em} F cd[tg/l;+x
sfG5f afF8fÚ klg d]xgtL, kf}/vL / ;xf;L lyP .
ltgn] /f]+nLsf] k;n lhDdf lnO{ cfgf lktfsf]
Joj;fonfO{ 6]jf lbP . cfhGd ljjfx gu/L
afna|Dxrf/LÚ eP/ a;]sf@* eP tfklg sfG5f afF8f
cfgf dftflktf, bfO, elth / gftfgltgf k|lt
cfgf] bfloTj af]w ub{y] . ltgL Hof]ltifljBfsf
ljåfg\ klg lyP .@( /f+nLdf 3fF;sf] 7]Ssf, /S;L
u2L / cgfh cflbsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ dfq xf]Og sfG5f
;'lkl/G6]G8]G6 cf]a /f]8n] lbPsf] lr7L afF8fn] em}emu8f l5Gg] / bf]ifLnfO{ b08 / y'Gg]
sfd ;d]t ub{y] .#)
kmf]6f] ^M UofGrL wfjf kl5 /ª\u]nLdf sf7sf] 3/
agfO{ yfk]sf ;'?sf b];Lx¿ / g]kfnLx¿ kmf]6f]df
ePsf dflg;x¿sf gfd
k5fl8 pleg]x¿ -tkfO{+sf] afofFkl§af6 qmd}l;t_
d's"Tof/ d's"Tof/ sfG5f v/bf/
;'bfdf
k|;fb xs{jL/ kf;fª l5l/ª v8\
snjf/ k|wfg ef]6]
s';L{df a:g]x¿ -tkfO{+sf] afofFkl§af6 qmd}l;t_
!
! !
% "(!) )*$
"
"
"
$ &' *+ -.#
#$ #$
,
$
cufl8 e'Odf b/L cf]5\ofP/ a:g]x¿ -tkfO{+sf]
afofFkl§af6 qmd}l;t_
$
'01! 2
#/
*+
34 !5,*+
/Lgf sfhLn] cd[t g/l;+x -sfG5f afF8f_ nfO{ #!= P] k[ @#
lbPsf] lr7L #@= P] k[ @#
k|1 f MM 91
kSsL b]jfno dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f
UofGrLsf] wfjf /f]lsPkl5 eLdg/l;+x afF8f
g]kfn kf6gsf] 3/df uO{ a:g nfu] . 5f]/f sfG5f
afF8fn] /f]+nLsf] k;nsf] Jofkf/ ;Dxfn]sfn] klg
ltgL 9'Ss eO{ g]kfndf g} a;L a'9];sfnsf] hLjg
latfpg nfu] . sfG5f afF8fn] a'afn] agfPsf]
b]jfnosf] sRrL 6x/fnfO{ eTsfO{ To; 7fpFdf
9'ª\ufsf] kvf{n nufP/ ss{6 kftfsf] 5fgf nufO{
kSsL b]jfno dlGb/ agfP .##
kmf]6f] *M dlGb/ lgdf{0f sfndf :yfkgf ul/Psf]
lkQnsf] kftfdf dfly p7fP/ s'lF bPsf] u0f]zsf] d"lt{
dlGb/leq hldgdf ufl8P/ /xL hldgdfly
klg cNuf] p7]sf] 7'nf] 9'ª\ufdfly a'4sf] ple/x]sf]
9'ªu\ fsf] d"lt{ /fvL ;f] d"lt{sf] l;/fgdf ;'g df]nDjf
ul/Psf] lkQnsf] ;fgf] uh'/ /fv]/ :joDe' b]jtf
klg ltgn] agfP .
kmf]6f] &M lj=;+= !($& O{=;= !(!& ;fndf
agfOPsf] b]jfno dlGb/
ltgn] dlGb/sf] ] jl/kl/ km"n /f]Kg] au}r
F f klg
agfP . dlGb/leq ltgn] kvf{n Ujfvrf -kvf{ndfem
b]jtf /fVgnfO{ tfs h:tf] u/L agfOPsf]_ x¿
agfpg nufP/ ltgLx¿leq 9'ªu\ fx¿ /fvL ljleGg
b]jLb]jtfx¿sf gfd lbP .
dlGb/ leq ltgn] g]kfnaf6 agfpg nufP/
NofPsf] lkQnsf] kftfdf dfly p7fP/ s'Fb]sf] sl/a
kGw| OGr cNuf] / Ps km'6 rf}8fOsf] u0f]z d"lt{ klg
:yfkgf u/] . kmf]6f] (M dlGb/ lgdf{0f sfndf dlGb/ leq
ufl8Psf] 9'ª\ufdfly agfOPsf] :joDe" /
##= P]= k[=@# ple/x]sf a'4sf] d"lt{
k|1 f MM 92
ltgn] dlGb/sf] 5fgfdfly a'hf{ lgsfn]/ ;f] sfG5f afF8fn] cfgf lktf eLdg/l;+x /
a'hf{sf] 6'Kkfdf ;'g df]nDjf ul/Psf] lkQnsf] s/La cfkm}Fn] u/]sf d]xgt / b'Mvk"0f{ ;ª\3if{sf] aofg
!* OGr cNuf] 7'nf] uh'/ klg h8fg u/] . To; 306Ldf n]vL s'Flb/fv]sf lyP . ;f] n]v h:tf
t:t} oxfF lbOPsf] 5 .
306Ldf ePsf] clen]v
æ>L ! d'io >L u0f]z bfof >L sfnL jfof >L
e}/jx¿ g]kfn ;x/ kf6g y}gfsf >L zfSoj+z
eLdg/l;+xn] $& ;fndf bfHo]{lnª\u cfO a:bf
Gofy'udf Jofkf/ ug{ hfp elg # kQs ;Dd ;sf{/n]
x'sd' lbGbf b];Lx¿ hfg' g;s]sf] x]/L %@ ;fn
Gofy'u / emL+df ;Dd a]kf/df uofsf] / Gofy'udf
ef]6s ] f] dfn lhDdf lng] /sd s;}n ] gu/bf ;f] /sd
kmf]6f] !)M dlGb/ lgdf{0f sfndf h8fg ul/Psf] 3fF;sf] 7]sf ;d]t %# ;fndf rnfO a;bf ;f]
;'g df]nDaf ul/Psf] lkQnsf] uh'/ lsNnf / tf/n}g 6fg]sf / ;f]xL ;fndf o; /ª\un ] Ldf
o;/L kSsL dlGb/ tof/ eP kl5 lj=;+=!(&$ g]kfnL / ef]l6ofn] ahf/ u/L a; b];Lx¿n] kfpFbg}
O:jL ;g\ !(!& ;fn efb| z'Sn qof]bzLsf] lbg egL ;sf{/n] hª\un kmf/L lbFbf PSn}n ] bf]sfg agfO
;a} eQmhg e]nf u/L b]jfnosf] ljlwjt\ k|lti7fkg a;]kl5 Gofy'udf ! ahf/ g]kfnsf b:t'/ dtfljsn]
u/fP/ k"hf cr{gf ul/of] .#$ sfG5f afF8fn] kSsL j; egL ;'sLdsf cle;/ >L Xjfo't ;fx]aaf6 %^
dlGb/ agfO{ ;s]/ ljlwjt\ k"hf cr{gf u/L k|lti7fkg ;fndf lbofsf x'sd' gfdf g]kfn ;d]t hfx]/ eofsf]
u/]sf] va/ g]kfnsf] kf6gdf /x]sf &@ jif{ k'u]sf / Gofu'udf tf/sf] n}g Nofpgfsf] skf; e} ;s]df
lktf eLdg/l;+x afF8fnfO{ n]v] . j[4 lktf 5f]/f]sf] ef]l6ofn] d~h'/L gu/bf o; /ª\un ] Ldf 3fF;sf] /
wfld{s sfo{af6 v';L eO{ g]kfnaf6} ;f9] 5 ;]/ kSsf ubLsf] 7]sf ;d]t a;fO g]kfnsf] 9nj dfgf
tf}n ePsf] Pp6f 7'nf] 306L b]jfnodf /fVgsf] kflyn] a]kf/ %& ;fn} b]lv rnfO{ a;L 7'nf] bf]sfg
nflu k7fOlbP . sfG5f afF8fn] ;f] 306L ToxL ;fn agfO OZj/ elUt gkfpgfn] ! b]jtfx¿ %* ;fndf
cyf{t \ lj=;+= !(&$ O:jL ;g\ !(!& sflt{s z'Sn :yfkgf ug] { >L zfSoj+; eLdg/l;+xsf] 5f]/f gftL
rt'b{zL dª\unaf/sf] lbg ev{/} lgdf{0f ;DkGg dfxLnf 5f]/f j'l4g/l;+x sfG5f cd[tg/l;+x gftL
ePsf] b]jfnodf k"hf cfhf u/L h8fg u/] .#% lz4Lg/l;+xx¿n] ;]jf elQm u/L a:bf ^) ;fndf
UofFrL wfjf rn]df k~r enf dflg;n] ;f] bf]sfg
agfO{ ahf/ a;]sf 5f]6f a8f eQmhg ;snsf] ;f]
OR5f dtfljssf] wd{ k|Llt u/L >Lsf] dGbLn lzjfno
agfO{ ;'gsf] uh'/ ;lxtsf] u/L eQmhg ;sn d]n
em} F >'wf cg';f/n] k"hf u/L &$ ;fn efb| ;'bL !#
/f]hdf :yfkgf eofsf] xfn g]kfndf &@ jif{sf pd]/
n] ;f] xfn kfpFbfdf 5 .. ;]/sf] ! 3G7 ;f]xL ;fn
sflt{s ;'bL !$ /f]h # df r9fofsf] 5' + x] OZj/
l;WbL bftf eut hg pk/ ;bf /Iff /Iff /fh rf]/
cUgL u[x k|L9f ;sn ljWg x/g u/g] e} >L ;"Yo{
pboft l:y/ xf]O c}:j/h] ;LwL kmn hutf ;bf
ej]t ;'eDd\ ..Æ
kmf]6f] !! M eLdg/l;+x afF8fn] g]kfnaf6 dlGb/sf] #$= P] k[ @#
nflu r9fO{ k7fPsf] ;f8] 5 ;]/sf] 306L #%= P] k[ @#
k|1 f MM 93
306Lsf] lrq d'lg b]lvPsf] kfnf h:tf] lxGb'wd{ / a'4 wd{ b'js
} f b]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ k"hf
sfG5fafF8fn] g]kfnsf] kf6gaf6 agfpg nufP/ cf/fwgf ub{y ] . lj=;+= !(&& O:jL ;g\ !(@) ;fndf
NofPsf lkQnsf kfnfx¿ dlGb/ leqsf] u0f]zyfgsf] ltgn] 9'ªu\ fsf] 7'nf] lzjlnË agfpg nufP/ dlGb/
jl/kl/ tLglt/ l/Ë} h8fg u/] . rf8af8 / a]nf leq :yfkgf u/] .#* o:tf] sfo{n ] klg ltgn] ;a}sf]
avtdf tL kfnfx¿df sfFrf] wfuf]sf] aQL sftL cfb/ kfP . bLgb'MvL, c;xfo / 6'x/' f6'x/' LnfO{
vfg]tn] /fv]/ tL bLofx¿ aflnGy] . lbGxf} lgTo ltgL ;w} F dfof uy] { . cfkm'n ] ;Sg] d2t ug{ ltgL
k"hfsf cltl/Qm sfG5fafF8fn] rf8af8df g]kfns} ;bf tTk/ /xGy] . Odfgbfl/tf / ;Tojflbtfn] ubf{
kf/fn] ljz]if k"hf ub{y] . lbGxf}F ;fFemdf sfG5f sfG5fafF8fsf] gfpF l;lSsd el/ km}lnPsf] lyof] .
afF8fsf] 3/af6 aQL sft]/ dlGb/df / gfy]Zj/sf] ltgn] ;a}af6 cfb/;Ddfg kfPsf lyP . ltgL @))!
;fgf] dlGb/df ;d]t aQL r9fOGYof] . clxn] ;f] ;fn nIdLk"hfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg :juf{/f]x0f eP .
306L rf]/L eO{ x/fO;Sof] . Tof] 306Lsf] 7fpFdf sfG5fafF8fn] a|fDx0f k'hf/L /fvL dlGb/df lgTo
To:t} cfsf/sf] csf]{ 306L /flvPsf] lyof] . k"hf, ;fFemdf cf/tL ug] { Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf lyP .
k'hf/LnfO{ ahf/sf eQmhgn] ;Lbf lbg] Joj:yf klg
/f]n
+ Ldf cfOtaf/] xf6ahf/ ldnfPsf lyP .#( k'hf/LnfO{ a:gsf] lglDt dlGb/ kl/;/
UofGrLsf] wfjf kl5 /f]n+ Ldf dfG5]x¿sf] rxn leq} 3/ klg sfG5f afF8fn] agfOlbPsf lyP .
kxn a9\of] . 3/x¿ / k;nx¿ klg qmdzM a9\g
nfUof] . Jofkf/Lx¿ / pkef]Qmfqm]tfx¿sf] lsga]r
ug] { ynf] eP kl5 /f]n+ LnfO{
/ª\un] L ahf/Ú elgg nfUof] .
/ª\un] L ahf/Ú jl/kl/ klg v]tLx¿ ul/g nfu] . /ª\un] L
ahf/ jl/kl/ ufpFa:tLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg a9\g nfUof] .
g]kfnsf ufpFx¿af6 cfn', ;'Gtnfsf] ef/L af]Sg el/of
agL cfpg]x¿n] ToxfF jl/kl/sf ?vfkfvf hdLgx¿
cfjfb u/L a:g nfu] . /ª\un] L ahf/ jl/kl/ ufpF
a:tLsf] ;ª\Vof a9]kl5 lsga]r ug] { s]Gb| /ª\un] L ahf/
algof] . ca Ps lglZrt lbgdf lsGg] / a]Rg]x¿ /ª\un] L
ahf/df cfpgsf] nflu sfG5f afF8fn] x/]s cfOtaf/sf]
lbg xf6ahf/ nufpg] Joj:yf u/] .#^ xf6df a]Rg
gcfpnfg\ egL a]Rg cfpg]x¿sf] lbg el/ a]r/] afFsL
/x]sf / glas]sf dfn;fdfgx¿ cfOtaf/ ;fFem sfG5f
afF8fn] lsGg] u/] .#& sfG5fafF8fn] ;'? u/]sf] cfOtaf/]
xf6ahf/ cfh ko{Gt /ª\un] L ahf/df cfOtaf/} lkR5]
nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .
b]jfnodf lzjlnª\usf] :yfkgf
sfG5fafF8f Hof]ltifzf:qsf 1ftf, kf}/vL /
;dfh;]jL klg ePsfn] ;j{ kl/lrt / nf]slk|o klg kmf]6f] !@M lj=;+= !(&& O{=;g\ !(@) df
eP . ltgL ;a} wd{nfO{ ;dfg cfb/ uy] { . h'g;'s} sfG5fafF8fn] :yfkgf u/]sf lzjlnË
wd{ klg dfgjsNof0fsf] nflu algPsf] x'G5, To;}n]
;a} wd{nfO{ cfb/ ug' { k5{ egL ltgL eGby] . ltgn] gfy]Zj/ b]jtfsf] dlGb/ lgdf{0f
lj=;+= !(^) ;fnsf] UofGrL wfjf cyf{t\
#^= sfG5fafF8fn] n]v]sf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfaf6
#&= P] n] n]v]sf] P] af6 ef/tsf cª\uh ]| / ltAatsf ef]6 ] aLr ePsf] n8fO{
#*= P] n] n]v]sf] P] af6 kl5 /ª\un] Ldf / jl/kl/sf a:tLx¿df dflg;x¿sf]
#(= P] n] n]v]sf] P] af6 a;f]af; a9\b } hfg nfUof] . hf]g Sn8 XjfO6 -XjfO6
k|1 f MM 94
;fx]a_ n] l;lSsd 5f8]kl5 l;lSsdsf] zf;gsf] cNuf] afF;'/L ;dfO{ v'§fs}FrL h:tf] agfO{ ple/x]sf]
afu8f]/ l;lSsdsf dxf/fhfsf] xftdf cfof] . t/ s[i0fsf] d"lt{ / ;fydf bfofF / afofF ple/x]sf b'O{
To; ;dosf l;lSsdsf dxf/fhf y'ta' gfDUon j6f /fwfx¿sf d"lt{x¿ ;lxt tLg}j6f d"lt{x¿
5'DaLyfªdf al;/x]sfn] l;lSsdsf] k|zf;g rnfpg nx/} Ps} 7fpFdf ePsf] d"lt{ ltgLx¿n] lnP/ cfP .
/ lt/f] p7fpgsf] nflu hdLgbf/L k|yfsf] yfNgL ;fy} ;'g df]nDjf ul/Psf lkQnsf s/La !) OGr
ul/of] .$) /ª\un ] L ahf/ / jl/kl/sf a:tLx¿ ldnfP/ cNuf b'O { j6f uh'/x¿ klg ltgLx¿n] /fwfs[i0fsf]
5'hflrg Onfsf agfOof] . 5'hflrg Onfsf leq d"lt{;uF } lnP/ cfP . logLx¿sf cltl/St lkQnsf
l/gfs ahf/ klg kb{Yof] . l/gfsdf a:g] sfhL ;f]gfd kftfdf dfly p7\g] u/L s'FlbPsf e}/j / sfnLsf
8f8'n ef]6n] fO{ 5'hflrg Onfsfsf hldgbf/ agfOP . b' O { j6f d" l t{ x ¿sf kftfx¿ klg kf6gsf
l/gfsdf a:g] ePfn] sfhLnfO{
l/gfs sfhLÚ elgg d"lt{sf/x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿n] agfpg nufP/ NofP .
nfu] . l/gfs sfhLsf] kmf]6f] dfly /flvPsf] ;d"x
ePsf] kmf]6f] g+= ^ df 5 .$! /ª\un
] L ahf/sf] hg;ª\Vof
a9\g nfu] kl5 ToxfF dgf]/~hgsf] nflu wfld{s
gfrx¿sf] cfof]hgf rf8af8sf] ;dodf ul/g
nfluof] . gfrufgsf b]jtfsf] k'sf/f ug{ /ª\un ] L
dlGb/sf] k"jk{ l§ gfy]Zj/ b]jtfsf] ;fgf] dlGb/ klg
sfG5f afF8fs} ;lqmotfdf agfOPsf] lyof] .$@ of]
dlGb/ ;fgf] dlGb/sf] gfdaf6 k|rlnt 5 .
b]jfnodf yk d"lt{x¿ / uh'/x¿
sfG5f afF8fsf] :juf{/f]x0fkl5 ltgsf elthf
t]hg/l;+x zfSo / gftL g/]Gb|g/l;+x zfSon] ;f] b]jfnodf
g]kfnsf] kf6gaf6 NofO{ yk d"lt{x¿ h8fg u/] .
kmf]6f] !$M lkQnsf] kftfdf dfly p7\g] u/L s'Fb]/
agfOPsf] e}/jsf] d"lt{
kmf]6f] !#M b]jfno dlGb/df yk d"lt{x/ r9fpg]
sfG5fafF8fsf elthf t]hg/l;+x zfSo
g]kfnsf] kf6gsf] cfgf] 3/df uO{ ToxfFsf
d"lt{sf/x¿nfO{ agfpg nufP/ 9nj6sf] !% OGr
$)= n]vssf] ck|sflzt
l;lSsdsf] gfds/0f, zf;sx¿
/ gfDUofn dxf/fhx¿Úaf6
$!= hgsyg kmf]6f] !%M lkQnsf] kftfdf dfly p7\g] u/L s'Fb]/
$@= sfG5f afF8fn] n]v]sf] sfuhsf] 6'qmfaf6 agfOPsf] sfnLsf] d"lt{
k|1 f MM 95
e}/j / sfnLsf tL b'O { j6f d"lt{x¿nfO{ dlGb/ kl/;/df af}4 u'Dkfsf] lgdf{0f
klxn] dlGb/ agfpFbf g} :yfkgf ul/Psf lkQnsf] lj=;+= @)@) O{=;g\ !(^# df ;f] dlGb/sf]
kftfdf dfly p7\g] u/L s'FlbPsf] u0f]zsf] d"lt{sf] pQ/k"j{kl§ dlGb/ kl/;/leq tTsfnLg l;lSsd
bfofF / afofF :yfkgf ul/of] . ;/sf/af6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt u/L To; ;dosf]
l;lSsdsf] sfplG;nsf ;b:o sfpG;n/ -Member
of the Sikkim Council_ tyf afG5f afF8fsf h]7f
bfOkl§sf gflt g/]Gb| g/l;+x zfSosf] ;lqmotfdf
;a} >4fn' eQmhg eO{ dnflu/L sf7 -af:gf cfpg]
sf7_ sf] u'Dkf agfO{ ToxfF j'4 eujfgsf] 7'nf] d"lt{
agfpg nufP/ :yfkgf u/] . nfdfx¿nfO{ k"hf
kmf]6f] !^M e}/j, u0f]z / sfnLsf] lkQnsf] kf7 ug{ nufO{ :jl:t zflGt u/fO{ k|lt:7f ul/of] .
kftfdf sFl' bPsf d"lt{x¿
oL d"lt{x¿ ePsf] 7fpFaf6 kfFr lkm6 blIf0fdf
/ lzjlnË ePsf] 7fpFaf6 kfFr lkm6 pQ/df kg]{
u/L aLr nx/df /fwfs[i0fsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/of] .
dlGb/sf] 5fgfdf agfOPsf # j6f a'hf{x¿ dWo]
klxnf] Pp6fdf dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf] avtdf g} uh'/
h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . afFsL bf];|f] / t];|f] b'O{ j6f
a'hf{x¿df uh'/ lyPg . g]kfnaf6 NofOPsf b'O{
j6f uh'/x¿ tL a'hf{x¿df h8fg ul/of] . d"lt{x¿
/ uh'/x¿ /fVg] sfd k"/f ePkl5 t]hg/l;+x zfSo
/ g/]Gb|g/l;+x zfSon] lj=;+=@))% O{=;g\ !($*
j}zfv z'Sn cIfo t[tLofsf] lbg ;a} eQmhgsf]
pkl:yltdf k"hfcr{gf / o1xf]d u/L klg:yf
u/] .$# kmf]6f] !*M g/]Gb| g/l;+x zfSo -l;lSsdsf k"j{
sfpG;n/_
-e}/j, sfnL / s[i0fsf] d"lt{ /fVg] / u'Dkf
lgdf{0fdf ;lqmo t]hg/l;+xsf elthf g/]Gb|g/l;+x _
To; u'Dkfdf lgTo k"hf ug] { Joj:yf ;d]t
ldnfO{ nfdf /fvL a:g] Joj:yf klg ul/of] .
Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf /ª\u]nL ahf/
k"j{df lnªtfd, kmbfdrLg, l;ª\3fg]jf;,
;'efg]8fF8f, l/u', klZrddf kfd, l/gfs, /f]8fyfª,
pQ/df 5'hflrg, kflyª, nfdft]g / blIf0fdf
rfFu]nfvf, bnkrgsf] dfemdf /x]sf] /ª\u]nL ahf/
clxn] cfP/ Jofkfl/s s]Gb| algPsf] 5 . 3gf hËn
/ cuDo kxf8x¿nfO{ cfjfb u/L g]kfnLx¿n]
pAhfp x'g] agfO;s]sf 5g\ . of] ahf/sf k"j{ /
kmf]6f] !&M bfofFafofF /fwfx¿ / aLrdf s[i0f Ps} cfUg]olt/sf a:tLx¿df k|z:t cfn' / c+n}rL
7fpFdf ePsf] d"lt{ pTkfbg x'G5g\ . oxfFsf] cfn' ljxf/sf 5k/f,
:ofp/fkm'NnL, alnof, k6gflt/sf Jofkf/Lx¿n]
$#= /fwfs[i0fsf] d"lt{sf] k5fl8kl§sf] leQfdf n]lvPsf]
aLpsf] nflu v/Lb u/L n}hfG5g\ . cn}r
F L klg
k|1 f MM 96
ef/tsf ljleGg 7fpFx¿df lgof{t x'G5 . g]kfnLx¿ dWo]sf gd"gf pbfx/0f dfq x'g \ .
oxfFnfO{ rflxg] cfn'sf] aLp ltAatsf] cg]sf} F k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿sf s}oF f} F s[Tox¿ /
5'DaLyfªaf6 cfpFYof] . t/ clxn] eg] ToxfFaf6 cfn'sf] b]gx¿ lj:d[ltsf ue{df x/fO;s]sf 5g\ . rf;f]
aLp cfpg 5f]8s ] f]n ] :yfgLo cfn' g} /f]lkG5 . /fVg]x¿n] vf]tNg] k|oTg u/] klg b;L / cjz]ifx¿sf]
cefjdf k'li6 ug{ sl7g kb{5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{
pk;+xf/ x]/]/ ;'?sf] cj:yfsf] sNkgf dfq ug{ klg ufx|f]
jt{dfgsf] l;lSsdsf] /ª\u]nL ahf/sf] x'G5 . lsgls ;dosf] k|jfx;Fu } e"w/ftnsf] :j¿k,
k|f/lDes cj:yfsf] :j¿ksf] lrq k|:t't ug]{ o; pb\leb\, hLjgofkgsf] z}nL cflb Psbd} leGg}
cg';Gwfgk/s cWoogsf] d"ne"t k|oTg xf] . ljutdf ePsf 5g\ . clxn]sf] cj:yfsf] :j¿kn] ztflAbof}F
g]kfnLx¿ u/Laf]n] lklN;P/ ddf{xt eO{ 56k6fpFb} cl3sf] jftfj/0f / lbgrof{ yfxf kfpg c;Dej
d'unfg k;]/ ToxfFsf] s7f]/ jftfj/0fnfO{ cg's"n k|foM x'G5 . n]vsn] o; cg';GwfgfTds cfn]våf/f
kfb}{ afFRg] sf]l;; u/]sf] emNsf] o; cg';Gwfgdf /ª\un] L ahf/sf] cleef{jsf] lrq k|:t't ug] { k|oTg
lbOPsf] 5 . eLdg/l;+x / sfG5fafF8f To:tf s}of}F u/]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;ª\st]
!= eLdg/l;+xn] lj=;+= !(&$ df r9fPsf] 306Ldf ePsf] clen]v k[i7 @#
@= kmf]6f] g+= ! p; j]nfsf] /ª\un ] L vf]nf
#= kmf]6f] g+= @ sflnDkf]ªsf] af3 wf/f ;lxtsf] eLdg/l;+xsf] kmf]6f]
$= kmf]6f] g+= # lj=;+= !(%# df eLdg/l;+xn] agfPsf] /ª\u]nLsf] kSsL 3/
%= kmf]6f] g+= $ sfG5fafF8f cd[tg/l;+x zfSo
^= kmf]6f] g+= % l;lSsddf dfgfkfyL ;'? ul/Psf] klxnf] kfyL -x]g;{ ' 5fkælj=;+=!($% >L % k[YjLjL/ ljqmd n]lvPsf] Æ_
&= kmf]6f] g+= ^ 7]sfbf/ l/gfs sfhL / UofGrL wfjf kl5 /ª\u]nLdf k;n vf]Ng] b];Lx¿ -
ef/tLox¿_ / g]kfnLx¿
*= kmf]6f] g+= & sfG5f afF8fn] lj=;+= !(&$ df agfPsf] /ª\u]nLsf] lzjfno dlGb/
(= kmf]6f] g+= * dlGb/ lgdf{0fsfndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] u0f]zsf] d"lt{
!)= kmf]6f] g+= ( dlGb/ lgdf{0fsfndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] :joDe' r}To
!!= kmf]6f] g+= !) dlGb/ lgdf{0fsfndf h8fg ul/Psf] ;'g df]nDjf ul/Psf] uh'/
!@= kmf]6f] g+= !! eLdg/l;+xn] r9fO k7fPsf] ;f8] ^ ;]/sf] 7'nf] 306L
!#= kmf]6f] g+= !@ sfG5fafF8fn] lj=;+= !(&& df :yfkgf u/]sf] 9'ª\ufsf] 7'nf] lzjlnª
!$= kmf]6f] g+= !# t]hg/l;+x
!%= kmf]6f] g+= !$ lj=;+= @))% df :yfkgf ul/Psf] e}/jsf] d"lt{
!^= kmf]6f] g+= !% lj=;+= @))% df :yfkgf ul/Psf] sfnLsf] d"lt{
!&= kmf]6f] g+= !^ e}/j, u0f]z / sfnL nx/} /flvPsf d"lt{x¿
!*= kmf]6f] g+= !& bfofFafofF /fwfx¿ / aLrdf s[i0f Ps} 7fpFdf ePsf] d"lt{
!(= kmf]6f] g+= !* g/]Gb| g/l;+x zfSo
@)= sfG5fafF8fsf l6kf]6 sfuhx¿ / pgn] n]v]sf lrGxfx¿
@!= hf]g Sn8 XjfO6sf] tf/Lv @$ l8;Da/ !*(( sf] g+=%* sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
@@= ;'kl/6]G8]G6 ca /f]8, l;lSsdsf] tfM !! l8;Da/ !()) sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
@#= /Lgfs sfhLn] cd/Ltg/l;+x g]jf/nfO{ lbPsf]tfM %÷$÷!(!! sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
@$ eLdg/l;+xsf l6kf]6 sfuhx¿
;dflji6
!= tfM!! l8;Da/ !()) sf] ;'kl/6]G8]G6 cf]a /f]8, l;lSsd sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
@= tfM @$ l8;Da/ !*(( sf] hf]g Sn8 XjfO6sf] cª\u]h | Ldf n]lvPsf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
#= l/gfs sfhLn] lbPsf] tfM%÷$÷!(!! sf] kqsf] kmf]6f]skL
$= 306Lsf] clen]v ;f/]sf] k[ @#
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 97
;fdflhs zf:qLo cWoog
g]kfnL :jtGqtfsf] Oltxf;sf tLg sfnv08 / g]kfnsf]
eljio
Pg=kL= cfrfo{
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 112
;fdflhs zf:qLo cWoog
ljqmdflbTo
zLtn lu/L
Pshgf ljrf/zLn lh1f;'sf] lh1f;f lyof] jQL;k'tnLdf /fhwfgL :yfkgf u/]/ zf;g u/]sf
ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] p7fg / k|rng slxn]bl] v / sxfFaf6 lyP . lnR5lj j+zsf t];f| ] /fhf ljqmdflbTon] rt'dv '{
ePsf] xf] . ljZje/ rn]sf] ;Dat\\x¿df ljqmd gf/fo0f :yfkgf u/L hf]8L wf/f agfO{ tLy{;d]t
;Dat\ h]7f] ;Dat\\ xf] . lxdjtv08 g]kfn k[YjLsf] rnfP/ cfgf] gfdaf6 lj=;+= rnfPsf] dflgG5 .
:ju{el" d ePsfn] g]kfn ljZjsf] g} k|frLg ;Eotfsf] O{= k"= %& df hf]8Lwf/f agfO{ rt'd'{v gf/fo0fsf]
s]Gb|:yn elgPsf] 5 . :yfkgf ug'{ eg]sf] ;f] ;dodf nf]ssf] 7"nf] lxt
Oltxf;ljb\ gogfy kf}8Øfnn] k'/ftj ljefu u/]sf] x'g uof] . pgsf] sfo{af6 nf]s ;Gt'i6 lyP .
/fli6«o k':tsfnoaf6 k|sflzt efiff j+zfjnLdf u0fklt ljqmdflbTon] oltdfq sfd u/]sf xf]Ogg\ .
ljqmdflbTo /fhf ljifosf ls+jbGtLx¿ pNn]v ub}{ pgsf] To:tf] s'g sfd xf] hf] nf]sn] pgnfO{
jh|of]lugLaf6 kf/;dl0f;lxt cfzLjf{b k|fKt u/]sf] kl5;Dd ;lDem/x], pgn] u/]sf cg]sf} F sfdx¿dWo]
/fhk|;fbsf] blIf0ftkm{ -xfnsf] gf/fo0flx6L_ rt'dv '{ rt'dv '{ gf/fo0fsf] :yfkgf, hf]8Lwf/f / tLy{ rnfpg'
gf/fo0f :yfkgf u/L hf]8L wf/f agfO{ tLy{;d]t klg Ps xf] .
rnfPsf] / lj=;+= rnfPsf] pNn]v ug'e { Psf] 5 . s]xL ca'emx¿, s'kd08'kx¿ ljqmd;Dat\n \ fO{
o:t}, sfe|] lhNnfsf] pQ/k'/ gfnf;Dd g]kfnLx¿sf] xf]Og egL /6 nufO/x]sf 5g\ .
ljqmdflbTo /fhfn] /fHo u/]sf] s'/f k|rlnt 5 . ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] af/]df yfxf kfpg vf]Hg]n ] ;aeGbf
;fFv' jh|of]lugLsf] dflyNnf] dlGb/df ljqmdflbTo klxn] alHh u0f/fHosf] af/]df yfxf kfpg' kb{5 .
/fhfsf] 6fpsf] 5 . h;sf] k"hf u/]/ jh|frfo{ alHhx¿sf] j}zfnL chftzq'n ] Wj:t agfPsf] Oltxf;
j+zsf k'hf/L cWofjlw a;]sf 5g\ . klg x]gk{' b{5 . efu]sf alHhx¿ sxfF uP Tof] vf]hL
g]kfndf ljqmdflbTo /fhfsf] o; If]qdf ug' { kb{5 . alHh u0fsf lnR5lj g]kfn pkTosfdf
cl:tTj ePsf] x'Fbf g} o;/L 6fpsfsf] k"hf ul/Fb} cfPsf] vf]hL ul/g' k5{ . lsF/ft ;ª\3nfO{ lnR5ljx¿n]
cfPsf] xf] . ljqmdflbTon] cfgf] ;dodf cg]sf}F slxn] cfgf] cwLgdf kf/] Tof] v'6Øfpg' kb{5 . ta
;fx;L sfd u/]sfn] g} ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] p7fg ePsf] aNn ljqmdflbTosf] glhs k' U g ;lsG5 .
xf] . cg'dfg of oyfy{ s] xf] < slt g]kfnLn] ljqmdflbTosf sfo{x¿sf] vf]hL ul/g' kb{5 . bQlrQ
ljqmd;Dat\\sf] oyfy{ a'g vf]h]sf 5g\ < ;fFRr} eP/ nfUg' kb{5 . ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] oyfy{ vf]hL ug{sf]
eGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/L kIfaf6 lj=;+=sf] tYok"0f{ ;To nflu ;fws aGg' kb{5 . ;fwgf gug]x{ ¿sf] kmnfsf]
hgdfg;df Nofpg' kg]{ lyof] . t/ o;tkm{ rf;f] eg]sf] ljqmd;Dat\\ ef/tLo /fhf ljqmdflbTon]
lnPsf] eg] kfOFbg} . cy ;"oj{ z
+ k|efjfGg]kfn] ls/fFt rnfPsf] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . o; sf/0f ;aeGbf klxn]
/fhg lglhTj lnR5lj j+z k|jt{tM] . cyf{t M ;"oj{ z + L of] unt ;f]rnfO{ lrg{ rfxG5' .
lnR5lj /fhfsf] k|efjn] lsF/ft /fhfnfO{ lhtL lnR5lj /fhfn] cfkm"nfO{ j}zfnflwklt eGg]
lnR5lj j+z ;'? eof] . lnR5lj j+zsf klxnf /fhf uy]{ . kz'kltgfysf] tk:ofn] sfzLsf] klg /fhf
wd{kfn, e"ldjdf{, ljqmdflbTo cflb . lnR5lj x'g ;s]sf] s]xL k|df0f lxdjt\v08 k':tssf] !^@
;"o{j+zL k/fqmdL rqmjtL{ /fhfn] ljzfngu/ / cWofodf kfOG5 . dlxgf, af/, ltlyx¿
k|1 f MM 113
j}lbssfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] xf] . dlxgf, af/, ltlyx¿ x'gk' 5{ ;Dat\ \ rnfpgsf] nflu . lj=;+=nufot g]kfndf
lj=;+=;Fu } cfj4 x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . log} ltly, af/x¿ rlncfPsf ;a} ;Dat\x¿ ltlysf] cfwf/df dfq rln/x]sf]
!#% jif{kl5 p7fg ePsf] zs;Dat\\ / (#& jif{ 5 . t/ ltlyx¿ u8a8 eO/xG5 . zf;g Joj:yf
k5fl8 hGd]sf] g]kfn ;Dat\\df klg u|x0f ul/P . ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu rGb| zdz]/n] g]kfndf lj=;+=nfO{
;GtfpGg jif{kl5 ;'? ePsf] O:jL ;Dat\\sf /fli6«o ;Dat\ \ agfPsf x'g \ . pgn] w]/ } Hof]ltlifsf] ;Nnfx
;a} af/x¿ ljqmd;Dat\a\ f6} u|x0f u/fOof] . O:jL lnP/ lj=;+= !(^! df ltly, jf/x¿df s'g } tndfly
;Dat\df plNnlvt af/x¿df /ljaf/nfO{ -;G8] cyf{t\ gu/L ut]df n]Vg] rng rnfPsf x'g \ . t/, sltko
;g\ sun eg]sf] ;"o { jf /lj / 8] eg]sf] af/ jf lbg_, JolQmx¿n] jf:tljstfsf] w/ftndf gk'uL cg]sf} cgu{n
;f]daf/nfO{ - dG8] _ h:t} ;a} af/x¿ ljqmd ;Dat\s} ts{x¿ lemSg] u/]sf 5g\ . zs;Dat\ \ / g]kfn ;Dat\n\ fO{
qmd;Fu ldnfOPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ljqmd;Dat\\ rngrNtLdf ha/h:t k|ltaGw nufPsf] cf/f]k klg
jif{df #^% lbg x'G5g\ t/ g]kfn ;Dat\ \ / zs;Dat\s \ f] nufPsf 5g\ . rGb| zdz]/n] ljqmd;Dat\n \ fO{ k'gM
jif{df #%$ lbgdfq x'G5g\ . oL b'j } ;Dat\ \ ltlyaf6 k|rngdf NofPsf x'g\ of] ;To xf] . ljqmd;Dat\s \ f]
dfq rN5g\ t/ ljqmd;Dat\d\ f ut] / ltly b'a } rN5g\ . jf:tljs dlxdf klg oxL xf] . ljqmd;Dat\ \ g]kfnsf]
ljqmd;Dat\n\ fO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxeGbf cufl8sf afO;L ;Dat} xf]Og eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og, sltko
rf}la;L /fHox¿ nufot jt{dfg ef/tsf] aª\ufndf Oltxf;sf/x¿n] t rGb| zdz]/n] g} zs;Dat\nfO{
ljqmd;Dat\\ cg';f/sf] ;"o{ l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t df]8/] ljqmd;Dat\ \ agfP/ rnfPsf] cf/f]k klg nufPsf
k~rfËx¿ rngrNtLdf clxn] klg cfO/x]sf] 5 . 5g\ . o:tf] em"6f] ts{ lems]/ ljqmd;Dat\ \ af/] em"6sf]
ef/tsf w]/ } Oltxf;sf/x¿n] klg ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] af/]df v]tL ug{ klg kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . t/, of] s'/f ;To xf]Og .
n]vs ] f 5g\ . tLdWo] sf]nsQf ljZjljBfnosf ;]gj+zL ljqmd;Dat\ \ lxdjtv08sf] cfgf] df}lns ;Dat\ \ xf] .
/fhfx¿n] ;d]t /fli6«o ;Dat\s \ f] ¿kdf rnfPsf k|z:t :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} g]kfndf k|rngdf cfO/x]sf] ;Dat\\
clen]vx¿ 5g\ . sf7df8f} F pkTosfdf klg dNn xf] . rGb| zdz]/n] t !(^! ;fn j}zfvb]lv dfq ut]df
/fhfx¿n] g]kfn ;Dat\sf] ;fydf ljqmd;Dat\ \ pNn]v n]Vg] k|rng rnfPsf x'g \ . of] g} rGb| zdz]/sf] :t'lt
ug] { u/]sf cg]sf} F clen]vx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ . hol:ylt of]Uo sfd aGg uPsf] 5, of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] k|fu\ Oltxf;
dNnsf] kfnfdf ;'j0f{kqdf ljqmd /fhjif{ !$$* vf]tNg] yfngL x'g uPsf] 5 . ljqmd ljb]zL /fhfsf]
>Ldt g]kfnLs]M >]oL:t'Ú pNn]v 5 . g]kfndf ljsl;t gfd xf]Og . lnR5lj s"n efis/ ljqmdsf] ;Dat\ \ xf] .
ljqmd;Dat\\ ef/tsf cg]sf}F k|fGtx¿df klg h;nfO{ ;To Oltxf; yfxf 5}g ;Demfpg ufxf/f] k5{ .
rngrNtLdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . h;n] h] eg] klg, of] g]kfnd} klg klxn] y'k } | ;Dat\ \ rn]sf] lyof] . w]/ } ;Dat\\
;To xf], o;nfO{ lkmtnf] k|df0fåf/f c;To eGg s;}n] nf]k eO;s] of] ;To xf] . ljqmd;Dat\ \ klg dg] { lyof],
;Qm}g . g]kfn cª\uh ] | sf] bf; ag]sf] eP ;fob o;sf] af/]df
o; ;TonfO{ yfxf kfP/ klg ;/sf/L kIf s;}n ] vf]hL uYof],{ ub}{gYof] eGg ;lsGg . ljqmd;Dat\s \ }
k'li6 ug{tkm{ nfu]sf] kfOPg . of] lj=;+= s} xf], yfxf af/]df s'/f ug] { xf] eg] rGb| zdz]/n] 6f;f] nufPsf]
kfpg' kb}g{ / < ;Lldt cWoogsf] e/df yfxf kfPhlt h:tf] nfUb5 . o:tf] ;f]Rg]x¿ ;Tosf] glhs slxNo}
oxfF n]Vb}5 ' . o;df ;dfj]zL ts{ g} ;Dk"0f{ xf]Og . k'Ug ;Sb}gg\ . ;"on{ ] cFWof/f]nfO{ s;/L yfxf kfpg ;S5 <
xfdLn] ckgfpFb } cfPsf] ;Dat\\sf] af/]df yfxf kfpg} o;sf/0f ljqmd;Dat\n\ fO{ g]kfnLx¿sf] xf]Og eGg' ;j{yf
k5{ . yfxf kfpg grfxg' eg]sf] b]znfO{ dfof gug'{ cgfjZos ljrf/ xf] . lj/f]wsf] gfddf lj/f]w ug' { h:t}
klg xf] . ;Dat\ \ k9]nv ] s
] fx¿sf nflu lhpg' hlts} s'/f] xf] . lj/f]w;Fu o;sf] s'g } ;DaGw 5}g . ljqmd;Dat\\
cfjZos x'G5 . ;Dat\ \ s'g ckgfpg] of s'gnfO{ lj/f]wsf] cfzo xf], ljb]zLx¿sf] tfj]bf/L ug' { . o;y{
dfof ug] { . dfof klg sf/0fjz g} ul/G5 . dfofdf lj=;+=;Fu gfd hf]l8Psf ljqmdflbTosf] vf]hL g]kfnd}
cfgf]kgsf] :yfg pRr /xG5 . cfgf]kgsf] cy{ xf] ul/g'kb{5 . ljqmdflbTosf] Oltxf; vf]Hgsf] nflu xfdL
cfgf] df6f]sf] uGw ldl;Psf] x'g ' . alHhx¿sf] ;ª\3 u0f/fHosf] /fhwfgL j}zfnL k'Ug' kb{5
cfgf k'vf{n ] rnfPsf], ;do / b]z ;'xfFpbf] / cfheGbf @^ ;o jif{ cl3sf] Oltxf; s]nfpg' kb{5 .
k|1 f MM 114
uf}td a'4sf] hLjg sfnd} chft zq'af6 Wj:t kfl/Psf] ;fy{s kfg] { clgjfo{ k|of; xf] . o;sf] sf/0fn] Oltxf;sf]
alHhu0fsf] Oltxf; vf]tNb} k/flht alHhx¿ n'Sb} efUb} k|sl[ t / rl/qdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 .
O{= k"= $()$(! sf] xf/fxf/Ldf o; pkTosfdf alHh of] s'/f sbflk e'Ng' x'bF g} df}lvs Oltxf;,
- lnR5jL_x¿sf] ;d"x k|jz ] tkm{ uxg cWoog ul/g' Oltxf;n] em} F unt s'/f klg k|;fl/t ug{ ;Sb5 .
kb{5 . Oltxf;sf/sf] :ki6, j}1flgs / k|lta4 cjwf/0ffn]
u0f ;ª\3af6 cfPsf alHh -lnR5lj_ x¿n] g} lg0f{o ub{5 lnlvt / df}lvs Oltxf;sf] plrt
oxfFsf] lsF/ft ;ª\3df k|efj kfb} { sl/a O{=k"= !!) k|of]u ul/g] 5 cyjf unt . df}lvsdf nf]ssf]
lt/ ;ª\3sf] u0fkltdf wd{kfn u0fk|dv ' aGg ;s] . Psflwsf/ x'Fb}g . nf]slxtsf] gfddf nf]s -hg_
alHh ;d"xsf lnR5ljx¿dWo] ljqmdflbTo t];f| ] u0fklt jfb / nf]stGqsf] ;f/ t nf]slj/f]wL sfo{af6
eP . s] g]kfndf dfGotfk|fKt ;Dat\x\ ¿sf] Oltxf; :ki6 5 nf]sOltxf;sf] gfddf klg nf]slj/f]wL
5}g < ljqmd;Dat\ \ Oltxf;df / ljqmd;Dat\d\ f Oltxf; sfo{sf] ;Defjgf 5 .
x'g ;S5 of ;Sb}g < c¿ k|Zgx¿sf ;fydf g} of] of] jf:tljs xf] lnlvt >f] t klg
d"n k|Zg xf] hf] k|dfl0ft ge};s]sf] Oltxf;nfO{ nf]sOltxf;sf] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 / o;sf] ljk/Lt
:jLs[lt lbnfpg vf]hL ul/g' lgtfGt h?/L ePsf] df}lvs >f]t klg ljlzi6 Oltxf;sf] >f]t aGg
5 .
s]Ú /
s;/LÚ eGbf klxn]
lsgÚ sf] pQ/ cfjZos ;Sb5 . nf]s Oltxf;sf/ /fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogn] lnlvt
kb{5 of] lj1fgsf] nflu t clgjfo{ 5 g} >f]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ g} ef/tLo hgtfsf] ctLtsf]
ljqmdflbTosf] af/]df oyfy{ kQf nufpg vf]Hbf k'g/rgf u/]sf x'g\ . ;|f]t :jod\ kIfkflt x'Fb}g .
o;}af6 1fg ljj]s;Dd / ljrf/ sd{;Dd k'Ub5 . of] j}lbs ;flxTon] k'/f]lxt, b]jL b]jtf / /fhfx¿sf]
k|Zg
:yflktÚ sf] ;DaGwdf klg clt k|f;ª\lus 5 af/]df klg eGb5 / yf]/ } ePklg ls;fg / sf/Lu9sf]
;fy} ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] af/]df t of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ af/]df klg . df}lvs Oltxf; zf;ssf] klg x'g
glbP;Dd af6f] g} klxNofpg ;lsFbg} , af6f]df cj/f]w ;Sb5 / zf]liftsf] klg . olt x'bF fx'bF } klg o:tf]
NofOlbG5 . df}lvs Oltxf; lsg sf] klxn] pQ/ oxL eGg ;lsG5 df}lvs >f]tdf g} w]/} h;f] nf]ssf]
g} xf] Oltxf; cfgf] d"n ¿kdf, cfgf] Jofkstd\ ctLtdf eGg g;s]sf] cfjfh ;'Gg kfOG5 To;}df
JoflKt / cfgf] dxQd kl/0fltdf df}lvs g} lyof] ltgLx¿sf] cl:tTjsf] cGt/ª\u 5lj kl/nlIft /xG5 .
/ 5, olb vf]hL ul/g] xf] eg] . kfn yfd;g cg';f/ df}lvs >f]t cWoogsf] kfq
lj=;+=sf] af/]df rn]sf rnfOPsf clxn];Ddsf -cfAh]S6_ nfO{ stf{ -;Ah]S6_ df kl/0ft u/]/
e|dnfO{ lrg' { cfjZos x'g cfPsf] 5 . clxn] ljZjdf Oltxf;nfO{ c¿ w]/ } ;d[4 / dd{:kzL{ dfq xf]Og
df}lvs Oltxf; Pp6f cfjZos / clgjfo{ ljwf / w]/ } ;To klg agfpFb5 .
k4ltsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . !($* O{= df Oltxf;n] ;dfhdf /x]sf dflg;sf] ctLtnfO{
cgn g]ljG;n] cd]l/sfsf] sf]nlDaof ljZjljBfnodf ;du|df / ultnfO{ u|x0f u/fpFb5 . Oltxf; ;dfhsf
lx:6f]l/sn 8fFSo'd6+] ;] gsf] nflu df}lvs Oltxf;nfO{ tL ;a} hl6n ultx¿sf] cWoog u/fpFb5 hf] cfwf/
cfw'lgs 6]s\lgssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;'? u/] . df}lvs tyf clw/rgfsf] åGåfTds ljsf;df ljleGg k|sf/af6
Oltxf;nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] c:jLsf/ ug' { ;Dej 5Fb } 5}g . rl/tfy{ x'G5 . o;sf/0f o;} dfGotfdf /x]/
lnlvt >f]tx¿ pknAw gePsf Oltxf; clncln ljqmdflbTosf] sfo{sf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]
a]Un}vfn] / ;txL, em§ ljZjf;nfO{ xfNg g;lsg] cWoog u/]/ lgrf]8 lgsfNg] k|oTg xf] of] .
b]lvP klg x'g t Tof] Oltxf; g} xf] . df}lvs Oltxf; xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 s'g } klg ;Dat\l\ jgf Tofu
df}lvs >f]tx¿df k|jflxt Oltxf; xf] . df}lvs Oltxf; alnbfgn] aGb}g . Tofu / alnbfg n'Kt u/fpg'
g t s'g } a]Un} ljwf of cg'zf;g xf] g :jLs[t x'Gg . g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] Oltxf;sf] :d/0f u/fpg]
Oltxf;sf] s'g } lsl;dsf] lgif]w xf] . o;sf] cl:tTj ljqmd;Dat\\df la/fdlrXg l7s xf]Og . sltko
Oltxf;sf] kl/lw cGtu{t g} l:yt 5 . o;n] t Oltxf;sf] g]kfns} Oltxf;sf/x¿n] ljqmd;Dat\ \ ga'em]/ o;sf]
cjwf/0ff, k4lt / :j¿knfO{ cem w]/ } ;d[4 tyf p7fg ef/tsf] pHhogLaf6 ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ .
k|1 f MM 115
t/, To;df s'g} k|df0fx¿ e]l6Fb}gg\ . Oltxf; ljZjljBfnosf Oltxf;sf k|fWofks /fwf uf]ljGb
lz/f]dl0f afa'/fd cfrfo{nfO{ ;To yfxf lyof] . / jf;s / ef/tsf Oltxf; vf]hstf{ k+= eujfgnfn
t n]Vg' ePsf] 5, h'g ;do O{zfk"j { %& jif{df of] OGb|hLn] klg ljqmd;Dat\ \ g]kfnsf lnR5lj /fhfx¿s}
;Dat\s \ f] p7fg ePsf] lyof], p; ;dodf pHhogLdf kfnfsf pkh eg]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf Oltxf;ljb\
/fhf ljqmdflbTosf] cl:tTj b]lvFbg} . pHhogLsf zª\ s /dfg /fhj+ z Ln] klg lnR5ljsfnsf
v08x/x¿sf] pTvgg\ x'Fbf klg To; ;dodf clen]vx¿df plNnlvt ;Dat\x\ ¿nfO{ ljqmd;Dat\\
ljqmdflbTo /x]sf] lrXg e]l6Psf] 5}g . g} dfg]sf 5g\ . To; a]nfsf ;Dat\\x¿ zs ;Dat\\
eGg] ul/G5 ljqmdflbTo /fhfsf] ef/tdf pbo xf]Ogg\ eg]sf 5g\ . ljqmd;Dat\\, g]kfn ;Dat\\
ePsf] lyof] . To:tf k|tfkL rqmjtL{ /fhfsf] ljifodf n]Vbf sltko 7fFpdf ;Dat\\dfq n]Vg] ul/G5 . t/
To; a]nfsf ef/tsf slj jf snfsf/n] sxLF g sxLF zs;Dat\ \ pNn]v ubf{ sxLF klg ;Dat\ \ dfq n]lvPsf]
rrf{ u/]s } x'gk' g] { xf] . sxLFst} u'gufg ul/g'kg] { xf] . x'Gg . zs;Dat\ \ g} elgPsf] x'G5 .
t/ To:tf] st} kfOFbg} . duwsf /fhf rGb| u'Ktn] lnR5ljsfnLg ljqmd;Dat\x\ ¿df ;Dat\ \ dfq
pHhogL / cof]WofnfO{ cfgf] cwLgdf lnPkl5 pNn]v ug'k{ g] { tYo s'/f] s] x'g;S5 eg] To;tfsf c¿
cfkm"nfO{ ljqmdflbTo eg]/ lj= ;+= #$# lt/ cof]WofnfO{ ;Dat\x\ ¿sf] p7fg lyPg / ;Dat\ \ eGgf;fy pxL
/fhwfgL agfPsf] eGg] 5 . Toltv]/ pgn] k|rngdf ljqmd;Dat\ \ a'lemGYof] . cfkm" :juL{o x'ge' Gbf cufl8
NofPsf] tfdfsf] l;Ssfdf ljqmdflbTo cª\lst u/fPsf pgn] d}n ] tLg k|bz ] lhTg ;s] . d;Fu ;a}n ] z/0f
lyP eGg] s'/f ef/tsf] Oltxf;df kfOG5 . jf:tjdf lnP t/ pQ/L k|bz ] d]/f] sAhfdf cfpg ;s]g .
duwsf /fhfx¿ g]kfnsf lnR5lj /fhfx¿;Fu cToGt eg]sf] s'/fn] klg zs;Dat\ \ !@$* eGbf cufl8 g]kfndf
k|efljt ePsfn] rGb| u'Kt k|ydn] cfgf] d'bf| df rngdf cfpg g;s]sf] s'/fsf] k|df0f lbG5 .
lnR5joM cª\lst u/fPsf lyP . lnR5lj sGof;Fu o:tf ts{ljts{x¿n] ubf{ (#^ jif{;Ddsf]
j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod u/]kl5 cfgf d'bf| df lnR5lj g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf 36gfqmdx¿df lj/f]wfef; kfOG5 .
bf}lxqL u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/, ts{ljts{x¿ h] h:tf p7fOP klg ljqmd;Dat\\
u'Kt /fhfx¿n] lnR5lj sGof;Fu j}jflxs lxdjt v08sf ljleGg /fHox¿df rngrNtLdf cfPsf]
;DaGw sfod u/]sf] s'6D' a/L cj:yfn] ubf{ g]kfnsf s'/f cflbsfnb]lv w]/ } k|df0f h'6s ] f 5g\ . ef/tsf
;" o { j + z L /fhfx¿sf] k| e fjn] cfkm" n fO{ klg s}of} F 7fpF g]kfnsf] k|efjdf k/]sf] ;fy} lnR5lj zf;gsf]
ljqmdflbTo pkflw /fVg ;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . rGb| k/fqmddf ;d]t k/]sf] lyof] .
u'Kt låtLon] cfkm"nfO{ ljqmdflbTo lj= ;+= #$# df log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg ef/tdf ljqmd;Dat\\
eg] . O{zf k"j { %& jif{ cufl8 ef/tdf ljqmdflbTo rngrNtLdf cfPsf k|df0fx¿ klg kfOG5g\ . t/,
gfd ePsf /fhf s'g} klg /fhj+zdf 5}gg\ . em"6f] d'un ;fd|fHo / To;kl5sf] cª\uh ]| x¿n] pklgj]z
dfGotfdf afFrs ] fx¿nfO{ of] tLtf] ;To s:tf] nfUnf . sfod ul/;s]kl5 zs;Dat\s \ f] k|rng x/fFpb} uof] .
ljqmd;Dat\ \ !#% df zsj+znfO{ ;dfKt kf/]/ s'iff0f t/, ef/t :jtGq ePkl5 d'un ;fd|fHob]lv lgl:qmo
j+zsf /fhf slgis afx]s ;Dat\\ ;'? ug]{ ef/tdf eO;s]sf] zs;Dat\n \ fO{ ;g\ !(%& -lj=;+= @)!$_
s'g} /fhf 5}gg\ . sgf{6sj+zL /fhf xl/l;+xb]j b]lv hjfx/nfn g]x¿n] cfgf] ;Dat\ \ egL ;'? u/fP .
uof;'l2g t'unssf] cfqmd0faf6 v]lbP . ofgL t/, zs;Dat\ \ Tolt Jofjxfl/s x'g g;s]sf]n ] ef/tdf
l;d/f}gu9 -xfnsf] af/f lhNnf_ af6 zs ;Dat\\ k|rngdf cfpg ;s]g . O:jL ;Dat\ \ g} rngdf
!@$* cyf{t O{ZjL;Dat\ \ !#@^, ljqmd;Dat\ \ !#*# cfpg uof] . lsgeg] nfb]/ ;Dat\ \ nflbg] xf]Og .
df efu]/ g]kfn cfPsf] a]nfb]lv cyf{t dNnsfnsf] h'g ;lhnf] x'G5, Aofjxfl/s x'G5 Tof] l6Sb5 cd/
;'?df dfq zs;Dat\\ g]kfndf klg rngrNtLdf aGb5 . ljqmd;Dat\ \ (#^ ;Dd nueu 8]9;o jif{
cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df /fd|f ] vf]hL x'g;s]sf] 5}g . of]
ef/tsf w] / } Oltxf;sf/x¿n] klg a]nfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGwsf/o'u elgG5 . x'g;S5,
ljqmd;Dat\s \ f] af/]df n]vs
] f 5g\ . tLdWo] sf]nsQf To;a]nf g]kfndf lnR5lj j+z s'g } ljb]zL /fhj+zn]
k|1 f MM 116
sAhf hdfPsf] cj:yf x'g;S5 . ljqmd;Dat\ \ (#^ ;lxt p8fP/ k'tnLx¿n] k'¥ofOlbGy] . ;'Ggdf cfP
lt/ lnR5lj j+znfO{ :jtGq u/fP/ zf;g;Qf xftdf cg';f/ ;f]xL l;+xf;gdf a;]/ k|To]s lbg laxfg
lnP . ToxL a]nfb]lv g]kfn ;Dat\ \ p7fg x'g uof] . ;fF v ' s f] jh| u f] l ugLdf k' U y] . dxfg tflGqs
g]kfn ;Dat\\n] klg ljqmd;Dat\\s} dlxgf, ljqmdflbTon] cfgf] Oi6 b]jL jh|of]lugLnfO{ k|To]s
af/, ltly u|x0f u¥of] . g]kfn ;Dat\ \ /fhsLo ;Dat\s\ f] lbg cfgf] z/L/sf] df;' r9fpFy ] . >4fk"js { z/L/sf]
¿kdf Toltv]/} rngrNtLdf cfof] . ljqmd;Dat\\ df;' r9fpg] ljqmdflbTonfO{ jh|of]lugLn] emg
lxdjt\v08s} h]7f] ;Dat\ \ xf] . ljqmd;Dat\ \ ;/fxgLo s~rg z/L/ lbGy] eGg] rrf{ cem;Dd rn]s } 5 .
5 . g]kfnLsf] uf}/j ljqmd;Dat\\n] emNsfPsf] 5 . ofgL, ljqmdflbTosf] cl:tTj lyof], rdTsf/ u/]/
olt dfGotf c¿ ;Dat\\n] kfPsf] 5}g g]kfndf . eP klg nf]ssf] lxt uy],{ To;} x'bF f ;Dat\sf] ¿kdf
ljqmd;Dat\\sf] dxj / dlxdf g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns eP klg pgnfO{ ;lDemP .
cj:yf ;'xfFpbf] 5 . ltly, gIfqx¿sf] u0fgf o;nfO{ oxfF :ki6 x'gF } kb{5 nf]ssf] dgdf clxn];Dd
cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|lt xfd|f] ddtf 5 . ljqmdflbTok|lt >4f 5 . ofgL ljleGg ¿kdf syf
o;n] g]kfnsf y'k}| 36gfx¿sf] ;Demgf lbnfpF5 . slyFb} o; e]uaf6 ef/t;Dd rrf{ rNof] .
xfd|f ] g;fg;fdf kl/0ft e};s]sf] 5 of] . lxdjtv08 ;+odk"j{s jh|frfo{x¿n] ljqmdflbTosf]
g]kfnsf] k]jf lj=;+= xf], of] ;To xf] . 6fpsfsf] k"hf clxn];Dd ub} { cfO/x]sf 5g\ . cyf{t
ljqmdflb+Tosf] k|;Ë j]tfn;Fu 5, j]tfn eg]sf] ;+od ljZjf; xf] / of] ;TonfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .
e"t xf] dxfb]jsf] u0f . egfO cg';f/ jh|of]lugLnfO{ tflGqs dtsf jh|frfo{n ] eojz geO{ >4fjz k"hf
l/emfP/ l;l4k|fKt ul/ j]tfnnfO{ cfgf] ;]js agfPsf ub} { cfPsf x'g \ . ljqmdflbTo, nDjs0f{ e§, hd'gf
7"nf tflGqs lyP ljqmdflbTo . tflGqs ljlwn] k"hf u'efh'sf Tofusf] vf]hL ul/g' kb{5 . tGq ;fwgfdf
ul/g] rfj]nsf] u0f]z dlGb/, d}tLb]jL, krnL e}/j uj{ ug' { kb{5 . xfdL gSsnL s'/f u/]/ ljqmdflbTonfO{
cflb k|frLg dlGb/x¿df j]tfn b]Vg ;lsG5 . ltg} ljb]zL agfpg k'U5f},F oyfy{df ljb]zLsf] ;]js aGg
j]tfnnfO{ hufP/ ljqmdflbTon] nf]ssf] lxt ug]{ k'U5f} F . cfgf] ctLt;Fu dfof ug' { k5{ .
u/]sf] k|;Ë j]tfn kRrL;L, ljqmd / j]tfn h:tf w]/} g]kfn tflGqs e"ld lyof] o; s'/fsf] vf]hL
syfx¿ slyPsf 5g\ . lnR5lj ;"oj{ z + L k/fqmdL ul/g' kb{5 . ljqmdflbTon] :yfkgf u/]sf] gf/fo0flx6L
rqmjtL{ /fhfn] ljzfngu/ / jQL;k'tnLdf /fhwfgL wf/fdf kfgL gcfPkl5, b]jtfn] alQ; nIf0fn] o'Qm
:yfkgf u/]/ zf;g u/]sf lyP . logsf] l;+xf;gdf dflg;sf] aln rfx]sf] egL tflGqs a"9fgLns07n]
jQL;j6f k'tnL /x]sf] / ;f]xL gfdaf6 :yfgsf] eg]sf] x'bF f /x:odo tl/sfaf6 lnR5lj /fhf wd{bj] sf]
gfds/0f ePsf] xf] eGg] egfO /x]sf] 5 . aln ePsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . nf]sk/Dk/f,
;f] l;+xf;g cfhsf] /fd dlGb/df cBfjlw ufyfx¿, syfx¿, ls+jblGtx¿df tTsfnLg ;dosf]
5 eGg] ul/G5 . ;f] l;+xf;gdf a:bf a:g];uF k'tnLn] oyfy{ s'/f] x'G5 . df}lvs k/Dk/fsf o:tf s'/fx¿af6
k|Zg ;f]Wg] uYof] { /] / ;xL hjfkm lbg g;Sg]sf] g]kfnsf] ;To Oltxf; n]Vg ;lsG5 . xf]Og eg]
tTsfn d[To' x'g] u/]sf] rrf{ 5 . k'tnLsf k|Zgsf] e[s6' L c+zj' df{sf] 5f]/L xf] eGg] e|d kfn]/ a:b}
;xh ¿kdf ljqmdflbTon] hjfkm lbGy] . To;f] ljqmdflbTonfO{ klg ;Dat\ \ rnfpg] ljb]zL /fhf xf]
ePsf] x'bF f ljqmdflbTo hfg rfx]sf] 7fpFdf l;xf;g egL s'O/f]sf] sfu alg Psxf]/f] s/fO/xg] 5f} F .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
kGt, go/fh -@)$#_, lnR5lj;Dat\s \ f] lg0f{o , sf7df8f}MF , g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg
k|wfg, s]bf/gfy -@)%$_, gjLg b[li6df g]kfnsf] k|frLg Oltxf;Ú :jo+eM" , kl;gf k|sfzg
lu/L, zLtn -@)&)_, alHh / alHhsf sf7df8f} F M, g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg .
lu/L, zLtn, hLjfid, ck|sflzt k':ts .
yfkf, /d]zhË -;+=_, k|frLg g]kfn, sf7df8f}F M >L % sf] ;/sf/ k'/ftj ljefu .
∗∗∗
k|1 f MM 117
;f+:s[lts tyf nf]s;flxlTos cWoog
Gofoj}zl] ifs bz{g;Ddt ;[li6ljrf/
s]zjz/0f cof{n
k|1 f MM 126
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
pbogfrfo{M -j}=@)!(_, nIf0ffjnL, ;Dkfbs M zlzgfyzdf{, b/eËf M ldlynf ljBfkL7d\ .
pbLRoM, h'UuLnfnM -j}=@)!*_, k|frLgfjf{rLgk/df0f'kof{nf]rgd\, ;f/:jtL ;'ifdf !^ M !@ -lj=;=@)!*_, k[= *^
!@#_ .
pkfWofo, anb]j -@))!_, ef/tLo bz{g -k'gd{'b|0f_, jf/f0f;L M zf/bf dlGb/ .
CUj]bM .
uDeL/j+zhM -!((@_, Gofo;"qljj/0fd\, d};'? M k|fRoljBf;+zf]wgfnoM .
lul/M, >LsflzsfgGbM -!(**_, åfbzbz{g;ª\u|xM, jf/f0f;L M >L:jfdL sflzsfgGbhL 6«:6.
rt'j]{bL, lul/w/zdf{ -@))%_, k|d]okfl/hftM -låtLo+ ;+:s/0fd\_, b]xnL M >Lnfnaxfb'/zfl:q/fli6«o;+:s[t
ljBfkL7d\ .
rGb, bLjfg -@))%_, klZrdL bz{g -rt'y{ ;+:s/0f_, nvgpm M pQ/ k|b]z lxGbL ;+:yfg .
hf6j, 8L= cf/ -@))$_, k|d'v kfZrfo bfz{lgs -ci6d ;+:s/0f_, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL .
emf, cfgGb -!(^%_, kbfy{zf:q, nvgpm M lxGbL ;ldlt ;"rgf ljefu .
8Ø'/]G6 ljn, -@))^_, b lx:6«L ckm lkmnf];f]kmL -k]k/Aofs\ Pl8zg_, Go" of]s { M kf]s6] a'S;\ .
ts{jfuLz, kml0fe"if0f -!(^*_, Gofokl/ro, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDafljBfejg .
ltjf/L, g/]zk|;fb -!((^_, u|Ls Pj+ dWoo'uLg bz{g Ps cjnf]sg, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; .
t}lQ/Loa|fXd0fd\ .
lqkf7L, s]bf/gfyM -j}=@)!*_, k|frLgfjf{rLgk/df0f'ljrf/f0ff+ køof{nf]rgd\, ;f/:jtL ;'ifdf !^ M !@ -lj=;=@)!*_,
k[= *!@%!#$_ .
lqkf7L, ;L= Pn= -!(**_, kfZrfo bz{g sf Oltxf;, ;Dkfbs bofs[i0f -låtLofj[lQ_, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL
csfbdL .
b]jfrfo{M, k|z:tM -!((&_, k|z:tkfbefiod\ -GofosGbnLo'td\_, ;+= lxGbLJofVofsf/Zr >Lb'uf{gGb emf, jf/f0f;L M
xl/ZrGb|dl0f lqkf7L .
gfufh'g{ -!(*&_ dWodssfl/sf, låtLo;+:s/0fd\, b/eËf M ldlynfljBfkL7d\ .
Gofo;"qd\ .
e§frfo{M, ljZjgfyk~rfggM -@))@_, Gofol;4fGtd'QmfjnL, lbgs/L/fd?b|LEof+ ;+jlntf -k'gd{l' b|t;+:s/0fd\_,
lbNnL M /fli6«o;+:s[t;+:yfgd\ .
eljioTk'/f0fd\ .
ef;j{1M -!(^*_, Gofoe"if0fd\, j/f0f;L M if8\bz{gk|sfzg k|lti7fgd\.
dg':d[ltM .
d;Lx, of=-!(($_, kfZrfo bz{g sf ;dLIffTds Oltxf; -k~rd ;+:s/0f_, lbNnL M df]tLnfn jgf/;Lbf; .
ld>, gf/fo0f -!(^*_, j}z]lifsbz{g M Ps cWoog, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBfejg .
jfuLzs'df/ -!()()_, ef/tLo bz{gf]+ d] cGtlglx{t ;d¿ktf, lbNnL M kl/dn klAns]zg .
j]Dkl6M, s'6D' azf:qL -!((%_, pklgifb PsM kl/roM, lbNnL M /fli6«o;+:s[t;+:yfgd\ .
j}z]lifs;"qd\ .
zdf{, rGb|w/ -@))#_, kfZrfo bz{g -k'gd'{b|0f ;+:s/0f_, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf; .
zdf{, /fdd"lt{ -v|}=!((*, j}=@)%$_, Gofoj}z]lifs Ps lrGtg, lbNnL M /fli6«o;+:s[t;+:yfg .
k|1 f MM 127
zdf{, jf;'bj] M -@))#_, O{zfBi6f]Q/ztf]klgifbM, lbNnL M /fli6«o;+:s[t;+:yfgd\ .
>Ljf:tj, hubLz ;xfo -@)))_, u|Ls Pj+ dWoo'uLg bz{g sf j}1flgs Oltxf; -k~rd ;+:s/0f_, Onfxfafb M
lstfa dxn .
;fª\s[Tofog, /fx'n -@))(_, bz{g lbUbz{g -gjLg ;+:s/0f_, Onfxfafb M lstfa dxn .
x;"/s/, >Lkfbzf:qL -!((#_, åfbzbz{g;f]kfgfjlnM, a8f]b/f M u'8 sDk]lgoG;\ .
kl/lzi6 efu
-s_ s]xL O{Zj/;fwssf ¿kdf dflgPsf j}z]lifs ;"qx¿ ;+1fsd{ Tj:dlålzi6fgf+ lnª\ud\ -@!!*_,
k|ToIfk|jQ
[ Tjft\ ;+1fsd{0fM -@!!(_, tårgfbfDgfo:o k|fdf0od\ -!!#, !)@(_, ;fdlosM
zAbfby{;Dk|TooM -&@@)_
-v_ pbojL/ zf:qLåf/f pb\w[t o'lQmbLlksfsf] jfSo Pj+ sf0ffbfgfdLZj/f]:tLlt kfz'ktf]k1d]tlblt -sfl/sf
!%_ .
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