BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Editors:
Masitah Ghazali
Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi

Edited with permission from the original material by Norazah Yusof, Dayang
Norhayati Abang Jawawi, Noraniah Mohd Yassin, Radziah Mohamad, Paridah
Samsuri and Rohayanti Hassan, Programming Technique I (C++), First Edition,
2007.

Copyright © 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in

any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the authors.

Disclaimer

This workbook and its contents are intended solely for the use of the subject Basic
Programming C to be taught at Fakulti Sains Komputer dan Sistem Maklumat,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai. The algorithms and programs in this
workbook have been included for their instructional value. They have been tested but
are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The authors do not offer any warranties
or representations nor do they accept any liabilities with respect to their use. The
authors reserve the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to
time in its content without notice.

First Edition
November 2010
 CONTENTS

LAB TOPIC PAGE

INTRODUCTION v
TERMS vii

1 RUNNING THE C PROGRAM 1

Objectives For Students 1

Assumptions 1
Lab Exercises :
Exercise 1 1
Exercise 2 10
Exercise 3 12

2 DESIGNING PSEUDO CODE AND FLOW 16

CHART USING MOROSOFT WORD

Objectives For Students 16

Assumptions 16
Lab Exercises :
Exercise 1 16
Exercise 2 19
Exercise 3 22
Exercise 4 25
Exercise 5 27
Exercise 6 29

3 DESIGN PSEUDO CODE / FLOW CHART 30

USING MICROSOFT

Objectives For Students 30

Assumptions 30
Lab Exercises :
Exercise 1 30
Exercise 2 35
Exercise 3 38

4 CONVERTING ALGORITHM TO C CODE 40

Objectives For Students 40

Assumptions 40
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 40
Exercise 2 41
Exercise 3 42

ii
5 WORKING WITH DATA 44

Objectives For Students 44

Assumptions 44
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 44
Exercise 2 45
Exercise 3 46
Exercise 4 47
Exercise 5 48
Exercise 6 49

6 INPUT & OUTPUT 50

Objectives For Students 50

Assumptions 50
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 50
Exercise 2 51
Exercise 3 52
Exercise 4 53
Exercise 5 54
Exercise 6 55

7 SELECTION OR DECISION 57

Objectives For Students 57

Assumptions 57
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 57
Exercise 2 58
Exercise 3 60
Exercise 4 61
Exercise 5 63
Exercise 6 64
Exercise 7 65

8 LOOP STATEMENTS 68

Objectives For Students 68

Assumptions 68
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 69
Exercise 2 70
Exercise 3 72
Exercise 4 73
Exercise 5 74
Exercise 6 75
Exercise 7 77
Exercise 8 78
Exercise 9 79

iii
 Exercise 10 79

9 NESTED LOOP 82

Objectives For Students 82

Assumptions 82
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 82
Exercise 2 84
Exercise 3 85
Exercise 4 86

10 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS 88

Objectives For Students 88

Assumptions 88
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 88
Exercise 2 89
Exercise 3 90
Exercise 4 90

11 USER-DEFINED FUNCTION 91

Objectives For Students 91

Assumptions 91
Lab Exercise :
Exercise 1 91
Exercise 2 92
Exercise 3 96
Exercise 4 98
Exercise 5 101
Exercise 6 102

12 ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY 105

Objectives For Students 105

Assumptions 105
Lab Exercises :
Exercise 1 105
Exercise 2 109
Exercise 3 111

13 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY 115

Objectives For Students 115

Assumptions 115
Lab Exercises :
Exercise 1 115
Exercise 2 118

iv
INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE

The laboratory for Basic Programming C is intended to introduce the students to

programming as a practical problem-solving activity, in which they will have the
opportunity to develop their skills.

CONTENT OF THE LABORATORY

Of many possible alternatives, you will learn to program in C, the high-level

programming language. This language is popular because of its portability and is
used for developing a wide variety of computer applications.

Programming is an activity that requires problem solving skill. This activity requires
logical thinking, attention to detail, careful planning and elements of creativity and
arts. Basic Programming C subject needs the students to put in some 200 hours’
effort. 26 of these hours will be lectures and 26 in laboratory or tutorial. That leaves
148 hours split between reading the textbook and lectures notes, working on
programming assignments in their own time, and preparing for the practical and
written examinations. After the forth week or so, they need to work in developing
programs independently. In order to ensure their skill at an acceptable stage a short
assessment on problem solving will be given to them after the forth week. It is
expected that the students can achieve certain level of problem solving skill before
they can pursue to more complex programming techniques. Special workshop will be
set for the students who cannot meet the standard.

LABORATORY RESOURCES

The FSKSM laboratories are equipped with the C programming language which
Borland C++ software of version 5.02 is used for developing programs. This Borland
C++ version 5.02 software have integrated development environment (IDE), which
consists of a text editor, compiler, debugger, and other utilities integrated into one
package with a single set of menus. Preprocessing, compiling, linking, and even
executing a program is done with a single click of a button, or by selecting a single
item from a menu.

Besides the programming language software, some of the programming materials of

this work book can also be accessed from the UTM’s e-learning system. Students
who have problem downloading the materials may need to consult his/her lecturer or
teaching assistant for further assistance.

v
LABORATORY SESSION AND ASSESSMENT

The attendance of the laboratory session is compulsory. If a student missed a session,

he/she will be expected to make up the work in his/her own time.

The Basic Programming C course is assessed in the following way:

o Mid Semester Exam 20%
o Assignments (at least 3) 25%
o Quiz (at least 3) 15%
o Laboratory work (at least 4) 10%
o Final Exam 30%
TOTAL 100%

For the Laboratory works, the students are expected to attempt a specified number of
small exercises in each lab. Do note that, some of the lab exercises are expected to be
submitted at the end of the session through UTM e-learning system. Normally, no
allowance will be made for absence. At least four of the lab works (as assigned by the
lecturer) will be assessed and counted 10% to the overall marks.

Further details about the assessment will be announced by the lecturer in the class.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors gratefully acknowledge all contributors to this workbook in term of ideas,
selected questions and comments. Thanks to the Software Engineering Department
and Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems for their support in
preparing this material.

REFERENCES

1. Tony Gaddis, Barret Krupnow, (2007), Starting out with C++, 5th edition
Brief version. Pearson Addison-Wesley.
2. W. Savitch, (2006), Problem Solving with C++. 6th Edition. Addison
Wesley.
3. H.M Deitel, P.J Deitel, (2005), C++ How to Program. 5th edition.
Prentice Hall.
4. Behrouz A.Forouzan, Richard F.Gilberg, (2004) Computer Science: A
Structured Approach Using C++, 2nd edition. Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning.

vi
 TERMS

ENGLISH MALAY
Algorithm Algoritma
Argument Argumen
Arithmetic operation Operasi aritmetik
Array Tatasusunan
Assembly stage Peringkat penghimpun
Assign Umpuk
Backup Bakup
Boot But atau memulakan
Buffer Penimbal
Character Aksara
Code segment Segmen aturcara
Column Lajur
Command Arahan
Compile Kompil
Constant Pemalar
Control structure Struktur kawalan
Copy Salin
Current directory Direktori semasa
Cursor Kursor
Cut Potong
Decision Keputusan
Declare Isytihar
Decrement Susutan
Define Takrif
Demonstrate Menunjuk cara
Device Peranti
Directory Direktori
Directory tree Pepohon direktori
Disk Cakera
Distance Jarak
Download Muat turun
Drive C Pemacu C
Editor Penyunting
Error Ralat
Executable file Fail boleh-laksana
Expression Ungkapan
Extension Sambungan
Field Medan

vii
File Fail
File operation Operasi fail
File stream object Objek aliran fail
File system path Laluan fail sistem
Floppy drive Pemacu liut
Flowchart Carta alir
Folder Direktori
Function Fungsi
Function prototype Prototaip fungsi
Global variable Pembolehubah sejagat
Hardware Perkakasan
Increment Tokokan
Index Indeks
Inline function Fungsi dalam baris
Invalid Tidak sah
Keyboard Papan kekunci
Load Muat
Local variable Pembolehubah setempat
Logic error Ralat logik
Loop Gelung
Main function Fungsi utama
Memory layout Hamparan ingatan
Menu bar Bar menu
Multiple Berbilang
Nested Tersarang
Nested loop Gelung tersarang
One dimensional array Tatasusunan satu dimensi
Open source Sumber terbuka
Operand Operan
Operating system Sistem pengoperasian
Overloaded function Fungsi sarat
Parameter Parameter
Pass by reference Hantar secara rujukan
Pass by value Hantar secara nilai
Paste Tampal
Pen drive Pemacu pen
Personal Computer (PC) Komputer peribadi
Pointer Penuding
Predefined function Fungsi takrifan piawai
Pre-processor Prapemproses
Program Aturcara
Program header Kepala aturcara
Program segment Segmen aturcara
Prompt Penggesa
Pseudo code Kod sudo

viii
Random Access Memory (RAM) Ingatan capaian rawak
Read Baca
Read Only Memory (ROM) Ingatan baca sahaja
Repetition Pengulangan
Return Memulangkan
Row Baris
Run Laksanakan
Runtime error Ralat masa larian
Save Simpan
Search text Carian teks
Selection Pilihan
Semantic Semantik
Shortcuts Capaian ringkas
Software Perisian
Statement Pernyataan
Stream Aliran
String Rentetan
Structured chart Carta berstruktur
Structured data Data berstruktur
Subscript Subskrip
Syntax Sintaksis
Syntax error Ralat sintaks
Text file Fail teks
Trace Jejak
Two-dimensional array Tatasusunan dua dimensi
Upload Muat naik
User defined function Fungsi takrifan pengguna
Valid Sah
Variable Pembolehubah
Velocity Halaju
Write Tulis

ix
LAB 1: RUNNING THE C PROGRAM

OBJECTIVES FOR THE STUDENT

1. To use the Borland C++ software version 5.02 to enter C source code, compile,
link and run the C program.
[Untuk menggunakan perisian Borland C++ versi 5.02 untuk memasukkan
kod sumber C, mengkompil, memaut, dan melaksanakan aturcara C]

2. To identify the C program structure.

[Untuk mengenal pasti struktur aturcara C]

3. To load, edit and recompile the C program.

[Untuk memuat, mengedit dan mengkompil semula aturcara C]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students should have a basic understanding of computer hardware and

software.
[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan asas dalam perkakasan dan
perisian komputer]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Starting the Computer.

[Menghidupkan komputer.]

i. Booting is the term used to start up the PC (personal computer) by

turning on the power. The boot instructions are placed in ROM by the
computer manufacturer and cannot be altered by the user. These
instructions first perform a quick check of the basic computer hardware.
[But (booting) ialah istilah yang digunakan untuk menghidupkan
komputer peribadi (PC) dengan cara memasang kuasa elektrik.
Arahan but terletak dalam ROM oleh pembuat komputer dan arahan
ini tidak boleh diubahsuai oleh pengguna. Pada permulaannya,
arahan ini melaksanakan pemeriksaan pantas terhadap perkakasan
komputer yang asas.]

ii. Next, the ROM BIOS checks to see if there is a system disk in drive A.
If it is not found, it then checks to see if the system files are on drive C.

1
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Once the system disk is found, a short set of instructions called the
boot record is loaded into RAM. The boot record contains the
information necessary to load the I/O handler into RAM.
[Seterusnya, ROM BIOS memeriksa sama ada terdapat cakera sistem
pada pemacu A. Jika ia tidak dijumpai, ia akan memeriksa sama ada
fail sistem berada di pemacu C. Sebaik sahaja cakera sistem ditemui,
satu set arahan pendek yang dinamakan rekod but dimuatkan ke dalam
RAM. But rekod ini mengandungi maklumat penting untuk memuatkan
pengendali I/O ke dalam RAM.]

iii. After the I/O handler is loaded, the system disk is then checked for the
presence of the operating system files (i.e. CONFIG.SYS,
COMMAND.COM and AUTOEXEC.BAT) and loads them into RAM.
[Setelah pengendali I/O dimuatkan, cakera system akan diperiksa bagi
kehadiran fail-fail sistem pengoperasian (seperti CONFIG.SYS,
COMMAND.COM and AUTOEXEC.BAT) dan memuatkannya ke
dalam RAM.]

iv. The PC that uses Windows 98, 2000 or XP, needs the user to enter a
password in order to access any program/files in the computer. For the
computer in the FSKSM lab, please get the password from the
technician in charge.
[Komputer peribadi yang menggunakan sistem pengoperasian
Windows 98, 2000 atau XP, memerlukan penggunanya memasukkan
kata laluan tertentu sebelum boleh mencapai mana-mana aturcara/fail
yang terdapat di dalam komputer tersebut. Bagi komputer di makmal
FSKSM, sila dapatkan kata laluan daripada juruteknik yang bertugas.]

v. To boot and enter the password:

[Untuk but dan memasukkan kata laluan:]

vi. Turn on all the switches to start your PC.

[Pasang semua suis untuk menghidupkan komputer anda]

vii. Wait until a dialog box appears for you to enter the password.
[Tunggu sehingga kekotak dialog dipaparkan untuk anda masukkan
kata laluan.]

viii. Enter the appropriate password.

[Taipkan kata laluan yang bersesuaian.]

ix. Press the Enter key.

[Tekan kekunci Enter.]

2. Loading the Borland C++ software.

[Memuatkan perisian Borland C++.]

i. All programs to be run by the computer need to be loaded into the

computer’s memory, i.e RAM.

2
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

[Semua aturcara yang hendak dilaksanakan oleh komputer mesti

dimuatkan ke dalam ingatan utama komputer, iaitu RAM.]

ii. To load the Borland C++ software:

[Untuk memuatkan perisian Borland C++:]

a. Click on the Start menu that is located at the bottom left of your
screen.
[Klik pada menu Start yang berada di bahagian bawah sebelah
kiri skrin.]

b. Choose All Programs.

[Pilih pada pilihan All Programs.]

c. Choose Borland C++ 5.02

[Pilih pada pilihan Borland C++ 5.02]

d. Click on the Borland C++ program.

[Klik pada aturcara Borland C++]

iii. The Borland C++ software version 5.02 will be presented as below:
[Perisian Borland C++ versi 5.02 akan dipamerkan seperti berikut:]

Figure 1.1 :

3. Writing the C source code.

[Menulis kod sumber C.]

i. The Borland C++ software consists of an editor that permits the

programmer to type, edit, and save programs in C, as well as C++
language.
[Perisian Borland C++ mempunyai penyunting yang membenarkan
pengaturcara menaip, menyunting/membaiki dan menyimpan aturcara
dalam bahasa C dan juga C++]

ii. To write a new program, click on the File menu, choose New, and
Text Edit option as follows:

3
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

[Untuk menulis aturcara yang baru, klik pada menu File, pilih New
dan Text Edit seperti berikut:]

Figure 1.2 :

iii. The following window will appear.

[Tetingkap berikut akan dipamerkan.]

Figure 1.3 :

iv. Type the following C statements. Do not type the line number.
[Taipkan pernyataan C seperti berikut. Jangan taipkan nombor baris.]

1 //Program 1.1
2 //Nama: Masitah Ghazali
3
4 #include <stdio.h>
5 #include <conio.h>
6
7 int main(void)
8 {
9 printf ("Hai!! Apa khabar?");
10 getch();
11 return 0;
}

4
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

4. Saving the C source file.

[Menyimpan fail sumber C.]

i. The program that you just wrote using the C editor is called the source
program. This source program resides in the computer’s main memory
(RAM). You need to save the source program into the secondary
storage (such as the hard disk, diskette, or pen drive) as a backup so
that you can use the program file at other time.
[Aturcara yang telah ditulis menggunakan editor C dikenali sebagai
aturcara sumber. Aturcara sumber ini berada di dalam ingatan utama
computer (RAM). Anda perlu menyimpan aturcara sumber ini ke
dalam storan sekunder (seperti cakera keras, disket, atau pemacu pen)
sebagai sokongan supaya anda boleh menggunakan fail aturcara ini
pada masa yang lain.]

ii. To save a source program into a new folder in the hard disk.
[Untuk menyimpan aturcara sumber ke dalam folder baru di cakera
keras:]

a. Click at the File menu. Choose Save As.

[Klik pada menu File. Pilih pilihan Save As.]

Figure 1.4 :

b. To create a new folder so that it will be located under the Bin

folder, click on the icon Create New Folder (as circled) in the
Save File As dialog box.
[Untuk mencipta folder baru supaya berada di bawah folder
Bin, klik pada ikon Create New Folder seperti yang dibulatkan
pada bahagian kekotak dialog Save File As berikut:]

5
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Ikon Create New Folder

Figure 1.5 :

c. In the New Folder, type the folder name keep all of your
program files in that folder.
[Di bahagian New Folder, taipkan nama folder yang akan
menyimpan fail-fail aturcara anda]

d. Click twice at your folder and type the name of your source
program at the File name input box, as Hello1.c.
[Klik dua kali pada folder anda itu dan kemudian taipkan nama
fail aturcara sumber anda sebagai Hello1.c dan kekotak input
File Name]

Figure 1.6 :

e. Click on the button Open to save the file.

[Klik pada bebutang Open untuk menyimpan fail.]

5. Compiling the C program.

[Mengkompil aturcara C.]

i. After you created a program, you can compile it so that the source code
will be translated into object code. The C compiler will try to detect
any syntax errors in your program.

6
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

[Setelah siap menaip aturcara, anda boleh mengkompil aturcara

tersebut untuk menterjemahkan kod sumber kepada kod objek.
Pengkompil bahasa C akan cuba mengesan sebarang ralat sintak yang
terdapat di dalam aturcara.]

ii. To compile a C program:

[Untuk mengkompil aturcara C]

a. Click on the Project menu and select the Compile option, or

simultaneously press the Alt key and the F9 function key. The
following screen will appear:
[Klik pada menu Project dan pilih pilihan Compile atau tekan
pada bebutang Alt dan kekunci fungsi secara serentak skrin
berikut akan dipaparkan.]

Figure 1.7 :

b. If there is no syntax error, the compilation process is

considered successful.
[Sekiranya tiada ralat sintaks ditemui, proses pengkompilan
dianggap berjaya]

7
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Figure 1.8 :

c. If there are syntax errors, an error message will be displayed

and the programmer will edit the code with errors and
recompile the program until successful.
[Jika terdapat ralat sintaks, mesej ralat akan dipamerkan dan
pengaturcara perlu membaiki arahan yang terdapat ralat dan
mengkompil semula aturcara tersebut sehingga berjaya.]

iii. Click on the OK button.

[Klik pada bebutang OK]

6. Running the C program.

[Melaksanakan aturcara C.]

i. The program that has successfully been compiled, can be executed (run)
so that the result will appear.
[Aturcara yang telah berjaya dikompil perlu dilaksanakan (run)
supaya boleh menghasilkan keputusan.]

ii. However, if error occurs, an error message will be displayed and the
programmer need to edit and recompile, as well as rerun the program
to produce the output.
[Bagaimanapun, jika terdapat ralat, mesej ralat akan dipamerkan dan
pengaturcara perlu membaikinya dan mengkompil semula serta
melaksana semula aturcara tersebut untuk menghasilkan output.]

iii. To run the program:

[Untuk melaksanakan aturcara:]

a. Click on the Debug menu and choose Run, or press the Ctrl
and the F9 function key simultaneously.
[Klik pada menu Debug dan pilih Run, atau tekan pada
bebutang Ctrl dan kekunci fungsi F9 secara serentak]

8
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

Figure 1.9 :

b. The output is displayed in a DOS window, as shown below:

[Output akan dipaparkan pada tetingkap DOS seperti berikut:]

Figure 1.10 :

7. Close the C program.

[Tutup aturcara C.]

i. The opened program source can be closed and reopened whenever

required.
[Aturcara sumber yang sedang dibuka boleh ditutup dan boleh
membukanya semula apabila diperlukan.]

ii. Step for closing the opened source program:

[Cara untuk menutup aturcara sumber yang sedang dibuka:]

a. Click the File menu and chose Close, or click the cross image
at the top right hand corner the window.
[Klik pada menu File dan pilih Close, ataupun klik pada tanda
pangkah di bahagian atas sebelah kanan tetingkap aturcara
sumber tersebut.]

9
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

Often you need to load existing C source file, edit the content and compile it.
[Seringkali anda perlu memuatkan fail sumber C sedia ada, mengedit kandungannya
serta menkompilnya.]

1. Load the Borland C++ software as in Exercise 1 Part 2 (see page 3).
[Muatkan perisian Borland C++ seperti Latihan 1 Bahagian 2. (Lihat
halaman 3)]

2. Open the existing C source file as follows:

[Buka sumber fail C yang wujud seperti berikut:]

i. Click on the File menu and choose Open or click on the Open a file
icon as shown in figure 1.11 below.
[Buka fail sumber C sedia ada seperti berikut pada menu File dan
memilih Open atau dengan mengklik pada ikon Open a file seperti
yang ditunjukkan oleh rajah 1.11 berikut:]

Ikon
Open a File

Figure 1.11 :

ii. Once the dialog box appears, type the appropriate file name as shown
in figure 1.12 below.
[Apabila kekotak dialog dipamerkan, taipkan nama fail seperti tertera
dalam tajah 1.12 berikut.]

Figure 1.12 :

10
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

iii. Add a new line of code at line 9:

[Tambah satu barisan kod baru pada baris 9:]

1 //Program 1.2
2 //Nama pengaturcara: Masitah Ghazali
3
4 #include <stdio.h>
5 #include <conio.h>
6
7 int main(void)
8 {
9 printf ("Hai!! Apa khabar?\n");
10 printf ("Ucapan dari Masitah Ghazali\n");
11 getch();
12 return 0;
}

3. Compile the C program as in Exercise 1 Part 5. (See page 7)

[Mengkompil aturcara C seperti Latihan 1 Bahagian 5. (Lihat halaman 7)]

4. Run the C program as in Exercise 1 Part 6. (See page 9)

[Melaksana aturcara C seperti Latihan 1 Bahagian 6. (Lihat halaman 9)]

5. Show the output of program 1.2 above.

[Tunjukkan output bagi aturcara 1.2 di atas.]

6. Close the C program as in Exercise 1 Part 7. (See page 10)

[Tutup aturcara C seperti Latihan 1 Bahagian 7. (Lihat halaman 10)]

7. Shut down the computer system.

[Tutup sistem komputer.]

i. Close all application programs before shutting down the computer.

[Pastikan semua perisian telah ditutup sebelum menutup komputer
anda.]

ii. Click on the Start menu and choose Turn Off Computer.
[Klik pada menu Start dan pilih Turn Off Computer.]

iii. Click pada ikon Turn Off as in figure 1.13.

[Klik pada ikon Turn Off seperti rajah 1.13.]

11
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Figure 1.13 :

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. The annotation of program 1.1 is as in page 5 will be as follows:

[Penerangan bagi aturcara 1.1 seperti di halaman 5 adalah seperti berikut:]

1 //Program 1.1
2 //Nama: Masitah Ghazali
3
4 #include <stdio.h>
5 #include <conio.h>
6
7 int main(void)
8 {
9 printf ("Hai!! Apa khabar?\n");
10 getch();
11 return 0;
}

i. Line 1 and 2 are comments. A comment is a piece of descriptive text

(letters, number or special symbols) which explains some aspect of a
program. Program comments are considered as non-executable
statements that are totally ignored by the compiler and are only
intended for human readers. In program 1.1 above, the symbol // are
used to begin the comment in a line.
[Baris 1 dan 2 merupakan suatu komen. Komen teks (huruf, nombor
atau simbol-simbol) yang menerangkan mengenai aspek-aspek
aturcara. Komen dalam aturcara merupakan penyata bukan
pelaksana (non-executable statement) yang akan diabaikan oleh
pengkompil C dan ditunjukkan hanya untuk pembaca aturcara sahaja.
Pada aturcara 1.1 di atas, penyata komen dimulai dengan simbol // ]

ii. Lines 4 and 5 are the preprocessor directive #include that include the
contents of the library file, namedly stdio.h and conio, in the
program. stdio.h is a standard C header file and contains
definitions for input and output, such as printf and scanf. While

12
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

the conio is another header file that contains functions, such as

getch(), that accepts an input data from the keyboard.
[Baris 4 dan 5 ialah arahan prapemproses yang akan menyertakan
kandungan bagi fail perpustakaan bernama stdio.h dan conio, ke
dalam aturcara. stdio.h ialah fail kepala C yang piawai dan
mengandungi penakrifan input dan output seperti printf dan
scanf. Manakala conio pula ialah satu lagi fail kepala yang
mengandungi fungsi-fungsi, seperti getch(), yang menerima data
masukan daripada papan kekunci.]

iii. Line 7 defines a function called main that begins the program
execution. The brackets without any word indicate the main function
has no parameters. The return type for main is int (i.e., an integer
number).
[Baris 7 menakrifkan satu fungsi bernama main yang memulakan
perlaksanaan aturcara. Tanda dua kurungan tanpa sebarang
perkataan di antaranya menunjukkan fungsi main tidak mempunyai
sebarang parameter. Jenis data yang dikembalikan oleh fungsi main
ialah int (iaitu, suatu nombor integer)]

iv. Line 8 is an open brace that marks the beginning of the body of main
function.
[Baris 8 merupakan pembuka kurungan berkeluk yang menandakan
permulaan badan fungsi main.]

v. Line 9 is a statement. The end of a statement is always marked with a

semicolon (;). This statement causes the string "Hai!! Apa khabar?" to
be sent to the printf output stream. A string is any sequence of
characters enclosed in double-quotes. The last character in this string
(\n) is a newline character which returns the cursor to the new line. A
stream is an object which performs input or output. printf is the
standard output stream in C (standard output usually means your
computer monitor screen).
[Baris 9 ialah suatu pernyataan. Pernyataan lazimnya diakhiri
dengan satu tanda semikolon (;). Pernyataan ini menyebabkan
rentetan "Hai!! Apa khabar?" dihantar kepada aliran (stream) output
cout. Suatu rentetan ialah sebarang turutan aksara yang dikurungkan
dengan tanda petik berkembar "quote”. Aksara terakhir pada rentetan
ini (\n) merupakan satu aksara baris baru yang akan membawa kursor
kembali ke baris baru. Aliran (stream) ialah suatu objek yang akan
melaksanakan input atau output. printf ialah aliran output piawai
bagi C. Dalam kes ini, kesan operasi ini ialah rentetan "Hai!! Apa
khabar?\n" dihantar kepada printf, menyebabkannya dipaparkan
ke skrin computer].

vi. Line 10 is another statement that is a function getch() from the

library conio. getch() will prompt and wait far the user enters any
key at the keyboard.

13
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

[Baris 10 adalah satu lagi pernyataan iaitu fungsi bernama getch()

daripada perpustakaan conio. getch() akan menggesa dan
menunggu sehingga pengguna menekan sebarang kekunci pada papan
kekunci]

vii. Line 11 is the return statement that the control of the program to the
operating system. It also determines the value of the return type that
match the main function.
[Baris 11 ini ialah pernyataan return yang akan mengalihkan kawalan
daripada aturcara kepada sistem pengoperasian. Ia juga akan
menentukan nilai bagi fungsi yang akan dipulangkan dan perlu
berpadanan dengan jenis data pulangan bagi fungsi main.]

viii. Line 12 is a close brace that marks the end of the body of main.
[Baris 12 merupakan penutup kurungan berkeluk yang menandakan
akhir bahagian badan fungsi main.]

2. Given program 1.3 below:

[Diberi aturcara 1.3 berikut:]

1 /* Program 1.3
2 Nama pengaturcara: Masitah Ghazali
3 Tujuan aturcara : Masukkan nama dan tahun lahir
4 serta kira usia pengguna pada tahun ini */
5
6 #include <stdio.h> //Pre-processor directive
7 #include <conio.h> //Pre-processor directive
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 const int TahunIni=2010;
12 char nama[20];
13 int tahunlahir, umur;
14
15 printf ("Masukkan nama anda: ");
16 scanf ("%s", &nama);
17
18 printf ("Masukkan tahun anda dilahirkan: ");
19 scanf ("%d", &tahunlahir);
20
21 umur = TahunIni - tahunlahir;
22
23 printf ("Nama anda: %s", nama);
24 printf ("\nUsia anda: %d", umur, "tahun.");
25 getch();
26 return 0;
27 }

i. Type, save, compile, and run program 1.3 above. What will be the
output of the program for the given input?

14
 LAB 1: RUNNING THE C++ PROGRAM

[Taip, simpan, kompil, dan laksanakan aturcara tersebut. Apakah

output aturcara di atas bagi input yang dimasukkan?]

ii. Briefly annotate what each line of code means.

[Terangkan secara ringkas maksud setiap baris kod.]

3. Given program 1.4 below:

[Diberi aturcara 1.4 berikut:]

1 //Program 1.4
2 //Nama pengaturcara: Masitah Ghazali
3
4 #include <stdio.h>
5 #include <conio>
6
7 int main (void)
8 {
9 int workDays;
10 float workHours, payRate, weeklyPay;
11
12 workDays = 5;
13 workHours = 6.5;
14 payRate = 20.50;
15 weeklyPay = workDays * workHours * payRate;
16 printf ("Weekly Pay = %f", weeklyPay);
17 printf ("\n");
18 getch();
19 return 0;
20 }

i. Type, save, compile, and run the program. What will be the output of
the program?
[Taip, simpan, kompil, dan laksanakan aturcara tersebut. Apakah
output bagi aturcara di atas?]

ii. Briefly annotate what each line of code means.

[Terangkan secara ringkas maksud setiap baris kodnya.]

15
LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART
USING MICROSOFT WORD

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Develop pseudocode using Microsoft Word software.

[Membina kod sudo menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word.]

2. Develop flowchart using Microsoft Word software.

[Membina carta alir menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word.]

3. Trace pseudocode and flowchart in order to determine the contents of the

variables and the output.
[Menjejak kod sudo dan carta alir untuk menentukan kandungan pemboleh
ubah dan output algoritma.]

4. Design a pseudocode or a flowchart with given problem.

[Mereka bentuk kod sudo dan carta alir bagi masalah yang diberikan.]

ASSUMPTIONS

5. Students have the basic experience in starting (booting) the computer.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengalaman asas memulakan (but) komputer.]

6. Students have the basic experience in loading and opening particular software
in Microsoft Windows.
[Pelajar mempunyai pengalaman asas memuat dan membuka perisian tertentu
dalam Microsoft Windows.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: DEVELOP THE PSEUDOCODE USING MICROSOFT WORD

[LATIHAN 1: MEMBINA KOD SUDO MENGGUNAKAN MICROSOFT WORD]

7. Loading the Microsoft Word software.

[Memuatkan perisian Microsoft Word.]

i. Load the Microsoft Word software into the main memory of the
computer (i.e. RAM).
[Muatkan perisian Microsoft Word ke dalam ingatan utama komputer,
iaitu RAM.]

ii. To load the Microsoft Word software:

16
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

[Uuntuk memuatkan perisian Microsoft Word:]

a. Click on the Start menu at the bottom-left of the screen.

[Klik pada menu Start yang berada di bahagian bawah
sebelah kiri skrin.]
b. Choose Microsoft Word represented by the icon
[Pilih Microsoft Word yang diwakili oleh ikon ]

The Microsoft Word software is displayed as in Figure 2.1 below:

[Perisian Microsoft Word dipamerkan seperti dalam Rajah 2.1
berikut:]

Figure 2.1

8. Type the following pseudocode.

[Taipkan kod sudo berikut.]

Algorithm 2.1 : To calculate the total of three numbers

1. Start
2. Set TOTAL to 0
3. Read NUMBER1
4. Read NUMBER2
5. Read NUMBER3
6. Add NUMBER1, NUMBER2 dan NUMBER3 and store in TOTAL
7. Display TOTAL
8. End

OR
[Atau]

17
 Algoritma 2.2 : Mengira hasil tambah bagi tiga nombor
1. Mula
2. Setkan HASILTAMBAH bersamaan 0
3. Baca NOMBOR1
4. Baca NOMBOR2
5. Baca NOMBOR3
6. Tambah NOMBOR1, NOMBOR2 dan NOMBOR3 dan simpan dlm
HASILTAMBAH
7. Paparkan HASILTAMBAH
8. Tamat

9. Save the pseudocode file.

[Simpan fail kod sudo.]

iii. To save a word document:

[Untuk menyimpan dokumen word:]

a. Click on the File menu. Select Save As as shown in Figure 2.2.

[Klik pada menu File. Pilih pilihan Save As seperti Rajah 2.2.]

Figure 2.2

b. Click twice on the folder that contains your files. Then type
your word document filename. For example,
KodSudoKira3Nom as in Figure 2.3 below:
[Klik dua kali pada folder yang mengandungi fail-fail anda.
Kemudian taipkan nama fail dokumen word. Sebagai contoh,
KodSudoKira3Nom seperti Rajah 2.3 berikut:]

18
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

Figure 2.3

c. Click on the Save button

[Klik bebutang Save]

EXERCISE 2: DEVELOP THE FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT

WINDOWS
[LATIHAN 2: MEMBINA CARTA ALIR MENGGUNAKAN MICROSOFT
WINDOWS]

1. Move cursor to new page.

[Gerak kursor ke halaman baru.]

i. Apply the Page Break function:

[Pilih fungsi Page Break.]

a. On the Insert menu, select Break as shown in Figure 2.4.

[Pada menu Insert, pilih pilihan Break seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.4.]

Figure 2.4

19
 b. On the following dialogue box, select Page Break and click on
the OK button. See Figure 2.5.
[Pada kekotak dialog berikut, pilih pada Page Break dan klik
pada bebutang OK. Lihat Rajah 2.5.]

Figure 2.5

2. Activate the Drawing submenu.

[Aktifkan submenu Drawing.]

3. Make sure that the Drawing submenu is activated. If it is not active, on the
View menu, select Toolbars and select Drawing as Figure 2.6 below:
[Pastikan bahagian Drawing diaktifkan. Jika tidak aktif, pada menu View,
pilih Toolbars dan pilih Drawing seperti Rajah 2.6 berikut:]

Figure 2.6

If active, the Drawing submenu is normally found as a panel located at the

bottom of the screen.
[Sekiranya aktif, submenu Drawing lazimnya terdapat sebagai panel di
bahagian bawah skrin.]

4. On the Drawing panel, click on the text box icon. See Figure 2.7.
[Pada panel Drawing, klik pada ikon kekotak teks. Lihat Rajah 2.7.]

20
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

Figure 2.7

5. Draw a rectangular shape and label it with Start as below:

[Lukis satu kawasan segi empat dan labelkannya sebagai Start seperti contoh
berikut:]

Start

6. Change its shape to a terminal symbol by clicking on the Draw menu, select
Change Autoshape, select Flowchart, select the terminator symbol. See
Figure 2.8.
[Ubah rupa supaya berbentuk simbol terminal dengan cara, klik pada menu
Draw, pilih Change Autoshape, pilih Flowchart, pilih simbol terminator.
Lihat Rajah 2.8.]

Figure 2.8

7. Draw the flowchart as in Figure 2.9:

[Bina carta alir seperti Rajah 2.9:]

21
 START

Read NUM1, NUM2,

NUM3

TOTAL = NUM1 + NUM2

+ NUM3

Display TOTAL

END

Figure 2.9

This flowchart is a conversion from the pseudocode done in Exercise 1.

[Carta alir ini ditukar daripada kod sudo yang telah di bina dalam Latihan 1.]

8. Save the file as CartaAlirKira3Nom.

[Simpan fail sebagai CartaAlirKira3Nom.]

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Using the Microsoft Word software, develop the pseudocode as in Algorithm

2.3 that converts the distance in mile to kilometer. Then trace the content of
the variables and determine the output of Algorithm 2.3.
[Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, bina kod sudo seperti
Algoritma 2.3 yang menukarkan jarak dalam unit batu kepada kilometer.
Kemudian jejak kandungan pembolehubah dan tentukan output Algoritma 2.3
tersebut.]

Algorithm 2.3: Convert the distance in mile to kilometer

1. Start
2. Set KM_PER_MILE to 1.609
3. Set Distance_Mile to 100
4. Convert the distance in mile to kilometers using the
formula:
Distance_Kilo = KM_PER_MILE x Distance_Mile
5. Display the distance in kilometer
6. End

22
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

2. Using the Microsoft Word software, develop a pseudocode that assigns values
to variables as in Algorithm 2.4. Then trace the content of the variables and
determine the output of the Algorithm 2.4.
[Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, bina kod sudo yang
mengumpukkan nilai kepada pembolehubah seperti Algoritma 2.4. Kemudian
jejak kandungan pembolehubah dan tentukan output bagi Algoritma 2.4
tersebut.]

Algorithm 2.4: Determine the content of variables

1. Start
2. Set Data1 = 5
3. Set Data2 = 2.5
4. Data3 = Data1 + Data2
5. Data2 = Data3 x Data1
6. Display Data1, Data2, Data3
7. End

3. Using the Microsoft Word software, develop a pseudocode that reads the
radius of a circle, and computes the area of the circle as in Algorithm 2.5.
[Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, bina kod sudo seperti
Algoritma 2.5 yang membaca jejari bagi suatu bulatan dan mengira luas
kawasan bulatan tersebut.]

Algorithm 2.5: Compute the area of a circle

1. Start
2. Set PI = 3.14159
3. Read the Radius
4. Calculate the area of a circle using the formula:
Area = Radius x Radius x PI
5. Display Area
6. End

i. Trace the content of the variables and determine the output of the
Algorithm 2.5 if the input for Radius is:
[Jejak kandungan pembolehubah serta tentukan output Algoritma 2.5
sekiranya input jejari (Radius) ialah:]

a. 3
b. 10
c. 150

4. Using the Microsoft Word software, develop a pseudocode that reads the
money collection of a user. The algorithm computes the number of Ringgit
and cents (50, 20, 10 5, and 1 cent) that can be extracted from the collection.
Tips: You can use the Modulus operator that obtains the remainder from a
division.

23
 [Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, bina kod sudo yang
membaca koleksi duit pengguna. Algoritma tersebut mengira bilangan
Ringgit dan syiling (50, 20, 10, 5, dan 1 sen) yang boleh diasing-asingkan
daripada koleksi tersebut. Panduan: Anda boleh menggunakan operator
Modulus untuk mendapatkan baki daripada hasil bahagi.]

i. Trace the content of the variables and determine the output of

Algorithm 2.6 if the input for the money collection is as follows:
[Jejak kandungan pembolehubah serta tentukan output bagi Algoritma
2.6 sekiranya input koleksi adalah seperti berikut:]

a. 927
b. 1274
c. 6785
d. 35565

Algorithm 2.6: Compute Money Change from Collection to

Ringgit and cents
1. Start
2. Read the Collection
3. Determine the total for ringgit using the formula:
Ringgit = Collection / 100
4. Determine the remaining amount using the formula:
Remain_Amt = Collection Modulus 100
5. Determine the total 50 cents in the remaining
amount using the formula:
Fifty_Cent = Remain_Amt / 50
6. Determine the remaining amount using the formula:
Remain_Amt = Remain_Amt Modulus 50
7. Determine the total 20 cents in the remaining
amount using the formula:
Twenty_Cent = Remain_Amt / 20
8. Determine the remaining amount using the formula:
Remain_Amt = Remain_Amt Modulus 20
9. Determine the total 10 cents in the remaining
amount using the formula:
Ten_Cent = Remain_Amt / 10
10. Determine the remaining amount using the formula:
Remain_Amt = Remain_Amt Modulus 10
11. Determine the total 5 cents in the remaining
amount using the formula:
Five_Cent = Remain_Amt / 5
12. Determine the remaining amount using the formula:
Remain_Amt = Remain_Amt Modulus 5
13. Determine the total 1 cents in the remaining
amount using the formula:
One_Cent = Remain_Amt
14. Display Collection, Ringgit, Fifty_Cent,
Twenty_Cent, Ten_Cent, Five_Cent, One_Cent
15. End

24
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Using the Microsoft Word software, draw a flowchart as in Figure 2.10 that
calculates the payment for normal and overtime working hours of an
employee. Then trace the content of the variables and determine the output
displayed from the algorithm.
[Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, lukiskan carta alir seperti
Rajah 2.10 yang mengira bayaran untuk jam kerja normal dan lebih masa
seseorang pekerja. Kemudian jejak kandungan pembolehubah dan tentukan
output algoritma tersebut.]

START

Set NormalPayRate = 10.00

Set NormalHours = 20

Set OvertimePayRate = 5.00

Set OverTimeHours = 8

Calculate TotalPay = NormalPayRate x

NormalHours + OverTimePayRate x
OverTimeHours

Display TOTAL

END

Figure 2.10

25
2. Using the Microsoft Word software, draw a flowchart as in Figure 2.11 that
calculates the total cost of item purchased.
[Dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft Word, lukiskan carta alir seperti
Rajah 2.11 yang mengira jumlah harga sesuatu pembelian.]

Start

Read ItemName

Read PricePerUnit

Read Quantity

TotalCost = Quantity * PricePerUnit

Display "Total
payment"

Read Payment

PayChange = Payment - TotalCost

Display ItemName, Payment,

TotalCost and PayChange

End

Figure 2.11

26
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

i. Trace the content of the variables and determine the output of the
algorithm if the input values are as follows:
[Jejak kandungan pembolehubah dan tentukan output algoritma
tersebut sekiranya input adalah seperti berikut:]

a. ItemName: Pencil
PricePerUnit: 0.50
Quantity: 15
Payment: 10.00

b. ItemName: Note book

PricePerUnit: 2.00
Quantity: 5
Payment: 50.00

c. ItemName: Pencil
PricePerUnit: 3
Quantity: 1
Payment: 5.00

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

Given the following set of problems. Analyze each problem and identify the input,
formula and the output. Write the pseudocode and draw the flowchart for the problem.
[Diberi masalah-masalah seperti berikut. Analisis setiap masalah dan kenalpasti
input, formula serta output. Tuliskan kod sudo dan lakarkan carta alir bagi masalah
berkenaan.]

1. Read three numbers. Calculate the sum of those three numbers and find the
average. Display all the three numbers, as well as the total of those numbers
and the in average.
[Baca tiga nombor. Kira dan jumlahkan ketiga-tiga nombor dan cari purata.
Paparkan ketiga-tiga nombor, dan juga jumlah ketiga-tiga nombor serta
puratanya.]

Output:

Input:

Formula:

Pseudocode design of the problem:

Flowchart design of the problem:

27
2. Calculate the average weight of four students. Attempt to analyze this problem
by stating it’s input, output and the formula required to determine the average
weight. Display each student’s weight and the average weight calculated.
[Cari purata berat bagi 4 orang pelajar. Paparkan berat setiap pelajar dan
purata yang dikira. Cuba analisa permasalahan ini dengan menyatakan input,
output serta formula yang diperlukan untuk mengira purata.]

Output:

Input:

Formula:

Pseudocode design of the problem:

Flowchart design of the problem:

3. Convert the time entered by the user in the form of day, hours and minute to
minutes. The conversion unit is as follows:
1 day is equivalent to 24 hours
1 hour is equivalent to 60 minutes
[Tukarkan masa yang dimasukkan oleh pengguna dalam bentuk hari, jam dan
minit ke minit. Pertukaran unit adalah seperti berikut:
1 hari bersamaan dengan 24 jam
1 jam bersamaan dengan 60 minit]

Output:

Input:

Formula:

Pseudocode design of the problem:

Flowchart design of the problem:

4. Convert the temperature entered by the user in the unit of Fahrenheit to the
unit of Celcius. The conversion formula is as follows:
Celsius x 9
Fahrenheit = + 32
5
[Tukarkan suhu yang dimasukkan oleh pengguna ke dalam unit Fahrenheit
kepada unit Celcius. Formula penukaran unit adalah seperti berikut:]

Output:

Input:

Formula:

Pseudocode design of the problem:

Flowchart design of the problem:

28
 LAB 2: DESIGNING PSEUDOCODE AND FLOWCHART USING MICROSOFT WORD

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

Given the following problem. Analyze the problem and design its solution using
structured chart. Then write the appropriate pseudocode or flowchart.
[Diberi masalah berikut. Analisa masalah tersebut dan reka bentuk penyelesaiannya
menggunakan carta berstruktur. Kemudian, tuliskan kod sudo atau carta alir yang
bersesuaian.]

1. A student has designed an object as shown in Figure 2.12. You need to

calculate both the perimeter and the area of the object, based on the length and
the width of the rectangle entered by the user, as well as the height of the
triangle.
[Seorang pelajar telah mereka bentuk suatu objek seperti Rajah 2.12. Anda
perlu mengira perimeter dan luas objek tersebut berdasarkan kepada nilai
panjang dan lebar segiempat yang dimasukkan oleh pengguna, serta nilai
tinggi segitiga objek tersebut.]

Figure 2.12

Calculate the perimeter

and area of an object

Get the input Calculate the Calculate the Display the

values total perimeter total area total perimeter
and total area

Calculate the Calculate the Calculate the Calculate the area

perimeter of perimeter of a area of circle of rectangle
circle triangle side

Calculate the
area of triangle

29
LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO
SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Develop pseudocode to solve selection and loop problem.

[Membina kod sudo bagi menyelesaikan masalah pilihan dan gelung.]

2. Develop flowchart to solve selection and loop problem.

[Membina carta alir bagi menyelesaikan masalah pilihan dan gelung.]

3. Trace pseudocode and flowchart in order to determine the contents of the

variables and the output.
[Menjejak kod sudo dan carta alir untuk menentukan kandungan pemboleh
ubah dan output algoritma.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have knowledge on designing simple pseudocode and flowchart.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan di dalam merekabentuk kod sudo dan carta
alir.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Based on the following information regarding input, output and process, write
the pseudocode and flowchart to solve the problem.
[Berdasarkan maklumat input, output dan proses di bawah, tuliskan kod sudo
dan carta alir untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut.]

Problem : Determine whether profit, return capital or loss.

[Masalah : Tentukan sama ada untung, balik modal atau rugi.]

Input :
i. Purchase price (in ringgit).
[Harga beli (dalam ringgit).]

ii. Selling price (in ringgit).

[Harga jualan (dalam ringgit).]

30
 LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

Output : Message "Profit" or "Return Capital" or "Loss"

[Mesej "Profit" atau "Return Capital" atau "Loss"]

Process :
Difference = Purchase price - Selling price
If Difference > 0, Output = "Profit"
If Difference = 0, Output = "Return Capital"
If Difference < 0, Output = "Loss"

2. Draw suitable flowchart symbol and write the correct C expression for the
following conditions.
[Lukis simbol carta alir yang sesuai dan tuliskan ungkapan C yang betul bagi
setiap syarat di bawah.]

i. Number greater than 1 and smaller or equal than 10.

[Nombor lebih besar daripada 1 dan lebih kecil atau sama dengan 10.]

ii. Number between 0 to 9 but not 6.

[Nombor adalah di antara 0 hingga 9 tetapi bukan 6.]

iii. Variable ans not character 'y' or 'Y'

[Pembolehubah ans bukan huruf 'y' atau 'Y'.]

iv. Even number equal to 0.

[Nombor genap bersamaan 0.]

3. Execute the flowchart in Figure 3.1 using the input values supplied in the
following Table 3.1. Record the output statements.
[Laksanakan carta alir di Rajah 3.1 menggunakan data input yang diberikan
pada Jadual 3.1. Rekodkan setiap output yang dipaparkan.]

Start

Read N

True
N<0 N is negative

False
True
N>0 N is positive

False

End

Figure 3.1

31
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Table 3.1
Input Value Output Statement
7
-5
0
3.5

i. Did the output for 0 seem correct?

[Adakah output bagi 0 betul?]

ii. Redraw the flowchart and add another selection symbol into Figure 3.1
and an associated output to write "N is zero" when 0 is entered.
[Lukis semula carta alir tersebut dan tambah satu lagi simbol pilihan
pada Rajah 3.1 dan juga simbol cetak yang bermesej "N is zero"
apabila 0 dimasukkan.]

4. Figure 3.2 is a sample of output after several times of execution of the

flowchart in Figure 3.3. Explain how those output were generated. Then,
convert the flowchart into pseudo code.
[Rajah 3.2 merupakan contoh output yang dijana dari carta alir pada Rajah
3.3 setelah beberapa kali dilaksanakan. Terangkan bagaimana output tersebut
terjana. Kemudian, tukarkan carta alir tersebut ke bentuk kod sudo.]

345 is odd number

100 is even number
2 is even number

Figure 3.2

Start

Read N

True
(N % 2) = = 0 N is even number

False

N is odd number

End

Figure 3.3

32
 LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

5. Trace the following pseudo code using the input values given in Table 3.2.
Record the output statements.
[Jejak kod sudo berikut menggunakan data input yang diberi pada Jadual 3.2.
Rekod setiap output yang dipaparkan.]

Algorithm 3.1: Trace the output of nested if statement

1. Start
2. Read i
3. If (i>3.0)
3.1 Start_If
3.1.1 If (i<12.0)
3.1.1.1 Start_If
3.1.1.1.1 j = i / 100 x 5
3.1.1.2 End_If
3.1.2 Else
3.1.2.1 Start_Else
3.1.2.1.1 j = 10 / i x 2.5
3.1.2.2 End_Else
3.2 End_If
4. Else
4.1 Start_Else
4.1.1 j = 5.5 x i / 2
4.2 End_Else
5. Display j
6. End

Table 3.2
Input Value Output Statement
5.0
3.0
2.5
15.0
12.0
11.5

6. The electric company gives a discount on electricity based upon usage. The
normal rate is RM0.60 per Kilowatt Hour (KWH). If the number of KWH is
above 1000, then the rate is RM0.45 per KWH.
[Syarikat elektrik telah memberikan diskaun ke atas penggunaan tenaga
elektrik. Kadar normal ialah RM60 bagi setiap jam Kilowatt (KWH). Jika
amaun KWH melebihi 1000, maka kadarnya ialah RM0.45 setiap KWH.]

i. Design a pseudo code or flowchart that requires the user to enter the
number of Kilowatt Hours used and then calculates and displays the
total electric bill.
[Bina kod sudo atau carta alir yang meminta pengguna memasukkan
bilangan penggunaan jam Kilowat dan seterusnya mengira serta
memaparkan jumlah bil elektrik.]

33
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

ii. According to the algorithm developed in (i), determine the cost for the
following usage:
[Berdasarkan algoritma yang dibina pada (i), tentukan kos bagi
penggunaan berikut:]

a. 900 KWH?
b. 1,754 KWH?
c. 10,000 KWH?

iii. Then, modify your algorithm in (i) to compute the electric bill based
on the rates as stipulated in the conditions supplied by Table 3.1.
[Seterusnya, ubahsuai algoritma (i), untuk mengira bil elektrik
berdasarkan kadar penggunaan elektrik mengikut syarat-syarat pada
Jadual 3.3.]

Table 3.3
Usage Rate
0-999 KWH $0.60
1000-1499 KWH $0.45
1500-1999 KWH $0.40
2000 or more KWH $0.35

iv. Modify your algorithm in (iii) and let's suppose that the electric rates
are based upon certain rate classes within each grouping as depicted in
Figure 3.4.
[Ubahsuai algoritma (iii), serta andaikan bahawa kadar elektrik lain
adalah berpandukan kepada kelas kadar tertentu dalam kumpulan
yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 3.4.]

0 - 999 KWH
commercial rate class RM 0.49
r1 rate class RM 0.57
r2 rate class RM 0.60

1000-1499 KWH
commercial rate class RM 0.38
r1 rate class RM 0.43
r2 rate class RM 0.44
r3 rate class RM 0.45

1500 - 1999 KWH

commercial rate class RM 0.31
r1 rate class RM 0.40

2000 or more KWH

commercial rate class RM 0.29
r1 rate class RM 0.31
r2 rate class RM 0.35
Figure 3.4

34
 LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Trace the flowchart in Figure 3.5 and answer the following questions.
[Jejak carta alir pada Rajah 3.5 dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.]

Start

total = 0

i=1

true
i < 10 total = total + i i=i+2

false

Print total

End

Figure 3.5

i. Determine the output for total.

[Tentukan ouput bagi total.]

ii. How many times the loop repeats?

[Berapa kalikah gelung tersebut berulang?]

iii. Modify the flowchart in Figure 3.5 by using the decrement counter
loop without changing the variables involved and the number of loops
involved.
[Ubahsuai carta alir pada Rajah 3.5 dengan menggunakan gelung
pembilang menyusut tanpa mengubah pembolehubah serta bilangan
gelung yang terlibat.]

2. Trace the flowchart in Figure 3.6 and answer the following questions.
[Jejak carta alir pada Rajah 3.6 dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.]

35
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Start

total = 0
count = 0

count = count + 1

total = total + count

True
count < 5

False

Print total

End

Figure 3.6

i. Determine the ouput for total.

[Tentukan ouput bagi total.]

ii. How many times the loop repeats?

[Berapa kalikah gelung tersebut berulang?]

iii. Determine the output of total if count = count + 1 is

changed to count = count + 3.
[Tentukan ouput bagi total jika count = count + 1 ditukarkan
kepada count = count + 3.]

iv. Modify the flowchart in Figure 3.6 by using while loop without
changing the variables and the number of loops involved.
[Ubahsuai carta alir pada Rajah 3.6 dengan menggunakan gelung
while tanpa mengubah pembolehubah serta bilangan gelung yang
terlibat.]

3. Trace the following pseudocode and record the output statements in Table 3.4.
[Jejak kod sudo berikut dan rekod pernyataan output pada Jadual 3.4.]

36
 LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

Algorithm 3.2: Loop control by sentinel value

1. Start
2. Read val
3. Set counter = 0
4. while (val > 0)
4.1 start_while
4.1.1 Display "The input value is" val
4.1.2 counter = counter + 1
4.1.3 Read val
4.2 end_while
5. Display counter "values are entered"
6. End

Table 3.4
Input Value Output Statement
1 2 3 0
0 1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
0

4. Trace the following pseudocode and answer the following questions that
follows.
[Jejak kod sudo berikut dan jawab soalan-soalan berikutnya.]

Algorithm 3.3: Loop control by sentinel value

1. Start
2. Set repeat = 1
3. while (repeat = 1)
start_while
Read no1
Read no2
Print no1 + no2
Read repeat
end_while
4. End

i. Trace Algorithm 3.3 and fill in the Table 3.5 with appropriate answers
for the given input.
[Jejak Algoritma 3.3 dan isikan kekotak kosong pada Jadual 3.5
dengan jawapan yang betul bagi data input yang diberi.]

Input :
20 12 1
11 51 2

37
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Table 3.5
repeat repeat=1 no1 no2 no1+no2
1 true

ii. Modify Algorithm 3.3 by changing the sentinel value where the loop
will be terminated if val is not equal to ‘y’ or ‘Y’.
[Ubahsuai Algoritma 3.3 dengan menukarkan nilai sentinel yang
memberhentikan gelung jika val bukan ‘y’ atau ‘Y’.]

5. Write a pseudo code that will generate the output as depicted in Figure 3.7.
[Tuliskan kod sudo yang akan menjana output seperti di Rajah 3.7.]

1,0
2,0 2,1
3,0 3,1 3,2
4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3
Figure 3.7

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Given the velocity, v, the distance, d, and the time, t, of a car that accelerates
from rest at constant acceleration, a.
[Diberi halaju, v , jarak, d dan masa, t, bagi sebuah kereta yang bergerak
daripada pegun kepada pecutan tetap, a.]

v = at
d = ½ at2

Draw a flowchart diagram to determine v and d as every second for the first
10 seconds for a car with acceleration of a = 1.55 m/s2. The flowchart
should be able to print the velocity, v and distance, d every 2 seconds.
[Lukis cartalir yang akan mengira nilai v dan d untuk setiap saat bagi tempoh
10 saat dengan pecutan a = 1.55 m/s2. Cartalir anda akan mencetak
halaju, v dan jarak, d bagi setiap sela 2 saat.]

2. Construct a pseudo code or flowchart which reads an integer, n which is less

than 10. Then, using nested loop, display the triangle of * such as depicted in
Figure 3.8.
[Bina kod pseudo atau cartalir yang akan membaca input integer, n di mana
nilainya kurang daripada 10. Kemudian dengan menggunakan gelung
tersarang, paparkan output segitiga * seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Rajah
3.8.]

38
 LAB 3: DESIGN PSEUDOCODE/FLOWCHART TO SOLVE SELECTION AND LOOP PROBLEM

* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*
Figure 3.8

3. Construct a pseudo code or flowchart which reads in two integer values. Then
display all the numbers that is located between two numbers. If the first
number entered is smaller than the second number entered, print all numbers
in ascending order. On the other hand, if the first number entered is greater
than the second number entered, print all numbers in descending order. Figure
3.9 depicted the example for these cases.
[Bina kod sudo atau carta alir yang akan membaca dua nilai integer.
Kemudian dua nombor tadi akan dipamerkan termasuklah nombor-nombor
yang terletak di antara kedua-dua nombor tersebut. Sekiranya nombor
pertama yang dimasukkan adalah lebih kecil daripada nombor kedua, maka
tertib paparan nombor adalah secara menaik. Sebaliknya, jika nombor
pertama yang dimasukkan adalah lebih besar daripada nombor kedua, maka
susunan paparan nombor adalah dalam keadaan menurun. Rajah 3.9
menggambarkan contoh bagi kes-kes ini.]

Input : 3 7
Output : 3 4 5 6 7

Input : 7 3
Output : 7 6 5 4 3
Figure 3.9

39
LAB 4: CONVERTING ALGORITHM TO C CODE

OBJECTIVES FOR THE STUDENT

1. To convert the given pseudo code into C code.

[Untuk menukar kod sudo kepada kod C]

2. To convert the given flow chart into C code successfully.

[Untuk menukar carta alir kepada kod C]

3. To compile, link and run the C program and produce the result.
[Untuk mengkompil, memaut, dan melaksana aturcara C serta menghasilkan
keputusan.]

4. To identify error messages and debug the program.

[Untuk mengenal pasti mesej ralat dan menyah ralat aturcara]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have the experience in developing pseudo code and flow chart.
[Pelajar mempunyai pengalaman dalam membina kod sudo dan carta alir.]

2. Students have the knowledge on basic structure of C programming language.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan asas mengenai struktur asas bahasa
pengaturcaraan C]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

Refer to Exercise 3 of Lab 2.

[Rujuk pada Latihan 3 Makmal 2]

1. Convert the pseudo code of Algorithm 2.3 into correct C code. Compile and
run the program and state the output of the program.
[Tukarkan kod sudo Algoritma 2.3 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut.]

2. Convert the pseudo code of Algorithm 2.4 into correct C code. Compile and
run the program and state the output of the program.
[Tukarkan kod sudo Algoritma 2.4 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut.]

40
 LAB 4: CONVERTING ALGORITHM TO C CODE

3. Convert the pseudo code of Algorithm 2.5 into correct C code. Compile and
run the program and state the output of the program if the Radius is input as:
[Tukarkan kod sudo Algoritma 2.5 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut jika jejari input
adalah:]

i. 67
ii. 320
iii. 19

4. Convert the pseudo code of Algorithm 2.6 into correct C code. Compile and
run the program and state the output of the program if the Collection is
input as:
[Tukarkan kod sudo Algoritma 2.6 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut jika Simpanan
input adalah:]

i. 89123
ii. 45560
iii. 12

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

Refer to Exercise 4 of Lab 2

[Rujuk pada Latihan 4 Makmal 2]

1. Convert the flow chart of Figure 2.10 into correct C code. Compile and run
the program and state the output of the program.
[Tukarkan carta alir Rajah 2.10 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut.]

2. Convert the flow chart of Figure 2.11 into correct C code. Compile and run
the program and state the output of the program if the input for the variables
are as follows:
[Tukarkan carta alir Rajah 2.11 ke dalam kod C dengan betul. Kompil dan
larikan aturcara dan nyatakan output bagi aturcara tersebut jika input
pembolehubah adalah seperti berikut:]

i. ItemName: Pencil
PricePerUnit: 0.50
Quantity: 15

ii. ItemName: Note book

PricePerUnit: 2.00
Quantity: 5

41
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

iii. ItemName: Pencil

PricePerUnit: 3
Quantity: 1.20

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

Given the following C program, compile and run the program. Write down any
syntax error and logic error that occurs. Rewrite the program to correct the error.
[Diberi aturcara C di bawah, kompil dan larikan aturcara tersebut. Tuliskan semula
aturcara untuk membetulkan sintaks.]

1.
1 //Program 4.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 Printf("I like programming ");
7 Getch();
8 Return 0;
9 }

2.
1 //Program 4.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main (){
6 int nilai1;
7 nilai1 = 4;
8 printf("%d+%d=%d", nilai1, nilai2,
nilai1+nilai2);
9 getch();
10 return 0;
11 }

3.
1 //Program 4.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 void main ( )
5 {
6 int 125umur
7 125umur = 125;
8 printf "umur= %d tahun", umur);

42
 LAB 4: CONVERTING ALGORITHM TO C CODE

4.
1 //Program 4.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main()
5 {
6 printf("’This is my simple program’");
7 getch();
8 return 0;
9 }

5.
1 //Program 4.5
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 void my_address (void)
5 {
6 printf("Dayang Norhayati Abang Jawawi\n");
7 printf("\tFakulti Sains Komputer");
8 printf("dan Sistem Maklumat\n");
9 printf("\tSkudai, Johor\n");
10 }
11
12 void main ( )
13 {
14 print_my_address();
15 getch();
16 }

6.
1 //Program 4.6
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main (){
5 char c1, c2, c3, c4;
6 c1=65; c2='A'; c3=0x41; c4=0101;
7 printf("%c %d %f %s", c1, c2, c3, c4);
8 getch();
9 return 0;
}

43
LAB 5: WORKING WITH DATA

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Identify the difference between integer and floating-point numbers.

[Mengenal pasti perbezaan di antara nombor integer dan titik terapung.]

2. Write arithmetic expressions in C.

[Menulis ungkapan aritmetik dalam C.]

3. Define and initialize variables and constants in C.

[Mentakrifkan dan memberi nilai awal kepada pembolehubah dan pemalar di
dalam C.]

4. Write simple programs that assign values to variables, process the values and
display the results.
[Menulis satu aturcara yang mudah yang dapat mengumpukkan nilai kepada
pembolehubah, memproses nilai-nilai tersebut dan memaparkan hasil operasi
tersebut.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have experience in compiling and running a C program.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengalaman mengkompil dan melaksanakan aturcara C.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Write assignment statements that perform the following operations with

variables a, b and c.
[Tulis penyataan umpukan yang menjalankan operasi berikut terhadap
pembolehubah a, b dan c.]

i. Add 2 to variable a and stores the result in b.

[Tambah 2 kepada a dan simpan hasilnya dalam b.]

ii. Multiply b with 4 and stores the result in b.

[Darab b dengan 4 dan simpan hasilnya dalam b.]

44
 LAB 5: WORKING WITH DATA

iii. Divide a by 3.14 and stores the result in b.

[Bahagi a dengan 3.14 dan simpan hasilnya dalam b.]

iv. Subtract 8 from b and stores the result in a.

[Tolak 8 daripada b dan simpan hasilnya dalam a.]

v. Store the value 27 in a.

[Simpan nilai 27 dalam a.]

vi. Store the character ‘L’ in c.

[Simpan huruf ’L’ dalam c.]

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Download Program 5.1. There are a number of syntax errors in the Program
5.1. Locate as many as you can.
[Muat turun Program 5.1. Terdapat beberapa ralat sintaks di dalam Program
5.1. Kenalpasti sebanyak yang mungkin.]

1 //Program 5.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int a,b;
8 a=3;
9 b=4;
10 c=a+b;
11 printf ("The value of c is %d, c)";
12 getch();
13 return 0;
14 }

2. Explain and correct the errors.

[Berikan penerangan tentang ralat sintaks yang dikenal pasti dan betulkan
ralat-ralat tersebut.]

45
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Type in the following program (Program 5.2):

[Taip aturcara yang berikut (Program 5.2):]

1 //Program 5.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int length, width, area;
8
9 length = 12;
10 width = 13;
11 area=length*width;
12 printf ("Area: %d", area, "\n");
13 getch();
14 return 0;
15 }

2. Compile and run the Program 5.2. What is the output?

[Kompil dan laksanakan Program 5.2. Apakah hasilnya?]

3. In your own words, explain the program.

[Di dalam ayat kamu sendiri, berikan penerangan tentang aturcara tersebut.]

4. Now, modify the Program 5.2 by changing the value of length to 12.12 and
width to 13.12. Compile and run the modified program. What is the output?
Explain the output.
[Ubah aturcara di dalam Program 5.2 dengan menukarkan nilai length
kepada 12.12 dan width kepada 13.12. Kompil dan laksanakan aturcara
yang telah diubahsuai. Apakah hasilnya. Berikan penerangan tentang hasil
tersebut.]

5. Now, change the length and width variable type to float. Compile and
run the modified program. What is the output?
[Ubah pembolehubah length dan width kepada jenis float. Kompil dan
laksanakan aturcara yang telah diubahsuai. Apakah hasilnya?]

46
 LAB 5: WORKING WITH DATA

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. What will be printed by the extracted code below. Explain how you get such
output.
[Apakah yang akan dicetak oleh cebisan kod di bawah. Terangkan bagaimana
kamu boleh mendapat hasil tersebut.]

1 //Program 5.3
2
3 int n, m, x, y;
4 m=10;
5 n=m++*2;
6 printf ("n: %d", n);
7 printf ("\nm: %d", m);
8
9 x=10;
10 y=++x*2;
11 printf ("\nx: %d", x);
12 printf ("\ny: %d", y);

2. What is the final value of t? Why such output? Explain the output.
[Apakah hasil akhir nilai t? Kenapa hasil tersebut dihasilkan? Berikan
penerangan tentang hasil tersebut.]

1 //Program 5.4
2
3 int j=2, k=3;
4 double r=24.5, s=3.0, t1, t2;
5
6 t1*=r+s;
7 t2=r-s*3%(2+j)/k;

47
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

1. Convert the following pseudocode (Algorithm 5.1) to C code.

[Tukarkan kod sudo berikut (Algorithm 5.1) ke kod C.]

Algorithm 5.1: Calculating total sales value for three

items

1. Start
2. Store 12.95 in the item1 variable.
3. Store 24.95 in the item2 variable.
4. Store 6.95 in the item3 variable.
5. Sum up the three variables and store the result in the
subtotal variable.
6. Multiply the subtotal variable with 0.06 and store the
result in the sales tax variable.
7. Subtract the sales tax amount from the subtotal and
store the result in the total variable.
8. Display each item’s value, the subtotal value, the
amount of sales tax and the total.
9. End

2. Convert either Algorithm 2.1 or Algorithm 2.2 (Lab 2, Exercise 1, Question 2)

to C code.
[Tukarkan samada Algorithm 2.1 atau Algorithm 2.2 (Lab 2, Exercise 1,
Question 2) kepada kod C.]

3. Convert the designed solution for "Get the input values" (Lab 2,
Exercise 6, Question 1) to C code.
[Tukarkan penyelesaian yang telah direkabentuk bagi "Get the input
values" (Lab 2, Exercise 6, Question 1) kepada kod C.]

4. Convert the designed solution for "Calculate the total perimeter"

(Lab 2, Exercise 6, Question 1) to C code.
[Tukarkan penyelesaian yang telah direkabentuk bagi "Calculate the
total perimeter" (Lab 2, Exercise 6, Question 1) kepada kod C.]

48
 LAB 5: WORKING WITH DATA

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

1. Write a program that computes the tax and tip of a restaurant bill for a patron
with a cost of RM50.60. The tax should be 10% of the meal cost. The tip
should be 5% of the total after adding the tax. Display the cost, tax amount, tip
amount and total bill on the screen.
[Tuliskan satu aturcara yang akan mengira nilai cukai dan tip untuk bil
restoran yang mempunyai nilai kos RM50.60. Cukai ialah 10% daripada kos
tersebut. Tip pula ialah 5% daripada jumlah kos setelah dicampur dengan
cukai. Paparkan nilai kos, nilai cukai, nilai tip dan jumlah bil di skrin.]

2. An electronics company sells circuit boards at a 40 percent profit. Write a

program that will calculate the selling price of a circuit board that costs
RM12.67. Display the result on the screen.
[Sebuah syarikat elektronik menjual papan litar pada keuntungan 40%.
Tuliskan satu aturcara yang akan mengira harga jualan papan litar yang
berkos RM12.67. Paparkan hasil di skrin.]

49
LAB 6: INPUT & OUTPUT

OBJECTIVES FOR THE STUDENT

1. To read user input from keyboard and display program output.

[Untuk membaca masukan pengguna daripada papan kekunci dan
memaparkan hasil aturcara.]

2. To write simple programs that read numbers and text, process the input and
display the results.
[Untuk menulis sebuah aturcara mudah yang dapat membaca nombor-nombor
dan teks, memproses data masukan dan memaparkan hasil-hasil proses
tersebu.]

3. To format output.
[Untuk memformat output.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have experience in compiling and running a C program.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengalaman mengkompil dan melaksanakan aturcara C.]

2. Students have a basic knowledge of previous lessons (Data Types and

Arithmetic).
[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan asas tentang pelajaran yang terdahulu
(Jenis Data dan Aritmetik).]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Write a C statement that performs the following operations:

[Tulis penyataan C yang menjalankan operasi-operasi berikut]

i. Declare variables; weight and height of float type.

[Istiharkan pembolehubah; weight dan height berjenis float.]

ii. Declare a counter of type integer with an initial value of 0.

[Istiharkan pembolehubah counter berjenis integer dengan nilai
awalan 0.]

iii. Stores the value 180.5 to the variable.

50
 LAB 6: INPUT & OUTPUT

[Simpan nilai 180.5 kepada pembolehubah weight.]

iv. Add a value of 1 to the counter variable and store the result to the
counter variable.
[Tambah nilai 1 dalam pembolehubah counter dan simpan hasil
dalam pembolehubah counter.]

v. Declare variables; weight_reduced and new_weight of floating

type.
[Istiharkan pembolehubah; weight_reduced dan new_weight
berjenis float.]

vi. Read the weight_reduced variable from a keyboard.

[Baca pembolehubah weight_reduced daripada papan kekunci.]

vii. Calculate the value of new_weight as a difference between the weight

and the weight_reduced values.
[Kira nilai new_weight sebagai perbezaan di antara nilai weight
dan weight_reduced .]

viii. Display the value of new_weight on the screen.

[Paparkan nilai new_weight pada skrin.]

ix. Display the statement; “Congratulations! You have reduced your

weight” on the screen.
[Paparkan pernyataan, “Congratulations! You have reduced your
weight” pada skrin.]

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Type in the following 2 programs (Program 6.1 and Program 6.2):

[Taip 2 aturcara berikut (Program 6.1 dan Program 6.2):]

1 //Program 6.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main ()
6 {
7 char char1;
8 char char2;
9 char char3;
10 char char4;
11 printf("Input four characters > ");
12 scanf ("%c%c%c%c", &char1, &char2, &char3,
13 &char4);
14 printf("%c %c %c %c", char1, char2, char3,
15 char4);

51
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

16 getch();
17 return 0;
18 }

1 //Program 6.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main ()
6 {
7 char char1;
8 char char2;
9 char char3;
10 char char4;
11 printf("Input four characters > ");
12 char1=getchar();
13 char2=getchar();
14 char3=getchar();
15 char4=getchar();
16 putchar(char1);
17 putchar(char2);
18 putchar(char3);
19 putchar(char4);
20 getch();
21 return 0;
22 }

2. Compile and run them with the same set of the input data. e.g. (a b c d).
Examine the results carefully.
[Kompil dan laksanakan aturcara-aturcara tersebut dengan set data input
yang sama (contoh a b c d). Semak hasil tersebut secara teliti. ]

3. Understand what each line of the statement in the program does. In your own
words, explain what the program does and the difference between the two
programs.
[Fahamkan apa yang dilakukan oleh setiap baris di pernyataan dalam
aturcara tersebut. Di dalam ayat kamu sendiri, terangkan apa yang dilakukan
oleh setiap aturcara tersebut lakukan dan perbezaan di antara kedua-dua
aturcara tersebut.]

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Write a C program that asks the user to enter an integer, a floating point
number, and a character, and write the results back out. All output must be
must be in the format shown in the sample output.
[Tulis satu aturcara C yang meminta pengguna memasukkan satu nilai integer,
satu nilai titik terapung dan satu aksara, dan paparkan semula nilai-nilai

52
 LAB 6: INPUT & OUTPUT

yang telah dimasukkan. Semua hasil mestilah dicetak menggunakan format

seperti contoh output di bawah.]

Sample input:
Enter an integer: 7
Enter a decimal number: 2.25
Enter a single character: r

Sample output:
You entered 7
You entered 2.25
You entered r

2. Write a C program that will read your yearly gross wage from a keyboard,
calculate and display your monthly net wage. Assuming your yearly gross
wage is between RM50,000 and RM80,000. Below are the deductions that
need to be considered:

i. Yearly income tax: 10% from the gross wage.

ii. CPF: 8% from the first RM45000 of the gross wage and 4% from the
rest.
[Tulis satu aturcara C yang akan membaca gaji kasar setahun daripada
papan kekunci, mengira dan memaparkan pendapatan bersih sebulan.
Anggapkan yang gaji kasar anda setahun ialah di antara RM50,000 dan
RM80,000. Berikut ialah potongan yang perlu dibuat:

i. Cukai pendapatan setahun: 10% daripada gaji kasar.

ii. CPF: 8% daripada RM45000 yang pertama daripada gaji kasar dan
4% selebihnya. ]

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Type in Program 6.3 as follows:

[Taip Program 6.3 seperti berikut:]

1 //Program 6.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3
4 int main()
5 {
6
7 float val1, val2, val3, val4;
8 FILE *inData;
9 FILE *outData;
10
11 inData = fopen("DataIn.txt", "r");
12 outData = fopen("DataOut.txt", "w");
13

53
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

14 fscanf(inData,"%f%f%f%f", &val1, &val2,

15 &val3, &val4);
16 fprintf(outData,"%f %f %f %f", val1, val2,
17 val3, val4);
18
19 return 0;
20 }

2. Create the input data file DataIn.txt. The file consists of the following data:
[Cipta satu fail input DataIn.txt. Fail tersebut mengandungi data-data
berikut:]

5.5
6.6
7.7
8.8

3. Compile and run Program 6.3. Examine the results carefully. Understand
what each line of the statement in the program does. In your own words,
explain what the program does.
[Kompil dan laksanakan Program 6.3. Kaji hasil nya dengan teliti. Fahamkan
apa yang dilakukan oleh setiap baris pernyataan di dalam aturcara tersebut.
Di dalam ayat kamu sendiri, terangkan apa yang aturcara tersebut
laksanakan.]

4. Modify the program so it also outputs the average of the four input numbers.
[Ubahsuai Program 6.3 aturcara tersebut supaya ia menghasilkan purata
keempat-empat nombor tersebut.]

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

1. Type in Program 6.4 as follows:

[Taip Program 6.4 seperti berikut:]

1 //Program 6.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main()
5 {
6 int n;
7 float f;
8 char s[100];
9
10 printf("Input one integer: ");
11 scanf("%d", &n);
12
13 printf("%d\n%6d\n%-6dend\n", n, n, n, n);
14

54
 LAB 6: INPUT & OUTPUT

15 printf("Input one string: ");

16 scanf("%s", s);
17 printf("%s\n%20s\n%-20send\n", s,s,s);
18
19
20 printf("Input one floating number: ");
21 scanf("%f", &f);
22 printf("%f\n%5.2f\n%-10.2eend\n", f, f, f);
23
24 getch();
25 return 0;
26 }

2. Compile and run Program 6.4. Examine the results carefully. Understand
what each line of the statement in the program does. In your own words,
explain what the program does.
[Kompil dan laksanakan Program 6.4. Periksa hasilnya dengan teliti.
Fahamkan apa yang dilakukan oleh setiap baris arahan di dalam aturcara
tersebut lakukan. Di dalam ayat kamu sendiri, terangkan apa yang dilakukan
oleh aturcara tersebut.]

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

1. Write a program that will convert Malaysian Ringgit (RM) amounts to

Japanese Yen and to Euros. The conversion factors to use are:
1 RM = 0.21734 Euros
1 RM = 36.0665 Yen

Format your currency amounts in fixed-point notation, with two decimal

places of precision, and be sure the decimal point is always displayed.
[Tulis satu aturcara yang akan menukarkan nilai Ringgit Malaysia (RM) ke
Yen Jepun dan Euros. Nilai penukaran adalah seperti berikut:
1 RM = 0.21734 Euros
1 RM = 36.0665 Yen

Nilai matawang tersebut mestilah berjenis titik terapung, dengan dua tempat
perpuluhan. Pastikan titik perpuluhan tersebut dipaparkan.]

2. The monthly payment on a loan may be calculated by the following formula:

[Bayaran bulanan untuk sebuah pinjaman boleh dikira dengan menggunakan
rumus berikut:]

Payment = Rate * (1+Rate)N * L

((1+Rate)N -1)

55
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Rate is the monthly interest rate, which is the annual interest rate divided by
12 (e.g. 12% annual interest would be 1 percent monthly interest). N is the
number of payments and L is the amount of the loan. Write a program that
asks for these values and displays a report as follows:
[Rate merujuk kepada kadar interest bulanan, iaitu kadar interest tahunan
dibahagi dengan 12 (contohnya, kadar interest bulanan untuk 12% kadar
interest tahunan ialah 1%). N ialah bilangan pembayaran dan L ialah jumlah
pinjaman. Tulis satu aturcara yang akan membaca nilai-nilai tersebut dan
memaparkan report seperti format di bawah:]

Loan Amount: RM10000.00

Monthly Interest Rate: 1%
Number of Payments: 36
Monthly Payment: RM 332.14
Amount Paid Back: RM11957.15
Interest Paid: RM 1957.15

56
LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Use selection control structure.

[Menggunakan struktur kawalan pilihan.]

2. Use the if selection control structure.

[Menggunakan struktur kawalan pilihan if.]

3. Use the if...else selection control structure.

[Menggunakan struktur kawalan pilihan if...else.]

4. Use the switch selection control structure.

[Menggunakan struktur kawalan pilihan switch.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have knowledge to assess relational and logical Boolean operations.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan untuk menilai operasi Boolean berbentuk
hubungan dan logik.]

2. Students have knowledge to form input/output statements.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan untuk membina kenyataan input/output.]

3. Students have knowledge to form increment/decrement operators.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan untuk membina operasi tokok/susut.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Given the following declarations, evaluate the expression below and assign
true or false value for each expression.
[Diberi pengisytiharan berikut, selesaikan ungkapan di bawah serta berikan
nilai true atau false untuk setiap ungkapan.]

bool found = true;

bool flag = false;
int number = 5;
int xint = 12;
int yint =100;
double xdouble = 50.3;

57
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

double ydouble = 1.3;

char ch = 'D';

i. !found
ii. !number
iii. (number >= xint) && (number<=yint)
iv. (found || flag)
v. (xint != yint)
vi. (ydouble * 10) <= xdouble
vii. 'A'<= ch && ch<='Z'
viii. number-5 == xint) && !flag

2. Write a C expression for each the following conditions.

[Tuliskan ungkapan C bagi setiap syarat berikut:]

i. Number greater than 1 and smaller than 9.

[Nombor lebih besar daripada 1 tetapi lebih kecil daripada 9.]

ii. Variable ch not character ‘q’ or ‘k’.

[Pembolehubah ch bukan huruf ‘q’ atau ‘k’.]

iii. Number between 1 to 9 but not number 5.

[Nombor adalah di antara 1 hingga 9 tetapi bukan nombor 5.]

iv. Not the number between 1 to 9.

[Nombor bukan di antara 1 hingga 9.]

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Download Program 7.1. Study the code and run the program.
[Muat turun Program 7.1. Fahamkan aturcara tersebut dan laksanakannya.]

1 //Program 7.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 double mark;
7
8 printf ("Enter your mark: ");
9 scanf ("%lf", &mark);
10
11 if (mark >= 30)
12 printf ("TEST 1 -> Pass\n");
13 if (mark < 30)
14 printf ("TEST 1 -> Fail\n");
15
16 getch();
17 return 0;
18 }

58
 LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

i. Explain the function or objective of the program.

[Terangkan fungsi atau objektif aturcara.]

ii. Change the usage of the 2 if statements (Line 11 and Line 13) to an
if..else statement.
[Tukarkan penggunaan 2 kenyataan if (Baris 11 dan Baris 13) kepada
kenyataan if..else.]

iii. Show the difference between the usage of the 2 if statements and the
if..else statement using a flowchart.
[Tunjukkan perbezaan penggunaan 2 kenyataan if dan if..else
dengan menggunakan carta alir.]

2. Download Program 7.2. The program requests the user to input Test 1 mark.
Contribution to the final mark will be calculated if the Test 1 mark is greater
than or equal to 30%, and if the mark is less than 30% the student is required
to re-sit the test. The contribution is 20% of Test 1 mark to the final mark.
[Muat turun Program 7.2. Program tersebut meminta pengguna memasukkan
markah Test 1. Sumbangan kepada markah akhir akan dikira jika markah Test
1 yang dimasukkan adalah lebih besar atau sama dengan 30%, dan jika
kurang daripada 30% pelajar perlu menduduki Test 1 sekali lagi. Test 1
memberi sumbangan 20% kepada markah akhir.]

1 //Program 7.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 double mark, final20p=0;
7
8 printf ("Enter your mark: ");
9 scanf ("%lf", &mark);
10
11 if (mark >= 30)
12 printf ("TEST 1 -> Pass\n");
13 final20p = ((20.0/100.0) * mark);
14 printf ("Contribution to final mark %d”,
15 final20p);
16 if (mark < 30)
17 printf ("TEST 1 -> Fail\n");
18 printf ("Please re-sit TEST 1\n");
19 getch();
20 return 0;
21 }

i. Identify the logic errors from the program.

[Kenal pasti ralat logik dari program tersebut.]

ii. Correct the logic errors.

[Betulkan ralat logik tersebut.]

59
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Download Program 7.3. Study the code and run the program.
[Muat turun Program 7.3. Fahamkan aturcara tersebut dan laksanakannya.]

1 //Program 7.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 double mark;
7
8 print ("Enter your mark");
9 scanf ("%lf", &mark);
10
11 if (mark >=75)
12 printf ("Your score: A\n");
13 if ((mark <75)&& (mark>=60))
14 printf ("Your score: B\n");
15 if ((mark <60)&& (mark>=45))
16 printf ("Your score: C\n");
17 if ((mark <45)&& (mark>=30))
18 printf ("Your score: D\n");
19 if (mark <30)
20 printf ("Your score: E\n");
21 getch();
22 return 0;
23 }

i. Explain the function or objective of the program.

[Terangkan fungsi atau objektif aturcara tersebut.]

ii. Draw a flowchart for the program.

[Lukiskan carta alir untuk program ini.]

iii. Given the input mark = 90.6, identify which if statement will be
evaluated and what are the results of the evaluated expression.
[Diberi input mark = 90.6, kenal pasti garis kenyataan if yang akan
dinilai dan keputusan penilaian ungkapan tersebut.]

2. Download Program 7.4. Study the code and run the program.
[Muat turun Program 7.4. Fahamkan aturcara tersebut dan laksanakannya.]

1 //Program 7.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 double mark;
7
8 print ("Enter your mark");
9 scanf ("%lf", &mark);

60
 LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

10
11 if (mark >=75)
12 printf ("Your score: A\n");
13 else if ((mark <75)&& (mark>=60))
14 printf ("Your score: B\n");
15 else if ((mark <60)&& (mark>=45))
16 printf ("Your score: C\n");
17 else if ((mark <45)&& (mark>=30))
18 printf ("Your score: D\n");
19 else if (mark <30)
20 printf ("Your score: E\n");
21 getch();
22 return 0;
23 }

i. Draw a flowchart for the program.

[Lukiskan carta alir untuk aturcara ini.]

ii. Given the input mark = 90.6, identify which if statement will be
evaluated and what are the results of the evaluated expression.
[Diberi input mark = 90.6, kenal pasti garis kenyataan if yang akan
dinilai dan keputuan penilaian ungkapan tersebut.]

iii. Explain the difference between the if statement in Program 7.3 with
the if..else..if statement in Program 7.4.
[Jelaskan perbezaan kenyataan if dalam Program 7.3 dan kenyataan
if..else..if dalam Program 7.4.]

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Given a selection control structure with switch in Program 7.5.

[Diberikan struktur kawalan pilihan switch dalam Program 7.5.]

1 //Program 7.5
2 #include <studio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main(){
6 int choice;
7
8 printf("What flavor ice cream do you want?\n");
9 printf("Enter 1 for chocolate\n");
10 printf("Enter 2 for vanilla\n");
11 printf("Enter 3 for strawberry\n");
12 printf("Enter 4 for Yam\n");
13 printf("Enter your choice: \n");
14 scanf("%d", &choice);
15
16 switch (choice) {
17 case 1:

61
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

18 printf("Chocolate, Muhammad's favorite.\n");

19 break;
20 case 2:
21 printf("Vanilla, Ismael's favorite\n");
22 break;
23 case 3:
24 printf("Strawberry, Adibah's favorite\n");
25 break;
26 case 4:
27 printf("Yam, Munirah's favorite\n");
28 break;
29 default:
30 printf("We don't have any\n");
31 printf("Make another selection\n");}
32
33 getch();
34 return 0;
35 }

i. Draw a flowchart for the program.

[Lukiskan carta alir untuk aturcara ini.]

ii. Based on the flowchart rewrite Program 7.5 using selection control
structure with if..else..if.
[Berdasarkan carta alir yang dilukis, tulis semula Program 7.5 dengan
menggunakan struktur kawalan pilihan if..else..if.]

iii. Compare the original Program 7.5 and the program from answer ii.
Which selection control structure is easy to read?
[Bandingkan Program 7.5 asal dan aturcara dari jawapan ii. Struktur
kawalan pilihan yang manakah lebih mudah untuk dibaca?]

62
 LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

1. Given flowchart in Figure 7.1, write a C program.

[Diberikan carta alir di Rajah 7.1, tuliskan aturcara C.]

START

Read aLetter

false
if aLetter is Display “NOT
‘a’to ‘z’ or ‘A’ A LETTER”
to ‘Z’

true

true
if aLetter ‘a’ Display
or ‘A’ “Vowel A”

false

true Display
if aLetter ‘e’
or ‘E’ “Vowel E”

false

if aLetter ‘i’ true Display

or ‘I’ “Vowel I”

false

true
if aLetter ‘o’ Display
or ‘O’ “Vowel O”

false

true
if aLetter ‘u’ Display
or ‘U’ “Vowel U”

false

Display
“consonant”

END

Figure 7.1

63
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

1. Write a complete C program to identify the grade for the subject C

Programming Techniques (SCP1103) based on the assessments as listed in
Table 7.1. The input for this program is the 5 assessment marks. The full mark
for each assessment is 100%. The final mark for this subject will be
calculated based on the 5 assessments input mark. Based on this final mark the
program will assign a grade. The grade scales are as tabulated in Table 7.2.
[Tuliskan aturcara C lengkap untuk mengenal pasti gred bagi subjek Teknik
Pengaturcaraan C (SCP1103) berdasarkan penilaian yang disenaraikan di
Jadual 7.1. Input untuk aturcara ini ialah markah bagi 5 penilaian. Markah
penuh untuk setiap penilaian ialah 100%. Markah akhir untuk subjek ini
dikira berdasarkan 5 masukan markah penilaian tersebut. Markah ujian akhir
ini akan digunakan untuk menentukan gred. Skala gred dijadualkan di Jadual
7.2.]

Table 7.1: Assessment Items

Assessments Percentage (%)
Test 1 20
Assignments 30
Quiz 10
Lab works 10
Final Exam 30
Total 100

Table 7.2: Grade Scale

Assessments Percentage (%)
A+ 90-100
A 80-89
A- 75-79
B+ 70-74
B 65-69
B- 60-64
C+ 55-59
C 50-54
C- 45-49
D+ 40-44
D 35-39
D- 30-34
E 00-29

64
 LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

EXERCISE 7:
[LATIHAN 7]

1. Write a C program to compute bill payment of electrical consumption for

different users. In order to promote saving, Tenaga National Berhad (TNB)
charge a lower rate to users with lower consumption as shown in Table 7.3.
Figure 7.2(a) and Figure 7.2(b) show a design of flowchart to solve this
problem.
[Tuliskan satu aturcara C yang akan mengira jumlah bayaran bil penggunaan
elektrik bagi setiap pengguna. Untuk menggalakkan penjimatan, pihak
Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) mengenakan kadar bayaran lebih rendah
kepada pengguna bagi penggunaan yang minima seperti di Jadual 7.3. Rajah
7.2(a) and Rajah 7.2(b) menunjukkan carta alir untuk menyelesaikan masalah
ini.]

Table 7.3: New Rate

User Code User Type First Rate Second Rate
[Kod [Jenis Pengguna] [Kadar Pertama] [Kadar Kedua]
Pengguna]
R Household 0.10 for first 500 unit 0.25 for the
[Rumah Tangga] following units
P Office 0.25 for first 1000 0.50 for the
[Pejabat] unit following units
K Factory 0.50 for first 1500 0.75 for the
[Kilang] unit following units

The following choice is used to identify the type of user.

[Tentukan jenis pengguna melalui pilihan berikut.]

User Code:
1. Household
2. Office
3. Factory
4. Program End
Choice:_

65
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

START

Enter user
code

code > 0 AND false

code < 4 ?

true
2B
Enter
consumption
totalUnit

true false
code = 1 ?

true
totalUnit
<= 500 ? false

totalPay = (500 * 0.10) +

totalPay = totalUnit * 0.10 (totalUnit – 500) * 0.25

2A

Figure 7.2(a): Flow Chart Part I

66
 LAB 7: SELECTION OR DECISION

1A 1B

true false
code = 2 ?

true false
totalUnit
<= 1000 ?

totalPay = (1000 * 0.25) +

totalPay = totalUnit * 0.25 (totalUnit – 1000) * 0. 50

true false false

code = 3 ? code = 4 ?

true

true false Print message

totalUnit “Program is ended”
<= 1500 ?

totalPay = (1500 * 0.50) +

totalPay = totalUnit * 0.50 (totalUnit – 1500) * 0.75

END

Figure 7.2(b): Flow Chart Part II

67
LAB 8: LOOP STATEMENTS

OBJECTIVES FOR THE STUDENT

1. To identify counter and event controlled loops.

[Untuk mengenal pasti counter dan peristiwa gelung kawalan.]

2. To work with the for loop.

[Untuk menggunakan gelung for.]

3. To work with the while loop.

[Untuk menggunakan gelung while.]

4. To work with the do-while loop.

[Untuk menggunakan gelung do-while.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have the knowledge on basic C programming language.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai asas bahasa pengaturcaraan C.]

2. Students have the knowledge on input and output statements.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan dalam pernyataan input dan output.]

3. Students have the knowledge on increment and decrement operators.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai operator penambahan dan
pengurangan.]

4. Students have the knowledge on Boolean expressions.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan mengenai ungkapan Boolean.]

68
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Type in the following program (Program 8.1):

[Taip aturcara yang berikut (Program 8.1 ):].

1 //Program 8.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main()
5 {
6 double price1, price2, price3, price4, price5,
price6, price7, totalPrice=0;
7 printf("Program To Calculate The Average and Total
Price Of The 7 Items \n\n ");
8 printf("Enter price of item: ");
9 scanf("%lf", &price1);
10 totalPrice += price1;
11 printf("Enter price of item: ");
12 scanf("%lf", &price2);
13 totalPrice += price2;
14 printf("Enter price of item: ");
15 scanf("%lf", &price3);
16 totalPrice += price3;
17 printf("Enter price of item: ");
18 scanf("%lf", &price4);
19 totalPrice += price4;
20 printf("Enter price of item: ");
21 scanf("%lf", &price5);
22 totalPrice += price5;
23 printf("Enter price of item: ");
24 scanf("%lf", &price6);
25 totalPrice += price6;
26 printf("Enter price of item: ");
27 scanf("%lf", &price7);
28 totalPrice += price7;
29
30 printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items Is %f",
31 totalPrice/7);
32 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items Is %f",
33 totalPrice);
34 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
35 getch();
36 return 0;
37 }
38

69
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

2. Study Program 8.1 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.1 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What does the program do?

[Apakah yang dilakukan oleh aturcara tersebut?]

ii. Why do you need 7 variables to hold the prices of the items?
[Mengapa 7 pembolehubah diperlukan untuk menyimpan harga
barangan?]

iii. Why is the variable totalPrice initialized to 0?

[Mengapa pembolehubah totalPrice diberi nilai awal 0?]

iv. Identify the set of statements that are repeated many times in the
program.
[Kenalpasti set pernyataan yang diulang beberapa kali dalam aturcara
ini.]

v. How many times were the set of statements repeated?

[Berapa kalikah set pernyataan tersebut diulang?]

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Type the following program (Program 8.2):

[Taipkan aturcara yang berikut (Program 8.2 ):]

1 //Program 8.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 double price, totalPrice=0;
int Item;
8 printf("Program To Calculate The Average and Total
9 Price Of The 7 Items \n\n ");
10 for (Item=0; Item<7; Item++)
11 {
12 printf("Enter price of item: ");
13 scanf("%lf", &price);
14 totalPrice += price;
15 }

16 printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items

Is %f", totalPrice/7);
17 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items
18 Is %f", totalPrice);
19 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
20 getch();

70
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

21 return 0;
}
2. Study Program 8.2 carefully, then compile and execute it.
[Kaji Program 8.2 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What does the program do? In what way is this program different from
Program 8.1.
[Apakah yang dilakukan oleh aturcara tersebut? Apakah perbezaan
antara Program 8.1. dan Program 8.2.]

ii. Identify the body of the loop, and state how many times it is repeated.
[Kenalpasti badan gelung, dan nyatakan berapa kalikah ia diulang.]

iii. Why do we now need only one variable to hold the prices of the item.
[Mengapa kali ini kita hanya perlu satu pembolehubah untuk
menyimpan harga barangan.]

iv. Change the statement for (Item=0; Item<7; Item++) in line 8

to the following; and state whether the output of the program remains
the same, or if the output changes, what are the changes:
[Tukar pernyataan for (Item=0; Item<7; Item++) pada baris
8 kepada pernyataan berikut; dan nyatakan sama ada hasil aturcara
tetap sama atau berubah. Jika berubah, nyatakan apakah perubahan
tersebut:]

a. for (Item=0; Item <=7: Item ++)

b. for (Item =0; Item <35: Item +=5)
c. for (Item =10; Item I<17: Item ++)
d. for (Item =7; Item >0; Item --)

3. Modify the program such that it will calculate and print the average and the
total prices of 20 items.
[Ubahsuai Program 8.2 supaya ia mengira dan mencetak purata dan jumlah
harga untuk 20 barangan.]

71
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Download Program 8.3:

[Muat turun aturcara Program 8.3]

1 //Program 8.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 double price, totalPrice=0;
int Item, itemCnt;
8 printf("Program To Calculate The Average and
9 Total Price Of Items \n\n ");
10 printf("Enter the number of item : ");
11 scanf("%d", &itemCnt);
12
13 for (Item=0; Item<itemCnt; Item++)
14 {
15 printf("Enter price of item: ");
16 scanf("%lf", &price);
totalPrice += price;
17 }

18 printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items

19 Is %f", totalPrice/ 7);
20 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items
21 Is %f", totalPrice);
printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
getch();
return 0;
}

2. Study Program 8.3 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.3 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What does the program do? In what way is this program different from
Program 8.2
[Apakah yang dilakukan oleh aturcara tersebut? Apakah perbezaan
antara Program 8.2. dan Program 8.3]

ii. State how many times the loop is repeated.

[Nyatakan berapa kalikah gelung diulang.]

iii. What is the role of variable itemCnt in this program?

[Apakah peranan pembolehubah itemCnt dalam aturcara ini?

iv. Program 8.3 contains 1 logic error that makes the program unreliable.
Identify and fix the error.

72
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

[Program 8.3 mengandungi 1 kesalahan logik yang menjadikan

aturcara tersebut tidak boleh diharap. Kenalpasti dan betulkan
kesalahan tersebut.]

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Download Program 8.4:

[Muat turun aturcara Program 8.4 :

1 //Program 8.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 double price, totalPrice=0;
8 int itemCnt=0;
// read price of 1 item before entering loop
9 printf("Enter price of item: ");
10 scanf("%lf", &price);
11
12 while (price>0)
13 {
14 totalPrice += price;
15 itemCnt++;
16 printf("Enter price of item: ");
17 scanf("%lf", &price);
18 }
19
20 printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items Is %f",
totalPrice/itemCnt);
21 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items
Is %f", totalPrice);
22 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
23 getch();
24 return 0;
}

2. Study Program 8.4 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.4 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What type of control is used by the while loop in Program 8.4?

[Apakah jenis kawalan yang diguna oleh gelung while dalam
Program 8.4?]

ii. Does the user know how to tell the program that he has no more item
to be read? Modify the program to make it more user-friendly.

73
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

[Apakah pengguna tahu bagaimana untuk memberitahu aturcara

bahawa dia tiada lagi barangan untuk dibaca? Ubahsuai aturcara
supaya ia lebih ramah-pengguna.]

iii. Why do we need to read the price of 1 item (line 11) before the while
loop?
[Mengapa kita perlu membaca harga satu barangan (baris 11)
sebelum gelung while?]

iv. Why is variable itemCnt initialized to 0?

[Mengapa pembolehubah itemCnt perlu diberi nilai awal 0?]

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

1. Download the following program (Program 8.5):

[Muat turun aturcara berikut (Program 8.5 ):]

1 //Program 8.5
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 double price, totalPrice=0, averagePrice;
8 int proceed=1,itemCnt=0;
printf("Program To Calculate The Average and Total
9 Price Of Items \n\n");
10
11 while (proceed==1)
12 {
13 printf("Enter price of item: ");
14 scanf("%lf", &price);
15 totalPrice += price;
16 itemCnt++;
printf("Anymore item? Enter 1 for yes OR 0
17 for no: ");
18 scanf("%d", &proceed);
19 }
20
printf("\n\nYou have %d Items ", itemCnt);
21 printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items Is %f",
totalPrice/itemCnt);
22 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items Is %f",
23 totalPrice);
24 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
25 getch();
return 0;
}

74
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

2. Study Program 8.5 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.5 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What type of control is used by the WHILE loop in Program 8.5?

[Apakah jenis kawalan yang diguna oleh gelung WHILE dalam
Program 8.5?]

ii. What is the purpose of variable proceed in this program, and why it
is initialized to 1?
[Apakah peranan pembolehubah proceed dalam aturcara ini, dan
mengapakah ia diberi nilai awal 1?]

iii. What value of variable proceed will exit the loop?

[Apakah nilai pembolehubah proceed yang akan menamatkan
perlaksanaan gelung ?]

iv. Is this program user friendly? Give reasons to your answer.

[Adakah aturcara ini ramah pengguna? Beri sebab kepada jawapan
anda.]

v. Modify Program 8.5 to implement proceed as a Boolean flag.

[ Ubahsuai Program 8.5 supaya proceed dilaksana sebagai Boolean
flag.]

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

1. Download the following program (Program 8.6):

[Muat turun aturcara berikut (Program 8.6 ):]

1 //Program 8.6
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 double price, totalPrice=0, averagePrice;
8 int N,itemCnt=0;
printf("Program To Calculate The Average and
9 Total Price Of N Items \n\n");
10 printf("How many items do you have?");
11 scanf("%d", &N);
12
13 do
14 {
15 printf("Enter price of item: ");
16 scanf("%lf", &price);
17 totalPrice += price;
18 itemCnt++;
19 }while (itemCnt<N);

75
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

20

21 printf("\n\nYou have %d Items ", itemCnt);

printf("\n\nThe Average Price Of The Items Is %f",
22 totalPrice/itemCnt);
23 printf("\nThe Total Price Of The Items
24 Is %f", totalPrice);
25 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
getch();
return 0;
}

2. Study Program 8.6 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.6 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What type of loop is used in Program 8.6, and how does it different
from Program 8.5?
[Apakah jenis gelung yang diguna dalam Program 8.6? Bagaimana
ia berbeza dengan Program 8.5?]

ii. What is the purpose of variable N in this program?

[Apakah peranan pembolehubah N dalam aturcara ini?]

iii. Why do you need variable itemCnt in this program, and why it is
initialized to 0?
[Mengapa pembolehubah itemCnt diperlukan dalam aturcara ini,
dan mengapa ia perlu diberi nilai awal 0?]
iv. Replace while (itemCnt<N) with the following, and state it’s
effect to the program.
[Tukar pernyataan while (itemCnt<N) kepada pernyataan
berikut, dan nyatakan kesannya ke atas aturcara.]

a. while (--N)
b. while (N--N)

76
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

EXERCISE 7:
[LATIHAN 7]

1. Download the following program (Program 8.7):

[Muat turun aturcara berikut (Program 8.7 ):.]

1 //Program 8.7
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int mark;
8 do
9 {
10 printf("\nEnter marks for test 1:");
11 scanf("%d", &mark);
12 } while (mark<0 || mark>100);
13 printf("\nYour mark for test 1 is %d", mark);
14 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
15 getch();
16 return 0;

2. Study Program 8.7 carefully, then compile and execute it

[Kaji Program 8.7 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What does the program do?

[Apakah yang dilakukan oleh aturcara tersebut?]

ii. We need ONE value for mark in this program. Why do we need the
DO-WHILE loop?
[Kita memerlukan SATU nilai untuk mark dalam aturcara ini.
Mengapa kita perlu gelung DO-WHILE?]

iii. What is a valid value for mark?

[Apakah nilai yang sah untuk mark?]

3. Modify Program 8.7 such that the data validation is implemented using a DO-
WHILE loop,
[Ubahsuai Program 8.7 supaya pengesahan data dilakukan menggunakan
gelung DO-WHILE.]

77
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 8:
[LATIHAN 8]

1. Download the following program (Program 8.7):

[Muat turun aturcara berikut (Program 8.7 ).]

1 //Program 8.8
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int choice=0;
8 printf("\nWELCOME TO CYBER BREAKFAST\n");
9 printf("\n1: Nasi Lemak with Kopi O ");
10 printf("\n2: Roti Canai with Teh Tarik ");
11 printf("\n3: Scramble Egg with Iced Milo ");
12 printf("\n4: Mixed Cereals with Strawberry
13 Shake ");
14 printf("\n5: No thank you, I'm overweight..!
15 \n\n");
16
17 while (choice<1 || choice>5)
18 {
19 printf("Enter your choice: ");
20 scanf("%d", &choice);
21 }
22
23 switch (choice )
24 {
25 case 1: printf("\nThat will be RM 6:50 ");
26 break;
27 case 2: printf("\nThat will be RM 4:50 ");
28 break;
29 case 3: printf("\nThat will be RM 5:00 ");
30 break;
31 case 4: printf("\nThat will be RM 8:50 ");
32 break;
default: printf("\nYou look just great..! ");
33 }
34 printf("\nPlease take a seat and make yourself
35 comfortable. ");
36 printf("\n\nEnd Of Program");
getch();
return 0;
}

2. Study Program 8.8 carefully, then compile and execute it.

[Kaji Program 8.8 dengan teliti, kemudian kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What does the program do?

[Apakah yang dilakukan oleh aturcara tersebut?]

78
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

ii. How do you exit the loop?

[Bagaimana untuk keluar dari gelung?]
iii. Why is the variable choice initialized to 0 ? What other possible
values can be used instead?
[Mengapa pembolehubah choice diberi nilai awal 0? Apakah nilai
lain yang boleh digunakan menggantikan 0?]

iv. Experiment with entering (invalid) value for choice. How does this
effect the execution of the program?
[Uji dengan memberikan nilai tidak sah untuk choice. Apakah
kesannya terhadap perlaksanaan aturcara?]

3. Modify Program 8.8 such that the data validation is implemented using a do-
while loop.
[Ubahsuai Program 8.7 supaya pengesahan data dilakukan menggunakan
gelung do-while.]

EXERCISE 9:
[LATIHAN 9]

1. Translate the flowchart given in Figure 2 to a complete C program.

[Tukar carta alir yang diberi dalam Gambar Rajah 2 kepada aturcara C yang
lengkap.]

EXERCISE 10:
[LATIHAN 10]

Analyze the given problems, design their solutions using pseudocode or flowchart
and/or structure charts; and implement them using a C program.
[Analisa masaalah yang diberi. Buat rekabentuk penyelesaian menggunakan kod sudo
atau carta alir dan/atau carta struktur. ]

1. The cost of renting a car is RM100 for the first day, RM 70 per day for the
next 3 days and RM 50 per day thereafter. If the input is the number of days
the car was rented, compute the cost of renting the car. Allow the user to
repeat the calculations as many times as needed and enter a zero to stop.
[ Bayaran sewa kereta untuk hari pertama ialah RM100, RM70 sehari untuk 3
hari berikutnya, dan RM50 untuk setiap hari yang seterusnya. Aturcara
hendaklah membaca jumlah hari kereta telah disewa, dan kira berapakah
jumlah sewa yang perlu dibayar. Aturcara hendaklah membenarkan
pengguna untuk mengulangi proses tersebut sebanyak yang ia kehendaki.
Pengguna hendaklah memasukkan nilai 0 untuk memberhentikan
pengulangan. ]

79
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

2. A customer named PetrolUpHere wants you to write a program for customer

fueling. It must display a nice greeting, ask the user if they would like
unleaded or diesel fuel and how many whole litres they wish to purchase; it
then calculates the cost and displays it to the screen on the pump. There is a
small keypad on the pump for the customer to input their choices. The price of
unleaded is RM1.98 per gallon; diesel is RM1.29. The program must use 4
modules: the greeting, input, calculation, and output. You do not need to
perform error checking.
[Pelanggan bernama PetrolUpHere mahu anda menulis satu aturcara untuk
pengguna mengisi petrol. Aturcara hendaklah mempamer mesej selamat
datang yang menarik, menanya pengguna jika mereka mahu petrol tanpa
plumbum atau diesel, dan berapa jumlah yang diperlu dibeli. Kemudian
aturcara akan mengira berapa litres yang akan diberikan dan mempamernya
di skrin. Pengguna boleh menggunakan papan kekunci yang disediakan di
setiap pam untuk memasukkan pilihan mereka. Harga petrol tanpa plumbum
ialah RM1.98 setiap liter, dan harga diesel ialah RM1.29 setiap liter.
Aturcara hendaklah menggunakan 4 modul: pamer selamat dating, baca input
dari pengguna, pengiraan jumlah liter, dan output. Pengesahan data tidak
perlu dilakukan.]

80
 LAB 8:LOOP STATEMENTS

Start

Set totalProfit to 0

Read noOfItem

YES

noOfItem = 0?

NO

Read itemId,
sellPrice,
costPrice, units

profit =
(sellPrice*Units ) –
(costPrice*Units)

Add profit to
totalProfit

Print itemId,
profit

Subtract 1 from
noOfItem

Print
totalProfit

End

Figure 8.1

81
LAB 9: NESTED LOOPS

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Use nested loops.

[Menggunakan gelung tersarang.]

2. Independently develop small programs that implement loops.

[Membina sendiri aturcara ringkas dengan mengaplikasi gelung.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students must understand basic loops.

[Pelajar perlu memahami asas gelung.]

2. Students should have a good understanding of counters.

[Pelajar perlu memahami konsep counters dengan baik.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Study Program 9.1 carefully, then answer the following questions.

[Kaji Program 9.1 dengan teliti, kemudian jawab soalan berikut.]

1 // Program 9.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main()
5 {
6 printf ("\n\t Multiplication Tables");
7 printf
8 ("\n___________________________________\n\n");
9 // print multiplication table for 1
10 for (int j=1; j<=10; j++)
11 {
12 printf ("%4d", j*1);
13 }
14 printf ("\n");
15
16 // print multiplication table for 2
17 for (int j=1; j<=10; j++)
18 {

82
 LAB 9: NESTED LOOPS

19 printf ("%4d", j*2);

20 }
21 printf ("\n");
22 getch();
23 return 0;
24 }

i. Identify the first loop in Program 9.1, and explain what does it do.
[Kenalpasti gelung pertama dalam Program 9.1, dan terangkan
apakah yang dilakukan oleh gelung tersebut.]

ii. Identify the second loop in Program 9.1, and explain what does it do.
[Kenalpasti gelung kedua dalam Program 9.1, dan terangkan apakah
yang dilakukan oleh gelung tersebut.]

iii. What is the role of variable j in both loops?

[Apakah peranan pembolehubah j dalam kedua-dua gelung
tersebut?]

iv. What are the similarities and differences between both loops?
[Apakah persamaan dan perbezaan antara kedua-dua gelung
tersebut?]

2. Type, compile and execute Program 9.1

[Taip, kompil dan laksana Program 9.1.]

i. What is the output of the program?

[Apakah output aturcara tersebut?]

ii. Explain what does the program do?

[Terangkan apakah yang dibuat oleh aturcara tersebut?]

3. Modify the program such that it will produce the following output using
individual loops (3 loops):
[Ubahsuai Program 9.1 supaya ia mengeluarkan output berikut menggunakan
gelung berasingan (3 gelung):]

i. 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

ii. Is this a good way of writing the program? Give your comments.
[Adakah ini cara yang baik untuk menulis aturcara tersebut? Beri
komen anda.]

83
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Type in the following program (Program 9.2):

[Taip aturcara yang berikut (Program 9.2 ):]

1 //Program 9.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 int main()
5 {
6 printf ("\n\t Multiplication Tables");
7 printf
8 ("\n___________________________________\n\n");
9 // print multiplication table for 1 to 2
10 for (int n=1; n<=2; n++)
11 {
12 for (int j=1; j<=10; j++)
13 {
14 printf ("%4d", j*1);
15 }
16 printf ("\n");
17 }
18
19 printf ("\nEnd of Program");
20 getch();
21 return 0;
22 }

2. Study Program 9.2 carefully, then type, compile and execute it.
[Kaji Program 9.2 dengan teliti, kemudian taip, kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

i. What is the output of the program?

[Apakah output aturcara tersebut?]

ii. Program 9.2 is supposed to produce the same output as Program 9.1,
but the output is different. Identify the problem and fix it.
[Program 9.2 sepatutnya mengeluarkan output sama seperti Program
9.1, tetapi output adalah berbeza. Kenalpasti punca perbezaan
tersebut dan betulkan.]

iii. Identify the outer loop. How many times will the body of the outer
loop execute? What does each outer loop represent? Which exact code
determine the number of times the outer loop will execute?
[Kenalpasti gelung sebelah luar. Berapa kalikah badan gelung luar
dilaksanakan? Apakah yang diwakili oleh gelung ini? Kod manakah
yang menentukan berapa kali gelung ini akan dilaksana?]

iv. Identify the inner loop. How many times will the body of the inner
loop execute? What does each inner loop represent? Which exact code
determines the number of times the inner loop will execute?

84
 LAB 9: NESTED LOOPS

[Kenalpasti gelung sebelah dalam. Berapa kalikah badan gelung

dalam dilaksanakan? Apakah yang diwakili oleh gelung ini? Kod
manakah yang menentukan berapa kali gelung ini akan dilaksana?]

3. Modify Program 9.2 so that it will print multiplication tables for 4 to 9.

[Ubahsuai Program 9.2 supaya ia mencetak sifir 4 hingga 9.]

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Study Program 9.3 carefully, then type, compile and execute it.
[Kaji Program 9.3 dengan teliti, kemudian taip, kompil dan laksana aturcara
tersebut.]

1 // Program 9.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int j;
8 printf ("\n\t Multiplication Tables");
9 printf("\n __________________________________\n\n");
10 // print multiplication table for 1 to 10
11 for (int n=1; n<=10; n++)
12 {
13 j=1;
14 while (j<=10)
15 {
16 printf ("%4d", j*n);
17 j++;
18 }
19 printf ("\n");
20 }
21
22 printf ("\n\t End of Program");
23 getch();
24 return 0;
25 }

i. Look at variable j at line 13. What role does variable j play in the
for loop, and why is it set to 1?
[Lihat pembolehubah j pada baris 13. Apakah peranan
pembolehubah j dalam gelung for, dan mengapa ia diberi nilai 1?]

ii. Look at variable j at line 17. What role does variable j play in the
while loop, and why is it incremented with 1?
[Lihat pembolehubah j pada baris 17. Apakah peranan pembolehubah
j dalam gelung while, dan mengapa ia ditambah dengan nilai 1?]

85
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

2. Modify Program 9.3 to implement the following:

[Ubahsuai Program 9.3 untuk melaksanakan perkara berikut:]

i. Use a for loop for the outer loop; and a do-while loop for the
inner loop.
[Guna gelung for untuk gelung luar; dan gelung do-while untuk
gelung dalam.]

ii. Use a while loop for the outer loop; and a for loop for the
inner loop.
[Guna gelung while untuk gelung luar; dan gelung for untuk gelung
dalam.]

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

Analyze the given problems, design their solutions using pseudocode or flowchart
and/or structure charts; and implement them using a C program.
[Analisa masalah yang diberi. Buat rekabentuk penyelesaian menggunakan kod sudo
atau carta alir dan/atau carta struktur, dan bangunkan menggunakan program C.]

1. Write a program to process monthly paycheck for all contract workers of an

organization. Each worker will have the following information: Identification
number (a 4-digit integer), the worker’s name, hourly pay rate, and the number
of hours worked during a given month. The normal monthly working hours is
0 to 200. If the gross pay is greater than 2000, a tax of 5% will be deducted.
The program output should show the worker’s identification number, worker’s
name, gross pay, tax deduction and net pay for all the workers. Then the
output should also show the total gross pay and total tax deductions for the
organization. Use an appropriate sentinel value to end the program.
[Tulis satu aturcara untuk mengira gaji bulanan semua pekerja kontrak
sebuah organisasi. Setiap pekerja mempunyai maklumat berikut: Nombor
pekerja (nombor bulat 4 digit), nama pekerja, kadar bayaran setiap jam, dan
jumlah jam bekerja. Jumlah jam bekerja untuk sebulan ialah antara 0 dan
200. Jika jumlah gaji kasar melebihi 2000, potongan cukai sebanyak 5% akan
dikenakan. Aturcara hendaklah mengeluarkan output yang terdiri dari
nombor pekerja, nama pekerja, gaji kasar, potongan cukai dan gaji bersih.
Kemudian jumlah gaji kasar dan jumlah potongan cukai untuk organisasi
tersebut hendaklah juga dicetak. Gunakan nilai sentinel yang sesuai untuk
menamatkan aturcara.]

2. Write a program that will print neatly the calendar for a year using loops. The
required year will be given by the user with values in the range 2000 through
2020, and the program must validate this value. Watch out for leap year. You
can use the following format for printing the calendar:
[Tulis satu aturcara untuk mencetak dengan kemas kalendar tahunan
menggunakan gelung. Tahun kalendar akan diberi oleh pengguna dengan

86
 LAB 9: NESTED LOOPS

nilai antara 2000 hingga 2020. Pastikan aturcara anda mengesahkan nilai
adalah dalam julat yang betul. Lihat juga sama ada tahun yang diberi oleh
pengguna adalah tahun lompat. Anda boleh gunakan format berikut untuk
mencetak kalendar tersebut.]

YEAR 2007
January
M T W T F S S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 27
29 30

Use the following algorithm to assign day of the week for the given date,
assumed valid and in the Gregorian calendar. The algorithm assigned value is:
1 for Monday, 2 for Tuesday, ..., 7 for Sunday.
[Guna algoritma berikut untuk mengumpuk satu hari dalam satu minggu jika
diberikan tarikh yang sah dan dalam kalender Gregorian. Nilai yang diumpuk
ialah: 1 untuk Isnin, 2 untuk Selasa, ….., 7 untuk Ahad.]

Algorithm 9.1 :
1. Start
2. If (month < 3)
Start_If
month=month+12
decrement year
End_If
3. result= day + (13 * month - 27)/5 + year + year /4 -
year /100 + year /400
4. result =result+6
5. dayofWeek= (result % 7)+1
6. End

87
LAB 10: PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Use predefined functions.

[Menggunakan fungsi takrifan piawai.]

2. Convert mathematical formula into C statement using predefined functions.

[Menukarkan formula matematik kepada bentuk pernyataan C menggunakan
fungsi takrifan piawai.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students have knowledge on arithmetic calculation using C.

[Pelajar mempunyai pengetahuan di dalam pengiraan aritmetik menggunakan
C.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Describe the difference between predefined function and programmer-defined

function?
[Jelaskan perbezaan di antara fungsi takrifan piawai dan fungsi takrifan
pengguna?]

2. Write statement in C to calculate equation bellow using function from math

library.
[Tulis dalam pernyataan C bagi setiap persamaan matematik berikut dengan
menggunakan fungsi daripada pustaka math.]

(x ) 2
1

i.
ii. cos( x )
iii. sin ( x )
iv. ( x )7
v.
(x + x7
3
)
x
vi. | a−b|

88
 LAB 10: PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. What is the output of the following C statements? What is the difference

between the result in line 5 and 6?
[Apakah output bagi pernyataan C berikut? Apakah perbezaan keputusan
pada baris 5 dan 6?]

1 double x = 781.2856789;
2 printf ("%.5lf\n", x);
3 x =(floor(x * 100 + 0.5)/100);
4 printf ("%.5lf\n", x);
5 x = (int(x * 100 + 0.5)/100);
6 printf ("%.5lf\n", x);

2. Complete Program 10.1 below. Trace the output of each math functions and
brief what it does.
[Lengkapkap Program 10.1 di bawah. Tentukan output dan huraikan peranan
bagi setiap fungsi math yang digunakan.]

1 //Program 10.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 // 1. Write down an appropriate directive here
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int a = sqrt(9);
9 printf("\n 1. sqrt(9) is %d ", a);
10
11 int i = pow(5,3);
12 printf("\n 2. pow(5,3) is %d ", i);
13
14 int j = ceil(2.5);
15 printf("\n 3. ceil(2.5) is %d ", j);
16
17 int k = floor(2.5);
18 printf("\n 4. floor(2.5) is %d ", k);
19
20 int x = ceil(2.1);
21 printf("\n 5. ceil(2.1) is %d ", x);
22
23 int y = floor(2.1);
24 printf("\n 6. floor(2.1) is %d ", y);
25 getch();
26 return 0;
27 }

89
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Program 10.2 uses several predefined functions from stdlib library. Determine
what the program tries to show.
[Program 10.2 menggunakan beberapa fungsi yang terdapat di dalam pustaka
stdlib. Tentukan paparan Program 10.2 tersebut.]

1 //Program 10.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 #include <stdlib.h>
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int a,b,c,d;
9 printf ("Enter the starting number\n");
10 scanf ("%d", &a);
11 srand(a);
12 b=rand()%RAND_MAX;
13 c=rand()%200;
14 d=rand()%10+200;
15 printf ("The number between 0 and %d is : %d\n",
RAND_MAX, b);
16 printf ("The number between 0 and 199
is : %d\n", c);
17 printf ("The number between 200 and 210
is : %d\n", d);
18 getch();
19 return 0;
20 }

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Write a program that find the round value of the following number:
[Tulis aturcara bagi mendapatkan nilai bulat seperti nombor berikut:]

i. To the nearest tenth.

[Kepada sepuluh terhampir.]

ii. To the nearest 1/tenth.

[Kepada 1/sepuluh terhampir.]

iii. To the nearest 1/hundredth.

[Kepada 1/seratus terhampir.]

90
LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Modularize a program system and pass information between systems modules

or functions.
[Memodulkan sistem aturcara dan menghantar maklumat antara modul sistem
atau fungsi.]

2. Differentiate between passing data by value and passing data by reference.

[Membezakan antara penghantaran data secara nilai dan penghantaran data
secara rujukan.]

3. Return function results through a function’s arguments.

[Memulangkan hasil fungsi menerusi agumen fungsi.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students should have the knowledge of the predefined functions.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam fungsi takrifan piawai.]

2. Students should have the knowledge of the previous lesson.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan daripada pelajaran sebelum
ini.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Given the following program in Program 11.1.

[Diberikan aturcara berikut dalam Program 11.1.]

1 //Program 11.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void func1(); void func2();
6
7 int main(){
8 int input;
9
10 printf ("Enter a number >");
11 scanf ("%d", &input);

91
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

12
13 if (input < 10) {
14 printf("Faculty of Computer Science & Info.
Systems\n");
15 printf(" Universiti Teknologi Malaysia\n");
16 } else {
17 printf(" Universiti Teknologi Malaysia\n");
18 printf("Faculty of Computer Science & Info.
Systems\n");
19 }
20 getch(); return 0;
21 }

i. Understand the code in program 11.1 and run the program.

[Fahamkan aturcara tersebut dan laksanakannya.]

ii. Change the code so that it follows the design of the structured chart as
in Figure 11.1.
[Tukarkan aturcara tersebut supaya ia mematuhi reka bentuk carta
berstruktur seperti Rajah 11.1]

Print our faculty

name and
university name

Display "Faculty of Display "Universiti

Computer Science & Teknologi
Info. Systems" Malaysia"

Figure 11.1: Structure chart for a simple print problem

2. Refer to problem in Lab 8, Exercise 8. The program must use 4 functions: the
greeting, input, calculation, and output.
[Rujuk kepada masalah pada Lab 8 Latihan 8. Aturcara hendaklah
menggunakan 4 fungsi: pamer selamat datang, baca input dari pengguna,
pengiraan jumlah liter, dan output.]

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Given Program 11.2 which consists of a void function. Compile and identify
the output of the program. State the name of function call, function header and
function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.2 yang mengandungi fungsi tanpa parameter. Kompil dan
kenal pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala
fungsi dan pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

92
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

1 //Program 11.2 - void function example

2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void printmessage ();
6
7 int main ()
8 {
9 printmessage ();
10 getch();return 0;
11 }
12
13 void printmessage ()
14 {
15 printf ("I'm a function!");
16 }

2. Given Program 11.3 which consists of a function that is passing data by value.
Compile and identify the output of the program. State the name of function
call, function header and function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.3 yang menghantar data secara nilai. Kompil dan kenal
pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala fungsi dan
pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

1 //Program 11.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int subtraction (int, int);
6
7 int main ()
8 {
9 int x=5, y=3, z;
10 z = subtraction (7,2);
11 printf ("The first result is %d\n", z);
12 printf ("The second result is %d\n",
13 subtraction(7,2));
14 printf ("The third result is %d\n",
15 subtraction(x,y));
16 z= 4 + subtraction (x,y);
17 printf ("The fourth result is %d\n", z);
18 getch();return 0;
19 }
20
21 int subtraction (int a, int b)
22 {
23 int r;
24 r=a-b;
25 return (r);
26 }

93
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

3. Given Program 11.4 which consists of a function that is passing data by

reference. Compile and identify the output of the program. State the name of
function call, function header and function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.4 yang menghantar data secara rujukan. Kompil dan
kenal pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala
fungsi dan pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

1 //Program 11.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void duplicate (int &a, int &b, int &c)
6 {
7 a*=2;
8 b*=2;
9 c*=2;
10 }
11
12 int main ()
13 {
14 int x=1, y=3, z=7;
15 duplicate (x, y, z);
16 printf ("x=%d, y=%d, z=%d", x, y, z);
17 getch();return 0;
18 }

4. Given Program 11.5 which consists of a function that is returning more than
one value. Compile and identify the output of the program. State the name of
function call, function header and function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.5 yang mengembalikan lebih dari satu nilai. Kompil dan
kenal pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala
fungsi dan pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

1 //Program 11.5
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void prevnext (int x, int *prev, int *next);
6
7 int main ()
8 {
9 int x=100, y, z;
10 prevnext (x, &y, &z);
11 printf ("Previous=%d, Next=%d", y, z);
12 getch();return 0;
13 }
14 void prevnext (int x, int *prev, int *next)
15 {
16 *prev = x-1;
17 *next = x+1;
18 }

94
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

5. Given Program 11.6 which consist of fixed value in a function. Compile and
identify the output of the program. State the name of function call, function
header and function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.6 yang mempunyai nilai tetap dalam fungsi. Kompil dan
kenal pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala
fungsi dan pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

1 //Program 11.6
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int divide (int a, int b=2);
6
7 int main ()
8 {
9 printf ("20/default-value is: %d", divide (12));
10 printf ("\n");
11 printf ("20/4 is: %d", divide (20,4));
12 getch();return 0;
13 }
14
15 int divide (int a, int b)
16 {
17 int r;
18 r=a/b;
19 return (r);
20 }

6. Given Program 11.7 which consists of inline function. Compile and identify
the output of the program. State the name of function call, function header and
function declaration in the program.
[Diberi Program 11.7 yang terdiri daripada fungsi dalam baris. Kompil dan
kenal pasti output bagi aturcara tersebut. Nyatakan nama fungsi, kepala
fungsi dan pengisytiharan fungsi bagi aturcara tersebut.]

1 //Program 11.7
2 inline float cube (const float a) {return a*a*a;}
3
4 int main ( ){
5 float side;
6 printf (“Enter the side length of your cube: “);
7
8 scanf (“%fl”, &side);
9 printf (“Volume of cube with side %fl is %fl\n“,
10 side, cube(side));
11 return 0;
12 }

95
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Download Program 11.9. This program is demonstrates scoping issues with

global variables and local variables.
[Muat turun Program 11.9. Aturcara ini menunjukkan isu skop pembolehubah
global dan pembolehubah setempat.]

1 //Program 11.9
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void a(void);
6 void b(void);
7
8 int x = 1;
9 int linenum = 0;
10
11 int main( ){
12 int x = 5;
13
14 linenum++;
15 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
16 {
17 int x = 7;
18
19 linenum++;
20 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
21 }
22 linenum++;
23 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
24
25 a(); b();
26
27 linenum++;
28 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
29 getch(); return 0;
30 }
31
32 void a(void){
33 int x = 25;
34
35 linenum++;
36 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
37 }
38
39 void b(void){
40 linenum++;
41 printf ("%dx = %d\n", linenum, x);
42 }

96
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

i. Compile and identify the output of the program.

[Kompil dan kenalpasti output aturcara tersebut.]

ii. Identify which variable x that is being printed for each line of the
output.
[Kenalpasti pembolehubah x manakah yang dicetak untuk setiap baris
output.]

2. Download Program 11.10. This program is demonstrates scoping issues with

static variables and local variables.
[Muat turun Program 11.10. Aturcara ini menunjukkan isu skop
pembolehubah statik, pembolehubah setempat dan pembolehubah global.]

1 //Program 11.10
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void shownum(); // Function prototype
6
7 int main()
8 {
9 for (int count = 0; count < 5; count++)
10 shownum();
11 getch(); return 0;
12 }
13
14 void shownum()
15 {
16 static int num=5;
17 int num2=10;
18
19 printf ("num is %d\n", num);
20 printf ("num2 is %d\n", num2);
21 num++; num2++;
22 }

i. Compile and identify the output of the program.

[Kompil dan dapatkan output aturcara tersebut.]

ii. What are the difference between static variable and local variable?
[Apakah perbezaan antara skop pembolehubah statik dan
pembolehubah setempat?]

iii. What are the differences between static variable and global variable?
[Apakah perbezaan antara skop pembolehubah statik dan
pembolehubah global?]

97
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 4:
[LATIHAN 4]

1. Given Program 11.11 that reads three integer numbers and find the maximum
number among the three. Complete the program by writing a function named
maximum, that finds the largest of the three numbers.
[Diberikan Program 11.11 yang membaca tiga nombor integer dan mencari
nombor maksimum daripada ketiga-tiga nombor tersebut. Lengkapkan
aturcara tersebut dengan menulis fungsi untuk mencari nombor terbesar di
antara ketiga-tiga nombor.]

1 //Program 11.11
2 #include <stdioh>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int maximum(int,int,int);
6
7 int main()
8 {
9 int a, b, c ;
10
11 printf ("Enter Three Integers: ");
12 scanf ("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
13 printf ("Maximum is: %d\n", maximum(a,b,c));
14
15 getch(); return 0;
16 }

2. Given Program 11.12 that reads an integer number and determines whether the
number is even or odd. Complete the program by writing a function named
is_even, that prints "yes" if the number is even, or prints "no", otherwise.
[Diberikan Program 11.12 yang membaca satu nombor integer dan
menentukan sama ada nombor itu adalah genap atau ganjil. Lengkapkan
aturcara tersebut dengan menulis fungsi bernama is_even, yang mencetak
"yes" sekiranya nombor adalah genap atau mencetak "no" jika sebaliknya.]

1 //Program 11.12
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 void is_even(int a); // Function Prototype
6
7 int main(void)
8 {
9 int a;
10 printf ("Enter an integer:\n");
11 scanf ("%d", &a);
12 printf ("Is %d even?", a);
13 is_even(a);
14 printf ("\n");
15 getch();
16 return 0;
17 }

98
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

3. Given Program 11.13 that reads the distance in miles and hours, calculates and
prints miles per hour. Complete the program by writing the function prototype
named GetData (at line 5), writing the code that invoke the function
GetData (at line 13), and writing the body of the function GetData that
reads miles and hours (at line 23).
[Diberikan Program 11.13 yang membaca jarak dalam unit batu serta jam,
mengira dan mencetak batu sejam. Lengkapkan aturcara tersebut dengan
menulis prototaip fungsi bernama GetData (pada baris 5), menulis kod yang
memanggil fungsi GetData (pada baris 13), dan menulis badan fungsi
GetData yang membaca batu dan jam (pada baris 23).]

1 //Program 11.13
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 /* Write the function(s) prototype for GetData */
6
7 int main ()
8 {
9 float miles;
10 float hours;
11 float milesPerHour;
12
13 /* Write the code(s) to invoke function GetData */
14
15 milesPerHour = miles / hours;
16 printf (“%10f %10f %10f\n”, miles, hours,
17 milesPerHour);
18
19 getch();
20 return 0;
21 }
22
23 /* Write the body of the function(s) GetData that
24 read miles and hours */

99
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

4. Given Program 11.14 that has a function named average, which finds the
average of given numbers. Complete the program by writing the function
prototype named average (at line 5 and 6) that sends 3 parameters, writing
the code that invoke the function average (at line 15 and 16), and writing the
body of the overloaded function average that finds the average of three
numbers (at line 22).
[Diberikan Program 11.14 yang mempunyai fungsi sarat bernama average,
yang mendapatkan purata bagi nombor yang diberi. Lengkapkan aturcara
tersebut dengan menulis prototaip fungsi bernama average (pada baris 5
dan 6), menulis kod yang memanggil fungsi average (pada baris 15 dan 16)
dengan menghantar 3 parameter, dan menulis badan fungsi sarat average
yang mendapatkan purata bagi tiga nombor (pada baris 22).]

1 //Program 11.14
2 #include<stdio.h>
3 #include<conio.h>
4
5 /* Write the function prototype for the function
6 average that sends 3 parameters */
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 int number_A = 5, number_B = 3, number_C = 10;
11
12 printf ("The integer average of %d and %d and %d
13 is\n", number_A, number_B, number_C);
14
15 /* Write the code that invoke the function average
16 with 3 parameters */
17
18 getch();
19 return 0;
20 }
21
22 // write the body of the function average

100
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

EXERCISE 5:
[LATIHAN 5]

1. Write a complete program that consists of 4 user-defined functions as listed

below, to solve the problem as designed in the flow chart in Figure 11.2. You
need to draw a structured chart design before writing the program.
[Tuliskan satu aturcara lengkap yang mengandungi 4 fungsi seperti yang
disenaraikan di bawah, untuk menyelesaikan masalah seperti yang
direkabentuk pada carta alir di Rajah 11.2. Anda perlu melukis satu reka
bentuk carta berstruktur sebelum menulis aturcara tersebut.]

i. int getCoin()
To read the value of a coin input from the user.
[Untuk membaca satu nilai duit siling yang diinput oleh pengguna.]

ii. void calculateCoin(int & totalCoin, int coin)

To calculate the total coins entered by the user and display the total
amount.
[Untuk mengira jumlah siling yang dimasukkan oleh pengguna dan
mencetak jumlah keseluruhannya.]

iii. int calculateBalance(int totalcoin)

To compute the balance of the coin and display the balance amount.
[Untuk mengira baki duit siling dan mencetak jumlah bakinya.]

iv. int main()

To solve the problem by calling the appropriate function based on the
following designed flow chart at Figure 11.2.
[Untuk menyelesaikan masalah dengan memanggil fungsi-fungsi yang
bersesuaian berdasarkan reka bentuk carta alir pada Rajah 11.2.]

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Figure 11.2

EXERCISE 6:
[LATIHAN 6]

1. Write a program that reads a student’s name together with his or her
assessment marks. The program should then compute the total mark for each
student and assign the appropriate grade. In order to compute the total mark,
the distribution of marks is tabulated in Table 11.1, while the grade scale is
tabulated in Table 11.2. Your program must use the following functions:
[Tuliskan satu aturcara yang membaca nama pelajar dan markah-markah
penilaian pelajar tersebut. Aturcara ini perlu mengira jumlah markah bagi
setiap pelajar dan memberi gred yang bersesuaian kepadanya. Untuk mengira
jumlah markah Jadual 11.1 menunjukkan pembahagian markah, manakala
skala gred dijadualkan di Jadual 11.2. Aturcara anda perlu menggunakan
fungsi-fungsi berikut.]

i. A value-returning function named, calculateTotal, that determine

the total mark for each student based on the mark distribution in Table
11.1. The function should not display the output of the total mark. That
task must be done in the function main.
[Fungsi yang memulangkan satu nilai bernama, calculateTotal,
yang menentukan jumlah markah untuk setiap pelajar berdasarkan
pembahagian markah di Jadual 11.1. Fungsi ini tidak perlu mencetak

102
 LAB 11: USER-DEFINED FUNCTION

output bagi jumlah markah yang dihasilkan. Tugas ini perlu dilakukan
dalam fungsi utama.]

ii. A void function named, assignGrade, that determine and return

each student’s grade. The function should not display the output of the
total mark. That task must be done in the function main.
[Fungsi void bernama, assignGrade, yang menentukan dan
memulangkan gred untuk setiap pelajar. Fungsi ini tidak perlu
mencetak output bagi jumlah markah yang dihasilkan. Tugas ini perlu
dilakukan dalam fungsi utama.]

Table 11.1: Assessment Items

Assessments Percentage (%)
Test 1 20
Assignments 30
Quiz 10
Lab works 10
Final Exam 30
Total 100

Table 11.2: Grade Scale

Assessments Percentage (%)
A+ 90-100
A 80-89
A- 75-79
B+ 70-74
B 65-69
B- 60-64
C+ 55-59
C 50-54
C- 45-49
D+ 40-44
D 35-39
D- 30-34
E 00-29

iii. Test your program on the following data. Read the data from a text file and
send the output to another text file. Do not use global variables. Use the
appropriate parameters to pass values in and out of functions.
[Uji aturcara anda dengan data berikut. Baca data dari fail teks dan hantar
output ke fail teks yang lain. Jangan menggunakan pembolehubah global. Sila
gunakan parameter yang bersesuaian untuk menghantar nilai ke dalam atau
keluar dari fungsi.]

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

Hasyimah 85 90 88 79 90
Rahim 77 80 65 76 60
Syadhila 79 88 68 79 85
Nurfarhana 81 84 84 82 85
Nurliyana 55 68 69 75 80
Ooi 88 82 88 81 86
Ping 60 85 45 39 45
Quah 85 67 50 75 67
Sham 80 84 89 93 95
Sien 32 45 86 78 65
Selan 40 57 60 57 67
Susan 89 79 88 81 80
Tan 46 58 69 79 82

Sample Output:
[Contoh Output:]
Lab Final Total
STUDENT Test 1 Assignments Quiz works Exam Mark Grade
Hasyimah 85 90 88 79 90 87.7 A
Rahim 77 80 65 76 60 71.5 B+
Syadhila 79 88 68 79 85 82.4 A
Nurfarhana 81 84 84 82 85 83.5 A
Nurliyana 55 68 69 75 80 69.8 B
Ooi 88 82 88 81 86 84.9 A
Ping 60 85 45 39 45 59.4 C+
Quah 85 67 50 75 67 69.7 B
Sham 80 84 89 93 95 87.9 A
Sien 32 45 86 78 65 55.8 C+
Selan 40 57 60 57 67 56.9 C+
Susan 89 79 88 81 80 82.4 A
Tan 46 58 69 79 82 66.0 B

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LAB 12: ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Write and create one-dimensional array.

[Menulis dan membina tatasusunan 1 dimensi.]

2. Write and use one-dimensional array with functions.

[Menulis tatasusunan 1 dimensi bersama fungsi.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students should have knowledge in using loop statement.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menggunakan pernyataan
gelung.]

2. Students should have knowledge in passing arguments to functions.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menghantar parameter
kepada fungsi.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Write Program 12.1 and Program 12.2. Differentiate both programs.

[Tulis Program 12.1 dan Program 12.2. Huraikan perbezaan kedua-dua
program.]

1 //Program 12.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 float score1, score2, score3, score4;
8 printf ("Enter four floats: \n");
9 scanf ("%f", &score1);
10 scanf ("%f", &score2);
11 scanf ("%f", &score3);
12 scanf ("%f", &score4);
13 printf ("The scores in reverse order are: \n");
14 printf ("%f %f %f %f", score4, score3, score2,
15 score1;

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

15 getch();
16 return 0;
17 }

1 //Program 12.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4 #define SIZE 4
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 float score[SIZE];
9 int i;
10 printf ("Enter %f floats: ", SIZE);
11 for(i = 0; i <= (SIZE - 1); i = i + 1)
12 scanf ("%f", &score[i]);
13 printf ("The scores in reverse order are: \n");
14 for(i = SIZE - 1; i >= 0; i = i - 1){
15 printf ("%f", score[i]);
16 printf ("\n");}
17 getch();
18 return 0;
19 }

2. Write and run the following Program 12.3, then answer the following
questions.
[Tulis dan laksanakan Program 12.3, kemudian jawab soalan berikutnya.]

1 //Program 12.3
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 char a[11] = "Boring";
8 printf ("Index 0 has %c\n", a[0]);
9 printf ("Index 1 has %c\n", a[1]);
10 printf ("Index 2 has %c\n", a[2]);
11 printf ("Index 3 has %c\n", a[3]);
12 printf ("Index 4 has %c\n", a[4]);
13 printf ("Index 5 has %c\n", a[5]);
14 printf ("Index 6 has %c\n", a[6]);
15 printf ("Index 7 has %c\n", a[7]);
16 printf ("Numerically, the a[6] is %c ",a[6]);
17 getch();
18 return 0;
19 }

i. How many indexes do array named, a, have?

[Berapakah bilangan indeks yang terdapat pada tatasusunan bernama
a?]

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 LAB 12: ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

ii. How many characters (including the null character at the end of the
array), do this array hold?
[Berapakah bilangan bilangan aksara (termasuk aksara null yang
terdapat di akhir tatasusunan) yang dipegang oleh tatasusunan?]

iii. The number of an index is also called an index. What is the lowest
index?
[Bilangan indeks turut dikenali sebagai indeks. Apakah nilai bagi
indeks yang terendah?]

iv. What is the highest index for this array?

[Apakah indeks yang tertinggi bagi tatasusunan ini?]

v. What is the character value that is stored in the index number 6?

[Apakah nilai aksara yang terdapat pada indeks ke-6?]

3. Run the following Program 12.4 with the first printf commented out. Then
answer the following questions.
[Laksanakan Program 12.4 berikut dengan pernyataan pertama printf
dikomenkan. Seterusnya jawab soalan-soalan berikut.]

1 //Program 12.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 char a[16] = "Programming C";
8 int i;
9 for(i = 0; i <= 9; i = i + 1)
10 {
11 a[i] = a[9 - i];
12 // printf ("i = %d%s\n", i, a);
13 }
14 printf (“%s”, a);
15 getch();
16 return 0;
17 }

i. When i was 0, which index of a was changed? To which value?

[Apabila i ialah 0, indeks tatasusunan a manakah yang berubah?
Perubahan kepada nilai apa?]

ii. When i was 2, which index of a was changed? To which value?

[Apabila i ialah 2, indeks tatasusunan a manakah yang berubah?
Perubahan kepada nilai apa?]

iii. When i was 9, which index of a was changed? To which value?

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

[Apabila i ialah 9, indeks tatasusunan a manakah yang berubah?

Perubahan kepada nilai apa?]

iv. After removing the comment at line 12, show the output of the
program.
[Selepas menghapuskan symbol komen pada baris 12, tunjukkan
output bagi aturcara.]

4. Run the following Program 12.5 and answer the following questions.
[Laksanakan Program 12.5 berikut dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.]

1 //Program 12.5
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int i, x[6], y[6] = {3, 8, 2, 9, 4, 1};
8 for(i = 0; i <= 5; i = i + 1)
9 x[i] = y[i];
10 for(i = 0; i <= 5; i = i + 1)
11 printf (“%d”, x[i]);
12 getch();
13 return 0;
14 }

i. What are the names of the arrays?

[Apakah nama-nama tatasusunan tersebut?]

ii. Which array is initialized during its declaration?

[Tatasusunan manakah yang dinilaiawalkan semasa penakrifan?]

iii. Which array is assigned values in a loop?

[Tatasusunan manakah yang mengumpukkan nilai di dalam gelung?]

iv. Determine the output if statement in line 9 is changed with x[i] =

y[i] + 1.
[Tentukan output jika pernyataan pada baris 9 ditukarkan kepada
x[i] = y[i] + 1.]

v. Determine the output if statement in line 9 is changed with x[i] =

y[5 – i].
[Tentukan output jika pernyataan pada baris 9 ditukarkan kepada
x[i] = y[5 – i].]

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 LAB 12: ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

5. Run Program 12.6 below with the statement at line 9 being replaced by
suggested statement below. Show the output of this program.
[Laksanakan Program 12.6 dengan pernyataan pada baris 9 digantikan
dengan pernyataan-pernyataan yang dicadangkan berikut. Tunjukkan output
bagi aturcara ini.]

1 //Program 12.6
2 #include <stdio.h
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int i, a[] = {40, 20, 70, 10, 80, 30, 90};
8 for(i = 1; i <= 5; i = i + 1)
9 //_____________________________
10 printf ("\n ");
11 getch();
12 return 0;
13 }

i. printf ("%d\t", a[i]);

ii. printf ("%d\t", a[i+1]);
iii. printf ("%d\t", a[i-1]);
iv. printf ("%d\t", a[i] + a[i+1]);
v. printf ("%d\t", a[i] + i);

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. The following program segment in Program 12.7 is an implementation of a

sorting algorithm that sorts a list of numbers in an array. Understand the
program and assume that a call to the function sort is as follows.
[Segmen aturcara pada Program 12.7 berikut merupakan implementasi bagi
algoritma isihan yang mengisih satu senarai nombor dalam tatasusunan.
Fahamkan aturcara tersebut dan andaikan panggilan kepada fungsi sort
adalah seperti di bawah.]

int a[7]={8,6,5,3,9,2,7};
sort(a,6);

1 //Program 12.7
2 void swap_values(int &v1, int &v2)
3 {
4 int temp;
5 temp = v1;
6 v1 = v2;
7 v2 = temp;
8 }
9
10 int index_of_smallest(const int a[], int begin_index,
int end_index)

109
BASIC PROGRAMMING C

11 {
12 int min = a[end_index],
13 index_of_min = end_index;
14
15 for (int index=begin_index; index < end_index;
index++)
16 if (a[index] < min )
17 {
18 min = a[index];
19 index_of_min = index;
20 }
21
22 return index_of_min;
23 }
24
25 void sort(int a[], int last_index)
26 {
27 int index_of_next_smallest;
28
29 for (int index=last_index; index>=0; index--)
30 {
31 index_of_next_smallest = index_of_smallest(a, 0,
index);
32 swap_values(a[index], a[index_of_next_smallest]);
33 }
34 }

i. Write the contents of the array a for each loop when the function sort
is being executed. (Write your answers in a table as shown below).
[Tuliskan kandungan tatasusunan a bagi setiap ulangan semasa
fungsi sort dilaksankan. (Tuliskan jawapan anda menggunakan
jadual di bawah).]

a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] a[6]

8 6 5 3 9 2 7

2. Write C statements to perform each of the following:

[Tulis pernyataan C untuk melaksanakan setiap satu yang berikut:]

i. Declare an array of variable number to allocate 10 elements.

[Isytihar satu tatasusun bagi pembolehubah number untuk
menyediakan 10 elemen.]

110
 LAB 12: ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

ii. Read 10 data then assign the values into array number.
[Membaca 10 data untuk dimasukkan ke dalam tatasusun bagi
number.]

iii. Assign value of number[3] into number[4] and number[4]

takes value of number[5].
[Mengumpukan nilai number[3] kepada number[4] dan
number[4] mengambil nilai number[5].]

EXERCISE 3:
[LATIHAN 3]

1. Given the formula for converting Fahrenheit (F) to Celcius (C):

[Diberi rumus penukaran dari unit Farenheit (F) kepada unit Selsius ( C):]

C = 5/9 x (F - 32)

Where C is the unit of temperature in Celcius and F is the unit of temperature

in Farenheit
[Dimana C ialah unit suhu di dalam Celcius dan F ialah uni suhu di dalam
Farenheit.]

Write a complete C program that reads in a list of data F from a text file, then
calculates the values of C using the formula given. The program should use an
array to store the values of F as example shown in Figure 12.1
[Tuliskan satu aturcara C lengkap yang membaca satu senarai data F
daripada sebuah fail teks, kemudian mengira nilai-nilai C menggunakan
formula yang diberi. Aturcara tersebut perlu menggunakan tatasusunan untuk
menyimpan nilai-nilai F seperti contoh pada Rajah 12.1.]

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

13.29
29.76
14.81
23.78
29.37
..
..
..

Figure 12.1: input file of data F

[Rajah 12.1: fail input bagi data F]

Average of the temperature : 32.3

Number of high temperature : 2
Number of medium temperature : 20
Number of low temperature : 8

Figure 12.2: Example of output skrin

[Rajah 12.2: example of screen output]

The program then prints a summary output onto the screen and the detail
output into a text file as shown in Figures 12.2 and 12.3. Grades ‘H’ mean
high temperature; ‘M’ is medium temperature and ‘L’ is low temperature
[Seterusnya, aturcara tadi akan mencetak output rumusan ke skrin dan
output terperinci ke dalam sebuah fail teks seperti yang ditunjukkan
masing-masing pada Rajah 12.2 dan 12.3. Gred ‘H’ mewakili suhu tinggi;
‘M’ pula mewakili suhu sederhana dan ‘L’ mewakili suhu rendah.]

C(Celcius) F (Farenheit) Description

========== ========= =====
54.94 130.89 H
19.86 67.75 L
93.70 200.67 H
13.77 56.78 L
: : :
: : :
: : :

Figure 12.3: example of output file

[Rajah 12.3: contoh fail output]

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 LAB 12: ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

Your program must define several functions at least as listed in the Table 12.1.
You are also required to apply the concept of parameter passing to these
functions.
[Aturcara anda perlu mendefinisikan beberapa fungsi sekurang-kurangnya
seperti yang disenaraikan dalam jadual berikut. Anda juga dikehendaki
melaksanakan konsep penghantaran parameter terhadap fungsi-fungsi
tersebut.]

Table 12.1
Fungsi Keterangan
[Function] [Description]
readFile This function reads in a list of numbers from a text file and
stores them into a one-dimensional array. It receives the
following parameters:
[Fungsi ini digunakan untuk membaca senarai nombor
daripada sebuah fail teks dan menyimpan nombor-nombor
tersebut ke dalam sebuah tatasusunan. Ia perlu menerima
parameter-parameter berikut:]
• The name of the text file to be read from
[Nama bagi fail teks yang hendak dibaca]

• An array to store the list of numbers read

[Sebuah tatasusunan untuk menyimpan senarai
nombor tersebut]

• A variable to store the number of data read

[Pembolehubah untuk menyimpan bilangan data yang
telah dibaca]

computeC This function computes the values of C. It receives the

following parameters:
[Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mengira nilai-nilai C. Ia perlu
menerima parameter-parameter berikut:]
• An array that contains data F
[Tatasusunan yang mengandungi senarai data F]

• An array to store the calculated values of C

[Tatasusunan yang akan menyimpan senarai nilai C
yang telah dikira]

• The number of data

[Bilangan data]

average This function computes the average of a list of numbers stored

in an array.
[Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mengira purata bagi senarai
nombor dalam sebuah tatasusunan.]

grade This function determines either temperature (C) is high or

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

medium or low. This function will return ‘H’ if C≥35 , ‘M’ if

C<35 and C≥20 and ‘L’ if C<20.
[Fungsi ini digunakan untuk menentukan sama ada suhu itu
tinggi, sederhana atau rendah dalam pengujian kategori suhu
tersebut. Fungsi ini memulangkan nilai ‘H’ sekiranya C≥35,
‘M’ jika C<35 atau C≥20 dan ‘L’ jika C<20]

writeFile This function prints the output file as in Figure 12.3. It

receives the following parameters:
[Fungsi ini digunakan untuk mencetak fail output seperti
dalam Rajah 12.3. Ia perlu menerima parameter-parameter
seperti di bawah:]
• An array that contains data F
[Tatasusunan yang mengandungi senarai data F]

• An array that contains data C

[Tatasusunan yang mengandungi senarai data C]

• The number of data

[Bilangan data]

For printing summary output onto the screen, you may define another function
or you may just put the code into the function main.
[Untuk cetakan output rumusan ke skrin, anda juga boleh mendefinisikan
satu fungsi yang lain atau anda boleh menulis kod-kod yang berkenaan terus
ke dalam fungsi main.]

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LAB 13: TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

OBJECTIVES FOR STUDENTS

1. Write and create two-dimensional array.

[Menulis dan membina tatasusunan dua dimensi.]

2. Write and use two-dimensional array with functions.

[Menulis tatasusunan dua dimensi bersama fungsi.]

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Students should have knowledge in using loop statement.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menggunakan pernyataan
gelung.]

2. Students should have knowledge in passing arguments to functions.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan dalam menghantar argument
kepada fungsi.]

3. Students should have knowledge in manipulating basic array.

[Pelajar sepatutnya mempunyai pengetahuan memanipulasi tatasusunan
asas.]

LAB EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1:
[LATIHAN 1]

1. Show the output of Program 13.1 and answer the following questions.
[Paparkan output bagi Program 13.1 dan jawab soalan-soalan berikut.]

1 //Program 13.1
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int i, j;
8 int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};
9
10 for(i = 0; i <= 2; i = i + 1)
11 {
12 for(j = 0; j <= 3; j = j + 1)
13 printf ("a[%d][%d] = %d\t", i, j, a[i][j]);

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

14 printf ("\n");
15 }
16 getch();
17 return 0;
18 }

i. When i is 0 and j is 1, the element in which row and which column is

printed?
[Apabila i ialah 0 dan j ialah 1, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

ii. When i is 0 and j is 3, the element in which row and which column is
printed?
[Apabila i ialah 0 dan j ialah 3, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

iii. When i is 2 and j is 1, the element in which row and which column is
printed?
[Apabila i ialah 2 dan j ialah 1, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

2. Write and run the following Program 13.2, then try answering questions that
follow.
[Tulis dan laksanakan Program 13.2 serta jawab soalan-soalan berikutnya.]

1 //Program 13.2
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int i, j;
8 int a[3][4] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};
9
10 for(i = 2; i >= 0; i = i - 1)
11 {
12 for(j = 3; j >= 0; j = j - 1)
13 printf ("a[%d][%d] = %d\t", i, j, a[i][j]);
14 printf ("\n");
15 }
16 getch();
17 return 0;
18 }

i. When i is 2 and j is 3, the element in which row and which column is

printed?
[Apabila i ialah 2 dan j ialah 3, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

ii. When i is 2 and j is 2, the element in which row and which column is
printed?

116
 LAB 13: TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

[Apabila i ialah 2 dan j ialah 2, elemen pada baris dan lajur

manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

iii. When i is 2 and j is 0, the element in which row and which column is
printed?
[Apabila i ialah 2 dan j ialah 0, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

iv. When i is 1 and j is 3, the element in which row and which column is
printed?
[Apabila i ialah 1 dan j ialah 3, elemen pada baris dan lajur
manakah yang akan dipaparkan?]

v. When the last element is printed, what is i and what is j?

[Apabila elemen terakhir dipaparkan, apakah nilai i dan j?]

3. What is the output of the following code fragment of Program 13.3?

[Apakah output bagi keratan Program 13.3 berikut?]

1 //Program 13.3
2 int array[3][3], index1, index2;
3 for(index1=0;index1<3;index1++)
4 for(index2=0;index2<3;index2++)
5 array[index1][index2]=index1 + index2;
6 for(index1=0;index1<3;index1++)
7 {
8 for(index2=0;index2<3;index2++)
9 printf (“%d”, array[index1][index2]);
10 printf ("\n");
11 }

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BASIC PROGRAMMING C

EXERCISE 2:
[LATIHAN 2]

1. Run the following program and enter this data: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h,

i, j, k, l. Show the output and answer the questions.
[Laksanakan aturcara berikut dan masukkan data seperti berikut: a, b, c,
d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l. Paparkan output dan jawab soalan-
soalan berikut.]

1 //Program 13.4
2 #include <stdio.h>
3 #include <conio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int i, j;
8 char a[3][4];
9 for(i = 0; i <= 2; i = i + 1)
10 for(j = 0; j <= 3; j = j + 1)
11 scanf (”%d”, &a[i][j]);
12
13 for(i = 0; i <= 2; i = i + 1)
14 {
15 for(j = 0; j <= 3; j = j + 1)
16 printf ("a[%d][%d] = %d\t", i, j, a[i][j]);
17 printf ("\n"); }
18 getch();
19 return 0;
20 }
21

i. Fill in the box given in Figure 13.1 with all the characters are read
properly into this array.
[Lengkapkan kotak kosong yang terdapat pada Rajah 13.1 dengan
aksara dibaca mengikut aturan yang betul ke dalam tatasusunan.]

Figure 13.1

118