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    Nanophotonics is the study of light at the nanoscale and its interaction with nano-sized objects. It involves techniques like surface plasmons and nanostructures to focus light below the diffraction limit. Researchers use nanophotonics for applications like miniaturizing optoelectronics, improving solar cells and spectroscopy, developing high-resolution microscopy, and creating metamaterials with unusual properties. Nanophotonics draws from optics, photonics, and nanotechnology using principles like plasmonics and near-field optics to squeeze light into subwavelength scales.

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    Nano Photonic S

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    Nanophotonics is the study of light at the nanoscale and its interaction with nano-sized objects. It involves techniques like surface plasmons and nanostructures to focus light below the diffraction limit. Researchers use nanophotonics for applications like miniaturizing optoelectronics, improving solar cells and spectroscopy, developing high-resolution microscopy, and creating metamaterials with unusual properties. Nanophotonics draws from optics, photonics, and nanotechnology using principles like plasmonics and near-field optics to squeeze light into subwavelength scales.

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    Nanotechnology

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    Nano Photonic s

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    Nanophotonics is the study of light at the nanoscale and its interaction with nano-sized objects. It involves techniques like surface plasmons and nanostructures to focus light below the diffraction limit. Researchers use nanophotonics for applications like miniaturizing optoelectronics, improving solar cells and spectroscopy, developing high-resolution microscopy, and creating metamaterials with unusual properties. Nanophotonics draws from optics, photonics, and nanotechnology using principles like plasmonics and near-field optics to squeeze light into subwavelength scales.

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    8 views24 pages

    Nano Photonic S

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous gUjimJK
    Nanophotonics is the study of light at the nanoscale and its interaction with nano-sized objects. It involves techniques like surface plasmons and nanostructures to focus light below the diffraction limit. Researchers use nanophotonics for applications like miniaturizing optoelectronics, improving solar cells and spectroscopy, developing high-resolution microscopy, and creating metamaterials with unusual properties. Nanophotonics draws from optics, photonics, and nanotechnology using principles like plasmonics and near-field optics to squeeze light into subwavelength scales.

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    of 24

    Nanophotonics

    Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study


    of the behavior of light on the nanometer
    scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-
    scale objects with light. It is a branch of
    optics, optical engineering, electrical
    engineering, and nanotechnology. It often
    (but not exclusively) involves metallic
    components, which can transport and
    focus light via surface plasmon polaritons.
    The term "nano-optics", just like the term
    "optics", usually refers to situations
    involving ultraviolet, visible, and near-
    infrared light (free-space wavelengths
    from 300 to 1200 nanometers).

    Background
    Normal optical components, like lenses
    and microscopes, generally cannot
    normally focus light to nanometer (deep
    subwavelength) scales, because of the
    diffraction limit (Rayleigh criterion).
    Nevertheless, it is possible to squeeze
    light into a nanometer scale using other
    techniques like, for example, surface
    plasmons, localized surface plasmons
    around nanoscale metal objects, and the
    nanoscale apertures and nanoscale sharp
    tips used in near-field scanning optical
    microscopy (NSOM) and photoassisted
    scanning tunnelling microscopy.[1]

    Motivations
    Nanophotonics researchers pursue a very
    wide variety of goals, in fields ranging from
    biochemistry to electrical engineering. A
    few of these goals are summarized below.

    Optoelectronics and
    microelectronics
    If light can be squeezed into a small
    volume, it can be absorbed and detected
    by a small detector. Small photodetectors
    tend to have a variety of desirable
    properties including low noise, high speed,
    and low voltage and power.[2][3][4]

    Small lasers have various desirable


    properties for optical communication
    including low threshold current (which
    helps power efficiency) and fast
    modulation[5] (which means more data
    transmission). Very small lasers require
    subwavelength optical cavities. An
    example is spasers, the surface plasmon
    version of lasers.
    Integrated circuits are made using
    photolithography, i.e. exposure to light. In
    order to make very small transistors, the
    light needs to be focused into extremely
    sharp images. Using various techniques
    such as immersion lithography and phase-
    shifting photomasks, it has indeed been
    possible to make images much finer than
    the wavelength—for example, drawing
    30 nm lines using 193 nm light.[6]
    Plasmonic techniques have also been
    proposed for this application.[7]

    Heat-assisted magnetic recording is a


    nanophotonic approach to increasing the
    amount of data that a magnetic disk drive
    can store. It requires a laser to heat a tiny,
    subwavelength area of the magnetic
    material before writing data. The magnetic
    write-head would have metal optical
    components to concentrate light at the
    right location.

    Miniaturization in optoelectronics, for


    example the miniaturization of transistors
    in integrated circuits, has improved their
    speed and cost. However, optoelectronic
    circuits can only be miniaturized if the
    optical components are shrunk along with
    the electronic components. This is
    relevant for on-chip optical
    communication (i.e. passing information
    from one part of a microchip to another by
    sending light through optical waveguides,
    instead of changing the voltage on a
    wire).[3][8]

    Solar cells

    Solar cells often work best when the light


    is absorbed very close to the surface, both
    because electrons near the surface have a
    better chance of being collected, and
    because the device can be made thinner,
    which reduces cost. Researchers have
    investigated a variety of nanophotonic
    techniques to intensify light in the optimal
    locations within a solar cell.[9]
    Spectroscopy

    Using nanophotonics to create high peak


    intensities: If a given amount of light
    energy is squeezed into a smaller and
    smaller volume ("hot-spot"), the intensity in
    the hot-spot gets larger and larger. This is
    especially helpful in nonlinear optics; an
    example is surface enhanced Raman
    scattering. It also allows sensitive
    spectroscopy measurements of even
    single molecules located in the hot-spot,
    unlike traditional spectroscopy methods
    which take an average over millions or
    billions of molecules.[10][11]
    Microscopy

    One goal of nanophotonics is to construct


    a so-called "superlens", which would use
    metamaterials (see below) or other
    techniques to create images that are more
    accurate than the diffraction limit (deep
    subwavelength).

    Near-field scanning optical microscope


    (NSOM or SNOM) is a quite different
    nanophotonic technique that
    accomplishes the same goal of taking
    images with resolution far smaller than the
    wavelength. It involves raster-scanning a
    very sharp tip or very small aperture over
    the surface to be imaged.

    Near-field microscopy refers more


    generally to any technique using the near-
    field (see below) to achieve nanoscale,
    subwavelength resolution. For example,
    dual polarization interferometry has
    picometer resolution in the vertical plane
    above the waveguide surface.

    Principles
    Plasmons and metal optics

    Metals are an effective way to confine light


    to far below the wavelength. This was
    originally used in radio and microwave
    engineering, where metal antennas and
    waveguides may be hundreds of times
    smaller than the free-space wavelength.
    For a similar reason, visible light can be
    confined to the nano-scale via nano-sized
    metal structures, such as nano-sized
    structures, tips, gaps, etc. This effect is
    somewhat analogous to a lightning rod,
    where the field concentrates at the tip.

    This effect is fundamentally based on the


    fact that the permittivity of the metal is
    very large and negative. At very high
    frequencies (near and above the plasma
    frequency, usually ultraviolet), the
    permittivity of a metal is not so large, and
    the metal stops being useful for
    concentrating fields.

    Many nano-optics designs look like


    common microwave or radiowave circuits,
    but shrunk down by a factor of 100,000 or
    more. After all, radiowaves, microwaves,
    and visible light are all electromagnetic
    radiation; they differ only in frequency. So
    other things equal, a microwave circuit
    shrunk down by a factor of 100,000 will
    behave the same way but at 100,000 times
    higher frequency. For example,
    researchers have made nano-optical Yagi-
    Uda antennas following essentially the
    same design as used for radio Yagi-Uda
    antennas.[12]

    Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a five-


    element Yagi-Uda antenna consisting of a feed
    element, one reflector, and three directors, fabricated
    by e-beam lithography.[13]

    Metallic parallel-plate waveguides


    (striplines), lumped-constant circuit
    elements such as inductance and
    capacitance (at visible light frequencies,
    the values of the latter being of the order
    of femtohenries and attofarads,
    respectively), and impedance-matching of
    dipole antennas to transmission lines, all
    familiar techniques at microwave
    frequencies, are some current areas of
    nanophotonics development. That said,
    there are a number of very important
    differences between nano-optics and
    scaled-down microwave circuits. For
    example, at optical frequency, metals
    behave much less like ideal conductors,
    and also exhibit interesting plasmon-
    related effects like kinetic inductance and
    surface plasmon resonance. Likewise,
    optical fields interact with semiconductors
    in a fundamentally different way than
    microwaves do.
    Near-field optics

    If you take the Fourier transform of an


    object, it consists of different spatial
    frequencies. The higher frequencies
    correspond to the very fine features and
    sharp edges.

    When light is emitted by such an object,


    the light with very high spatial frequency
    forms an evanescent wave, which only
    exists in the near field (very close to the
    object, within a wavelength or two) and
    disappears in the far field. This is the
    origin of the diffraction limit, which says
    that when a lens images an object, the
    subwavelength information is blurred out.

    Nano-photonics is primarily concerned


    with the near-field evanescent waves. For
    example, a superlens (mentioned above)
    would prevent the decay of the evanescent
    wave, allowing higher-resolution imaging.

    Metamaterials

    Metamaterials are artificial materials


    engineered to have properties that may not
    be found in nature. They are created by
    fabricating an array of structures much
    smaller than a wavelength. The small
    (nano) size of the structures is important:
    That way, light interacts with them as if
    they made up a uniform, continuous
    medium, rather than scattering off the
    individual structures.

    See also
    Photonics Spectra Journal

    References
    1. Hewakuruppu, Y., et al., Plasmonic "
    pump – probe " method to study semi-
    transparent nanofluids Archived March 3,
    2016, at the Wayback Machine., Applied
    Optics, 52(24):6041-6050
    2. Assefa, Solomon; Xia, Fengnian; Vlasov,
    Yurii A. (2010). "Reinventing germanium
    avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic
    on-chip optical interconnects". Nature. 464
    (7285): 80–4.
    Bibcode:2010Natur.464...80A .
    doi:10.1038/nature08813 .
    PMID 20203606 .
    3. "Research Discovery By Ethiopian
    Scientist At IBM at Tadias Magazine" .
    Tadias.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
    4. "Avalanche photodetector breaks speed
    record" . physicsworld.com. Retrieved
    2010-03-15.
    5. Themistoklis P. H. Sidiropoulos, Robert
    Röder, Sebastian Geburt, Ortwin Hess,
    Stefan A. Maier, Carsten Ronning, Rupert F.
    Oulton (2014). "Ultrafast plasmonic
    nanowire lasers near the surface plasmon
    frequency". Nature Physics. 10: 870–876.
    Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..870S .
    doi:10.1038/nphys3103 . Press release
    Archived December 25, 2016, at the
    Wayback Machine.
    6. Hand, Aaron. "High-Index Lenses Push
    Immersion Beyond 32 nm" .
    7. Liang Pan et al. (2011). "Maskless
    Plasmonic Lithography at 22 nm
    Resolution" . Scientific Reports. 1.
    Bibcode:2011NatSR...1E.175P .
    doi:10.1038/srep00175 . PMC 3240963  .
    PMID 22355690 .
    8. "IBM Research | IBM Research | Silicon
    Integrated Nanophotonics" .
    Domino.research.ibm.com. 2010-03-04.
    Retrieved 2010-03-15.
    9. Vivian E. Ferry, Jeremy N. Munday, Harry
    A. Atwater (2010). "Design Considerations
    for Plasmonic Photovoltaics". Advanced
    Materials. 22 (43): 4794–4808.
    doi:10.1002/adma.201000488 .
    10. "Enhancing single-molecule
    fluorescence with nanophotonics". FEBS
    Letters. 588: 3547–3552.
    doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.016 .
    11. R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. C. Dong, S. Jiang,
    C. Zhang, L. G. Chen, L. Zhang, Y. Liao, J.
    Aizpurua, Y. Luo, J. L. Yang, J. G. Hou (6
    June 2013). "Chemical mapping of a single
    molecule by plasmon-enhanced Raman
    scattering". Nature. 498: 82–86.
    Bibcode:2013Natur.498...82Z .
    doi:10.1038/nature12151 .
    PMID 23739426 .
    12. Daniel Dregely, Richard Taubert, Jens
    Dorfmüller, Ralf Vogelgesang, Klaus Kern,
    Harald Giessen. "3D optical Yagi–Uda
    nanoantenna array" . Nature
    Communications. 2 (267): 267.
    Bibcode:2011NatCo...2E.267D .
    doi:10.1038/ncomms1268 . PMC 3104549 
     . PMID 21468019 .
    13. van Hulst, Niek. "Optical Nano-antenna
    Controls Single Quantum Dot Emission" .
    2physics. 2physics.

    External links
    ePIXnet Nanostructuring Platform for
    Photonic Integration
    Optically induced mass transport in near
    fields
    "Photonics Breakthrough for Silicon
    Chips: Light can exert enough force to
    flip switches on a silicon chip," by Hong
    X. Tang, IEEE Spectrum, October 2009
    Nanophotonics, nano-optics and
    nanospectroscopy A. J. Meixner (Ed.)
    Thematic Series in the Open Access
    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology

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