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Reference Books: 1. Modern Physics: K.S. Krane 2. Introduction To Modern Physics: 3. Quantum Physics: R. Eisberg and

1. The document discusses key concepts in modern physics including quantum physics reference books, evaluation schemes, attendance policies, and degrees of freedom. 2. It then covers distribution of energy using the Boltzmann constant and equipartition law, defining specific heat of gases using molar specific heat at constant volume. 3. Experimental data on specific heat values for monoatomic and diatomic gases is presented, showing agreement with theory except for cases like hydrogen gas where values increase with temperature before dissociation.

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Prithviraj Netke
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106 views4 pages

Reference Books: 1. Modern Physics: K.S. Krane 2. Introduction To Modern Physics: 3. Quantum Physics: R. Eisberg and

1. The document discusses key concepts in modern physics including quantum physics reference books, evaluation schemes, attendance policies, and degrees of freedom. 2. It then covers distribution of energy using the Boltzmann constant and equipartition law, defining specific heat of gases using molar specific heat at constant volume. 3. Experimental data on specific heat values for monoatomic and diatomic gases is presented, showing agreement with theory except for cases like hydrogen gas where values increase with temperature before dissociation.

Uploaded by

Prithviraj Netke
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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28‐07‐2014

Reference Books
3. Quantum Physics: R. Eisberg and
1. Modern Physics: K.S. Krane; R. Resnik John Wiley 2002; 2nd
John Wiley 1998, 2nd Edition Edition
2. Introduction to Modern Physics: 4. Concepts of Modern Physics:
F.K. Richtmyer, E.H. Kennard, John Arthur Beiser; Mc Graw Hill
N. Cooper; Tata Mc Graw Hill 1976 International,1987 4th Ed.
6th edition

Evaluation Scheme
5. Introduction to Modern Physics:
H.S.Mani and G.K.Mehta; Affiliated • In-semester (60%)
East-West 1988 • Two Announced Tests (30% total)
6. Elements of Modern Physics: S. H. • One Mid-semester (30%)
Patil; Tata Mc Graw Hill 1984 • All tests and mid-sem are compulsory and
no re-exam or compensation in any form
will be given on any ground whatsoever.
• End-semester (40%)

1
28‐07‐2014

Attendance Policy Warning


• Attendance is compulsory but • It would be presumed that any
would not affect grades. announcement about test/ quizzes
• Warning etc. made in the class will reach
• Attendance is helpful in understanding the everyone.
subject.
• Students with poor attendance find it • No notice may be circulated for
difficult to cope with tests and often land that.
up with poor grades or even fail the
course.

Modern Physics (How Modern?) Degrees of Freedom


• Not really so modern. • Equipartition law involved the use of
the concept of degrees of freedom.

• Seeds were grown more than a • The degree of freedom can be


century ago. Translational, Rotational or Vibrational.

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28‐07‐2014

Distribution of Energy Specific Heat of Gases


At a finite temperature T, the energy is Specific Heat deals with the increase
distributed as follows, where k is of temperature as heat is being
Boltzmann Constant. consumed by the system. We deal
For each Translational and with Molar Specific Heat at constant
1
kT Rotational degree of freedom volume Cv.
2
  
Cv   
kT
For each Vibrational degree  T V
of freedom

Monatomic Gases Diatomic Gases


Consider Monatomic gases like inert Rigid Molecule 1
gases. Only translation of molecules are   5NA  kT
2
possible.
d .f .  3NA Cv 
5 5
N Ak  R
1 2 2
  3NA  kT
2 Flexible 1
Molecule   5NA  kT  N AkT
3 3 2
Cv  N Ak  R
2 2 7 7
Cv  N Ak  R
R is gas constant. R= 8.31 J/(mole.K) 2 2

3
28‐07‐2014

Experimental Data Hydrogen Gas


• A good agreement for monatomic Hydrogen gas shows 1.5 R around
gases. 100K and ~2.5 R around room
temperature. Increases and tends to
• For diatomic gases one gets a value of
3.5 R around 1000K, before
2.5 R at room temperature. But tends dissociating.
to increase for many of them with
increase of T, approaching a value of
3.5 R.

Dulong and Petit law Experiment


• The specific heat of all solids is 3R. • Good agreement at RT for a very large
• Can be derived on the basis of
number of solids.
equipartition law. • At low temperature approaches zero.
• At high temperature approaches 3R.
  3NA  kT • A low temperature Cv  T .
3

d • Some excitations other than vibration


Cv   3N Ak  3R can also contribute in some specific
dT
solids.

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