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ON

“
SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER”

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roni
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gaum)
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Bul
lTempl
eRoad,
Basav
anagudi
,Bangal
ore-
560019

Abst
ract

Inthispaperdesi gnofsynchronous4-bitupcount eri spr oposedusi ngmast er-

slave
negati
vepulse-tri
gger
edDf l
ip-f
lops.Themast erslaveDf li
p-fl
opi simplement edusi ng
8nandgat esandani nver
ter.Thecounterisprovidedwi t
haddi t
ionalsynchr onousclear
and countenabl einput
s.The mai n object
ivei st o opt imize the lay outoft he
synchronous4- bi
tup counteri ntermsofar ea.Thedesi gn isimpl ement ed using
CadenceVi rt
uoso schematicedi t
orand si mulated using CadenceVi r
tuoso anal og
designenvir
onmentat180nm CMOSpr ocesst echnology .Theopt imizedl ayoutoft he
counterisdesignedusingCadenceVi rt
uosoLay outSuite.Thecount erhast ransi
stor
countof210.Theest i
matedpoweroft hecount eris97.90μW anddel ayis20. 39ns.

2
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

DESI
GNANDI
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFSYNCHRONOUS4-
BI
TUPCOUNTER

I
1.NTRODUCTI
ON
Count
ing i
saf
undament
alf
unct
ion ofdi
git
alci
rcui
ts.A di
git
alcount
erconsi
sts ofa
col
l
ect
ionoff
li
p-f
lopst
hatchangest
ate(
setorr
eset
)inapr
escr
ibedsequence.Thepr
imar
y
f
unct
ionofacount
eri
stopr
oduceaspeci
fi
edout
putpat
ter
nsequence.Fort
hisr
easoni
tis
al
soapat
ter
ngener
ator[
2].Thi
spat
ter
nsequencemi
ghtcor
respondt
othenumberof
occur
rencesofanev
entori
tmi
ghtbeusedt
ocont
rolv
ari
ouspor
ti
onsofadi
git
alsy
stem.I
n
t
hisl
att
ercaseeachpat
ter
nisassoci
atedwi
thadi
sti
nctoper
ati
ont
hatt
hedi
git
alsy
stem
mustper
for
m.Ther
ear
etr
emendousappl
i
cat
ionsofacount
eri
nthedi
git
alconsumer
el
ect
roni
csmar
ket
.Acount
ercanpl
ayav
italr
olei
nsev
eralci
rcui
tsr
angi
ngf
rom asi
mpl
e
di
spl
ayt
ocompl
exmi
crocont
rol
l
erci
rcui
ts.Someoft
heappar
entappl
i
cat
ionsofacount
er
ar
e:f
requencydi
vi
deri
nphase-
lockedl
oops,f
requencysy
nthesi
zer
s,si
gnalgener
ati
onand
pr
ocessi
ngci
rcui
ts,
micr
ocont
rol
l
ers,
digi
talmemor
iesandi
ndi
git
alcl
ockandt
imi
ngci
rcui
ts.
Acount
eri
sanot
herexampl
eofar
egi
ster[
2].Asi
nthecaseofar
egi
stereachoft
he0-
1
combi
nat
ionst
hatar
est
oredi
nthecol
l
ect
ionoff
li
p-f
lopst
hatcompr
iset
hecount
er,t
hati
s
t
heout
putpat
ter
n,i
sknownasast
ateoft
hecount
er.Thet
otalnumberofst
atesi
scal
l
edi
ts
modul
us.Thusi
facount
erhas„
m‟di
sti
nctst
ates,t
heni
tiscal
l
edamodul
us-
m count
eror
mod-
m count
er.Theor
deri
nwhi
cht
hest
atesappeari
sref
err
edt
oasi
tscount
ingsequence.
Thepr
oposedsy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
eri
simpl
ement
edusi
ngCadenceEDAt
ool[
1].The
t
oolpr
ovi
dessophi
sti
cat
ed f
eat
uressuch asCadenceVi
rt
uoso schemat
icedi
torwhi
ch
pr
ovi
dessophi
sti
cat
edcapabi
l
iti
eswhi
chspeedandeaset
hedesi
gn,CadenceVi
rt
uoso
Vi
sual
i
zat
ionandAnal
ysi
swhi
chef
fi
cient
lyanal
yzest
heper
for
manceoft
hedesi
gn,
Cadence
Vi
rt
uosoLay
outSui
tet
hatspeedsupt
hephy
sicall
ayoutoft
hedesi
gnandCadenceAssur
a
Phy
sicalVer
if
icat
ionr
educesov
eral
lver
if
icat
iont
imebecausei
tincor
por
atesaf
astand
i
ntui
ti
vedebugcapabi
l
ityi
ntegr
atedwi
thi
ntheVi
rt
uosocust
om desi
gnenv
ironment
.Ithel
ps
t
o easi
l
yrecogni
ze,f
ix,ext
ractandcompar
eer
ror
s.Sev
eralcount
erci
rcui
tshav
ebeen
pr
oposedt
arget
ingondesi
gnaccent
ssuchaspower
,del
ayandar
ea.Amongt
hosedesi
gns

3
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

sy
nchr
onouscount
ersusi
ngmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
pfl
opshav
ebeenwi
del
yused.Thepaperi
s
or
gani
zedasf
oll
ows:
insect
ion2,
thedesi
gnoft
hepr
oposedcount
eri
spr
esent
ed.I
nsect
ion
3,t
heschemat
icandl
ayoutar
epr
esent
ed.I
nsect
ion4,t
hesi
mul
ati
onr
esul
tsar
egi
venand
di
scussed.Thear
ea,poweranddel
ayoft
hecount
erar
eest
imat
ed.Fi
nal
l
yaconcl
usi
onwi
l
l
bemadei
nthel
astsect
ion.

THEPROPOSEDCOUNTER
2.
Sy
nchr
onouscount
eri
sthemostpopul
art
ypeofcount
er.I
tty
pical
l
yconsi
stsofa
memor
yel
ement
,whi
chi
simpl
ement
edusi
ngf
li
p-f
lopsandacombi
nat
ionalel
ement
,
whi
chi
str
adi
ti
onal
l
yimpl
ement
edusi
ngl
ogi
cgat
es.Logi
cgat
esar
elogi
cci
rcui
tswi
th
oneormor
einputt
ermi
nal
sandoneout
putt
ermi
nali
nwhi
cht
heout
puti
sswi
tched
bet
weent
wov
olt
agel
evel
sdet
ermi
nedbyacombi
nat
ionofi
nputsi
gnal
s.Theuseof
l
ogi
cgat
esf
orcombi
nat
ional
logi
cty
pical
l
yreducest
hecostofcomponent
sforcount
er
ci
rcui
tst
oanabsol
utemi
nimum,
soi
tremai
nsapopul
arappr
oach.

Sy
nchr
onouscount
ershav
eani
nter
nal
clock,
wher
easasy
nchr
onouscount
ersdonot
.
Asar
esul
t,al
lthef
li
p-f
lopsi
nasy
nchr
onouscount
erar
edr
ivensi
mul
taneousl
ybya
si
ngl
e,commoncl
ockpul
se.I
nanasy
nchr
onouscount
er,
thef
ir
stf
li
p-f
lopi
sdr
ivenby
apul
sef
rom anext
ernalcl
ockandeachsuccessi
vef
li
p-f
lopi
sdr
ivenbyt
heout
putof
t
hepr
ecedi
ngf
li
p-f
lopi
nthesequence.Thi
sist
heessent
ialdi
ff
erencebet
ween
sy
nchr
onousandasy
nchr
onouscount
ers.Thepr
opagat
iondel
ayofsy
nchr
onous
count
eri
scompar
ati
vel
ylowert
hanasy
nchr
onouscount
er.I
tsper
for
mancei
sal
so
bet
terf
rom ar
eli
abi
l
ityper
spect
ivebecauset
her
eisnogl
i
tch.

2.
1.Mast
er-
Slav
eDFl
ip-
Flop
Amast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopi
scr
eat
edbyconnect
ingt
wogat
edDl
atchesi
nser
iesand
i
nver
ti
ngt
heenabl
einputt
ooneoft
hem.I
tiscal
l
edmast
er-
slav
ebecauset
he
second(
slav
e)l
atchi
ntheser
iesonl
ychangesi
nresponset
oachangei
nthef
ir
st

4
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

(
mast
er)l
atch[
2].Thet
erm pul
set
ri
gger
edmeanst
hatdat
aisent
eredont
her
isi
ng
edgeoft
hecl
ockpul
se,butt
heout
putdoesnotr
efl
ectt
hechangeunt
ilt
hef
all
i
ng
edgeoft
hecl
ockpul
se.Mast
er-
slav
efl
i
p-f
lopscanbeconst
ruct
edt
obehav
easaJ-
K,
R-
S,TorDf
li
p-f
lop.

The pur
pose ofmast
er-
slav
efl
i
p-f
lops i
sto pr
otecta f
li
pfl
op‟
s out
putf
rom
i
nadv
ert
entchangescausedbygl
i
tchesont
hei
nput
.Mast
er-
slav
efl
i
p-f
lopsar
eused
i
n appl
i
cat
ions wher
e gl
i
tches may be pr
eval
enton i
nput
s.The mast
er-
slav
e
conf
igur
ati
onhast
headv
ant
ageofbei
ngpul
se-
tr
igger
ed,maki
ngi
teasi
ert
ousei
n
l
argerci
rcui
ts,
sincet
hei
nput
stoaf
li
p-f
lopof
tendependont
hest
ateofi
tsout
put
.

Fi
g-1:Mast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lop

Fi
g.1 showsnegat
ivepul
se-
tr
igger
ed mast
er-
slav
eD f
li
pfl
op.I
trespondsont
he
negat
iveedgeoft
heenabl
einput(
usual
l
yacl
ock)
.Theci
rcui
tconsi
stsoft
woDf
li
p-
f
lopsconnect
edt
oget
her
.Whent
hecl
ocki
shi
gh,t
heDi
nputi
sst
oredi
nthef
ir
st
l
atch,butt
hesecondl
atchcannotchangest
ate.Whent
hecl
ocki
slow,t
hef
ir
st
l
atch'
sout
puti
sst
oredi
nthesecondl
atch,butt
hef
ir
stl
atchcannotchangest
ate.
Ther
esul
tist
hatout
putcanonl
ychangest
atewhent
hecl
ockmakesat
ransi
ti
on
f
rom hi
ght
olow.

Cl
k Q(
nextst
ate)

0 D

5
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

1 Q(
presentst
ate)

Tabl
e-1:Tr
utht
abl
eofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lop

Mast
erchangesi
tsst
atewhencl
ocki
shi
ghwhi
l
ethel
att
erchangesi
tsst
atewhencl
ocki
slow.
Whent
hecl
ocki
shi
ght
hemast
ert
rackst
hev
alueofDbutsi
ncet
hesl
avei
sini
nact
ivest
ate,
Qsal
sor
emai
nsunchanged.Whent
hecl
ocksi
gnalgoesl
ow,t
hemast
ergoest
oinact
ivest
ate
andt
hesl
avewhi
chi
snowi
nact
ivest
atet
rackst
hev
alueofQm.Whi
l
ecl
ocki
slow,Qm does
notchangei
tsv
alue.Thusonl
yoncedur
ingt
hecl
ockcy
clet
hesl
avecanunder
gochangei
nit
s
v
alue.I
tcanal
sobeobser
vedt
hatonl
ydur
ingt
het
ransi
ti
onf
rom hi
ght
olow,t
heout
putget
s
change.Thi
str
ansi
ti
oni
sref
err
edt
oas"
negat
ivepul
se-
tr
igger
ed"
.

Fi
g-2:
Mast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopwi
thcl
eari
nput
Fi
g.2showst
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopwi
thcl
eari
nput
.Theci
rcui
t
i
sdesi
gnedusi
ngt
het
rut
htabl
egi
veni
ntabl
e.2.Whent
hecl
r(cl
ear
)inputgoeshi
gh,
i
rr
espect
iveoft
hei
nput
sDandcl
ock,
theout
putgoesl
ow.

Cl
r Cl
k Qn+1 ( next
state)

0 0 D

0 1 Qn (pr
esent
st
ate)

1 X 0

6
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Tabl
e-2:Tr
utht
abl
eofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopwi
thcl
ear

2.
2.Sy
nchr
onous4-
BitUpCount
er
Thepr
oposedsy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
erhas3ANDgat
es,
4XORgat
esand4mast
er
-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lops.Samecl
ockpul
sei
sgi
vent
oeachf
li
p-f
lop.Sowi
thev
erycl
ockpul
se
t
hecount
ercount
sonest
epup.I
tisanupcount
erandst
art
sfr
om 0000.Thenwi
th
cl
ockpul
secount
sli
ke0001,0010,0011,0100upt
o1111.Theni
tst
art
sfr
om 0000
agai
n.

Q0i
stheLSBandQ3i
stheMSB.

Themast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopact
ual
l
ywor
ksatt
hef
all
i
ngedgeoft
hecl
ock.Butbecause
i
tisamast
ersl
aveconf
igur
ati
on[
8],i
tact
ual
l
yst
orest
hei
nputatr
isi
ngedgeandi
tis
gi
vent
otheout
putatt
hef
all
i
ngedgeoft
hecl
ock.Sochangei
ncount
erout
puti
s
obser
vedi
nthef
all
i
ngedgeoft
hecl
ock.

Ther
ear
e2addi
ti
onal
input
sint
hecount
er,
countenabl
e(CE)andcl
ear(
clr
).

1. CountEnabl
e(CE)i :I
nput fCE=0,t
hencount
erst
opscount
ing.I
FCE=1,each
cl
ockpul
ser
esul
tsi
nacount
ingact
ion.
2. Cl
ear(
clr
)input
:Ifcl
r=1,t
hent
hecount
erout
putcl
ear
sto0000.I
fcl
r=0,each
cl
ockpul
ser
esul
tsi
nacount
ingact
ion.

Thecont
roll
ogi
coft
hecount
eri
sasf
oll
ows:TheXORgat
ecompl
ement
seachbi
t.
TheANDchai
ncausescompl
ementofabi
tifal
lthebi
tst
owar
dLSBf
rom i
tequal
1.
TheCountEnabl
efor
cesal
lout
put
sofANDchai
nto0t
o“hol
d”t
hest
ate.

7
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Fi
g-3:Sy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
er
SCHEMATI
3. CANDLAYOUT
Thepr
oposed count
eri
simpl
ement
ed i
n CadenceEDA t
ool
.Thet
ransi
storl
evel
di
agr
am i
simpl
ement
edusi
ngCadenceVi
rt
uososchemat
icedi
tor[
1].Theopt
imi
zed
l
ayouti
sdesi
gnedusi
ngCadenceVi
rt
uosoLay
outSui
te.

3.
1.Schemat
ic
Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hesy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
erwi
l
lbeper
for
medpr
ogr
essi
vel
yby
i
mpl
ement
ingandcr
eat
ingi
nst
ancesoft
hecomponent
soft
hecount
eri
ndependent
lyand
subsequent
lyusi
ngal
lthecomponent
stoget
hert
ocr
eat
ethecount
er.Theschemat
icdi
agr
am
ofal
lthe component
s ar
e bui
l
tusi
ng PMOS and NMOS t
ransi
stor
s wi
tht
he f
oll
owi
ng
speci
fi
cat
ions.

Lengt
h :
180nm

Tot
alwi
dth :
2μm

Fi
ngerwi
dth :
2μm

Fi
nger
s :
1

S/
Dmet
al :
400nm

8
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Thr
eshol
d :
800nm

Theschemat
icdi
agr
am ofi
nver
ter
,NANDgat
e,ANDgat
eandXORgat
ear
easshowni
nfi
g.4.

Fi
g-4(
a):I
nver
terschemat
icdi
agr
am

Fi
g-4(
b):NANDgat
eschemat
icdi
agr
am

9
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Fi
g-4(
c):ANDgat
eschemat
icdi
agr
am

10
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Fi
g-4(
d):XORgat
eschemat
icdi
agr
am

Usi
ngt
hei
nst
ancesofi
nver
ter
,NANDgat
eandANDgat
egat
esdi
scussed
abov
e,mast
er-
slav
e D f
li
p-f
lop i
s i
mpl
ement
ed as shown i
n f
ig.
5.
Subsequent
lyusi
ngt
hei
nst
ancesofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lop,ANDgat
eand

XOR gat
ethepr
oposedsy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
eri
simpl
ement
edas
showni
nbel
owf
ig.
.

SI
4. MULATI
ONRESULTS
Thel
ayout
sofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lopandsy
nchr
onous4bi
tupcount
erar
esi
mul
atedand
t
het
ransi
entr
esponsesar
eanal
yzedusi
ngCadenceanal
ogdesi
gnenv
ironment
.

11
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Fi
g-10(
a):Tr
ansi
entr
esponseofmast
er-
slav
eDf
li
p-f
lop

Fi
g-10(
b):Tr
ansi
entr
esponseofcount
erwi
thCE=1,
clr
=0

12
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Fi
g-10(
c):Tr
ansi
entr
esponseofcount
erwi
thCE=1,
clr
=1

Fi
g-10(
d):Tr
ansi
entr
esponseofcount
erwi
thCE=0,
clr
=0

13
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

Ci
rcui
ts Transi
s Del
ay Power
tor
count

I
nver
ter 2 11.
04ns 4.
70μW

NANDgat
e 4 20.
92ns 5.
22μW

ANDgat
e 6 195.
50 7.
87μW
ps

XORgat
e 6 5.
985ns 9.
93μW

Mast
er-
slav
eD 42 11.
22ns 26.
23μW

f
li
p-f
lop

Sy
nchr
onous 210 20.
39ns 97.
90μW

4-
bitupcount
er

Tabl
e-3:Tr
ansi
storcount
,del
ayandpowerest
imat
ionoft
hegat
es,
fli
p-f
lopandcount
er

14
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

CONCLUSI
5. ONS
I
nthi
spaper
,sy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
erhasbeeni
mpl
ement
ed,si
mul
atedand
anal
yzed.Theper
for
manceoft
hecount
eri
sassessedi
nter
msofar
ea,
del
ayandpower
consumpt
ion.Themai
ngoalt
oopt
imi
zet
hel
ayouti
smetsat
isf
act
ori
l
yusi
ngCadence
t
oolwi
tht
heseaofgat
ear
ray
sconcept
.Thel
ogi
candchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hemast
er-
sl
aveDf
li
p-f
lopandsy
nchr
onous4-
bitupcount
erar
eeasi
l
yver
if
iedwi
tht
hesi
mul
ati
on
r
esul
ts.Thuswepr
esentt
hedesi
gn and i
mpl
ement
ati
on ofsy
nchr
onous4-
bitup
count
erwhi
chi
sopt
imi
zedi
nter
msofar
ea.

15
 SYNCHRONOUS4-
BITUPCOUNTER

REFERENCES

[
1].H.Mahmoodi
,V.Ti
rumal
ashet
ty,
M.Cooke,
andK.

Roy
,“Ul
tr
alowpowercl
ocki
ngschemeusi
ngener
gyr
ecov
eryandcl
ockgat
ing”I
EEE
Tr
ansact
ionsonVer
y

Lar
geScal
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ati
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VLSI
)Sy
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Vol
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pp.33-
44,
2009.

[
2].JohnM.Yar
brough,
“Di
git
all
ogi
c-Appl
i
cat
ionsandDesi
gn”
.

[
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omo,
“Adat
a-t
ransi
ti
onl
ookaheadDFFci
rcui
tforst
ati
sti
cal
reduct
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i
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IEEETr
ansact
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i
d-St
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rcui
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pp.702-
706,
1998.

[
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HyunYANG,
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Kyoung-
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fl
ip-
fl
opai
mingat
Gl
i
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16