138 Differential Equations

3
Differential Equations

3.1 DEFINITION
An equation which involves differential co-efficient is called a differential equation.
For example,
3
dy 1  x 2 d2y dy   dy 2  2
d2y
1.  2.  2  8y  0 3. 1     k
dx 1  y 2 dx 2
dx   dx   dx 2

u u 2 z z
4. x y  nu, 5. 
x y  x y  y
There are two types of differential equations :
(1) Ordinary Differential Equation
A differential equation involving derivatives with respect to a single independent variable is
called an ordinary differential equation.
(2) Partial Differential Equation
A differential equation involving partial derivatives with respect to more than one independent
variable is called a partial differential equation.
3.2 ORDER AND DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential co-efficient present in the
equation. Consider
2
d 2q dq q d2y  dy 
1. L R   E sin wt. 2. cos x 2
 sin x    8 y  tan x
dt 2 dt c dx  dx 
3 2
  dy 2   d 2 y 
3. 1       2 
  dx    dx 
The order of the above equations is 2.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative after removing
the radical sign and fraction.
The degree of the equation (1) and (2) is 1. The degree of the equation (3) is 2.
3.3 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The differential equations can be formed by differentiating the ordinary equation and
eliminating the arbitrary constants.
Example 1. Form the differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants, in the following
cases and also write down the order of the differential equations obtained.
(a) y = A x + A2 (b) y = A cos x + B sin x (c) y2 = Ax2 + Bx + C.
(R.G.P.V. Bhopal, June 2008)
138

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 Differential Equations 139
2
Solution. (a) y = Ax + A ... (1)
dy
On differentiation A
dx
2
dy  dy 
Putting the value of A in (1), we get y  x   Ans.
dx  dx 
On eliminating one constant A we get the differential equation of order 1.
(b) y = A cos x + B sin x
dy
On differentiation   A sin x  B cos x
dx
Again differentiating
d2y d2y
  A cos x – B sin x   ( A cos x  B sin x )
dx 2 dx 2
d2 y d2y
  y  y0 Ans.
dx 2 dx 2
This is differential equation of order 2 obtained by eliminating two constants A and B.
(c) y2 = Ax2 + Bx + C
dy
On differentiation 2 y  2 Ax  B
dx
2
d2y  dy 
Again differentiating 2 y  2   2A
2
dx  dx 
3 2 2
d3y dy d 2 y
On differentiating again y d y  dy d y  2 dy d y  0  y 3  3  0 Ans.
dx 3 dx dx 2 dx dx 2 dx dx dx 2
This is the differential equation of order 3, obtained by eliminating three constants A, B, C.
EXERCISE 3.1
1. Write the order and the degree of the following differential equations.
3 3 4
d2y  2
dy  2 d 2 y  d2y   dy 
(ii) 1     
2 2 4
(i)  a x  0; ; (iii) x  2   y    y  0.
dx 2   dx   dx 2  dx   dx 
Ans. (i) 2,1 (ii) 2,2 (iii) 2,3
2. Give an example of each of the following type of differential equations.
(i) A linear-differential equation of second order and first degree Ans. Q, 1 (i)
(ii) A non-linear differential equation of second order and second degree Ans. Q, 1 (ii)
(iii) Second order and third degree. Ans. Q 1 (iii)
2
3. Obtain the differential equation of which y = 4a(x + a) is a solution.
2
 dy  dy
Ans. y 2    2 xy  y 2  0
 dx  dx
4. Obtain the differential equation associated with the primitive Ax² + By² = 1.
2
d2y  dy  dy
Ans. xy 2  x    y 0
dx  dx  dx
5. Find the differential equation corresponding to
d2 y dy
y = a e3x + bex. Ans. 2
 4  3y  0
dx dx

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 140 Differential Equations
6. By the elimination of constants A and B, find the differential equation of which
d2 y
dy
y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) is a solution. Ans. 2
2
 2y  0
dx dx
7. Find the differential equation whose solution is y = a cos (x = 3). (A.M.I.E., Summer 2000)
dy
Ans.   tan ( x  3)
dx
 1
8. Show that set of function  x,  forms a basis of the differential equation x2y + xy – y = 0.
 x
3x 1
Obtain a particular solution when y (1) = 1, y (1) = 2. Ans. y  
2 2x
3.4 SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
In the example 1(b), y = A cos x + B sin x, on eliminating A and B we get the differential
equation
d2y
y0
dx 2
d2y
y = A cos x + B sin x is called the solution of the differential equation  y0.
dx 2
d2y
The order of the differential equation  y  0 is two and the solution
dx 2
y = A cos x + B sin x contains two arbitrary constants. The number of arbitrary constants in
the solution is equal to the order of the differential equation.
An equation containing dependent variable (y) and independent variable (x) and free from
derivative, which satisfies the differential equation, is called the solution (primative) of the
differential equation.
3.5 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE
We will discuss the standard methods of solving the differential equations of the following
types:
(i) Equations solvable by separation of the variables. (ii) Homogeneous equations.
(iii) Linear equations of the first order. (iv) Exact differential equations.
3.6 VARIABLES SEPARABLE
If a differential equation can be written in the form
f ( y ) dy   ( x ) dx
We say that variables are separable, y on left hand side and x on right hand side.
We get the solution by integrating both sides.
Working Rule:
Step 1. Separate the variables as f ( y ) dy   ( x ) dx

Step 2. Integrate both sides as  f ( y) dy    ( x) dx

Step 3. Add an arbitrary constant C on R.H.S.
dy x(2 log x  1)
Example 2. Solve :  (UP, II 2008, U.P.B. Pharm (C.O.) 2005)
dx sin y  y cos y
dy x (2log x  1)
Solution. We have, 
dx sin y  y cos y

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 Differential Equations 141

Separating the variables, we get

(sin y + y cos y) dy = {x (2 log x + 1)} dx


Integrating both the sides, we get (sin y  y cos y )dy  x(2log x  1) dx  C
 cos y  y sin y   (1)  sin y dy  2 log x  x dx   x dx  C
 x2 1 x2  x2
  cos y  y sin y  cos y  2 log x  
 2 
 dx  
x 2  2
C

x2 x2

2 
y sin y  2log x   x dx   C
2
2 2 2
x x x
 y sin y  2 log x     C
2 2 2
 y sin y  x 2 log x  C Ans.
Example 3. Solve the differential equation.
dy
x4  x3 y   sec( x y ). (A.M.I.E.T.E., Winter 2003)
dx
4 dy 3  dy 
Solution. x  x 3 y   sec( x y )  x  x  y    sec xy
dx  dx 
dv dy 3 dv
Put v = xy, x y  x   sec v
dx dx dx
dv dx dx
  3   cos v dv    3  c
sec v x x
1 1
 sin v = c  sin xy = c Ans.
2x2 2x2
Example 4. Solve : cos (x + y)dy = dx
dy
Solution. cos (x + y) dy = dx   sec ( x  y )
dx
On putting x+y=z
dy dz dy dz
So that 1    1
dx dx dx dx
dz dz
 1  sec z   1  sec z
dx dx
Separating the variables, we get
dz
 dx
1  sec z
On integrating,
cos z  1 

cos z  1
dz  dx   1   dz  x  C
 cos z  1
 
 1 

1   dz  x  C
 2cos 2 z  1  1 
 2 
 1 2 z z
 2 
1  sec  dz  x  C
2  z  tan  x  C
2

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 142 Differential Equations

x y
x  y  tan  xC
2
x y
y  tan C Ans.
2
Example 5. Solve the equation.
(2x2 + 3y2 – 7) x dx – (3x2 + 2y2 – 8) y dy = 0 (U.P. II Semester, Summer 2005)
Solution. We have
(2x2 + 3y2 – 7) x dx – (3x2 + 2y2 – 8) y dy = 0
x dx 3x 2  2 y 2  8
Re-arranging (1), we get y dy  2
2x  3y 2  7
Applying componendo and dividendo rule, we get
x dx  y dy 5 x 2  5 y 2 –15 x dx  y dy  x dx  y dy 
 2 2  2 2
 5  2 2 
x dx – y dy x – y –1 x  y 3  x  y 1 
Multiplying by 2 both the sides, we get
 2 x dx  2 y dy   2 x dx  2 y dy 
  2 2   5  2 2 
 x  y 3   x  y 1 
Integrating both sides, we get
log (x² + y² – 3) = 5 log (x² – y² – 1) + log C
 x² + y² – 3 = C (x² – y² – 1)5 Ans.
where C is arbitrary constant of integration.
EXERCISE 3.2
Solve the following differential equations :

dx dy 1 y2
1.  tan y  dy Ans. x cos y = C 2.  Ans. sin–1 y = sin–1 x + C
x dx 1  x2
3. y (1  x 2 )1/ 2 dy  x 1  y 2 dx  0 Ans. 1  y2  1  x2  C
4. sec² x tan y dx + sec² y tan x dy = 0 Ans. tan x tan y = C
5. (1 + x²) dy – x y dx = 0 Ans. y² = C (1 + x²)
6. (ey + 1) cos x dx + ey sin x dy = 0 Ans. (ey + 1) sin x = C
7. 3 ex tan y dx + (1 – ex) sec² y dy = 0 Ans. (1 – ex)³ = C tan y
8. (ey + 2) sin x dx – ey cos x dy = 0 Ans. (ey + 2) cos x = C
dy x3
9.  e x  y  x 2 e y y x
Ans. e  e  C
dx 3
dy
10. d x  1  tan ( y  x ) [Put y – x = z] Ans. sin (y – x) = ex+c

2 d x 1 4 x  y
11. (4 x  y ) d y  1 Ans. tan  2x C
2
dy 2 1 4 x  y  1
12. d x  (4 x  y  1) [Hint. Put 4x + y +1 = z] Ans. tan  2x  C
2
3.7 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the form 
dx ( x, y )

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 Differential Equations 143

is called a homogeneous equation if each term of f (x, y) and  (x, y) is of the same degree i.e.,
dy 3 x y  y 2

dx 3 x 2  x y
dy dv
In such case we put y = vx. and  v x
dx dx
The reduced equation involves v and x only. This new differential equation can be solved by
variables separable method.
Working Rule
dy dv
Step 1. Put y = vx so that vx Step 2. Separate the variables.
dx dx
y
Step 3. Integrate both the sides. Step 4. Put v  and simplify..
x
Example 6. Solve the following differential equation
(2xy + x2) y = 3y2 + 2xy (A.M.I.E.T.E. Dec. 2006)
dy 2
dy 3 y  2 xy
Solution. We have, (2xy + x2)  3 y 2  2 xy  
dx dx 2 xy  x 2
dy dv
Put y = vx so that  v x
dx dx
dv 3v 2 x 2  2vx 2 3v 2  2v
On substituting, the given equation becomes v  x  
dx 2vx 2  x 2 2v  1

dv 3v 2  2v  2v 2  v dv v 2  v  2v  1  dx
 x   x    2  dv 
dx 2v  1 dx 2v  1 v v x
 2v  1  dx
   v 2  v  dv   x  log (v2 + v) log x + log c
y2 y
 v2 + v = cx  2
  cx
x x
 y2 + xy = cx3
Example 7. Solve the equation :
dy y y
  x sin
dx x x
dy y y
Solution.   x sin ... (1)
dx x x
dy dv
Put y = vx in (1) so that  v x
dx dx
dv
v x  v  x sin v
dx
dv dv
 x  x sin v   sin v
dx dx
Separating the variable, we get
dv

sin v
 dx   cosec v dv   dx  C
v y
log tan  x  C  log tan  xC Ans.
2 2x

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 144 Differential Equations

EXERCISE 3.3
Solve the following differential equations:
x
1. (y² – xy) dx + x²dy = 0 Ans. y  log x  C
2. (x² – y²) dx+2xy dy = 0 (AMIETE, June 2009) Ans. x² + y² = ax
dy
3. x ( y  x)  y ( y  x). Ans. y  log xy  a
dx x
4. x (x – y) dy + y² dx = 0 (U.P. B. Pharm (C.O.) 2005) Ans. y = x log C y
dy x  2 y dy y y y
5.   0 Ans. y – x = C (x + y)³ 6.  tan  Ans. sin Cx
dx 2 x  y dx x x x
dy 3 x y  y 2 dy x 2  2 y 2 C
7. dx  Ans. 3x + y log x + Cy = 0 8.  Ans. 4y² – x² =
3 x2 dx 2x y x2
x2
9. (x² + y²) dy = xy dx Ans.   log y  C
2 y2
 x3
10. x²y dx – (x³ + y³) dy = 0 Ans.  log y  C
3 y3
11. (y² + 2xy) dx + (2 x² + 3xy) dy = 0 (AMIETE, Summer 2004) Ans. xy² (x + y) = C
12. (2xy² – x³) dy + (y³ – 2yx²) dx = 0 Ans. y² (y² – x²) = Cx–2
13. (x³ – 3 xy²) dx + (y³ – 3 x²y) dy = 0, y (0) = 1 Ans. x4 – 6x² y² + y4 = 1
14. 2 xy² dy – (x³ + 2y³) dx = 0 Ans. 2y³ = 3x³ log x + 3x³ + C
y  y  y
15. x sin dy   y sin  x  dx Ans. cos  log x  C
x  x  x
 y y  y y  dy y
16.  x cos  y sin  y   y sin  x cos  x 0 Ans. x y cos a
 x x   x x  dx x
y  x2  y 2
17. dy  Ans. y  x 2  y 2  C x 2
dx x
dy y
18. x  y (log y  log x  1) (AMIETE, Summer 2004) Ans. log  Cx
dx x
x  2 2 x
19. xy log dx   y  x log  dy  0 given that y (1) = 0
y  y
x2 x x2 3
Ans. log  2  log y  1  2
2 y2 y 4y 4e
x x x
 x x
20. (1  e y ) dx  e y 1   dy  0 (AMIETE, June 2009) y y
Ans. e   e  C
 y  y
3.8 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS FORM
a b
Case I. 
A B
The equations of the form
dy ax + by + c
=
dx Ax + By + C
a b
can be reduced to the homogeneous form by the substitution if 
A B

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 Differential Equations 145

x = X + h, y = Y + k (h,k being constants)

d y dY
 
dx dX
The given differential equation reduces to
dY a ( X  h)  b (Y  k )  c a X  bY  a h  b k  c
 
d X A ( X  h)  B (Y  k )  C A X  BY  A h  B k  C
Choose h, k so that ah+bk+c=0
Ah+Kk+C=0
dY a X  bY
Then the given equation becomes homogeneous 
d X A X  BY
a b
Case II. If  then the value of h, k will not be finite.
A B
a b 1
  (say)
A B m
A = a m, B = b m
dy a x b y c
The given equation becomes 
d x m (a x  b y )  c
Now put ax + by = z and apply the method of variables separable.
dy x  2 y  3
Example 8. Solve : 
dx 2 x  y  3
Solution. Put x = X + h, y = Y + k.
The given equation reduces to
d Y ( X  h)  2(Y  k )  3 1 2
    
d X 2( X  h)  (Y  k )  3 2 1
X  2 Y  (h  2 k  3)
 .... (1)
2 X  Y  (2 h  k  3)
Now choose h and k so that h + 2k – 3 = 0, 2h + k – 3 = 0
Solving these equations we get h = k = 1
dY X  2Y
  ... (2)
d X 2 X Y
dY dv
Put Y = v X, so that d X  v  X d X
The equation (2) is transformed as
d v X  2 v X 1 2 v
v X  
d X 2X v X 2v
d v 1  2v 1 v2  2v  dX
X  v    2 
dv 
d X 2v 2v  1 v  X
1 1 3 1 dX
 dv  dv  (Partial fractions)
2 (1  v) 2 1 v X
On integrating, we have
1 3
log(1  v )  log(1  v )  log X  log C
2 2

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 146 Differential Equations

1 v 1 v
 log 3
 log C 2 X 2  3
 C2X 2
(1  v ) (1  v)
Y
1
X  C2 X 2 X Y
3   C 2 or X + Y = C 2 (X – Y)³
 Y  ( X  Y )3
1  
 X
Put X = x – 1 and Y = y – 1  x + y – 2 = a (x – y)³ Ans.
Example 9. Solve : (x + 2y) (dx – dy) = dx + dy
Solution. (x + 2y) (dx – dy) = dx + dy  (x + 2y – 1) dx – (x + 2y + 1) dy = 0
dy x  2 y  1
  ...(1)
dx x  2 y  1
a b
Hence  i.e.,  1  2  (Case of failure)
A B 1 2 
dy dz
Now put x + 2y = z so that 1  2 
dx dx
Equation (1) becomes
1 d z 1 z 1 dz ( z  1) 3z  1
   2 1 
2 d x 2 z 1 dx z 1 z 1
z 1 1 4 1 
 dz  dx     dz  dx
3z  1  3 3 3z  1 
z 4
On integrating,  log (3 z  1)  x  C
3 9
3z + 4 log (3z – 1) = 9x + 9C
 3 (x + 2y) + 4 log (3x + 6y – 1) = 9x + 9C
3x – 3y + a = 2 log (3x + 6y – 1) Ans.
EXERCISE 3.4
Solve the following differential equations :
dy 2 x  9 y  20
1. dx  6 x  2 y  10 Ans. (2x – y)² = C (x + 2y – 5)
dy y  x  1 y3
2.  Ans. log[( y  3)²  ( x  2)²]  2 tan 1 a
dx y  x  5 x2
dy x  y  2
3. dx  x  y  6 Ans. (y + 4)² + 2 (x + 2) (y + 4) – (x + 2)² = a²
dy y  x  2
4. dx  y  x  4 (AMIETE, Dec. 2009) Ans. – (y – 3)² + 2(x + 1) (y – 3) + (x + 1)² = a
dy 2x  5y  3
5. dx  2x  4y  6 Ans. (x – 4y + 3) (2x + y – 3) = a
6. (2x + y + 1) dx + (4x + 2y – 1) dy = 0 Ans. 2 (2x + y) + log (2x + y – 1) = 3x + C
7. (x – y – 2) dx – (2x – 2y – 3) dy = 0 Ans. log (x – y – 1) = x – 2y + C
(U.P. B. Pharm (C.O.) 2005)
8. (6x – 4y + 1) dy – (3x – 2y + 1) dx = 0 (A.M.I.E.T. E., Dec. 2006)
Ans. 4x – 8y – log (12x – xy + 1) = c

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 Differential Equations 147

dy 3y  2x  7
9. dx   7 y  3x  3 (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2004) Ans. (x + y – 1)5 (x – y – 1)2 = 1
dy 2 y  x  4
10.  (AMIETE, Dec. 2010)
dx y  3 x  3
2 2  2Y  (5  21) X  1 X  x2
Ans. X  5 XY  Y  c   ,
 2Y  (5  21) X  21 Y  y  3
3.9 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A differential equation of the form
dy
PyQ ... (1)
dx
is called a linear differential equation, where P and Q, are functions of x (but not of y) or constants.
In such case, multiply both sides of (1) by e  Pdx
Pdx  dy 
e    Py   Q e 
Pdx
... (2)
 dx 
The left hand side of (2) is
d   Pdx 
y.e
dx  

d   P dx   P dx
(2) becomes y.e   Q.e
dx  
Integrating both sides, we get
y.e   Q. e 
P dx P dx
 dx  C
This is the required solution.
Note. e 
P dx
is called the integrating factor..

Solution is 
y × [I.F.] = Q [I.F.] dx + C
Working Rule
Step 1. Convert the given equation to the standard form of linear differential equation
dy
i.e.  Py  Q
dx
Step 2. Find the integrating factor i.e. I.F. = e  Pdx


Step 3. Then the solution is y ( I .F .)  Q ( I .F .)dx  C

dy
Example 10. Solve: ( x  1)  y  e x ( x  1)2 (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2002)
dx
dy y
Solution.   e x ( x  1)
dx x  1
dx
Integrating factor = e
  x 1  e log( x 1)  elog( x 1)1  1
x 1
1 1
The solution is y.  e x .( x  1).
 dx  e x dx 
x 1 x 1
y
 ex  C Ans.
x 1

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 148 Differential Equations
Example 11. Solve a differential equation
dy
( x 3  x)  (3 x 2  1) y  x 5  2 x3  x. (Nagpur University, Summer 2008)
dx
dy
Solution. We have ( x3  x )  (3 x 2  1) y  x 5  2 x 3  x
dx
dy 3x 2  1 x 5  2 x3  x dy 3x 2  1
  3 y = 3   y = x² – 1
dx x  x x x dx x 3  x
3 x 2 1
  x3  x dx 3 3
 x ) –1 1
I.F. = e  e  log( x  x)
 e log( x  3
x x
Its solution is
 1  x2  1
y  I.F.  Q( I .F .) dx  C
  y 3  =
 x  x x 3
x
dx  C

y x2  1 y 1
 3
x x
=  x( x 2
 1)
dx  C  3
x x
=  x dx  C
y
 = log x + C  y = (x³ – x) log x + (x³ – x) C Ans.
x3  x
dy  x
Example 12. Solve sin x  2 y  tan 3   (Nagpur University, Summer 2004)
dx 2
x
dy tan 3
3 x dy 2 2
Solution. Given equation : sin x  2 y  tan   y
dx 2 dx sin x sin x
dy
This is linear form of  Py  Q
dx
x
2 tan 3
P 2
 and Q 
sin x sin x
x
2 2log tan x
 I.F.  e 
Pdx  dx  e 2  cosec x dx  e
 e sin x
2  tan 2
2
 Solution is 
y.(I.F.)  I.F.(Q dx)  C
x x
tan 4
tan3
x
2 x 1 2 2
y tan
2
=  tan 
x
2 sin  cos
2
2
x
C =
2
cos 2
x
dx  C 
2 2 2
1 x x
= tan 4 .sec 2 dx  C
 ... (1)
2 2 2
x 1 2x
Putting tan  t so that sec dx  dt on R.H.S. (1), we get
2 2 2
x 1 2 x t5
y.tan 2  t 4 (2dt )  C   y tan  C
2 2 2 5
5 x
tan
x 2 C Ans.
y tan 2 
2 5
EXERCISE 3.5
Solve the following differential equations:
dy 1 x5 3x 2
1.  y  x3  3 Ans. xy   C
dx x 5 2

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 Differential Equations 149
2. (2y – 3x) dx + x dy = 0 Ans. y x² = x³ + C
dy sin 2 x
3.  y cot x  cos x Ans. y sin x  C
dx 2
dy Cx
4.  y sec x  tan x Ans. y  1
dx sec x  tan x
2 dy
5. cos x  y  tan x Ans. y  tan x  1  Ce tan x
dx
dy 5
6. ( x  a )  3 y  ( x  a ) Ans. 2y = (x + a)5 + 2C (x + a)³
dx
dy
7. x cos x  y ( x sin x  cos x )  1 Ans. x y = sin x + C cos x
dx
dy
8. x log x  y  2 log x Ans. y log x = (log x)² + C
dx
dy 2 2 x4 x4
9. x  2 y  x log x Ans. y x  log x   C
dx 4 16
4
 sin 
10. dr  (2r cot   sin 2 ) d   0 Ans. r sin 2   C
2
dy 1
11.  y cos x  sin 2 x Ans. y  sin x  1  Ce sin x
dx 2
2 dy 2 1/ 2
12. (1  x )  2 xy  x(1  x ) Ans. y  1  x 2  C (1  x 2 )
dx
dy
13. sec x  y  sin x (A.M.I.E.T.E., Dec 2005) Ans. y = –sin x – 1 + cesinx
dx
14. y  y tan x  cos x, y (0)  0 (A.M.I.E.T.E., June 2006) Ans. y = x cos x
1
15. Solve (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1 y – x) dy (AMIETE, Dec. 2009) Ans. x = – tan–1 y – 1 + ce tan y
16. Find the value of  so that e2 is an integrating factor of differential equation x (1 – y)
1
dx – dy = 0. (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2005) Ans.  
2
dy 
17. Slove the differential equation cot 3 x –3y = cos 3x + sin 3x, 0 < x < .
dx 2
1
(AMIETE, Dec. 2009) Ans. y cos 3 x   6 x  sin 6 x  cos 6 x 
y2
12
18. The value of  so that e is an integrating factor of the differential equation
 y2
(e 2  xy ) dy  dx  0 is (A.M.I.E.T.E. Dec., 2005)
1 1
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) (d)  Ans. (c)
2 2
dy
19. The solution of the differential equation (y + x)2  a 2 is given by
dx
 yc  y c 
(a) y  x  a tan   (b) y  x  tan  
 a   a 
 c
(c) y  x  a tan ( y  c) (d) a ( y  x )  tan  y   Ans. (a)
 a
(AMIETE, June 2010)

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 150 Differential Equations
3.10 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR FORM (BERNOULLI EQUATION)
The equation of the form
dy
+ Py = Qy n ...(1)
dx
where P and Q are constants or functions of x can be reduced to the linear form on dividing
1
by yn and substituting n 1  z
y
On dividing bothsides of (1) by yn, we get
1 dy 1
n
 n 1 P  Q ...(2)
y dx y
1 (1  n ) dy dz 1 dy dz
Put n 1  z , so that   n

y y n
dx dx y dx 1  n
1 dz dz
 (2) becomes  Pz  Q or  P(1  n ) z  Q(1  n)
1  n dx dx
which is a linear equation and can be solved easily by the previous method discussed in
article 3.8 on page 144.
Example 13. Solve x²dy + y(x + y) dx = 0 (U.P. II Semester Summer 2006)
Solution. We have, x² dy + y (x + y) dx = 0
dy y y2 1 dy 1 1
  =  2  2
  2
dx x x y dx xy x
1 1 dy dz
Put   z so that 2 
y y dx dx
The given equation reduces to a linear differential equation in z.
dz z 1
  2
dx x x
1
I.F.  e
  x dx  e log x  elog1/ x  1 .
x
Hence the solution is
1 1 1 z
x 
z.   2 . dx  C
x x

x
  x 3 dx  C

1 x 2 1 1
   C    2 C Ans.
xy 2 xy 2x
dy
Example 14. Solve: x  y log y  xy e x (A.M.I.E., Summer 2000)
dx
dy
Solution. x  y log y  xy e x
dx
Dividing by xy, we get
1 dy 1
 log y  e x ...(1)
y dx x
1 dy dz
Put log y = z, so that 
y dx dx
dz z
Equation (1) becomes,   ex
dx x

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 Differential Equations 151

1
 dx
I.F.  e x  elog x  x
Solution is z x  x ex d x  C

z x  x ex  ex  C
 x log y  x e x  e x  C Ans.
dy tan y
Example 15. Solve:   (1  x )e x sec y. (Nagpur University, Summer 2000)
dx 1  x
dy tan y
Solution.   (1  x )e x sec y
dx 1  x
dy sin y
 cos y   (1  x ) e x ...(1)
dx 1  x
dy dz
Put sin y = z, so that cos y 
dx dx
dz z
(1) becomes   (1  x)e x
dx 1  x
1 1
 dx
 1
I .F .  e 1 x  e  log(1 x)  elog  x 
1
1 x
1 x 1 x
Solution is z.
1 x 
 (1  x) e .
1 x 
dx  C  e dx  C

sin y
 ex  C Ans.
1 x
dy
Example 16. Solve: tan y  tan x  cos y cos 2 x (Nagpur University, Summer 2000)
dx
dy 2
Solution. tan y  tan x  cos y cos x
dx
dy
sec y tan y  sec y tan x  cos 2 x
dx
dz dy
Writing z = sec y, so that  sec y tan y
dx dx
dz
The equation becomes  z tan x  cos 2 x
dx
I.F.  e 
tan x dx
 elog sec x  sec x
 The solution of the equation is
z sec x  cos 2 x sec x dx  C

sec y sec x   cos x dx  C  sin x  C
sec y  (sin x  C ) cos x Ans.
 dx 
Example 17. x   y  1 y (Nagpur University, Summer 2004)
 dy 
 dy 
Solution. x   y   (1  y )
 dx 
dy 1 y dy  1  1
 y    1   y 
dx x x dx  x  x

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 152 Differential Equations

dy
which is in linear form of  Py  Q.
dx
 1 1
 P  1   , Q
 x x
 1
 1 x  dx = e x .elog x  e x . x  x e x
I.F.  e 
Pdx
e  e x  log x
Its solution is


y (I.F.)  I.F.(Q dx)  C

x 1 x x x
y ( x . e )   ( x . e )  dx  C
x x
x
 y ( x . e )  e dx  C 
y (x . e ) = e + C
1 C
 y   e x Ans.
x x
Example 18. Solve the differential equation.
y log y dx + (x – log y) dy = 0 (Uttarakhand II Semester, June 2007)
Solution. We have,
y log y dx + (x – log y) dy = 0
dx  x  log y dx x log y
    
dy y log y dy y log y y log y
dx x 1
  
dy y log y y
1
 y log y dy
I.F.  e  e log (log y )  log y
1
Its solution is x.log y   y (log y ) dy
(log y )
x.log y  C Ans.
2 –1
Example 19. Solve: (1 + y²) dx = (tan y – x) dy.
(AMIETE, June 2010, 2004, R.G.P.V., Bhopal, April 2010, June 2008,
U.P. (B. Pharm) 2005)
Solution. (1 + y²) dx = (tan–1 y – x) dy
dx tan 1 y  x dx x tan 1 y
   
dy 1 y2 dy 1  y 2 1  y 2
This is a linear differential equation.
1
 1 y2 dy 1
I.F.  e  e tan y

1 tan 1 y
x . e tan y
Its solution is 
 e tan 1 y
1  y2
dy  C

1
Put tan–1 y = t on R.H.S., so that dy  dt
1  y2

 tan 
1 1
x . e tan y
  et .t dt  C  t .et  et  C  e tan y 1
y 1  C

x   tan 
1
1
y  1  Ce tan y
Ans.

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 Differential Equations 153
dr
Example 20. Solve : r sin   cos   r 2 (Nagpur University, Summer 2005)
d
dr
Solution. The given equation can be written as  cos   r sin   r 2 ... (1)
d
2 dr
Dividing (1) by r 2 cos , we get r  r 1 tan   sec  ... (2)
d
2 dr dv
Putting r 1  v so that r d   d  in (2), we get
dv
 v tan   sec 
d
I.F.  e 
tan  d 
 elog sec   sec 
Solution is 
v sec   sec , sec   C  v sec   sec2  d   C

sec 
 tan   C  r 1  (sin   C cos )
r
1
 r Ans.
sin   C cos 
EXERCISE 3.6
Solve the following differential equations:
1 dy 1
1.   2 x e x Ans. ex + x²y + Cy = 0
y 2 dx y
dy y 1
2. 3  3  2 x4 y 4 Ans.  x5  Cx3
dx x y3
dy
3.  y tan x  y 2 sec x Ans. sec x = (tan x + C) y
dx
dy 1 2 tan 3 x
4.  2 y tan x  y 2 tan 2 x, if y  1 at x  0 Ans. sec x   1
dx y 3
dy
5.  tan x tan y  cos x sec y Ans. sin y sec x = x + C
dx
6. dy + y tan x . dx = y² sec x . dx Ans. y (x + C) + cos x = 0
7. (x² y² + xy) y dx + (x² y² – 1) x dy = 0 Ans. x y = log C y
2 2 x 4 2 x3
8. (x² + y² + x) dx + xy dy = 0 Ans. x y    C
2 3
dy 1
9.  y  3e x y 3 Ans.  6 e x  C e2 x
dx y2
y2
10. (x – y²) dx + 2 x y dy = 0 Ans.  log x  C
x
y  dy  x e2 x
11. e   1  e Ans. e x  y  C
 dx  2
2 3 dy
12. x y  x  y 4 cos x Ans. x3 = y3(3 sin x – C)
dx
dy 2 x2 x5 x 4 x 3
13. 3 dx  x  1 . y  2
3 2
Ans. y ( x  1)    C
y 5 2 3
 3 
dy tan x
14. cos x  4 y sin x  4 y sec x Ans. y sec 2 x  2  tan x   C
dx  3 

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 154 Differential Equations

dy 1 2 2
15.  x sin 2 y  x3 cos 2 y Ans. tan y  ( x  1)  C e  x
dx 2
1 dy 1 2
16.  2 x tan 1 y  x 3 1
Ans. tan y  ( x  1)  C e
 x2
1  y 2 dx 2
17. e–y sec² y dy = dx + x dy Ans. x ey = tan y + C
dy
18. ( x  y  1) 1 Ans. x + y + 2 = C ey
dx
dy y3
19.  2x Ans. e–2x y² + 2 log y + C = 0
dx e  y 2
1 2
20. dx – xy (1 + xy2) dy = 0 Ans.   y 2  2  Ce  y / 2
x
dy y y
21.  log y  2 (log y )2 (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2004, 2003, Winter 2003, 2001)
dx x x
1 1
Ans.  C
x log y 2 x 2
dy
22. 3  xy  xy 2 (A.M.I.E.T.E., June 2009) Ans. y 3  1  Ce  x
2
/2
dx
dy 1 5
27. x  y  x3 y 6 (AMIETE, June 2010) Ans. 5 5
 C
dx y x 2 x2
dx
23. General solution of linear differential equation of first order dy  Px  Q (where P and Q
are constants or functions of y) is
(a) ye   Q e dx + c (b) xe   Q e
P . dx P. dx P . dy P. dy
  dy + c

(c) y   Q e  P. dx dx + c (d) x   Q e  P. dy dy + c (AMIETE, June, 2010) Ans. (b)

3.11 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
An exact differential equation is formed by directly differentiating its primitive (solution)
without any other process
Mdx + Ndy = 0
is said to be an exact differential equation if it satisfies the following condition
M N
=
y x

where M denotes the differential co-efficient of M with respect to y keeping x constant and N ,
y x
the differential co-efficient of N with respect to x, keeping y constant.
Method for Solving Exact Differential Equations
Step I. Integrate M w.r.t. x keeping y constant
Step II. Integrate w.r.t. y, only those terms of N which do not contain x.
Step III. Result of I + Result of II = Constant.
Example 21. Solve :
(5x4 + 3x2y2 – 2xy3) dx + (2x3y – 3x2y2 – 5y4) dy = 0
Solution. Here, M = 5x4 + 3x2y2 – 2xy3, N = 2x3y – 3x2y2 – 5y4

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 Differential Equations 155

M N
y
= 6x2y – 6xy2, = 6x2y – 6xy2
x
M N
Since, = , the given equation is exact.
y x
Now  M dx   (terms of N is not containing x) dy  C (y constant)

  5x  3x y  2 xy  dx   5 y dy  C
4 2 2 3 4

 x5 + x3y2 – x2y3 – y5 = C Ans.

 2
 
Example 22. Solve: 2 xy cos x  2 xy  1 dx  sin x  x  3 dy  0
2 2

(Nagpur University, Summer 2000)
Solution. Here we have
2 xy cos x 2
 
 2 xy  1 dx  sin x 2  x 2  3 dy  0  ... (1)
M dx + N dy = 0 ... (2)
Comparing (1) and (2), we get
M
M = 2xy cos x² – 2xy + 1  y
= 2x cos x² – 2x
N
N = sin x² – x² + 3  = 2x cos x² – 2x
x
M N
Here,  =
y x
So the given differential equation is exact differential equation.

Hence solution is  M dx  
y as const
(terms of N not containing x ) dy  C

 (2 xy cos x 2  2 xy  1) dx  3 dy  C 
2
  [ y(2 x cos x )  y(2x)  1] dx  3 dy  C
2
    
y 2 x cos x dx  y 2 x dx  1 dx  3 y dy  C
Put x2 = t so that 2x dx = dt
x2

y cos t dt  2 y
2
 x  3y  C
 y sin t – x² y + x + 3y = C
y sin x² – yx² + x + 3y = C Ans.
Example 23. Solve :
 x  dy
(1  e x / y )  e x / y 1   0
 y  dx
(Nagpur University, Summer 2008, A.M.I.E.T.E. June, 2009)
Solution. We have,
 x  x  x  dy x
   x x 
1  e y   e y 1    0  1  e y  dx   e y  e y x  dy  0
   y  dx    y
     
x
x M x
y    2 ey
M 1 e y y

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 156 Differential Equations
x x x x x x
x N 1 y 1 y x y x
y
N  e e y
  e  e  2 e   2 ey
y x y y y y
M N
 y
=
x
 Given equation is exact.
 x 
 1  e y  dx  (terms of N not containing x) dy  C
Its solution is
   
 
 x  x
1  e y  dx  0 dy  C
      x  ye y  C Ans.
 
 x
Example 24. Solve: [1  log ( x y )] dx  1   dy  0 (Nagpur University, Winter 2003)
 y
 x
Solution. [1  log x y ] dx  1   dy  0
 y
 x
 [1  log x  log y ] dx  1   dy  0
 y
which is in the form M dx + N dy = 0
x
M = [1 + log x + log y] and N  1
y
M 1 N 1  M N
  and     y
=
y y x y x
Hence the given differential equation is exact.

 Solution is  M dx   N (terms not containing x) dy  C

y constant
y constant
  (1  log x  log y) dx   dy  C
 x   log x dx   log y dx  y  C ... (1)
d  1
Now,  log x dx   log x .(1) dx  (log x) x    dx (log x) x  dx  x log x   x .x dx
 x log x   dx  x log x  x  x[log x  1]
 Equation (1) becomes  x + x log x – x + x log y + y = C
x [log x + log y] + y = C  x log xy + y = C Ans.

EXERCISE 3.7
Solve the following differential equations (1 – 12).
x2 y2
1. (x + y – 10) dx + (x – y – 2) dy = 0 Ans.  xy  10 x   2y  C
2 2
x3
2. (y2 – x2) dx + 2x y dy = 0 Ans.  x y2  C
3
 x
3. 1  3e  dx  3e
x/ y x/ y x/y
1   dy  0 (R.G.P.V. Bhopal, Winter 2010) Ans. x + 3y e = C
 y 

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 Differential Equations 157

y2
4. (2x – y) dx = (x – y) dy Ans. xy  x 2  C
2
5. (y sec2 x + sec x tan x) dx + (tan x + 2y) dy = 0 Ans. y tan x + sec x + y2 = C
6. (ax + hy + g) dx + (hx + by + f) dy = 0 Ans. ax² + 2h xy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0
x5
7. (x4 – 2xy2 + y4) dx – (2x2y – 4xy3 + sin y) dy = 0 Ans.  x 2 y 2  xy 4  cos y  C
5
8. (2xy + ey) dx + (x2 + xey) dy = 0 Ans. x2y + xey = C
9. (x2 + 2ye2x) dy + (2xy + 2y2e2x) dx = 0 Ans. x2y + y2 e2x = C
 1 
10.  y 1    cos y  dx  ( x  log x  x sin y ) dy  0 (M.D.U., 2010)
  x  
Ans. y (x + log x) + x cos y = C
11. (x3 – 3xy2) dx + (y3 – 3x3y) dy = 0, y(0) = 1 Ans. x4 – 6x2y2 + y4 = 1
12. The differential equation M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 is an exact differential equation if
M N M N M N
(a) y  x = 0 (b) y  x = 0 (c) y  x  1 (d) None of the above
(A.M.I.E.T.E. Dec. 2010, Dec 2006) Ans. (b)
3.12 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE EXACT EQUATIONS
Sometimes a differential equation which is not exact may become so, on multiplication by a
suitable function known as the integrating factor.
M N

y x
is a function of x alone, say f (x), then I.F.  e 
f ( x ) dx
Rule 1. If
N
Example 25. Solve (2x log x – xy) dy + 2y dx = 0 ... (1)
Solution. M = 2y, N = 2x log x – xy
M N
 2,  2(1  log x )  y
y x
M N

Here, y x 2  2  2 log x  y  (2 log x  y ) 1
     f ( x)
N 2 x log x  xy x (2 log x  y ) x
1
I.F.  e 
f ( x ) dx
e
  x dx  e log x  elog x1  x –1  1
x
1
On multiplying the given differential equation (1) by , we get
x
2y 2y
x
dx  (2 log x  y )dy  0 
x 
dx   y dy  c 
1
 2 y log x  y 2  c Ans.
2
EXERCISE 3.8
Solve the following differential equations:
1. (y log y) dx + (x – log y) dy = 0 Ans. 2x log y = c + (log y)²
 1 3 1 2 1 yx 4 y 3 x 4 x 6
 3 2  4
2

2.  y  y  x  dx  1  y x dy  0  Ans.
4

12

12
c

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 174 Differential Equations

3.18 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER WITH CONSTANT

COEFFICIENTS
The general form of the linear differential equation of second order is
d2y dy
2
P
 Qy  R
dx dx
where P and Q are constants and R is a function of x or constant.
Differential operator. Symbol D stands for the operation of differential i.e.,
dy d2y
Dy  , D2 y 
dx dx 2
1
stands for the operation of integration.
D
1
stands for the operation of integration twice.
D2
d2y dy
2
P  Qy  R can be written in the operator form.
dx dx
D2y + P Dy + Q y = R  (D2 + PD + Q) y = R
3.19 COMPLETE SOLUTION = COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION + PARTICULAR
INTEGRAL
Let us consider a linear differential equation of the first order
dy
 Py  Q ...(1)
dx

ye  (Q e
Pdx Pdx
Its solution is  ) dx  C

y  Ce   e  (Qe ) dx
 Pdx  Pdx Pdx
 
 y = cu + v (say) ...(2)

and v  e   Q e
 Pdx Pdx
where u  e 
 Pdx
dx
du
  Pe 
 Pdx
(i) Now differentiating u  e   Pdx w.r.t. x, we get   Pu
dx
du d (cu )
  Pu  0   P (cu )  0
dx dx
dy
which shows that y = c.u is the solution of  Py  0
dx

(ii) Differentiating v  e   (Qe

Pdx Pdx
dx with respect to x, we get
dv dv
  Pe  (Qe  ) dx  e  Qe 
Pdx Pdx  Pdx Pdx

dx  
dx
  Pv  Q

dv dy
  Pv  Q which shows that y = v is the solution of dx  Py  Q
dx
Solution of the differential equation (1) is (2) consisting of two parts i.e. cu and v.
cu is the solution of the differential equation whose R.H.S. is zero. cu is known as complementary
function. Second part of (2) is v free from any arbitrary constant and is known as particular integral.

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 Differential Equations 175
Complete Solution = Complementary Function + Particular Integral.

 y = C.F.+ P.I.
3.20 METHOD FOR FINDING THE COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION
(1) In finding the complementary function, R.H.S. of the given equation is replaced by zero.
(2) Let y = C1 emx be the C.F. of
d2y dy
2
P  Qy  0 ...(1)
dx dx
2
dy d y mx
Putting the values of y, and 2 in (1) then C1e (m2 + Pm + Q) = 0
dx dx
 m2 + Pm + Q = 0. It is called Auxiliary equation.
(3) Solve the auxiliary equation :
Case I : Roots, Real and Different. If m1 and m2 are the roots, then the C.F. is
y  C1em1x  C2 em2 x
Case II : Roots, Real and Equal. If both the roots are m1, m1 then the C.F. is
y  (C1  C2 x) em1 x
Equation (1) can be written as
(D – m1)(D – m1)y = 0 ... (2)
Replacing (D – m1)y = v in (2), we get
(D – m1)v = 0 ... (3)

dv dv
– m1v  0   m1dx  log v  m1 x  log c2  v  c2em1 x
dx v
v  c2em1x
From (3) ( D –1) y  c2 em1 x
This is the linear differential equation.
I.F.  e – m1  dx  e – m1 x
Solution is
y.e – m1x   (c2 em1 x ) (e – m1 x ) dx  c1   c2 dx  c1  c2 x  c1

y  (c2 x  c1 )em1 x
C.F.  (c1  c2 x) em1 x
d2 y dy
Example 47. Solve: 2
 8  15 y  0.
dx dx
Solution. Given equation can be written as
(D2 – 8D + 15) y = 0
2
Here auxiliary equation is m – 8m + 15 = 0
 (m – 3) (m – 5) = 0  m = 3, 5
Hence, the required solution is
y = C1 e3x + C2e5x Ans.
2
d y dy
Example 48. Solve:  6  9y  0
dx 2 dx
Solution. Given equation can be written as
(D2 – 6D + 9) y = 0

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 176 Differential Equations

A.E. is m2 – 6m + 9 = 0  (m – 3)2 = 0  m = 3, 3
Hence, the required solution is
y = (C1 + C2x) e3x Ans.
2
d y dy
Example 49. Solve: 2
 4  5 y  0,
dx dx
dy d 2 y
y = 2 and  when x = 0.
dx dx 2
Solution. Here the auxiliary equation is
m2 + 4m + 5 = 0
Its root are 2  i
The complementary function is
y = e–2x (A cos x + B sin x) ...(1)
On putting y = 2 and x = 0 in (1), we get
2=A
On putting A = 2 in (1), we have
y = e–2x [2 cos x + B sin x] ...(2)
On differentiating (2), we get
dy
 e 2 x [2sin x  B cos x ]  2e2 x [2 cos x  B sin x ]
dx
= e–2x [(– 2B – 2) sin x + (B – 4) cos x]
d2y
 e 2 x [(2 B  2) cos x  ( B  4)sin x]
dx 2
– 2e–2x [(– 2B – 2) sin x + (B – 4) cos x]
= e–2x [( – 4B + 6) cos x + (3B + 8) sin x]
dy d 2 y
But 
dx dx 2
e–2x [(–2B –2) sin x + (B – 4) cos x] = e–2x [(– 4B + 6) cos x + (3B + 8) sin x]
On putting x = 0, we get
B – 4 = – 4B + 6  B=2
(2) becomes, y = e–2x [2 cos x + 2 sin x]
y = 2e–2x [sin x + cos x] Ans.

Exercise 3.19
Solve the following equations :
d2 y dy d 2 y dy
1. 3  2 y  0 Ans. y = C1 ex + C2 e2x 2.   30 y  0 Ans. y = C1e5x + C2e–6x
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
d2y dy
3. 2
8  16 y  0 Ans. y = (C1 + C2x) e4x
dx dx
d2y
4.  2 y  0 Ans. y  C1 cos x  C2 sin x
dx 2
5. ( D 2  2 D  2) y  0, y(0)  0, y(0)  1 (A.M.I.E.T.E., June 2006) Ans. y = e–x sin x
d3 y d2y dy
6. 3
2 2
4 8y  0 Ans. y = C1e2x + C2cos 2x + C3sin 2x
dx dx dx
d4y d2y
7.  32  256  0 (AMIETE., Dec. 2004) Ans. y= (C + C x) cos 4x + (C + C x) sin 4x
dx 4 dx 2 1 2 3 4

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 Differential Equations 177
4 3 2
d y d y d y dy
8. 4
–4 3
8 2
8  4y  0 Ans. y = ex [(C1 + C2 x) cos x + (C3 + C4 x) sin x]
dx dx dx dx
d4y d2y
9.   0, y (0)  y (0)  y (0)  0, y (0)  1 Ans. y = x – sin x
dx 4 dx 2
d2y
10. The equation for the bending of a strut is EI  Py  0
dx 2
P
a sin
x
1 EI
If y = 0 when x = 0, and y = a when x  , find y.. Ans. y 
2 P 1
sin
EI 2
d3 y d2y dy
11. 3
6 2
 12  8 y  0, y(0) = 0, and y(0)  0 and y(0)  2
dx dx dx
(A.M.I.E.T.E. Dec. 2008) Ans. y = x2e–2x
d3 y d2y 4dy 1
12. 3
 2
  4 y  0, y(0) = 0, y(0)  0, y(0)  5, Ans. y = e x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
dx dx dx 2
13. ( D8  6 D6 – 32 D 2 ) y  0 (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2005)
2x
Ans. y = C1 + C2x + C3 e  C4 e  2x
 C5 cos 2 x  C6 sin 2 x
(iv )
14. Show that non-trivial solutions of the boundary value problem y – w4 y  0, y(0)  0  y(0),

 nx 
y(L) = 0, y ( L)  0 are y ( x )   Dn sin   where Dn are constants. (AMIETE, Dec. 2005)
n 1  L 
15. Solve the initial value problem y   6 y   11y   6 y  0, y(0) = 0, y(0)  1, y(0)  –1.
(A.M.I.E.T.E., Dec. 2006) Ans. y = 2e–x – 3e–2x+ e–3x.

16. Let y1, y2 be two linearly independent solutions of the differential equation yy – ( y ) 2  0.
Then, c1 y1 + c2 y2, where c1, c2 are constants is a solution of this differential equation for
(a) c1 = c2 = 0 only. (b) c1 = 0 or c2 = 0 (c) no value of c1, c2. (d) all real c1, c2
(A.M.I.E.T.E., Dec. 2004)
3.21 RULES TO FIND PARTICULAR INTEGRAL
1 1 ax
(i) eax  e If f (a) = 0 then 1  e ax  x  1  e ax
f (D) f (a) f (D) f (a)
1 1
If f (a )  0 then  eax  x 2  eax
f ( D) f  (a)
1
(ii) x n  [ f ( D )]1 x n Expand [f (D)]–1 and then operate.
f (D)
1 1 1 1
(iii) sin ax  sin ax and 2
cos ax  cos ax
f (D )2
f (a )2 f (D ) f (a 2 )
1 1
If f (– a2) = 0 then sin ax  x   sin ax
f (D 2 ) f (  a 2 )
1 ax ax 1
(iv) f ( D) e  ( x )  e  f ( D  a)  ( x )
1
(v)  ( x )  e ax e ax   ( x ) dx
Da

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 178 Differential Equations

1 1 ax
3.22 e ax  e 
f ( D) f (a )
We know that, D.eax = a.eax, D2eax = a2.eax,…............., Dn eax = an eax
Let f (D) e = (D + K1D + … + Kn) eax = (an + K1an–1 +…+ Kn)eax = f (a) eax.
ax n n–1

1
Operating both sides by
f ( D)
1 1
 f ( D) e ax   f (a) e ax
f (D) f (D)
1 1 1 ax
 e ax  f (a)  e ax  e ax  e
f ( D) f ( D) f (a)
If f (a) = 0, then the above rule fails.

1 1 1 1 1
Then e ax  x  e ax  x e ax  e ax  x . e ax
f ( D) f ( D) f (a) f ( D) 
f (a )

1 1
If f (a )  0 then e ax = x 2 e ax
f ( D) f (a )
Example 50. Solve the differential equation
d2x
g g
 x L
dt 2 t l
where g, l, L are constants subject to the conditions,
dx
x = a,  0 at t = 0.
dt
d2x g g  2 g g
Solution. We have,  x L  D  x  L
dt 2 t l  l  l
g g
A.E. is m2  0  m i
l l
g g
C.F. = C1 cos t  C2 sin t
l l
g g 1 g 1
P.I. = L L e0 t  L L [D = 0]
g l l2 2 g l g
D  D  0
l l l
 General solution is = C.F. + P.I.
 g  g
x  C1 cos   t  C2 sin  tL
 l   l  ...(1)
   
dx g  g g  g
  C1 sin   t  C2 cos  t
dt l   l 
 l  l  
dx
Put t = 0 and 0
dt
g
0  C2  C2 = 0
l

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 Differential Equations 179

g
(1) becomes x  C1 cos tL ...(2)
l
Put x = a and t = 0 in (2), we get
a = C1 + L or C1 = a – L
 g
On putting the value of C1 in (2), we get x  (a  L) cos   t  L Ans.
 l 
d2 y dy
Example 51. Solve : 2
6 9 y  5e3 x
dx dx
Solution. (D2 + 6D + 9)y = 5e3x
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 6m + 9 = 0  (m + 3)2 = 0  m = – 3, – 3,
C.F. = (C1 + C2x) e–3x
1 e3 x 5e3 x
P.I. = .5.e3 x  5 
D 2  6D  9 (3)2  6(3)  9 36

5e3 x
The complete solution is y  (C1  C2 x )e 3 x  Ans.
36
d2y
dy
Example 52. Solve :  9 y  6e3 x  7e 2 x  log 2
2
6
dx dx
Solution. (D2 – 6D + 9)y = 6e3x + 7e–2x – log 2
2
A.E. is (m – 6m + 9) = 0  (m – 3)2 = 0,  m = 3, 3
3x
C.F.  (C1  C2 x) e
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 6e3 x  2 7 e 2 x  2 ( log 2)
D  6D  9 D  6D  9 D  6D  9
1 1 1
= x 6e3 x  7e 2 x  log 2 2 e0 x
2D  6 4  12  9 D  6D  9
2 1 7 1 7 1
= x  6  e3 x  e2 x  log 2    3x 2 e3 x  e 2 x  log 2
2 25 9
  25 9
7 2 x 1
Complete solution is y  (C1  C2 x ) e3 x  3 x 2 e3 x  e  log 2 Ans.
25 9
EXERCISE 3.20
Solve the following differential equations:
ex
1. [D2 + 5D + 6] [y] = ex Ans. C2 e  2 x  C2 e  3 x 
12
2 e3 x
2. d y  3 dy  2 y  e3 x Ans. C 1e x  C2 e 2 x 
dx 2 dx 2
(A.M.I.E.T.E. June 2010, 2007)
x x
3. (D3 + 2D2 – D – 2) y = ex Ans. C 1e x  C 2 e – x  C3 e – 2 x  e
6
d2y dy x x
4. 2
2
 2 y  sinh x Ans. e  x [C1 cos x  C2 sin x ]  e  e
dx dx 10 2
d2y dy 2 x 1 x e x
5. 2
 4  5 y  2 cosh x Ans. e (C1 cos x  C2 sin x )  e 
dx dx 10 2

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 180 Differential Equations

x.e3 x
6. (D3 – 2D2 – 5D + 6) y = e3x Ans. C1e x  C2 e – 2 x  C3 e3 x 
10
d3 y d2y dy x ex
7.  4  4 y  ex x
Ans. C1e  C2 cos 2 x  C3 sin 2 x 
dx 3
dx 2 dx 5
d2y
dy x2 3x
8. 2
 6  9 y  e3 x Ans. (C1  C2 x)e3 x  e
dx dx 2
3
d y d2y dy x3  x
9. 
 3 2
 3  y  e x 2 x
Ans. (C1  C2 x  C3 x )e  e
dx dx dx 6
2
d y dy 1 1
10. 2
  6 y  e x cosh 2 x Ans. C1e3 x  C2 e –2 x  xe3 x  e  x
dx dx 10 8
2x x x 2 x ex
11. (D – 2) (D + 1)2 y = e2x + ex Ans. C1e  (C2  C3 x)e  e 
9 4
12. (D – 1)3 y = 16 e3x Ans. (C1 + C2x + C3 x2) ex + 2e3x

1
3.23 xn  [ f (D)]1 xn .
f ( D)
Expand [f (D)]–1 by the Binomial theorem in ascending powers of D as far as the result of
operation on xn is zero.
d2y a2 R
Example 53. Solve the differential equation  a2 y  (l  x)
dx 2 p
dy
where a, R, p and l are constants subject to the conditions y = 0,  0 at x = 0.
dx
d2y 2 a2 2 2 a2
Solution.  a y  R ( l  x )  ( D  a ) y  R (l  x )
dx 2 p p
A.E. is m2 + a2 = 0  m   ia
C.F. = C1 cos ax + C2 sin ax
 
1
1 a2 a2 R 1  1  R  D2 
P.I. = 2 R (l  x) =   (l  x)  1  2  (l  x)
D  a2 p p a2  D2  p a 
1  2 
 a 
R  D2  R
= 1  2  (l  x)  (l  x)
p a  p
R
y = C1 cos ax  C2 sin ax  (l  x) ...(1)
p
R Rl
On putting y = 0, and x = 0 in (1), we get 0 = C1  l  C1  
p p
dy R
On differentiating (1), we get dx   a C1 sin ax  a C2 cos ax  p ...(2)
dy
On putting  0 and x = 0 in (2), we have
dx
R R
0 = a C2   C2 
p a. p
On putting the values of C1 and C2 in (1), we get
R R R R  sin ax 
y =  l cos a.x  sin a.x  (l  x)  y =   l cos a.x  l  x  Ans.
p a. p p p a 

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 Differential Equations 181
EXERCISE 3.21
Solve the following equations :
1. (D2 + 5D + 4) y = 3 – 2x Ans. C1e  x  C2 e 4 x  1 (11  4 x)
8
d2y dy
2. 2 yx Ans. (C1 + C2 x) e–x + x – 2
dx 2 dx
3
23  x 23 1
3. (2D2 + 3D + 4) y = x2 – 2x Ans. e 4 [ A cos
x  B sin x ]  [8x 2  28 x  13]
4 4 32
1
4. (D2 – 4D + 3) y = x3 Ans. C1e x  C2 e3 x  (9 x 3  36 x2  78 x  80).
27
d3 y d 2 y dy 2 2 x 3x 1  3 2 25 
5. 5 3  2  6  1 x . Ans. A  Be  C e   2 x  x  x 
dx dx dx 36  3 
4
d y x x 1 4
6. 4
 4 y  x4 Ans. e (C1 cos x  C2 sin x )  e (C3 cos x  C4 sin x )  ( x  6)
dx 4
dy dy
7.  2p  ( p 2  q 2 ) y  ecx  p.q x 2
dx 2 dx
eCx  2 pq
4p x 6 p 2  2q 2 
Ans. e  px [C1 cos qx  C2 sin qx]  
 x   
( p  C )2  q 2 p 2  q 2  p 2  q 2 ( p 2  q 2 )2 
8. D2 (D2 + 4) y = 96 x2 Ans. C1 + C2x + C3 cos 2x + C4 sin 2x + 2x2 (x2 – 3)

1 sin ax 1 cos ax
3.24 sin ax  2
 cos ax 
2
f (D ) f (a2 ) f (D ) f ( –a 2 )
D (sin ax) = a.cos ax, D2 (sin ax) = D (a cos ax) = – a2. sin ax
D4 (sin ax) = D2.D2 (sin ax) = D2 (– a2 sin ax) = (– a2)2 sin ax
(D2)n sin ax = (– a2)n sin ax
Hence, f (D2) sin ax = f ( – a2) sin ax
1 1
2
 f ( D 2 ) sin ax  2
. f ( a 2 ).sin ax
f (D ) f (D )
1 1 sin ax
sin ax  f (– a 2 ) sin ax   sin ax 
f (D2 ) f ( D2 ) f (a 2 )
1 cos ax
Similarly, 2
cos ax 
f (D ) f ( a2 )
If f (– a2) = 0 then above rule fails.
1 sin ax
2
sin ax  x
f (D ) f (  a 2 )
1 sin ax
If f (a 2 )  0 then, 2
sin ax  x 2
f (D ) f (  a 2 )
Example 54. Solve : (D2 + 4) y = cos 2x
(R.G.P.V., Bhopal June, 2008, A.M.I.E.T.E. Dec 2008)
Solution. (D2 + 4) y = cos 2x
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 = 0
m   2i , C.F. = A cos 2x + B sin 2x

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 182 Differential Equations

1 1 x1  x
P.I. = 2
cos 2 x = x.
cos 2 x   sin 2 x   sin 2 x
D 4 2D 22  4
x
Complete solution is y  A cos 2 x  B sin 2 x  sin 2 x Ans.
4
d3 y d2 y dy
Example 55. Solve : 3
3 3
4  2 y  ex  cos x (U.P., II Semester, Summer 2006, 2001)
dx dx dx
Solution. Given (D – 3D + 4D – 2) y = ex + cos x
3 2

A.E. is m3 – 3m2 + 4m – 2 = 0
 (m – 1) (m2 – 2m + 2) = 0, i.e., m = 1, 1  i
 C.F. = C1ex + ex (C2 cos x + C3 sin x)
1 1
P.I.  2
ex  3 2
cos x
( D  1) ( D  2 D  2) D  3D  4 D  2
1 1
= ex  cos x
( D  1) (1  2  2) (1) D  3(1)  4 D  2
1 1 1 3D  1
= ex  cos x = x e x  cos x
( D  1) 3D  1 1 9D 2  1
x ( 3sin x  cos x) x 1
= e .x  = e .x  (3sin x  cos x)
9  1 10
Hence, complete solution is
1
y = C1e x  e x (C2 cos x  C3 sin x )  x e x  (3sin x  cos x ) Ans.
10
 x
Example 56. Solve : ( D 3  1) y  cos 2    e  x (Nagpur University, Summer 2004)
2
 x
Solution. ( D 3  1) y  cos 2    e  x
2
A.E. is m3 + 1 = 0

(m + 1) (m2 – m + 1) = 0  m=–1
(1)  1  4 1  i 3 1 3
or m   m i
2 2 2 2
x
 3 3 
 C.F. = C1e  x  e 2 C2 cos x  C3 sin x
 2 2 
1  2  x  x  1  x 1
P.I. = cos  2   e  = 3 cos 2    3 e  x [Put D = – 1]
D3  1     D 1 2
  D 1
1  1  cos x  1
= 3   2 e x
D  1 2  3D  1
1 1 1 1 1
= 3
e0 x  3
cos x  e  x = 1  1 1 cos x  1 e  x
2 D 1 2 D 1 3(1) 2  1 2 2 D  1 4
1 1 ( D  1) cos x 1  x 1 1 (  sin x  cos x) 1  x
=   e =   e
2 2 ( D  1) ( D  1) 4 2 2 ( D 2  1) 4

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 Differential Equations 183

1 1 sin x 1 1 1

= 2
 2
cos x  e  x
2 2 ( D  1) 2 ( D  1) 4
1 1 sin x 1 1 1 1 sin x cos x 1  x
Put D2 = – 1 =   cos x  e x =    e
2 2 (1  1) 2 (1  1) 4 2 4 4 4
1 1 x
P.I. =  (cos x  sin x  e )
2 4
Hence, the complete solution is
x
 3 3  1 1
y = C1e  x  e 2 C2 cos x  C3 sin x    (cos x  sin x  e  x ) Ans.
 2 2  2 4
EXERCISE 3.22
Solve the following differential equations :
d2y 1
1. 2
 6 y  sin 4 x Ans. C1 cos 6 x  C2 sin 6 x  sin 4 x
dx 10
2
d x dx 1
2. 2
 2  3x  sin t Ans. e t [ A cos 2t  B sin 2t ]  (cos t  sin t )
dt dt 4
d2x dx dx
3.  2  5 x  sin 2t , given that when t = 0, x = 3 and 0
dt 2 dt dt
 55 53  1
Ans. e t  cos 2t  sin 2t   (4cos 2t  sin 2t )
17 34  17
d2y dy dy
4.  7  6 y  2sin 3x, given that y = 1,  0 when x = 0.
dx 2 dx dx
13 27 1
Ans.  e6 x  e x  (7 cos 3 x  sin 3 x )
75 25 75
5. (D3 + 1) y = 2cos2 x
1
x 3 3  1
Ans. C1e  x  e 2  C2 cos x  C sin x   1  (8sin 2 x  cos 2 x)
 2
3
2 65
 
2 2 x
6. (D + a ) y = sin ax (A.M.I.E.T.E., June 2009) (Ans. C1 cos ax  C2 sin ax  cos ax
2a
4 2 2 4 x2
7. (D + 2a D + a ) y = 8 cos ax Ans. (C1  C2 x  C3 cos ax  C4 sin ax)  2 cos ax
a
d2y dy
8.  3  2 y  sin 2 x (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2002)
dx 2 dx
1
Ans. C1e  x  C2 e 2 x  (3cos 2 x  sin 2 x )
20
d2y 1
9.  y  sin 3 x cos 2 x Ans. C1 cos x  C2 sin x  [ sin 5 x  12 x cos x ]
dx 2 48
d2y dy
10. 2
 2  3 y  2e 2 x  10sin 3x given that y (0) = 2 and y(0) = 4
dx dx
29 3 x 1  x 2 2 x 1
Ans. e  e  e  [cos 3 x  2sin 3 x ]
2
12 12 3 3
d y dy 2
11.  3  2 y  4cos x (R.G.P.V., Bhopal, I Semester, June 2007)
dx 2 dx
Ans. C1e  x  C2 e 2 x  e 2 x  1 (3sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  1
10
d2y dy 2
12.  2  3 y  cos x  x
dx 2 dx 1 1
Ans. e x [C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x ]  (cos x  sin x )  ( x 2  x  )
4 2
4 3 3 9

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 184 Differential Equations
1
13. ( D 3  3D 2  4 D  2) y  e x  cos x Ans. (C1  C2 cos x  C3 sin x ) e x  (3sin x  cos x)
3 2 10
14. (D – 4D + 13 D) y = 1 + cos 2x
1 x
Ans. C1  e 2 x (C2 cos 3 x  C3 sin 3 x )  (9 sin 2 x  8 cos 2 x ) 
290 13
15. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = e2x + x3 + cos 2x
1 1 1
Ans. (C1  C2 x ) e2 x  x 2 e 2 x  (2 x 3  6 x2  9 x  6)  sin 2 x
2 8 8
d2y 2
16.  n y  h sin px ( P  n)
dx 2
where h, p and n are constants satisfying the conditions
dy b ph  h sin px
y = a,  b for x = 0 Ans. a cos nx     sin nx  2
2 2
dx  n n( n  p )  (n  p 2 )
17. y   y   2 y  6sin 2 x  18cos 2 x, y (0) = 2, y(0)  2 Ans. – e–2x + 3 cos 2x

1 1
3.25 .e ax  ( x )  e ax . .( x )
f ( D) f ( D  a)

D[eax  ( x)]  eax D  ( x)  aeax  ( x)  eax ( D  a )  ( x)

ax 2 ax
D 2 [eax  ( x)]  D[eax ( D  a)  ( x)] = e ( D  aD)  ( x)  ae ( D  a)  ( x)

= eax ( D 2  2a D  a 2 )  ( x)  eax ( D  a)2  ( x)

Similarly, D n [eax  ( x)]  eax ( D  a )n  ( x)

f ( D)[eax  ( x)]  eax f ( D  a)  ( x)
1
e ax  ( x)  .[eax f ( D  a)  ( x)] ...(1)
f ( D)
1
Put f ( D  a)  ( x)  X , so that  ( x)  .X
f ( D  a)
Substituting these values in (1), we get
1 1 1 1
e ax X  [e ax . X ]  [eax . ( x )]  e ax  ( x)
f ( D  a) f ( D) f ( D) f ( D  a)
Example 57. Solve : (D2 – 4D + 4) y = x3 e2x
Solution. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = x3 e2x
A.E. is m2 – 4m + 4 = 0  (m – 2)2 = 0  m = 2, 2
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) e2x
1 1
P.I. = 2 x 3  e2 x  e 2 x 2
x3
D  4D  4 ( D  2)  4( D  2)  4
 4  5
2x 1 3 2x 1 x 2x x
= e x  e .    e 
D2 D  4  20
2x 2x x5
The complete solution is y  (C1  C 2 x) e  e . Ans.
20
Example 58. Solve the differential equation :
d3 y d2y dy
3
7 2
 10  e2 x sin x (AMIETE, June 2010, Nagpur University, Summer 2005)
dx dx dx

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 Differential Equations 185

d3 y d2y dy
Solution. 3
7 2
 10  e2 x sin x  D3y – 7D2y + 10 Dy = e2x sinx
dx dx dx
A.E. is
m3 – 7m2 + 10 m = 0  (m – 2) (m2 – 5m) = 0
 m (m – 2) (m – 5) = 0  m = 0, 2, 5
C.F = C1e0 x  C2e2 x  C3e5 x
1 2x 1
P.I. = e 2 x sin x  e . sin x
3 2
D  7 D  10 D ( D  2)  7 ( D  2)2  10 ( D  2)
3

1
 e2 x .sin x
D  6 D  12 D  8  7 D 2  28 D  28  10 D  20
3 2

1 2x 1
 e2 x sin x  e sin x
3 2
D  D  6D ( 1 ) D  (12 )  6 D
2

1 1
 e2x sin x  e2 x sin x  e2 x 1  7 D sin x  e2 x 1  7 D sin x
 D  1  6D 1  7D 1  49 D2 1  49 ( 12 )
1 7D e2 x
 e2 x sin x  (sin x  7 cos x)
50 50
Complete solution is
y = C.F. + P.I.
2x 5x e2 x
 y  C1  C2 e  C3 e  (sin x  7 cos x ) Ans.
50
2 e 3 x
Example 59. Solve ( D  6 D  9) y  .
x3
(Nagpur University, Summer 2002, A.M.I.E.T.E., June 2009)
Solution A.E. is m2 + 6m + 9 = 0
(m + 3)2 = 0  m = – 3, – 3
C.F. = (C1 + C2x) e– 3x

1 e 3 x 1 1
P.I. =  e 3 x
D2  6 D  9 x3 ( D  3) 2  6( D  3)  9 x3
3 x 1 1 3 x 1
= e 2  = e ( x 3 )
D  6 D  9  6 D  18  9 x D2
2 1 3 x 1 3 x
3 x 1  x  3 x x e x e
= e  e
D  2  (2) (1)

2

2x

e 3 x
Hence, the solution is y = (C1  C2 x )e 3 x  Ans.
2x
Example 60. Solve (D2 + 5D + 6) y = e–2x sec2x (1 + 2 tan x) (A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2003)
Solution. (D2 + 5D + 6) y = e–2x sec2x (1 + 2 tan x)
Auxiliary Equation is m2 + 5m + 6 = 0
 (m + 2) (m + 3) = 0  m = –2, and m = –3
Hence, complementry function (C.F.) = C1e–2x + C2e–3x
1 1
P.I. = 2
e  2 x sec 2 x (1  2 tan x )  e 2 x 2
sec 2 x (1  2 tan x)
D  5D  6 ( D  2)  5( D  2)  6

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 186 Differential Equations

2 x 1
= e 2
sec 2 x(1  2 tan x )
D  4 D  4  5 D  10  6
2
2 x 1 2 2 x  sec x 2 tan x sec 2 x 
e sec x (1  2 tan x )  e   
D2  D 2
D  D D2  D 
1 1
 e 2 x sec 2  2 tan x sec2 x
D ( D  1) D ( D  1)
 1 1  2  1 1 
 e 2 x     sec x    
2
 2 tan x sec x
  D D  1    D D  1 
2 x  1 2 1 1 1 
 e  sec x  sec x  2 tan x sec2 x 
2
2 tan x sec 2 x 
 D D  1 D D  1 
 e 2 x  tan x  e x  ex .sec 2 x dx  tan 2 x  e  x  2e x tan x sec 2 x dx 
 
Now,  e 2 x  e x sec 2 x dx  e x sec2 x   e x .2 sec x sec x tan x . dx
 e x sec 2 x  2  ex sec 2 x .tan x dx
2 x  e x 2 x x 2 x x 2 
P.I. = e  tan x  x .e sec x  2e  e sec x tan x dx  tan x  2e  e sec x tan x dx 
 e2 x [tan x  sec2 x  tan 2 x]  e2 x [tan x  (sec2 x  tan 2 x]  e2 x (tan x  1)
Complete solution is

 y  C.F .  P.I .  C1e2 x  C2 e3x  e2 x (tan x  1)

Example 61. Solve the differential equation (D2 – 4D + 4) y = 8x2 e2x sin 2x
(U.P. II Semester, Summer 2008, Uttrakhand 2007, 2005, 2004; Nagpur University June 2008)
Solution. (D2 – 4D + 4) y = 8x2 e2x sin 2x
A.E. is (m2 – 4m + 4) = 0  (m – 2)2 = 0  m = 2, 2
2x
C.F. = (C1 + C2x) e
1 1
P.I. = 2
8 x 2 e 2 x sin 2 x = 8 x 2 e 2 x sin 2 x
D  4D  4 ( D  2) 2
1 1
= 8e 2 x x 2 sin 2 x = 8e 2 x x 2 sin 2 x
( D  2  2)2 D2
2
2x 1  2 ( cos 2 x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  2x 1  x x sin 2 x cos 2 x 
= 8e  x  2 x     2  = 8e   cos 2 x   
D 2  4  8  D 2 2 4 
 x2  sin 2 x   2 x  cos 2 x   sin 2 x  x  cos2 x   1  sin 2 x  sin 2 x 
= 8e2 x         (1)           
 2  2   2  4   8  2 2   2  4  8 
= e2x [ – 2x2 sin 2x – 2x cos 2x + sin 2x – 2x cos 2x + sin 2x + sin 2x]
= e2x [– 2x2 sin 2x – 4x cos 2x + 3 sin 2x] = – e2x [4x cos 2x + (2x2 – 3) sin 2x]
Complete solution is, y = C.F. + P.I.
y = (C1 + C2x) e2x – e2x [4x cos 2x + (2x2 – 3) sin 2x] Ans.
EXERCISE 3.23
Solve the following equations :
2x 3x ex
1. (D2 – 5D + 6) y = ex sin x Ans. y  C1e  C2 e  (3cos x  sin x )
10

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 Differential Equations 187

d2y dy e2 x
2. 7  10 y  e 2x
sin x Ans. y  C1e2 x  C2 e5 x  (3cos x  sin x)
dx 2 dx 10
d3 y dy x 2 x x xe x
3.  2  4 y  e cos x Ans. y  C1 e  e ( C 2 cos x  C3 sin x )  (3sin x  cos x)
dx 3 dx 20
4. (D2 – 4D + 3) y = 2xe3x + 3e3x cos 2x
x 3x 1 3x 2 3 3x
Ans. y  C1e  C2 e  e ( x  x )  e (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )
2 8
d2 y dy e x
5. 2  y  2 Ans. y = (C1 + C2 x) e–x – e–x log x
dx 2 dx x
2x 2 x e3 x  2 12 x 62 
6. (D2 – 4) y = x2 e3x Ans. y  C1e  C2 e  x   
5  5 25 
4x
e 5
7. (D2 – 3D + 2) y = 2x2 e4x + 5e3x Ans. y  C1e x  C2 e 2 x  [18 x 2  30 x  19]  e3 x
54 2
d2y x 2
8.  4 y  x sinh x Ans. y  C1e 2 x  C2 e 2 x  sinh x  cosh x
dx 2 3 9
d2y dy k – ht
9. 2
 2h  (h2  p 2 ) y  ke ht cos pt Ans. y  e  ht [ A cos pt  B sin pt ]  te sin pt
dt dt 2p
1
3.26 TO FIND THE VALUE OF x n sin ax .
f ( D)
1 1 1
Now x n (cos ax  i sin ax)  x n eiax  eiax xn
f ( D) f ( D) f ( D  ia)
1 1
 x n sin ax  Imaginary part of e iax  xn
f ( D) f ( D  ia )
1 1
 x n cos ax  Real part of e iax  xn
f ( D) f ( D  ia )

d2y dy
Example 62. Solve  2  y  x sin x
dx 2 dx
Solution. Auxiliary equation is m2 – 2m + 1 = 0 or m = 1, 1
C.F. = (C1 + C2 x) ex
1
P.I. = 2 x  sin x (eix = cos x + i sin x)
D  2D  1
1 1
= Imaginary part of 2 x(cos x  i sin x) = Imaginary part of 2 x  eix
D  2D  1 D  2 D  1
1 ix 1
= Imaginary part of eix 2
 x = Imaginary part of e 2
x
( D  i )  2( D  i )  1 D  2(1  i ) D  2i
1
1  1 2
= Imaginary part of eix 1  (1  i ) D  D  x
– 2i  2i 
i 1
= Imaginary part of (cos x  i sin x)   1  (1  i) D x = Imaginary part of (i cos x  sin x) [ x  1  i]
2 2
1 1 1
P.I. = x cos x  cos x  sin x
2 2 2
x 1
Complete solution is y = (C1  C2 x)e  ( x cos x  cos x  sin x) Ans.
2

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 188 Differential Equations
EXERCISE 3.24
Solve the following differential equations :
2
1. (D2 + 4)y = 3x sin x Ans.C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + x sin x – cos x
3
d2y 1 3 
2.  y  x sin 3 x  cos x Ans. C1e x  C2 e  x  cos 3x  x sin 3x  5cos x 
dx 2 10  5 
d2y 1 x x
3. 2
 y  x sin x  e x  x 2 e x Ans. C1e x  C2 e  x 2
 [ x sin x  cos x ]  e (2 x  3x  9)
dx 2 12
4. (D4 + 2D2 + 1) y = x2 cos x
1 3 1
x sin x  ( x 4  9 x 2 ) cos x
Ans. (C1  C2 x ) cos x  (C3  C4 x ) sin x 
12 48
3.27 GENERAL METHOD OF FINDING THE PARTICULAR INTEGRAL OF ANY
FUNCTION  (x)
1
P.I. = ( x )  y ...(1)
Da
1
or ( D  a)   ( x)  ( D  a )  y
Da
 ( x)  ( D – a ) y or  ( x)  Dy – ay
dy
 ay   ( x ) which is the linear differential equation.
dx
ye   e    ( x ) dx
 a dx  a dx
yeax  e ax   ( x) dx

Its solution is  or
1
ax  ax
  ( x ) = e ax e –ax   ( x ) dx


y = e e   ( x) dx
D–a
2
d y
Example 63. Solve  9 y  sec 3x.
dx 2
Solution. Auxiliary equation is m2  9  0 or m  3i ,
C.F. = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
1 1 1 1 1 
P.I. = 2  sec 3x   sec 3x =   sec 3x
D 9 ( D  3i ) ( D  3i ) 6i  D  3i D  3i 

1 1 1 1
=   sec 3 x   sec 3 x ...(1)
6i D  3i 6i D  3i
1  1 ax ax 
Now,
D  3i
sec 3 x  e3ix e 3ix sec3 x dx
 

 D  a  ( x)  e e  ( x) dx 

3ix cos 3 x  i sin 3 x i
= e  dx  e3ix (1  i tan 3 x) dx  e3ix ( x  log cos 3 x )

cos 3 x 3
1 i
Changing i to – i, we have sec 3 x  e 3ix ( x  log cos 3 x)
D  3i 3
Putting these values in (1), we get
1  3ix  i   i 
P.I. =  e  x  log cos 3 x   e 3ix  x  log cos3 x  
6i   3   3 
x 3ix e3ix log cos 3x xe3ix e 3ix
= e    log cos3 x
6i 18 6i 18
x e3ix  e 3ix 1 e3ix  e 3ix x 1
=  . log cos 3x = sin 3 x  cos 3 x  log cos 3 x
3 2i 9 2 3 9
x 1
Hence, complete solution is y  C1 cos 3 x  C2 sin 3 x  sin 3 x  cos3 x  log cos3 x Ans.
3 9

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 Differential Equations 189

EXERCISE 3.25
Solve the following differential equations :
d2y
1.  a  y  sec ax (R.G.P.V., Bhopal April, 2010)
dx 2
x 1
Ans. C1 cos ax  C2 sin ax  sin ax  2 cos ax  log cos ax
a a
d2y
2.  y  cosec x Ans. C1 cos x + C2 sin x – x cos x + sin x log sin x
dx 2
1
3. (D2 + 4) y = tan 2x Ans. C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x log (sec 2 x  tan 2 x)
4
d2y
4.  y  ( x  cot x ) (A.M.I.E. Winter 2002)
dx 2
Ans. C1 cos x + C2 sin x – x cos 2x – sin x log (cosec x – cot x)
3.28 CAUCHY EULER HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
dny d n 1 y
an x n  an  1 x n  1  ....  a0 y   ( x ) ... (1)
dx n d xn 1
where a0, a1, a2, ... are constants, is called a homogeneous equation.
d
Put x  ez , z  log e x, D
dz
dy dy dz 1 dy dy dy dy
 .   x   x  Dy
dx dz dx x dz dx dz dx
d2y d  dy  d  1 dy  1 dy 1 d 2 y dz
Again, 2
     2 
dx dx  dx  dx  x dz  x dz x dz 2 dx
2
1 dy 1 d 2 y 1 1  d 2 y dy  1 2 x 2 d y
 (D2  D) y
=        ( D  D ) y ;
x2 dz x dz 2 x x2  dz 2 dz  x2 dx2

d2 y d3 y
or x2  D ( D  1) y
Similarly. x3
 D ( D  1) ( D  2) y
dx 2 dx 3
The substitution of these values in (1) reduces the given homogeneous equation to a differential
equation with constant coefficients.
d2y dy
Example 64. Solve: x2 2
 2x  4 y  x4 (A.M.I.E. Summer 2000)
dx dx
d2y dy
Solution. We have, x2 2
 2x  4 y  x4 ... (1)
dx dx
d dy d2y
Putting x  e z , D , x  Dy , x 2  D ( D  1) y in (1), we get
dz dx dx 2
D ( D  1) y  2 Dy  4 y  e4 z or ( D 2  3D  4) y  e4 z
A.E. is m2  3m  4  0  (m  4) (m  1)  0  m = –1, 4
1
C.F. = C1 e z  C2 e4 z P.I. = 2
e4 z [Rule Fails]
D  3D  4
1 1 z e4 z
= z e4 z  z e4 z 
2D  3 2 (4)  3 5

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 190 Differential Equations

Thus, the complete solution is given by

z e4 z C1 1
y  C1 e z  C2 e 4 z   y  C2 x 4  x 4 log x Ans.
5 x 5
2
2 d y dy
Example 65. Solve x 2
x  y  sin ( log x 2 ) (Nagpur University, Summer 2005)
dx dx
2
2 d y dy
Solution. We have, x 2
x  y  sin ( log x 2 ) ... (1)
dx dx
d
Let x = ez, so that z = log x, D
dz
(1) becomes
D (D – 1) y + Dy + y = sin (2z)  (D2 + 1) y = sin 2z
A.E. is m2 + 1 = 0 or m=±i
C.F. = C1 cos z + C2 sin z
1 1 1
P.I = 2
sin 2 z  sin 2 z   sin 2 z
D 1  41 3
1
y = C.F. + P.I. = C1 cos z  C2 sin z  sin 2 z
3
1 2
= C1 cos ( log x )  C 2 sin ( log x )  sin ( log x ) Ans.
3
2 d3 y d2y dy
Example 66. Solve: x 3
 3x 2
  x 2 log x (Nagpur University, Summer 2003)
dx dx dx
3
d y d2y dy
Solution. We have, x3 3
 3x 2 2
x  x3 log x
dxdx dx
d
Let x = ez so that z = log x, D 
dz
The equation becomes after substitution
[D (D – 1) (D – 2) + 3D (D – 1) + D ] y = z e3z  D3y = ze3z
Auxiliary equation is m3 = 0  m = 0, 0, 0.
C.F. = C1 + C2 z + C3 z2 = C1 + C2 log x + C3 (log x)2
1 1
P.I. = 3
. z e3 z  e3 z . .z
D ( D  3)3
3
1  D 3z e3z e3z x3
= e
1   z  (1  D) z  ( z  1)  (log x  1)
27  3 27 27 27
x3
Complete solution is y  C1  C2 log x  C3 (log x)2  (log x  1) Ans.
27
3.29 LEGENDRE'S HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A linear differential equation of the form
dn y d n 1 y
(a  bx)n  a1 (a  bx)n 1
 ...  an y  X ... (1)
dx n dx n 1
where a, b, a1, a2, .... an are constants and X is a function of x, is called Legendre's linear
equation.

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 Differential Equations 191

Equation (1) can be reduced to linear differential equation with constant coefficients by the
substitution.
a + bx = ez  z = log (a + bx)
dy dy dz b dy
so that  . = a  bx . dz
dx dz dx
dy dy d dy
 ( a  bx )  b  b Dy , D  (a + bx) = b Dy
dx dz dz dx
where
d2 y d  dy  d  b dy 
Again 2
     . 
dx dx  dx  dx  a  bx dz 
b2 dy b d 2 y dz
=   . .
(a  bx )2 dz (a  bx ) dz 2 dx
b2 dy b d2y b
=  2
 . 2 .
(a  bx ) dz (a  bx ) dz (a  bx )
d2y dy d2y
 (a  bx)2   b2  b2 2
dx 2 dz dz
2
2 d y dy  2 2
= b  2    b ( D y  D y )  b 2 D ( D  1) y
 dz dz 
d2y
 (a  bx) 2  b 2 D ( D  1)
dx 2
d3y
Similarly, (a  bx)3  b3 D ( D  1) ( D  2) y
dx3
......................................................................
dn y
(a  bx)n n
 b n D ( D  1) ( D  2) ..... ( D  n  1) y
dx
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get a linear differential equation with constant
coefficients, which can be solved by the method given in the previous section.
2 d2y dy
Example 67. Solve (1  x ) 2
 (1  x)  y  sin 2 {log (1  x )}
dx dx
2 d2y dy
Solution. We have, (1  x) 2
 (1  x)  y  sin 2 { log (1  x ) }
dx dx
Put 1 + x = ez or log (1 + x) = z
dy d2y d
(1  x)  Dy and (1  x)2  D ( D  1) y, where D 
dx 2 dz
dx
Putting these values in the given differential equation, we get
D (D – 1) y + D y + y = sin 2z or (D2 – D + D + 1)y = sin 2z
2
(D + 1)y = sin 2z
A.E. is m2 + 1 = 0  m=±i
C.F. = A cos z + B sin z
1 1 1
P.I. = 2 sin 2 z  sin 2 z   sin 2 z
D 1  4 1 3

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 192 Differential Equations
Now, complete solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
 y  A cos z  B sin z  sin 2 z
3
1
 y  A cos {log (1  x)}  B sin {log (1  x )}  sin 2 {log (1  x)} Ans.
3
EXERCISE 3.26
Solve the following differential equations:

2 d2y dy 42 2 3 1
1. x  4x  6y  4 Ans. C1 x  C2 x 
dx 2
dx x x4
2. ( x 2 D 2  3x D  4) y  2 x 2 Ans. (C1  C2 log x) x2  x2 (log x) 2

2 d2 y dy
3. x 2
x  y  log x (AMIETE, June 2010) Ans. (C1 + C2 log x) x + log x + 2
dx dx
d2y 1 dy 12 log x
4. 2
  Ans. C1  C2 log x  2 (log x)3
dx x dx x2
C1 x2  2
5. ( x 2 D 2  x D  3) y  x2 log x Ans.  C2 x 3   log x  
x 3  3
(A.M.I.E. Winter 2001, Summer 2001)
2 d2y dy
6. x 2
 2x  2 y  x 2  sin (5 log x)
dx dx
2 2 1
Ans. c1 x  c2 x  x log x  [ 15 cos (5 log x )  23 sin (5 log x) ]
754
2 d2y dy sin (logx)  1
7. x 2
 3x
 y  log x (AMIETE, Dec. 2009)
dx dx x
2 3 1  382 54
Ans. y  C1 x  C2 x 2  3   cos log x  sin (log x) + 6 log x cos (log x) +
x  61 61
1
5 log x sin (log x)] +
6x
2
2 d y dy
8. (1  x)  (1  x)  y  2 sin log (1  x)
dx 2 dx
Ans. y  C1 cos log (1  x)  C2 sin log (1  x)  log (1  x ) cos log (1  x)
2 d2y dy
9. Which of the basis of solutions are for the differential equation x 2
x  y0
dx dx
1 1 1
(a) x, x I n x, (b) I n x, e x (c) , 2 , (d) 2
ex , x In x
x x x
(A.M.I.E., Winter 2001) Ans. (a)
2 d2y dy
10. The general solution of x 2
 5x  9 y  0 is
dx dx
(a) (C1 + C2x) e3x (b) (C1 + C2n x) x3 (c) (C1 + C2x) x3 (d) (C1 + C2 ln x) e x3
(AMIETE, Dec. 2009) Ans. (b)
d2y
dy 1
11. To transform x 
 into a linear differential equation with constant coefficients,
2
dx dx x
the required substitution is
(a) x = sin t (b) x = t2 + 1 (c) x = log t (d) x = et
(AMIETE, June 2010) Ans. (d)

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